DOCSLIB.ORG

Eucalyptus in East Africa

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Eucalyptus in East Africa Forestry Department Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Planted Forests and Trees Working Papers Eucalyptus in East Africa Socio-economic and environmental issues Gessesse Dessie, Teklu Erkossa May 2011 Forest Management Team Working Paper FP46/E Forest Management Division FAO, Rome, Italy Forestry Department Disclaimer The Planted Forests and Trees Working Paper, report on issues and activities in planted forests. These working papers do not reflect any official position of FAO. Please refer to the FAO website (http://www.fao.org/forestry) for official information. The purpose of these papers is to provide early release of information on on-going activities and programmes, and to stimulate discussion. Comments and feedback are welcome. For further information please contact: Comment is welcome; please send any views to: Walter Kollert, Planted Forests Officer, Forest Management Team (FOMR), FAO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy e-mail [email protected] For quotation: FAO (2011). Eucalyptus in East Africa, Socio-economic and environmental issues, by Gessesse Dessie, Teklu Erkossa. Planted Forests and Trees Working Paper 46/E, Forest Management Team, Forest Management Division. FAO, Rome (unpublished). Cover photo: D. Gessesse Eucalyptus in East Africa Socio-economic and environmental issues Gessesse Dessie1, Teklu Erkossa2 1 Wondo Genet College of Forestry and Natural Resources, Ethiopia 2 International Water Management Institute, Ethiopia Table of Contents LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .............................................................................................................. V LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................. V LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................................... V EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................... 1 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 1 2 EUCALYPTUS IN EAST AFRICA ............................................................................................ 3 2.1 HISTORY OF EUCALYPTUS IN EAST AFRICA .................................................................. 3 2.2 ETHIOPIA .................................................................................................................................... 4 2.3 UGANDA ....................................................................................................................................... 5 2.4 KENYA .......................................................................................................................................... 5 2.5 BURUNDI ..................................................................................................................................... 6 2.6 RWANDA ...................................................................................................................................... 6 2.7 SUDAN .......................................................................................................................................... 6 2.8 EXPERIENCE IN OTHER COUNTRIES ................................................................................ 7 3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC SERVICES .............................................................................................. 3 3.1 PRODUCTS AND SERVICES .................................................................................................... 4 4 EUCALYPTUS MANAGEMENT .............................................................................................. 6 4.1 OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................................................... 6 4.2 SEED AND NURSERY ................................................................................................................ 7 4.3 PLANTING AND SPACING ...................................................................................................... 7 4.4 COPPICE ...................................................................................................................................... 7 4.5 YIELD ........................................................................................................................................... 8 5 ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS RELATED TO EUCALYPTUS ..................................... 8 5.1 EFFECTS ON CLIMATE ......................................................................................................... 10 Macro- climate at regional level .................................................................................................. 10 Micro- climate at local level ......................................................................................................... 10 Shelterbelts and windbreaks ......................................................................................................... 11 5.2 HYDROLOGICAL IMPACTS ................................................................................................. 11 Canopy interception ..................................................................................................................... 11 Effects on runoff............................................................................................................................ 12 Effects on ground water ................................................................................................................ 12 Effects on water yield and soil moisture ....................................................................................... 13 Water use efficiency ...................................................................................................................... 15 5.3 EFFECTS ON SOIL QUALITY ............................................................................................... 15 Nutrients cycle .............................................................................................................................. 16 iii Soil nutrient depletion .................................................................................................................. 17 Nutrient use efficiency .................................................................................................................. 18 Effects on soil erosion and land degradation ............................................................................... 18 Allelopathy .................................................................................................................................... 19 5.4 EFFECTS ON BIODIVERSITY ............................................................................................... 20 Pests and diseases ........................................................................................................................ 20 6 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ........................................................................ 23 CONCLUSIONS BASED ON ETHIOPIAN KNOWLEDGE BASE ................................................................. 24 RECOMMENDATIONS ......................................................................................................................... 25 REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................... 27 iv List of Abbreviations CADU Chilallo Agricultural Development Unit CDF Cartographie des Forêts de Rwanda DANIDA Danish International Development Agency FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FINNIDA Finnish International Development Agency IAR Institute of Agriculture Research of Ethiopia MAI mean annual increment R&D Research and development SIDA Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency UNSO United Nations Sudano-Sahelian Office USD United States Dollar WB World Bank WFP World Food Programme WPP World Population Policies WRI World Resources Institute List of figures Figure 1: History of eucalyptus expansion in Ethiopia since its introduction to the country ................. 4 Figure 2: Water requirements of two popular evergreen species ......................................................... 14 Figure 3 Schematic presentation of nutrient cycling processes in forest plantation ecosystems .......... 16 List of tables Table 1: Population, land and forests of East Africa .............................................................................. 3 Table 2: Kenyan experience with Eucalyptus ......................................................................................... 5 Table 3: Plantation areas 1990-2005, by function Table 4: Some common eucalyptus species grown in East Africa ......................................................... 2 Table 5: Some of the known products of eucalyptus in east Africa ......................................................... 4 Table 6: Price comparison of some eucalyptus products from Ethiopia and Rwanda ........................... 5 Table 7: Characteristics of smallholder growers of Eucalyptus in Ethiopia .......................................... 7 Table 8: Some effects of Eucalyptus ........................................................................................................ 9 Table 9: Summary of some of the diseases and pests reported on Eucalyptus
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Somatic Embryogenesis in Juniperus Procera Using Juniperus Communis As a Model
    Seblework Belaineh (MEJS) Volume 1 (2):95-105, 2009 Somatic Embryogenesis in Juniperus Procera using Juniperus Communis as a Model Seblework Belaineh Institute of Biodiversity Conservation, P.O. Box 30726, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia ([email protected]) ABSTRACT The study of somatic embryogenesis in Juniperus communis has been conducted as a preliminary study for the further development of somatic embryogenesis, micropropagation and long-term conservation/cryopreservation in Juniperus procera, which is economically and ecologically important and endangered forest species in Ethiopia. The aim for this particular research was initially an adaptation of optimum half strength lithium chloride-sodium propionate (LP) medium protocol for growth and proliferation of embryogenic culture. But as other conifer species it was difficult to stop proliferation of somatic embryo cell division and bring them to maturation stage. However using optimal concentration of ABA (32 mg/l), it was possible to get maturation response in most of the cultures. Additional study on the effect of seed extraction to the growing embryogenic culture showed no effect on mature somatic embryos. Rather they were showing faster growth which increases embryogenic mass of each culture. It was also observed that green premature seeds of Juniperus are suitable for the initiation and proliferation of somatic embryo. Key words: Cryopreservation, Juniperus communis, Juniperus procera, Somatic embryogenesis. 1. INTRODUCTION Juniperus procera is an evergreen dioecious, more seldom monoecius tree, which belongs to the family Cupressaceae. It is the tallest/largest juniper tree in the world (Pohjonen and Pukkala, 1992; Negash, 1995). It has two developmental phases, the juvenile and the adult stage. They are characterized by their distinctive trunk and crown shapes.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethiopia: the State of the World's Forest Genetic Resources
    ETHIOPIA This country report is prepared as a contribution to the FAO publication, The Report on the State of the World’s Forest Genetic Resources. The content and the structure are in accordance with the recommendations and guidelines given by FAO in the document Guidelines for Preparation of Country Reports for the State of the World’s Forest Genetic Resources (2010). These guidelines set out recommendations for the objective, scope and structure of the country reports. Countries were requested to consider the current state of knowledge of forest genetic diversity, including: Between and within species diversity List of priority species; their roles and values and importance List of threatened/endangered species Threats, opportunities and challenges for the conservation, use and development of forest genetic resources These reports were submitted to FAO as official government documents. The report is presented on www. fao.org/documents as supportive and contextual information to be used in conjunction with other documentation on world forest genetic resources. The content and the views expressed in this report are the responsibility of the entity submitting the report to FAO. FAO may not be held responsible for the use which may be made of the information contained in this report. THE STATE OF FOREST GENETIC RESOURCES OF ETHIOPIA INSTITUTE OF BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION (IBC) COUNTRY REPORT SUBMITTED TO FAO ON THE STATE OF FOREST GENETIC RESOURCES OF ETHIOPIA AUGUST 2012 ADDIS ABABA IBC © Institute of Biodiversity Conservation (IBC)
    [Show full text]
  • Trees of Somalia
    Trees of Somalia A Field Guide for Development Workers Desmond Mahony Oxfam Research Paper 3 Oxfam (UK and Ireland) © Oxfam (UK and Ireland) 1990 First published 1990 Revised 1991 Reprinted 1994 A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library ISBN 0 85598 109 1 Published by Oxfam (UK and Ireland), 274 Banbury Road, Oxford 0X2 7DZ, UK, in conjunction with the Henry Doubleday Research Association, Ryton-on-Dunsmore, Coventry CV8 3LG, UK Typeset by DTP Solutions, Bullingdon Road, Oxford Printed on environment-friendly paper by Oxfam Print Unit This book converted to digital file in 2010 Contents Acknowledgements IV Introduction Chapter 1. Names, Climatic zones and uses 3 Chapter 2. Tree descriptions 11 Chapter 3. References 189 Chapter 4. Appendix 191 Tables Table 1. Botanical tree names 3 Table 2. Somali tree names 4 Table 3. Somali tree names with regional v< 5 Table 4. Climatic zones 7 Table 5. Trees in order of drought tolerance 8 Table 6. Tree uses 9 Figures Figure 1. Climatic zones (based on altitude a Figure 2. Somali road and settlement map Vll IV Acknowledgements The author would like to acknowledge the assistance provided by the following organisations and individuals: Oxfam UK for funding me to compile these notes; the Henry Doubleday Research Association (UK) for funding the publication costs; the UK ODA forestry personnel for their encouragement and advice; Peter Kuchar and Richard Holt of NRA CRDP of Somalia for encouragement and essential information; Dr Wickens and staff of SEPESAL at Kew Gardens for information, advice and assistance; staff at Kew Herbarium, especially Gwilym Lewis, for practical advice on drawing, and Jan Gillet for his knowledge of Kew*s Botanical Collections and Somalian flora.
    [Show full text]
  • The Birds of the Highlands of South-West Saudi Arabia and Adjacent Parts of the Tihama: July 2010 (Abba Survey 42)
    THE BIRDS OF THE HIGHLANDS OF SOUTH-WEST SAUDI ARABIA AND ADJACENT PARTS OF THE TIHAMA: JULY 2010 (ABBA SURVEY 42) by Michael C. Jennings, Amar R. H. Al-Momen and Jabr S. Y. Haresi December 2010 THE BIRDS OF THE HIGHLANDS OF SOUTH-WEST SAUDI ARABIA AND ADJACENT PARTS OF THE TIHAMA: JULY 2010 (ABBA SURVEY 42) by Michael C. Jennings1, Amar R. H. Al-Momen2 and Jabr S. Y. Haresi2 December 2010 SUMMARY The objective of the survey was to compare habitats and bird life in the Asir region, particularly Jebal Souda and the Raydah escarpment protected area of the Saudi Wildlife Commission, and adjacent regions of the tihama, with those observed in July 1987 (Jennings, et al., 1988). The two surveys were approximately the same length and equal amounts of time were spent in the highlands and on the tihama. A number of walked censuses were carried out during 2010 on Jebal Souda, using the same methodology as walked censuses in 1987, and the results are compared. Broadly speaking the comparison of censuses revealed that in 2010 there were less birds and reduced diversity on the Jebal Souda plateau, compared to 1987. However in the Raydah reserve the estimates of breeding bird populations compiled in the mid 1990s was little changed as far as could be assessed in 2010. The highland region of south-west Saudi Arabia, especially Jebal Souda, has been much developed since the 1987 survey and is now an important internal recreation and resort area. This has lead to a reduction in the region’s importance for terraced agriculture.
    [Show full text]
  • Floristic Composition and Structure of the Dry Afromontane Forest at Bale Mountains National Park, Ethiopia
    SINET : Ethiop. J. Sci ., 31(2):103–120, 2008 © Faculty of Science, Addis Ababa University, 2008 ISSN: 0379–2897 FLORISTIC COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE OF THE DRY AFROMONTANE FOREST AT BALE MOUNTAINS NATIONAL PARK, ETHIOPIA Haile Yineger 1 , Ensermu Kelbessa 2 , Tamrat Bekele 2 and Ermias Lulekal 3 1 Department of Biology, Jimma University, PO Box 5195, Jimma, Ethiopia E-mail: [email protected] or [email protected] 2 National Herbarium, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Addis Ababa University PO Box 3434, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 3 Department of Biology, Debre Berhan University, PO Box 445, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia ABSTRACT : The floristic composition and structure of the Dry Afromontane Forest at Bale Mountains National Park was studied from July 2003 to June 2004. A total of 90 plots were established at three sites (Adelle, Boditi and Gaysay) at an altitudinal range of 3010–3410 m. The cover abundance values, density, and diameter at breast height and list of species were recorded in each plot. About 230 species belonging to 157 genera and 58 families were identified and documented. Analysis of vegetation data revealed 5 homogenous clusters. The densities of trees in the diameter class >2 cm were 766 and 458 individuals ha -1in Adelle and Boditi forests, respectively. The basal areas were about 26 and 23 m 2ha -1 in Adelle and Boditi forests, respectively. About 43% of the basal area in Adelle and 57 in Boditi forests were contributed by Juniperus procera and Hagenia abyssinica , respectively. Both Adelle and Boditi forests were found at an earlier secondary stage of development and had, more or less, a similar trend of development.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethiopia October 30 - November 17, 2020
    ETHIOPIA OCTOBER 30 - NOVEMBER 17, 2020 Comprising much of the Horn of Africa, Ethiopia is a poorly known but very beautiful country unlike any other part of the continent. On this new tour, you will discover that Ethiopia is culturally, scenically, and historically unique, and possesses a treasure trove of natural history wonders. Ethiopia, once synonymous with famine and desert, is actually dominated by a lush, fertile highland plateau occasionally referred to as “The Roof of Africa.” Ethiopia is an ancient land, home to lush highland forests, vast savannas, acacia thorn-scrub, the magnificent Ethiopian Rift Valley, and some of Africa’s highest mountains. Of the more than 850 species of birds recorded in the country, 37 either are endemic or near- endemic (the second largest total for any African country), among which are a number of captivating range-restricted species such as Rouget’s Rail, Prince Ruspoli’s Turaco, and the peculiar Stresemann’s Bush-Crow. In addition to its tremendous birdlife, Ethiopia hosts an impressive list of mammals including such remarkable endemics as Gelada Baboon, Mountain Nyala, and Ethiopian (Simien) Wolf. Our itinerary is designed with birds and other wildlife in mind, yet also offers a look at a broad slice of the country and its fascinating landscapes. We expect to encounter 400-500 bird species, and will make a special effort to locate as many of the endemic birds and mammals as possible. Enhancing the allure, this trip will operate in the boreal autumn when the diversity of the resident avifauna is augmented by the presence of large numbers of Palearctic migrants.
    [Show full text]
  • Asexual Propagation of Juniperus Procera Hochst. Ex Endl. Through Rooting of Branch Cuttings
    ASEXUAL PROPAGATION OF JUNIPERUS PROCERA HOCHST. EX ENDL. THROUGH ROOTING OF BRANCH CUTTINGS DESTABERHE A thesis submitted in (part) fulfilment for the degree of Master of Science in Biology in Addis Ababa University June, 1997 : ',: ',,',' :,; ',' , , , , , , , , , , , , , 'PAGE CONTENTS (' , ( , ( « «.- ( « f ( ( ( ( ( " { ( { " - , " '( , , ,- '. , '", ( , ," ( " r (' ( r (''- TABLE OF CONTENTS I LIST OF TABLES ill LIST OF FIGURES - , , , Iv ACKNOWLEDGiVIENTS V ABSTRACT VI 1 INTRODUCTION 1 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 6 2.1 Vegetative propagation 6 2.2 Factors affecting rooting of cuttings 7 2.2.1 External factors 7 2.2.2 Internal factors 10 2.2.2.1 Plant growth regulators and their synergism 10 2.2.2.2 Nutritional status of source plants 14 2.2.2.3 Age of source plants 15 2.2.2.4 Mechanical manipulations 16 2.3 Histological origin of root initials 17 2.4 Mechanism of action of plant growth regulators 18 3 MATERIALS AND iVIETHODS 21 3.1 The glasshouse and its environmental conditions 21 3.2 Rooting medium 21 3.3 Source plants 21 3.4 Preparation of cuttings 22 3.5 Preparation of PGRs 22 , l,,. { , .- . , ( ( . ( , : 3.6 Treatment of the cuttings with PG~. ~3 3.7 Planting of the cuttings 13 3.8 Data collection 23 3.9 Transplantation of rooted cuttings 24 3.10 Statistical analyses 24 3.11 Histological investigation of root initiation 24 4 RESULTS 26 4.1 Survival of cuttings under the glasshouse conditions 26 4.2 Callus formation 27 4.3 Rooting response of the cuttings 29 4.4 Effects of the PGRs on root number 31 4.5 Effects of PGRs on root length 34 4.6 Relationship between callus formation and rooting 36 4.7 Histological origin of callus and root primordia 37 4.8 Establishment and performance of rooted cuttings 39 5 DISCUSSION 40 5.1 Survival of the cuttings 40 5.2 Effects of age of source plants on callusing and rooting 40 5.3 Effects of PGRs 42 5.4 Relationship between callusing and rooting 46 5.5 Histological origin of callus and root primordia 47 5.6 Establishment and performance of rooted cuttings 49 6 CONCLUSION 51 7 REFERENCES 52 II LIST OF TABLES PAGE Table 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Final Report
    The Rufford Foundation Final Report Congratulations on the completion of your project that was supported by The Rufford Foundation. We ask all grant recipients to complete a Final Report Form that helps us to gauge the success of our grant giving. The Final Report must be sent in word format and not PDF format or any other format. We understand that projects often do not follow the predicted course but knowledge of your experiences is valuable to us and others who may be undertaking similar work. Please be as honest as you can in answering the questions – remember that negative experiences are just as valuable as positive ones if they help others to learn from them. Please complete the form in English and be as clear and concise as you can. Please note that the information may be edited for clarity. We will ask for further information if required. If you have any other materials produced by the project, particularly a few relevant photographs please send these to us separately. Please submit your final report to [email protected]. Thank you for your help. Josh Cole, Grants Director Grant Recipient Details Your name Habte Telila Project title The ecological roles of isolated retained trees of Podocarpus falcatus and Juniperus procera in association to Eucalyptus plantations in a farmscape RSG reference 21628-2 Reporting period 2017/2018 Amount of grant £4940 Your email address [email protected] Date of this report 2018 1. Please indicate the level of achievement of the project’s original objectives and include any relevant comments on factors affecting this.
    [Show full text]
  • Arabian Peninsula
    THE CONSERVATION STATUS AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE BREEDING BIRDS OF THE ARABIAN PENINSULA Compiled by Andy Symes, Joe Taylor, David Mallon, Richard Porter, Chenay Simms and Kevin Budd ARABIAN PENINSULA The IUCN Red List of Threatened SpeciesTM - Regional Assessment About IUCN IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature, helps the world find pragmatic solutions to our most pressing environment and development challenges. IUCN’s work focuses on valuing and conserving nature, ensuring effective and equitable governance of its use, and deploying nature-based solutions to global challenges in climate, food and development. IUCN supports scientific research, manages field projects all over the world, and brings governments, NGOs, the UN and companies together to develop policy, laws and best practice. IUCN is the world’s oldest and largest global environmental organization, with almost 1,300 government and NGO Members and more than 15,000 volunteer experts in 185 countries. IUCN’s work is supported by almost 1,000 staff in 45 offices and hundreds of partners in public, NGO and private sectors around the world. www.iucn.org About the Species Survival Commission The Species Survival Commission (SSC) is the largest of IUCN’s six volunteer commissions with a global membership of around 7,500 experts. SSC advises IUCN and its members on the wide range of technical and scientific aspects of species conservation, and is dedicated to securing a future for biodiversity. SSC has significant input into the international agreements dealing with biodiversity conservation. About BirdLife International BirdLife International is the world’s largest nature conservation Partnership. BirdLife is widely recognised as the world leader in bird conservation.
    [Show full text]
  • Rapid Biodiversity Assessment of the Project Area
    CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 8 1.1 Study Background........................................................................................................ 8 1.2 Project Location ........................................................................................................... 8 1.3 Scope of works ............................................................................................................ 8 1.4 Objective of the rapid biodiversity study ....................................................................... 9 2 APPROACH AND STUDY METHODS .................................................................................11 2.1 Specific Methods for Plants .........................................................................................12 2.2 Specific Methods for Mammals ...................................................................................12 2.3 Specific Methods for Birds ..........................................................................................13 2.4 Specific Methods for Herpetofauna (Reptiles and Amphibians) ...................................14 3 RAPID BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT OF THE PROJECT AREA .....................................15 3.1 Vegetation ..................................................................................................................15 3.2 Conservation priority ...................................................................................................15
    [Show full text]
  • Juniperus Procera Cupressaceae
    Juniperus procera Cupressaceae Indigenous Am: Tid Eng: African pencil cedar Or: Gatira, Hindessa Ecology Propagation A valuable timber tree indigenous to Seedlings, wildings — often numerous. Ethiopia and eastern Africa highland forests, 1,500–3,300 m. It does best in Seed high‑rainfall areas but can survive quite dry Mature brown to purplish black fruit conditions once established. It is the largest collected from the crown. Spread fruit in a juniper in the world. It performs well in thin layer on a floor for drying. Then crush Moist and Wet Weyna Dega and Dega the fruit with a mortar and pestle. Sieve and agroclimatic zones. winnow to separate seeds from the rest of the cone. Germination rate 20–70% within Uses 25—80 days. 40,000–50,000 seed per kg. Firewood, timber (floors, roof shingles, Treatment: Not necessary. pencils, joinery), poles, posts, medicine Storage (bark, leaves, twigs, buds), shade, : Seed can be stored in airtight ornamental, windbreak. containers for some time if dried properly. Description An evergreen tree about 40 m with a Management straight trunk, although often fluted. A Fairly fast growing in the open but pyramidal shape when young. The foliage is otherwise slow. Prune and thin trees for finer and more open than cypress. BARK: timber and poles. The tree takes at least 30 Thin grey‑brown, grooved and peeling years to grow to maturity. with age. LEAVES: Prickly, young leaves Remarks to 1 cm, soon replaced by scale‑like mature Does not grow well alongside crops. It leaves, blue‑green, triangular and closely regenerates well and deserves high priority overlapping on the branchlets.
    [Show full text]
  • An Ornithological Survey of the Kidepo National Park, Northern Uganda
    JOURNAL OF THE EAST AFRICA NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY AND NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 28 25th JANUARY 1972 No. 129 AN ORNITHOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE KIDEPO NATIONAL PARK, NORTHERN UGANDA By C. C. H. ELLIOTT Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town INTRODUCTION This paper summarises the results of the Oxford University expedition to the Kidepo Valley, in the long vacation of 1966 (July 20th-September lOth). The expedition was undertaken by the author and R. L. Rolfe (and, although this paper is the former's responsibility, the field work was a combined effort in which Rolfe did a lion's share). The main aims of the expedition were to study the birds of this very unspoilt region and to satisfy the conditions laid down by Uganda National Parks, when permission was given to work in the Kidepo, by making a complete list of the species occurring in the park and preparing a small collection of skins sufficient for the identification purposes of future researchers and interested tourists. In the event, the previous provisional list of 200 species was increased to almost 400 and a collection of 240 skins of about 170 species was made. Most of the skins are now available at the Kidepo H.Q., while about 30 of the exceptional ones have been presented to the British Museum. The main method used was to set strings of mist-nets in suitable trapping sites around each camping place. The surrounding country was then covered on foot by one man while the other operated the nets. Several species were never seen except when caught in the nets.
    [Show full text]