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FOODREVIEW INDONESIA IN-DEPTH SEMINAR Science and Technology of Amino Acid as Food Ingredients Thursday, January 11, 2018
FUNCTIONALITY OF AMINO ACIDS
FOODREVIEW INDONESIA IN-DEPTH SEMINAR Science and Technology of Amino Acid as Food Ingredients Thursday, January 11, 2018
FUNCTIONALITY OF AMINO ACIDS
Nuri Andarwulan SEAFAST Center, IPB Southeast Asian Food & Agr. Sci & Tech Center
Department of Food Sci & Technology, IPB
1 1/9/2018
Amino Acids vs Health
Amino acids: - Essential - Non essential PROTEIN AMINO ACIDS
Amino Acids vs Taste of Foods
• Manis • Asam • Asin Citarasa Dasar • Pahit • Umami
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Amino Acids vs Taste of Foods
PROTEIN AMINO ACIDS
Protein Amino Acids
• Twenty of the proteinogenic amino acids are encoded directly by triplet codons in the genetic code and are known as "standard" amino acids.
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DNA RNA Protein
Nuclear DNA membrane
Transcription Pre-mRNA
Eukaryotic RNA Processing Cell mRNA
Ribosome
Translation Protein
Invented the One Letter Amino Acid Code.
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Protein Amino Acids
• Twenty of the proteinogenic amino acids are encoded directly by triplet codons in the genetic code and are known as "standard" amino acids. Non-Protein Amino Acids • Non-coded or non-proteinogenic amino acids are those not naturally encoded or found in the genetic code of any organism.
Outline
• Non-Protein Amino Acids • Functionality of Non-Protein Amino Acids • Non-Protein Amino Acids as Functional Food Ingredients
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Non-Protein Amino Acids (NPAAs)
• NPAAs can occur in nature owing to the following conditions: – Metabolic intermediates – Post-translational modifications – Compounds of biomolecules – Pharmacologic agents – Experimental models
Non Protein Amino Acids (NPAAs)
• It was first isolated from watermelon. • In the body, citrulline is one of the metabolic intermediate of the urea cycle.
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Non Protein Amino Acids (NPAAs)
• The main sources of L-ornithine are: chocolate, coconut, gelatin, meats, oats, soybeans, wheat germ, etc. • Ornithine is produced as a metabolic by product of the urea cycle
Modified Amino Acids
4-Hydroxyproline Collagen 5-Hydroxylysine Collagen 6-N-Methyllysine Histones g-Carboxygultamate Clotting factors Desmosine Elastin Several enzymes (e.g. glutathione Selenocysteine peroxidase)
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Non Protein Amino Acids (NPAAs)
Functionality of Non-Protein Amino Acids
• The nonprotein amino acids found in food and fodder plants known to be toxic to man and domestic animals. • These include toxins from many legume genera, from other higher plant families, from seaweeds, and from fungi. • Some inhibit protein synthesis, while others are incorporated into proteins with toxic effects. • Basic processes such as urea synthesis and neurotransmission may be disrupted. • The probable roles of nonprotein amino acids in protecting plants against predators, pathogens, and competing plant species.
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Toxins from legume genera
Toxic Amino Acids
A search for compounds producing Yunnan Sudden Unexplained Deaths found related to eating a mushroom.
Halford, B. C+E News Feb 13, 2012 Trogia venenata Zhu L
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Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Corynebacteriophage
A Modified Amino Acid A Toxin
Histidine
Diphthamide (2-Amino-3-[2-(3-carbamoyl-3-trimethylammonio- propyl)-3H-imidazol-4-yl]propanoate)
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Diphtheria Toxin Action
• Virus infects bacterium • Infected bacterium produces toxin • Toxin binds receptor on cell • Receptor-toxin complex is endocytosed • Endocytic vessel becomes acidic • Receptor releases toxin • Toxin escapes endocytic vessel into cytoplasm • Bad things happen
Diphthamide Continued – Elongation Factor 2
• Diphthamide is a modified Histidine residue in Eukaryotic Elongation Factor 2
• EF-2 is required for the translocation step in protein synthesis
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Diphtheria Toxin Action
• Diphtheria toxin adds a bulky group to diphthamide • eEF2 is inactivated • Cell quits making protein • Cell(s) die • Victim dies
Non-Protein Amino Acids as Functional Food Ingredients
• L-Citrulline • L-Ornithine • Taurine • L-Theanine
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Citrulline
• It was first isolated from watermelon. • In the body, citrulline is one of the metabolic intermediate of the urea cycle.
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Citrulline
• L-citrulline is a naturally occurring amino acid that has many health benefits, including increased strength and stamina, improvement in erectile dysfunction, and improved heart health.
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Ornithine
• The main sources of L-ornithine are: chocolate, coconut, gelatin, meats, oats, soybeans, wheat germ, etc. • Ornithine is produced as a metabolic by product of the urea cycle
NO Boosters combination of Citrulline & Ornithine
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Citrulline bioavailability
Placebo Citrulline Arginine
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Taurine
Taurine • Taurine occurs naturally in fish and meat. • Taurine consumption was estimated to vary between 40 and 400 mg/day.
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Taurine?
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Taurine • Taurine is an ingredient in energy drinks. Many contain 1000 mg per serving, and some as much as 2000 mg.
Taurine • Taurine is essential for cardiovascular function, and development and function of skeletal muscle, the retina, and the central nervous system.
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• Taurine is an organic osmolyte involved in cell volume regulation. • Taurine provides a substrate for the formation of bile salts. • Taurine plays a role in the modulation of intracellular free calcium concentration. • Taurine is one of the most abundant amino acids in the brain, retina, muscle tissue, and organs throughout the body. • Taurine serves a wide variety of functions in the central nervous system, from development to cytoprotection.
• All ocular tissues contain taurine, and quantitative analysis of ocular tissue extracts of the rat eye revealed that taurine was the most abundant amino acid in the retina, vitreous, lens, cornea, iris, and ciliary body. • In the retina, taurine is critical for photoreceptor development and acts as a cytoprotectant against stress-related neuronal damage and other pathological conditions.
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Taurine Deficiency
• Taurine deficiency is associated with cardiomyopathy, renal dysfunction, developmental abnormalities, and severe damage to retinal neurons.
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L-Theanine
L-Theanine
• Theanine is a non-protein amino acid that occurs naturally in the tea plant (Camellia sinensis) and contributes to the favourable taste of tea. • It is also associated with effects such as the enhancement of relaxation and the improvement of concentration and learning ability. • It is also linked with health benefits including the prevention of certain cancers and cardiovascular disease, the promotion of weight loss and enhanced performance of the immune system.
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L-theanine, at realistic dietary levels, has a significant effect on the general state of mental alertness or arousal by measuring the activity in the alpha frequency band using EEG (electroencephalograph).
2008
• Ten qualified studies (eight from China, one from Japan and the other from the USA) with various outcomes such as liver cancer, cirrhosis and fatty liver disease • Eight studies showed a significant protective role of green tea against various liver diseases. • Four studies showed a positive correlation between green tea intake and attenuation of liver disease. • The other two studies also presented the protective tendency of green tea against liver disease.
An increased consumption of green tea may reduce the risk of liver disease.
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In vivo study in rat and human
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L-Theanine content?
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Terima Kasih
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