DOCSLIB.ORG

Mutualistic Interactions of Viruses with Lower Eukaryotes

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Mutualistic Interactions of Viruses with Lower Eukaryotes Archives of Virology https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-017-3686-5 REVIEW Enemies with benefts: mutualistic interactions of viruses with lower eukaryotes Shounak S. Jagdale1 · Rakesh S. Joshi1 Received: 8 July 2017 / Accepted: 6 November 2017 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature 2018 Abstract Viruses represent some of the deadliest pathogens known to science. Recently they have been reported to have mutualistic interactions with their hosts, providing them direct or indirect benefts. The mutualism and symbiogenesis of such viruses with lower eukaryotic partners such as fungi, yeast, and insects have been reported but the full mechanism of interaction often remains an enigma. In many instances, these viral interactions provide resistance against several biotic and abiotic stresses, which could be the prime reason for the ecological success and positive selection of the hosts. These viruses modulate host metabolism and behavior, so both can obtain maximum benefts from the environment. They bring about micro- and macro- level changes in the hosts, benefting their adaptation, reproduction, development, and survival. These virus-host interactions can be bilateral or tripartite with a variety of interacting partners. Exploration of these interactions can shed light on one of the well-coordinated biological phenomena of co-evolution and can be highly utilized for various applications in agriculture, fermentation and the pharmaceutical industries. Introduction that results in the formation of a new species is a theory of evolution called symbiogenesis [2]. A fusion of the virus Viruses are intracellular parasites, with genomes capable with its host has been observed in interactions prevailing of directing their own replication. Classically they are clas- since ancient times, termed as viral symbiogenesis. Various sifed as non-cellular entities with an extrachromosomal mutualistic and symbiogenetic viruses of lower eukaryotes phase, without any essential function to their host [1]. Viral and their efects on host survival and adaptation are dis- pathogenicity is well studied through the various aspects of cussed here (Table 1). immunology, vaccine development, and genetic engineering. Recently, researchers have identifed mutualistic viruses of diferent organisms, but their replication and mechanism of Endophytic fungi and viruses interaction with the host still remains ambiguous. Discovery of such interactions has modifed the defnition of viruses, to Mycoviruses are dsRNA viruses that infect fungi. These account for mutualistic viruses, as ‘intracellular parasites, viruses are host dependent and their persistent infection with nucleic acids that are capable of directing their own leads to long-term transmission. In many cases, mycovi- replication, and are not cells’ [1]. ruses infect the host multiple times, thereby aiding the Mutualism is part of a very broad concept called symbio- host’s genetic variability, without causing any detrimental sis, which is an umbrella term that includes parasitism, com- efects [3]. Recently, symbiotic efects of mycoviruses on mensalism and mutualism – wherein both partners beneft various traits of endophytic fungi have been documented, from each other. The integration of two diferent organisms expounding a three-way symbiotic relationship amongst plants, fungi, and viruses [4]. In the case of a thermotol- erant panic grass, Dichanthelium lanuginosum, three-way Handling Editor: Robert H.A. Coutts. symbiosis has been described. The prime reason behind * Rakesh S. Joshi the growth of these plants in geothermal soils (65 °C) was [email protected]; [email protected] thought to be due to its association with a fungus named Curvularia protuberata [5]. However, the third partner 1 Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Savitribai of this system was found to be a virus, the Curvularia Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India Vol.:(0123456789)1 3 S. S. Jagdale, R. S. Joshi thermal tolerance virus (CThTV) which is responsible for (TauD) leads to enhanced synthesis of osmolytes and conferring thermal tolerance to the plant [Figure 1]. The osmoprotectants, namely glycine betaine and taurine [7, spherical virus, with a diameter of 27 nm, contains 2 RNA 10, 11]. In addition, an elevated level of melanin due to segments of 2.2 and 1.8 kb. Each of the 2 strands contain 2 overexpression of scytalone dehydratase (SCD), provides ORFs. ORFs of RNA1, namely ORF1a and b, overlap each protection from extreme temperature and radiation [7, 12]. other and show sequence similarity to RNA-dependent Plants colonized by CThTV-infected C. protuberata show RNA polymerases (RdRp). RNA2 ORFs show no sequence constitutive overexpression of osmolytes when compared similarity with sequences currently available. The verti- to normal plants [6]. However, the exact mechanism of this cal transmission of the virus takes place through conidi- virus mediated thermal tolerance in plants is still unclear. ospores [6]. Virus infected C. protuberata show a two-fold It was reported that C. protuberata could colonize increase in the expression of trehalose phosphate synthase various plants such as Oryza sp., Triticum sp., Solanum (TPS) leading to increased levels of an osmoprotectant - lycopersicum and Cucurbita pepo [13]. In S. lycoper- trehalose - that maintains protein and membrane integrity sicum, thermal tolerance is observed when associated under environmental stress conditions [7, 8]. Furthermore, with CThTV infected C. proturberata [6, 14]. Thus, this metabolic overexpression of mannitol, a potential osmo- mechanism of virus infection-mediated thermal protection protectant, is also observed in the hyphae [9]. Similarly, can be applied to other plants for the development of abi- upregulation of the homologs of betaine aldehyde dehy- otic stress tolerance. drogenase (BadH) and taurine catabolism dioxygenase Fig. 1 Three-way symbiotic relationship amongst plant, Infection of CThTV C. proturberta endophytic fungus and a virus. D. lanuginosum shows enhanced thermal tolerance [65 °C]. This thermal tolerance is acquired due to the presence of a dsRNA virus CThTV resid- ing within an endophytic fungus C. proturberta Increased Thermo tolereance D. lanuginosum 1 3 Mutualism between viruses and lower eukaryotes Mutualistic viruses of yeast ORF which encode the killer pre-protoxin. Satellite viruses parasitize the helper virus for the production of their cap- Over the course of evolution, various organisms have devel- sid proteins [20]. Subsequently, the toxins produced, act on oped tactics to overcome competition. For example, yeasts sensitive yeast colonies in a two-step process: The frst step such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Ustilago maydis and is energy independent wherein, the toxin binds to the cell Zygosaccharomyces bailii utilize viral assisted toxin pro- wall receptor of sensitive yeast. K1 and K2 bind to β-1,6- duction to kill competing yeast colonies, and are thus called D-glucan, whereas K28 binds to α-1,3-mannoprotein [21, ‘killer yeast’ [15]. The totivirus Saccharomyces cerevisiae 22]. The second step is energy dependent, where the toxin virus L-A (ScV-L-A) present in the yeast helps in the sta- translocates to the cytoplasmic membrane and interacts with ble maintenance and replication of satellite viruses namely a secondary receptor [Figure 2]. For K1, this receptor is a S. cerevisiae virus M1 (ScV-M1), ScV-M2 or ScV-M28. GPI-anchored plasma membrane protein Kre1P and for K28, Infection of ScV-M1, ScV-M2 or ScV-M28 in S. cerevi- it is cellular HDEL receptor Erd2P [23, 24]. Interaction of siae results in the production of toxins, namely K1, K2 and K1 with Kre1P results in the formation of an ion channel, K28 [16–19]. ScV-L-A and ScV-M viruses show cytoplas- disrupting the cytoplasmic membrane [25–27]. K28, after mically-inherited, symptomless infection of killer yeast. binding to α-1,3-mannoprotein, is taken up by endocyto- ScV-L-A has 2 ORFs which encode gag and pol. The virus sis and is targeted to early endosomal compartments. From capsid protein consists of 120 copies of gag and 2 copies of there, it enters the cell cytosol through the secretory pathway a gag-pol fusion protein. The satellite viruses have only 1 and blocks cellular DNA synthesis, arresting the cells in early S phase [28]. Sensitive yeast ScV-L-A K1, K2 or ScV-M K28 toxin Erd2P Kre1P Ion-channel formation in the ScV-M β-1-6 D-Glucan cytoplasm by K1 and toxin α-1-3- mannoprotein K28 endocytosis Block in DNA synthesis by K28 toxin Killer yeast Fig. 2 Killer yeast mechanism of action. Killer yeast harbour the sat- lowed by binding to plasma membrane receptors Kre1P and Erd2P. ellite M viruses which parasitize the helper L-A virus for coat pro- Once inside the sensitive yeast cell, K1 toxin results in ion channel teins. M viruses then produce the toxins K1, K2 or K28 which act formation in the cytoplasmic membrane and K28 translocates to the on the sensitive yeast colonies in a 2-step process. Toxins frst bind nucleus blocking DNA synthesis to cell wall receptors β-1,6-D glucan and α-1,3-manonprotein fol- 1 3 S. S. Jagdale, R. S. Joshi It is critical for the killer yeast to be immune to these tox- hemocytes, creating favorable conditions for the survival of ins. Killer yeast immunity against these toxins involves the wasp eggs and larval development [39, 40]. The Cotesia con- K1 toxin precursor, which acts as a competitive inhibitor of gregrata bracovirus (CcBV) genome contains 156 genes; 27 the active toxin by saturating the plasma membrane receptor. genes encoding protein tyrosine phosphatases and 6 for pro- In the case of K28 toxin, the active toxin taken up by killer teins with ankyrin repeat motifs from the IκB family, which cells binds to the pre-protoxin present in the cytosol. This inhibit the immune responses. Four genes code for cysteine- protein complex is then ubiquitinated and degraded by the rich cysteine knot motif proteins, similar to the teratocyte proteasome machinery [29]. Both helper and satellite viruses secreted protein 14 (TSP 14) which inhibits the translation are dependent on the expression of several yeast chromo- of storage proteins in the hosts, resulting in developmental somal genes.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Metagenomic Analysis Indicates That Stressors Induce Production of Herpes-Like Viruses in the Coral Porites Compressa
    Metagenomic analysis indicates that stressors induce production of herpes-like viruses in the coral Porites compressa Rebecca L. Vega Thurbera,b,1, Katie L. Barotta, Dana Halla, Hong Liua, Beltran Rodriguez-Muellera, Christelle Desnuesa,c, Robert A. Edwardsa,d,e,f, Matthew Haynesa, Florent E. Anglya, Linda Wegleya, and Forest L. Rohwera,e aDepartment of Biology, dComputational Sciences Research Center, and eCenter for Microbial Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182; bDepartment of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, 3000 North East 151st, North Miami, FL 33181; cUnite´des Rickettsies, Unite Mixte de Recherche, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 6020. Faculte´deMe´ decine de la Timone, 13385 Marseille, France; and fMathematics and Computer Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439 Communicated by Baruch S. Blumberg, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, September 11, 2008 (received for review April 25, 2008) During the last several decades corals have been in decline and at least established, an increase in viral particles within dinoflagellates has one-third of all coral species are now threatened with extinction. been hypothesized to be responsible for symbiont loss during Coral disease has been a major contributor to this threat, but little is bleaching (25–27). VLPs also have been identified visually on known about the responsible pathogens. To date most research has several species of scleractinian corals, specifically: Acropora muri- focused on bacterial and fungal diseases; however, viruses may also cata, Porites lobata, Porites lutea, and Porites australiensis (28). Based be important for coral health. Using a combination of empirical viral on morphological characteristics, these VLPs belong to several viral metagenomics and real-time PCR, we show that Porites compressa families including: tailed phages, large filamentous, and small corals contain a suite of eukaryotic viruses, many related to the (30–80 nm) to large (Ͼ100 nm) polyhedral viruses (29).
    [Show full text]
  • Multiple Origins of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Single-Stranded DNA Viruses from Bacterial and Archaeal Plasmids
    ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-11433-0 OPEN Multiple origins of prokaryotic and eukaryotic single-stranded DNA viruses from bacterial and archaeal plasmids Darius Kazlauskas 1, Arvind Varsani 2,3, Eugene V. Koonin 4 & Mart Krupovic 5 Single-stranded (ss) DNA viruses are a major component of the earth virome. In particular, the circular, Rep-encoding ssDNA (CRESS-DNA) viruses show high diversity and abundance 1234567890():,; in various habitats. By combining sequence similarity network and phylogenetic analyses of the replication proteins (Rep) belonging to the HUH endonuclease superfamily, we show that the replication machinery of the CRESS-DNA viruses evolved, on three independent occa- sions, from the Reps of bacterial rolling circle-replicating plasmids. The CRESS-DNA viruses emerged via recombination between such plasmids and cDNA copies of capsid genes of eukaryotic positive-sense RNA viruses. Similarly, the rep genes of prokaryotic DNA viruses appear to have evolved from HUH endonuclease genes of various bacterial and archaeal plasmids. Our findings also suggest that eukaryotic polyomaviruses and papillomaviruses with dsDNA genomes have evolved via parvoviruses from CRESS-DNA viruses. Collectively, our results shed light on the complex evolutionary history of a major class of viruses revealing its polyphyletic origins. 1 Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio av. 7, Vilnius 10257, Lithuania. 2 The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, School of Life Sciences, Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA. 3 Structural Biology Research Unit, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7700 Cape Town, South Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • Characterization and Genome Organization of New Luteoviruses and Nanoviruses Infecting Cool Season Food Legumes
    Adane Abraham (Autor) Characterization and Genome Organization of New Luteoviruses and Nanoviruses Infecting Cool Season Food Legumes https://cuvillier.de/de/shop/publications/2549 Copyright: Cuvillier Verlag, Inhaberin Annette Jentzsch-Cuvillier, Nonnenstieg 8, 37075 Göttingen, Germany Telefon: +49 (0)551 54724-0, E-Mail: [email protected], Website: https://cuvillier.de CHAPTER 1 General Introduction Viruses and virus diseases of cool season food legumes Legume crops play a major role worldwide as source of human food, feed and also in crop rotation. Faba bean (Vicia faba L.), field pea (Pisum sativum L.), lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.), chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), and grasspea (Lathyrus sativus L.), collectively re- ferred to as cool season food legumes (Summerfield et al. 1988) are of particular importance in developing countries of Asia, North and Northeast Africa where they provide a cheap source of seed protein for the predominantly poor population. Diseases including those caused by viruses are among the main constraints reducing their yield. Bos et al. (1988) listed some 44 viruses as naturally infecting faba bean, chickpea, field pea and lentil worldwide. Since then, a number of new viruses were described from these crops including Faba bean necrotic yellows virus (FBNYV) (Katul et al. 1993) and Chickpea chlorotic dwarf virus (CpCDV) (Horn et al. 1993), which are widespread and economically important. Most of the viruses of cool season food legumes are known to naturally infect more than one host within this group of crops (Bos et al. 1988, Brunt et al. 1996 and Makkouk et al. 2003a). Virus symptoms in cool season food legumes vary depending on the virus or its strain, host species or cultivar and the prevailing environmental conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • Novel Circular DNA Viruses in Stool Samples of Wild-Living Chimpanzees
    Journal of General Virology (2010), 91, 74–86 DOI 10.1099/vir.0.015446-0 Novel circular DNA viruses in stool samples of wild-living chimpanzees Olga Blinkova,1 Joseph Victoria,1 Yingying Li,2 Brandon F. Keele,2 Crickette Sanz,33 Jean-Bosco N. Ndjango,4 Martine Peeters,5 Dominic Travis,6 Elizabeth V. Lonsdorf,7 Michael L. Wilson,8,9 Anne E. Pusey,9 Beatrice H. Hahn2 and Eric L. Delwart1 Correspondence 1Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco and the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Eric L. Delwart University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA [email protected] 2Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA 3Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany 4Department of Ecology and Management of Plant and Animal Ressources, Faculty of Sciences, University of Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo 5UMR145, Institut de Recherche pour le De´velopement and University of Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France 6Department of Conservation and Science, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, IL 60614, USA 7The Lester E. Fisher Center for the Study and Conservation of Apes, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, IL 60614, USA 8Department of Anthropology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA 9Jane Goodall Institute’s Center for Primate Studies, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA Viral particles in stool samples from wild-living chimpanzees were analysed using random PCR amplification and sequencing. Sequences encoding proteins distantly related to the replicase protein of single-stranded circular DNA viruses were identified. Inverse PCR was used to amplify and sequence multiple small circular DNA viral genomes.
    [Show full text]
  • The Curious Strategy of Multipartite Viruses Yannis Michalakis, Stéphane Blanc
    The Curious Strategy of Multipartite Viruses Yannis Michalakis, Stéphane Blanc To cite this version: Yannis Michalakis, Stéphane Blanc. The Curious Strategy of Multipartite Viruses. Annual Review of Virology, Annual Review, 2020, 7 (1), pp.203-218. 10.1146/annurev-virology-010220-063346. hal- 02981664 HAL Id: hal-02981664 https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02981664 Submitted on 25 Nov 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. 1 Title: The Curious Strategy of Multipartite Viruses 2 Authors : Yannis Michalakis 1 and Stéphane Blanc 2 3 4 Affiliations: 5 1 MIVEGEC, CNRS, IRD, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France 6 2 UMR BGPI, INRA, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France 7 8 9 ORCID IDs: 10 YM: 0000-0003-1929-0848 11 SB: 0000-0002-3412-0989 12 13 Correspondence should be sent to both YM and SB: 14 [email protected] 15 [email protected] 16 17 1 18 Keywords : multipartite virus, genome architecture, virus evolution, multicomponent virus, 19 genome formula, multicellular functioning. 20 21 Abstract : Multipartite virus genomes are composed of several segments, each packaged in a 22 distinct viral particle. While this puzzling genome architecture is found in ~17% of known viral 23 species, its distribution among hosts or among distinct types of genome composing nucleic acid 24 remain poorly understood.
    [Show full text]
  • Icosahedral Viruses Defined by Their Positively Charged Domains: a Signature for Viral Identity and Capsid Assembly Strategy
    Support Information for: Icosahedral viruses defined by their positively charged domains: a signature for viral identity and capsid assembly strategy Rodrigo D. Requião1, Rodolfo L. Carneiro 1, Mariana Hoyer Moreira1, Marcelo Ribeiro- Alves2, Silvana Rossetto3, Fernando L. Palhano*1 and Tatiana Domitrovic*4 1 Programa de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil. 2 Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em DST/Aids, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil 3 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Informática, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil. 4 Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil. *Corresponding author: [email protected] or [email protected] MATERIALS AND METHODS Software and Source Identifier Algorithms Calculation of net charge (1) Calculation of R/K ratio This paper https://github.com/mhoyerm/Total_ratio Identify proteins of This paper https://github.com/mhoyerm/Modulate_RK determined net charge and R/K ratio Identify proteins of This paper https://github.com/mhoyerm/Modulate_KR determined net charge and K/R ratio Data sources For all viral proteins, we used UniRef with the advanced search options (uniprot:(proteome:(taxonomy:"Viruses [10239]") reviewed:yes) AND identity:1.0). For viral capsid proteins, we used the advanced search options (proteome:(taxonomy:"Viruses [10239]") goa:("viral capsid [19028]") AND reviewed:yes) followed by a manual selection of major capsid proteins. Advanced search options for H.
    [Show full text]
  • Investigations on the Occurrence of Fungal Root Endophytes and an Associated Mycovirus in Context with Apple Replant Disease
    Investigations on the occurrence of fungal root endophytes and an associated mycovirus in context with apple replant disease Von der Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover zur Erlangung des Grades Doktorin der Gartenbauwissenschaften (Dr. rer. hort.) genehmigte Dissertation von Gösta Carolin Dorette Popp, M. Sc. 2020 Referent: Prof. Dr. Edgar Maiss Korreferentin: Prof. Dr. Traud Winkelmann Tag der Promotion: 12.08.2020 Abstract I Abstract Apple replant disease (ARD) negatively affects the production in nurseries and orchards worldwide. A biotic cause of the disease is most likely since soil disinfection can restore plant growth. Fungi have appeared to contribute to the complex of biotic factors, but up to now the actual cause of the disease remains unknown. Further, environmentally friendly and practically applicable mitigation strategies are missing. Fungal root endophytes were isolated in two central experiments of the ORDIAmur consortium. Dark septate endophytes (Leptodontidium spp.) were frequently isolated from apple roots. An abundant occurrence of Nectriaceae fungi (Dactylonectria torresensis and Ilyonectria robusta) was found in ARD roots. Reference sites displayed a different characteristic fungal community. In roots grown in irradiated soil, a reduction of the number of isolated fungi and a changed composition of the fungal community was found. To investigate the effect of fungal endophytes on apple plants a quick and soil-free bio test in Petri dishes was developed using perlite. Inoculated fungi isolated from ARD roots induced neutral (Plectosphaerella, Pleotrichocladium, and Zalerion) to negative (Cadophora, Calonectria, Dactylonectria, Ilyonectria, and Leptosphaeria) plant reactions. After re-isolation, most of the Nectriaceae isolates were confirmed as pathogens. Microscopic analyses of ARD-affected roots revealed necroses caused by an unknown fungus that forms cauliflower-like (CF) structures in diseased cortex cells.
    [Show full text]
  • Virus World As an Evolutionary Network of Viruses and Capsidless Selfish Elements
    Virus World as an Evolutionary Network of Viruses and Capsidless Selfish Elements Koonin, E. V., & Dolja, V. V. (2014). Virus World as an Evolutionary Network of Viruses and Capsidless Selfish Elements. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 78(2), 278-303. doi:10.1128/MMBR.00049-13 10.1128/MMBR.00049-13 American Society for Microbiology Version of Record http://cdss.library.oregonstate.edu/sa-termsofuse Virus World as an Evolutionary Network of Viruses and Capsidless Selfish Elements Eugene V. Koonin,a Valerian V. Doljab National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USAa; Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USAb Downloaded from SUMMARY ..................................................................................................................................................278 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................278 PREVALENCE OF REPLICATION SYSTEM COMPONENTS COMPARED TO CAPSID PROTEINS AMONG VIRUS HALLMARK GENES.......................279 CLASSIFICATION OF VIRUSES BY REPLICATION-EXPRESSION STRATEGY: TYPICAL VIRUSES AND CAPSIDLESS FORMS ................................279 EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN VIRUSES AND CAPSIDLESS VIRUS-LIKE GENETIC ELEMENTS ..............................................280 Capsidless Derivatives of Positive-Strand RNA Viruses....................................................................................................280
    [Show full text]
  • Australia Biodiversity of Biodiversity Taxonomy and and Taxonomy Plant Pathogenic Fungi Fungi Plant Pathogenic
    Taxonomy and biodiversity of plant pathogenic fungi from Australia Yu Pei Tan 2019 Tan Pei Yu Australia and biodiversity of plant pathogenic fungi from Taxonomy Taxonomy and biodiversity of plant pathogenic fungi from Australia Australia Bipolaris Botryosphaeriaceae Yu Pei Tan Curvularia Diaporthe Taxonomy and biodiversity of plant pathogenic fungi from Australia Yu Pei Tan Yu Pei Tan Taxonomy and biodiversity of plant pathogenic fungi from Australia PhD thesis, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands (2019) ISBN: 978-90-393-7126-8 Cover and invitation design: Ms Manon Verweij and Ms Yu Pei Tan Layout and design: Ms Manon Verweij Printing: Gildeprint The research described in this thesis was conducted at the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Dutton Park, Queensland, 4102, Australia. Copyright © 2019 by Yu Pei Tan ([email protected]) All rights reserved. No parts of this thesis may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any other forms by any means, without the permission of the author, or when appropriate of the publisher of the represented published articles. Front and back cover: Spatial records of Bipolaris, Curvularia, Diaporthe and Botryosphaeriaceae across the continent of Australia, sourced from the Atlas of Living Australia (http://www.ala. org.au). Accessed 12 March 2019. Taxonomy and biodiversity of plant pathogenic fungi from Australia Taxonomie en biodiversiteit van plantpathogene schimmels van Australië (met een samenvatting in het Nederlands) Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit Utrecht op gezag van de rector magnificus, prof. dr. H.R.B.M. Kummeling, ingevolge het besluit van het college voor promoties in het openbaar te verdedigen op donderdag 9 mei 2019 des ochtends te 10.30 uur door Yu Pei Tan geboren op 16 december 1980 te Singapore, Singapore Promotor: Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • Small Hydrophobic Viral Proteins Involved in Intercellular Movement of Diverse Plant Virus Genomes Sergey Y
    AIMS Microbiology, 6(3): 305–329. DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2020019 Received: 23 July 2020 Accepted: 13 September 2020 Published: 21 September 2020 http://www.aimspress.com/journal/microbiology Review Small hydrophobic viral proteins involved in intercellular movement of diverse plant virus genomes Sergey Y. Morozov1,2,* and Andrey G. Solovyev1,2,3 1 A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia 2 Department of Virology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia 3 Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia * Correspondence: E-mail: [email protected]; Tel: +74959393198. Abstract: Most plant viruses code for movement proteins (MPs) targeting plasmodesmata to enable cell-to-cell and systemic spread in infected plants. Small membrane-embedded MPs have been first identified in two viral transport gene modules, triple gene block (TGB) coding for an RNA-binding helicase TGB1 and two small hydrophobic proteins TGB2 and TGB3 and double gene block (DGB) encoding two small polypeptides representing an RNA-binding protein and a membrane protein. These findings indicated that movement gene modules composed of two or more cistrons may encode the nucleic acid-binding protein and at least one membrane-bound movement protein. The same rule was revealed for small DNA-containing plant viruses, namely, viruses belonging to genus Mastrevirus (family Geminiviridae) and the family Nanoviridae. In multi-component transport modules the nucleic acid-binding MP can be viral capsid protein(s), as in RNA-containing viruses of the families Closteroviridae and Potyviridae. However, membrane proteins are always found among MPs of these multicomponent viral transport systems.
    [Show full text]
  • A Geminivirus-Related DNA Mycovirus That Confers Hypovirulence to a Plant Pathogenic Fungus
    A geminivirus-related DNA mycovirus that confers hypovirulence to a plant pathogenic fungus Xiao Yua,b,1,BoLia,b,1, Yanping Fub, Daohong Jianga,b,2, Said A. Ghabrialc, Guoqing Lia,b, Youliang Pengd, Jiatao Xieb, Jiasen Chengb, Junbin Huangb, and Xianhong Yib aState Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China; bProvincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China; cDepartment of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0312; and dState Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China Edited by Bradley I. Hillman, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, and accepted by the Editorial Board March 29, 2010 (received for review November 25, 2009) Mycoviruses are viruses that infect fungi and have the potential to ductivity in most tropical and subtropical areas in the world (9). control fungal diseases of crops when associated with hypovir- Nowadays, due to changes in agricultural practices, as well as the ulence. Typically, mycoviruses have double-stranded (ds) or single- increase in global trade in agricultural products, these diseases stranded (ss) RNA genomes. No mycoviruses with DNA genomes have spread to more regions (10, 11). Several possible scenarios have previously been reported. Here, we describe a hypovirulence- for the evolution of geminiviruses have been developed, how- associated circular ssDNA mycovirus from the plant pathogenic ever, there still are many questions to be answered, and it is very fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. The genome of this ssDNA virus, difficult to ascertain how ancient geminiviruses or their ancestors named Sclerotinia sclerotiorum hypovirulence-associated DNA vi- are (12–14).
    [Show full text]
  • Potential Role of Viruses in White Plague Coral Disease
    The ISME Journal (2014) 8, 271–283 & 2014 International Society for Microbial Ecology All rights reserved 1751-7362/14 www.nature.com/ismej ORIGINAL ARTICLE Potential role of viruses in white plague coral disease Nitzan Soffer1,2, Marilyn E Brandt3, Adrienne MS Correa1,2,4, Tyler B Smith3 and Rebecca Vega Thurber1,2 1Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA; 2Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA; 3Center for Marine and Environmental Studies, University of the Virgin Islands, St Thomas, Virgin Islands, USA and 4Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA White plague (WP)-like diseases of tropical corals are implicated in reef decline worldwide, although their etiological cause is generally unknown. Studies thus far have focused on bacterial or eukaryotic pathogens as the source of these diseases; no studies have examined the role of viruses. Using a combination of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and 454 pyrosequencing, we compared 24 viral metagenomes generated from Montastraea annularis corals showing signs of WP-like disease and/or bleaching, control conspecific corals, and adjacent seawater. TEM was used for visual inspection of diseased coral tissue. No bacteria were visually identified within diseased coral tissues, but viral particles and sequence similarities to eukaryotic circular Rep-encoding single-stranded DNA viruses and their associated satellites (SCSDVs) were abundant in WP diseased tissues. In contrast, sequence similarities to SCSDVs were not found in any healthy coral tissues, suggesting SCSDVs might have a role in WP disease. Furthermore, Herpesviridae gene signatures dominated healthy tissues, corroborating reports that herpes-like viruses infect all corals.
    [Show full text]