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INFORMATION TO USERS The most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this manuscript from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 3 0 0 North Z e e b R oad. Arbor. Ml 4 8 1 0 6 -1 3 4 6 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Number 9022652 The nature and scope of Eastern thought and practice in contemporary literature on American physical education and sport (1053-1989) Shin, Hyun-Kun, iPh.D. The Ohio State University, 1990 UMI 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Aibor, MI 48106 THE NATURE AND SCOPE OF EASTERN THOUGHT AND PRACTICE IN CONTEMPORARY LITERATURE ON AMERICAN PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT (1953-1989) DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Hyun Kun Shin. B.S.. M.A. The Ohio State University 1990 Dissertation Committee; Approved Dr. Seymour Kleinman Dr. Melvin Adelman Advisor :hool of Health. Physical Dr. Philip L. Smith Education, and Recreation Copyright by Hyun-Kun Shin 1990 To my parents, who have never failed to support and encourage me to study 11 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author expresses sincere gratitude to Dr. Seymour Kleinman, a great scholar and master, who always understands and helps academically and personally, by his openness. The author's appreciation is also directed to Dr. Melvin Adelman and Dr. Philip L. Smith, both of whom have taught me in the warmest manner. My appreciation goes also to Dr. Richard T. Garner, who has provided me with his wisdom and kindness. I also extend my special gratitude to Dr. Young-Hwan Kim, my former adviser at Yonsei University in Korea, who initially guided me to the right way. I wish to express my thanks to Scott Duncanson, my best friend and colleague, for his thoughtful suggestions. Very special thanks go to my wife, Joo-Hee, for her love. Ill VITA March 14, 1959 ................................ Born - Seoul, Korea 1978 -1982 ....................................... B.S., Yonsei University Seoul, Korea 1984 -1985 ....................................... M.A. Program, Yonsei University 1984 -1985 ....................................... Graduate Teaching Associate, Department of Physical Education, Yonsei University 1987 .................................................... M.A., The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio 1986 -1989 ....................................... Graduate Teaching Associate, School of H.P.E.R., The Ohio State University PUBLICATIONS "The Somatic Body: A Dialogue Between East and West," Proceedings of the 1988 Seoul Olympic Scientific Congress, Seoul, Korea, 1988. FIELD OF STUDY Major Field: Physical Education Studies in Movement Arts and in Sport Philosophy. Professor Seymour Kleinman Studies in Sport History. Professor Melvin Adelman Studies in Social and Educational Philosophy. Professor Philip L. Smith Studies in Eastern Philosophy. Professor Richard T. Garner iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .............................. iii VITA ............................................................................ iv LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................... vil CHAPTER PAGE I. ORIENTATION TO THE STUDY ...................................................... 1 Introduction .................................................................................. 1 Statement of the Problem ........................................................ 6 Procedure ...................................................................................... 7 Organization of Materials Investigated .................................. 8 Limitations .............. 9 Definitions ................................................................................... 9 II. THE NATURE OF EASTERN PHILOSOPHY AND PRACTICE ...... 14 Introduction .................................................................................. 14 Buddhism ...................................................................................... 14 Confucianism ................................................................................ 17 Taoism ........................................................................................... 24 Zen .................................................................................................... 28 III. EASTERN CONCEPTS IN AMERICAN PHYSICAL EDUCATION 38 Introduction .................................................................................. 38 Acculturation Process ................................................................. 38 The First Stage: Acquaintance! 1953-1967) ........................ 41 The Second Stage: Appropriation! 1968-1982) ................... 44 The Third Stage: Transformation! 1983-1989) ................... 54 V CHAPTER PAGE IV. THE EMERGENCE OF EASTERN THOUGHT AND PRACTICE IN THE WEST.................................................................................. 69 Introduction .................................................................................. 69 The Theoretical ............................................................................. 70 The Practical ................................................................................. 76 Pedagogy ...................... 76 Objectives and Curriculum .................................................. 82 Training Methods ................................................................... 95 The Effect of Transformation on Eastern Forms .............102 V. SUMMARY. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY ................................................................. 114 Sum m ary .................................................................................... 114 Conclusions and Speculations .............................................. 120 Recommendations for Further Study ................................. 124 APPENDIX. A CHRONOLOGICAL LISTING OF THE EASTERN STUDY IN THE LITERATURE OF AMERICAN PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT .......................... 126 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................... 142 VI LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE PAGE 1. The Tai-Chi Diagram or "Diagram of the Supreme Ultimate" ............................................................ 23 2. The Characteristics of Western, Eastern, and Transformation Approaches to Physical Education and Sport ................................................................... 105 vn CHAPTER I ORIENTATION TO THE STUDY lntrc>çlviçUç>n Professional baseball and golf are now becoming popular in the Eastern countries. At the same time, Americans are taking up meditation, practicing yoga and tai chi chuan, and visiting martial arts schools. Despite Rudyard Kipling's once firm assurance that East and West would never meet, we now live in a global village in which we meet at hundreds of times and in hundreds of ways, and the "avenues of discourse and influence between East and West are many and varied." ^ Thus, it is not surprising that physical education and sports in America are being affected by ideas originated in the East. Some programs and methods in American physical education and sport reflect this. Over the past three decades. Eastern religious and philosophical ideas and practices have had a considerable impact on American culture. This "Eastern awareness" has sprung from many cultural sources. One was America's cultural and social transition in the 60s and 70s, which reflected an interest in the East.2 The Vietnam war's shock and the increased number of Eastern immigrants and students have made Americans highly aware and sensitive to Eastern societies. Also, modern technology and scientific innovation have facilitated communication between the East and the West. 1 2 Furthermore, the popularity of Eastern religious disciplines and martial arts has affected a growing number of Americans. Most recently, the Olympic Games in Japan and Korea, and increased trade between America and Far Eastern countries have captured American attention. In the academic realm, the importance and profundity of Eastern philosophical and religious thought are reflected by the increasing amount of scholarship being done in these areas. Significant contributions have been made in fields such as comparative philosophy and religion, holistic

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