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POLICY BRIEF by George Bunn & John B
ary ald Reagan Libr Courtesy Ron POLICY BRIEF by George Bunn & John B. Rhinelander LAWS September 2007 Reykjavik Revisited: Toward a World Free of Nuclear Weapons It would be fine with At their October 1986 Reykjavik summit meeting, Ronald Reagan me if we eliminated all and Mikhail Gorbachev agreed orally that their two governments should "nuclear weapons. eliminate all their nuclear weapons. Reagan said, “It would be fine with me if we eliminated all nuclear weapons.” Gorbachev replied, “We can do that.” Reagan’s secretary of state, George Shultz, participated in the – Ronald Reagan, discussion. While that proposal later floundered over U.S. plans for October 1986 missile defense and differences over the Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) " Treaty, the goal of going to zero nuclear weapons is highly relevant today.1 George Shultz, now at the Hoover Institution on the campus of Stanford University, organized a conference to review the goal of Reykjavik in October 2006, the 20th anniversary of the Reykjavik This policy brief made possible summit. He invited former high-level government officials and other by the Lawyers Alliance for World experts to consider major changes in current U.S. nuclear-weapon control Security, an independent partner and reduction policies, including the ultimate goal of a world free of of the World Security Institute. nuclear weapons. He had the assistance of Sidney Drell, a distinguished Stanford physicist who has long been an adviser to the U.S. government 1 The best treatment of this extraordinary meeting is Don Oberdorfer, The Turn (1991), chap. 5, 155-209, including page 202 for the Reagan- Gorbachev quotes (This has been republished under soft cover under the new title, From The Cold War To A New Era: The United States and the Soviet Union, 1983-1991). -
The American-Scandinavian Foundation
THE AMERICAN-SCANDINAVIAN FOUNDATION BI-ANNUAL REPORT JULY 1, 2011 TO JUNE 30, 2013 The American-Scandinavian Foundation BI-ANNUAL REPORT July 1, 2011 to June 30, 2013 The American-Scandinavian Foundation (ASF) serves as a vital educational and cultural link between the United States and the five Nordic countries: Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. A publicly supported nonprofit organization, the Foundation fosters cultural understanding, provides a forum for the exchange of ideas, and sustains an extensive program of fellowships, grants, internships/training, publishing, and cultural events. Over 30,000 Scandinavians and Americans have participated in its exchange programs over the last century. In October 2000, the ASF inaugurated Scandinavia House: The Nordic Center in America, its headquarters, where it presents a broad range of public programs furthering its mission to reinforce the strong relationships between the United States and the Nordic nations, honoring their shared values and appreciating their differences. 58 PARK AVENUE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 • AMscan.ORG H.M. Queen Margrethe II H.E. Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson Patrons of Denmark President of Iceland 2011 – 2013 H.E. Tarja Halonen H.M. King Harald V President of Finland of Norway until February, 2012 H.M. King Carl XVI Gustaf H.E Sauli Niinistö of Sweden President of Finland from March, 2012 H.R.H. Princess Benedikte H.H. Princess Märtha Louise Honorary of Denmark of Norway Trustees H.E. Martti Ahtisaari H.R.H. Crown Princess Victoria 2011 – 2013 President of Finland,1994-2000 of Sweden H.E. Vigdís Finnbogadóttir President of Iceland, 1980-1996 Officers 2011 – 2012 Richard E. -
New Documents on Mongolia and the Cold War
Cold War International History Project Bulletin, Issue 16 New Documents on Mongolia and the Cold War Translation and Introduction by Sergey Radchenko1 n a freezing November afternoon in Ulaanbaatar China and Russia fell under the Mongolian sword. However, (Ulan Bator), I climbed the Zaisan hill on the south- after being conquered in the 17th century by the Manchus, Oern end of town to survey the bleak landscape below. the land of the Mongols was divided into two parts—called Black smoke from gers—Mongolian felt houses—blanketed “Outer” and “Inner” Mongolia—and reduced to provincial sta- the valley; very little could be discerned beyond the frozen tus. The inhabitants of Outer Mongolia enjoyed much greater Tuul River. Chilling wind reminded me of the cold, harsh autonomy than their compatriots across the border, and after winter ahead. I thought I should have stayed at home after all the collapse of the Qing dynasty, Outer Mongolia asserted its because my pen froze solid, and I could not scribble a thing right to nationhood. Weak and disorganized, the Mongolian on the documents I carried up with me. These were records religious leadership appealed for help from foreign countries, of Mongolia’s perilous moves on the chessboard of giants: including the United States. But the first foreign troops to its strategy of survival between China and the Soviet Union, appear were Russian soldiers under the command of the noto- and its still poorly understood role in Asia’s Cold War. These riously cruel Baron Ungern who rode past the Zaisan hill in the documents were collected from archival depositories and pri- winter of 1921. -
INTERIM STORAGE of SPENT FUEL in the UNITED STATES Allison Macfarlane
4 Oct 2001 17:35 AR AR143-08-ma.tex AR143-08-ma.SGM ARv2(2001/05/10) P1: GJC Annu. Rev. Energy Environ. 2001. 26:201–35 Copyright c 2001 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved INTERIM STORAGE OF SPENT FUEL IN THE UNITED STATES Allison Macfarlane Security Studies Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139; e-mail: [email protected] Key Words irradiated fuel, nuclear energy, nuclear waste, dry casks ■ Abstract At nuclear power reactors around the United States, quantities of spent or irradiated nuclear fuel are growing while owner-operator companies await the ap- proval of a permanent storage facility. Some reactors have run out of space in their cooling pools and have had to resort to dry cask storage. The first half of this paper looks at the policy history of interim storage in the United States, discusses the current storage status at individual reactors, and then reviews the technologies available to deal with it. The second half of the paper considers the different options for dealing with this hazardous material in the interim, before a permanent high-level nuclear waste repos- itory is opened, and examines the safety, security, transportation, economic, political, and other issues that bear on the choice of option. CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................202 2. POLICY BACKGROUND ............................................203 2.1. Legislative History ...............................................204 2.2. Private-Storage Options ...........................................206 2.3. Licensing Requirements ...........................................207 3. INTERIM-STORAGE POLICIES AND PLANS IN OTHER COUNTRIES ..............................................208 3.1. France .........................................................208 3.2. United Kingdom .................................................208 3.3. Germany .......................................................208 3.4. Sweden ........................................................209 3.5. -
Yucca Mountain: a Post-Mortem Adam J
Yucca Mountain: A Post-Mortem Adam J. White Imagine the following scenario: The President of the United States deliv- ers a speech on nuclear energy. With gasoline prices high and oil being imported from unfriendly countries, the president says that “a more abun- dant, affordable, and secure energy future” will be a crucial part of getting the nation out of its economic slump. “One of the best potential sources of new electrical energy supplies in the coming decades,” the president notes, “is nuclear power.” But there are obstacles: Nuclear power has become entangled in a morass of regulations that do not enhance safety but that do cause extensive licensing delays and economic uncertainty. Government has also failed in meeting its responsibility to work with industry to develop an acceptable system for commercial waste disposal, which has further hampered nuclear power development. To alleviate these problems, which have caused utilities to shy away from nuclear power, the president issues instructions intended to remove regu- latory hurdles and to “proceed swiftly toward deployment of means of storing and disposing of commercial, high-level radioactive waste.” This scenario, so familiar in its particulars, would not seem out of place in today’s newspapers. But the quoted speech was actually delivered in 1981 by President Ronald Reagan. And even though some hoped the speech would mark a turning point — one trade journal celebrated the president for striving to “make a faltering nuclear industry viable and robust again” — nuclear power largely remains, more than three decades later, mired in regulatory uncertainty. While nuclear power currently accounts for about a fifth of the total electricity-generation capacity of the United States, it could satisfy a much greater portion of the national demand. -
Southern California Edison Company San Onofre Nuclear Generating
Southern California Edison Company San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station Request for Information In Support of the Development of a Strategic Plan for the Relocation of Spent Nuclear Fuel to an Offsite Storage Facility Issuance Date: Friday, September 28, 2018 Information Due By: Friday, November 9, 2018 at 5:00 P.M. SONGS Request for Information Supporting Development of Strategic Plan I. Introduction Through this request for information (“RFI”), Southern California Edison Company (“SCE”) is seeking information on how an interested consultant would propose supporting SCE in developing a strategic plan for the relocation of spent nuclear fuel from the San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station (“SONGS”) to an offsite storage facility (“Strategic Plan”). A. Guiding Principles For Spent Fuel Storage And Disposal SCE is committed to the safe, secure storage of spent nuclear fuel. SCE recognizes that efforts to relocate SONGS spent nuclear fuel offsite must proceed in a thoughtful, forward thinking, and responsible way, ensuring that relevant interests are recognized and heard. To that end, SCE envisions that the development of the Strategic Plan considering the “Commercially Reasonable” options for offsite storage and disposal will be supported by an inclusive approach involving early coordination with relevant stakeholders and effective communication. SCE, and by extension, any consultant successfully selected will promote the fair, balanced treatment and meaningful representation of stakeholders, including local, state, federal, tribal, and environmental interests, in support of the development of the Strategic Plan. II. Background A. Southern California Edison Company SCE, a subsidiary of Edison International (“EIX”), is headquartered in Rosemead, California, and is one of the largest electric utilities in the United States, serving approximately 5 million customer accounts in its service area within central and southern California. -
Interim Storage of Spent Nuclear Fuel: a Safe, Flexible, and Cost-Effective Approach to Spent Fuel Management
Interim Storage of Spent Nuclear Fuel: A Safe, Flexible, and Cost-Effective Approach to Spent Fuel Management The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Bunn, Matthew, John P. Holdren, Allison Macfarlane, Susan E. Pickett, Atsuyuki Suzuki, Tatsujiro Suzuki, and Jennifer Weeks. 2001. Interim Storage of Spent Nuclear Fuel: A Safe, Flexible, and Cost-Effective Approach to Spent Fuel Management. Cambridge: Managing the Atom Project, Harvard University and Project on Sociotechnics of Nuclear Energy, University of Tokyo Published Version http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/2150/ interim_storage_of_spent_nuclear_fuel.html Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:29914175 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA Interim Storage of Spent Nuclear Fuel A Safe, Flexible, and Cost-Effective Near-Term Approach to Spent Fuel Management A Joint Report from the Harvard University Project on Managing the Atom and the University of Tokyo Project on Sociotechnics of Nuclear Energy Matthew Bunn Harvard University University of Tokyo John P. Holdren Allison Macfarlane Susan E. Pickett Atsuyuki Suzuki Project on Managing Tatsujiro Suzuki Project on Sociotechnics the Atom of Nuclear Energy Jennifer Weeks June, 2001 Interim Storage of Spent Nuclear Fuel A Safe, Flexible, and Cost-Effective Near-Term Approach to Spent Fuel Management Matthew Bunn John P. Holdren Allison Macfarlane Susan E. -
Conference: Repairing the U.S.-NATO-Russia Relationship and Reducing the Risks of the Use of Nuclear Weapons
Conference: Repairing the U.S.-NATO-Russia Relationship and Reducing the Risks of the Use of Nuclear Weapons Convened by The Simons Foundation and Simon Fraser University’s Morris J. Wosk Centre for Dialogue Morris J. Wosk Centre for Dialogue, Simon Fraser University 580 West Hastings Street, Vancouver 26-28 September 2018 List of Participants Dr. Bruce G. Blair Conference Chair; Research Scholar, Program on Science and Global Security, Princeton University; Co-Founder, Global Zero Dr. Bruce G. Blair is a research scholar in the Program on Science and Global Security at Princeton University and is co-founder of the Global Zero movement for the elimination of nuclear weapons. From 2011 to 2017, he served as a member of the U.S. Secretary of State’s International Security Advisory Board. For many years, Blair was a senior fellow in the Foreign Policy Studies Program at the Brookings Institution and served as a project director at the Congressional Office of Technology Assessment. He previously served in the U.S. Air Force as a Minuteman ICBM launch control officer and as a support officer for the Airborne Command Post of the Strategic Air Command. Blair holds a PhD in operations research from Yale University. Dr. James Acton Jessica T. Mathews Chair and Co-director of Nuclear Policy Program Carnegie Endowment for International Peace James Acton holds the Jessica T. Mathews Chair and is co-director of the Nuclear Policy Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. A physicist by training, Acton’s current research focuses on the escalation risks of advanced conventional weapons. -
The Problem of Permanent Disposal of Spent Nuclear Fuel in the United States
All Piled Up and Nowhere to Go: The Problem of Permanent Disposal of Spent Nuclear Fuel in the United States Lingren Meng* I. Introduction Congress passed the Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982 (“NWPA”), indicating its intent to establish repositories for Nuclear energy has been a crucial power source helping to radioactive waste.6 The purpose of the repositories was to fuel modern society for over sixty years.1 In 1957, the first protect both the public and the environment.7 To this end, commercial nuclear power reactor in the United States began the Act offered a broad grant of administrative power to the operations in Shippingport, Pennsylvania.2 As of April 2017, Department of Energy (“DOE”).8 The Act, however, has not thirty countries worldwide are operating 449 nuclear reac- fulfilled its promise.9 tors for electricity generation and sixty new nuclear plants The selection of a permanent high-level nuclear waste are under construction in fifteen countries.3 In the United repository has been met with waves of resistance on all States, nearly 20% (798.0 Billion kWh) of all the electricity fronts.10 In particular, the project has received strong generated comes from nuclear power plants.4 opposition from the State of Nevada, the location of Yucca Safe and permanent disposal of highly radioactive nuclear Mountain.11 The mountain was the only location selected waste generated by the commercial nuclear power sector has for the development of a repository.12 The precarious fate been a top concern of the United States government. As the of the Yucca Mountain Project was effectively sealed former United States Secretary of Energy Steven Chu stated under President Obama. -
Reducing the Hazards from Stored Spent Power-Reactor Fuel in the United States
tj715-03 SGS.cls April 21, 2003 13:42 Science and Global Security, 11:1–51, 2003 Copyright C 2003 Taylor and Francis 0892-9882/03 $12.00 + .00 DOI: 10.1080/08929880390214124 Reducing the Hazards from Stored Spent Power-Reactor Fuel in the United States Robert Alvarez, Jan Beyea, Klaus Janberg, Jungmin Kang, Ed Lyman, Allison Macfarlane, Gordon Thompson, Frank N. von Hippel Because of the unavailability of off-site storage for spent power-reactor fuel, the NRC has allowed high-density storage of spent fuel in pools originally designed to hold much smaller inventories. As a result, virtually all U.S. spent-fuel pools have been re-racked to hold spent-fuel assemblies at densities that approach those in reactor cores. In order to prevent the spent fuel from going critical, the fuel assemblies are partitioned off from each other in metal boxes whose walls contain neutron-absorbing boron. It has been known for more than two decades that, in case of a loss of water in the pool, convective air cooling would be relatively ineffective in such a “dense-packed” pool. Spent fuel recently discharged from a reactor could heat up relatively rapidly to temperatures at which the zircaloy fuel cladding could catch fire and the fuel’s volatile fission products, Received 9 December 2000; accepted 22 January 2003. Robert Alvarez, Senior Scholar, Institute for Policy Studies, 733 15 St NW, Suite 1025, Washington, DC. E-mail: [email protected] Jan Beyea, Consulting in the Public Interest, 53 Clinton St, Lambertville, NJ 08530. E-mail: [email protected] Klaus Janberg, 40 J.P. -
George Shultz, Nuclear Statecraft and the Vision for a World Free of Nuclear Weapons1 Stephan Kieninger
George Shultz, Nuclear Statecraft and the Vision for a World Free of Nuclear Weapons1 Stephan Kieninger Summary As Secretary of State, George Shultz worked hard to help protect Ronald Reagan’s and Mikhail Gorbachev’s shared goal of a world free of nuclear weapons. This article looks into Shultz’s contribution to Reagan’s groundbreaking arms control diplomacy and its pivotal role for the peaceful end of the Cold War highlighting the contemporary significance of Reagan’s and Shultz’s vision at a time when the global challenge is to build from scratch a new arms control architecture for the 21th century, something that will need strength, patient statecraft and the long-term management of adversarial relations with Russia and China. The article sheds new light on the complexities of Ronald Reagan’s approach: On the one hand, Reagan wanted America’s victory in the battle with the Soviet Union. At the same time, he wanted to abolish nuclear weapons, and reducing nuclear weapons required patient statecraft and the relaunch of U.S.-Soviet cooperation. Ronald Reagan and George Shultz managed to weave these aims together combining strength and diplomacy in new ways in an effort to advance freedom and promote democracy. About the Author Stephan Kieninger is an independent historian and the author of two books on the history of détente and Euro-Atlantic security: The Diplomacy of Détente. Cooperative Security Policies from Helmut Schmidt to George Shultz (2018) and Dynamic Détente. The United States and Europe, 1964– 1975 (2016). He received his PhD from Mannheim University. Formerly, he was a postdoctoral fellow at Johns Hopkins SAIS, a fellow at the Berlin Center for Cold War Studies, and a senior researcher at the Federal German Archives. -
The Global Crisis of Nuclear Waste
THE GLOBAL A REPORT COMMISSIONED CRISIS BY GP FRANCE OF NUCLEAR WASTE 7UNITED STATES chapitre 3 — France 95 HIGH LEVEL NUCLEAR WASTE Robert IN THE UNITED STATES Alvarez In the 60 years since the start of civil nuclear power However, after many years of focus on reactor production, nuclear power reactors in the United States melt-downs, it is becoming apparent that the large have generated roughly 30 percent of the total global accumulation of spent nuclear fuel in U.S. reactor pools inventory of spent nuclear fuel (SNF) – by far the largest. 1,2 poses a far more potentially consequential hazard. This There are approximately 80,150 metric tons stored is because the pools are holding several irradiated cores at 125 reactor sites, of which 99 remain operational.3 or 3-4 times more spent nuclear fuel than the original designs intended. The pools lack defense-in-depth such The extraordinary hazards of high-level radioactive as secondary containment and their own back-up power. wastes generated by reactors was described by Johns Hopkins University professor Abel Wolman in January Heat from the radioactive decay in spent nuclear fuel is 1959 at the first U.S. congressional inquiry into the a principal safety concern. A few hours after a full reactor subject. “Their toxicity in general terms, both radioactive core is offloaded, it can initially give off enough heat and chemical, is greater by far than any industrial from radioactive decay to match the energy capacity of material with which we have hitherto dealt in this or in a steel mill furnace.