1/9/2018 FOODREVIEW INDONESIA IN-DEPTH SEMINAR Science and Technology of Amino Acid as Food Ingredients Thursday, January 11, 2018 FUNCTIONALITY OF AMINO ACIDS FOODREVIEW INDONESIA IN-DEPTH SEMINAR Science and Technology of Amino Acid as Food Ingredients Thursday, January 11, 2018 FUNCTIONALITY OF AMINO ACIDS Nuri Andarwulan SEAFAST Center, IPB Southeast Asian Food & Agr. Sci & Tech Center Department of Food Sci & Technology, IPB 1 1/9/2018 Amino Acids vs Health Amino acids: - Essential - Non essential PROTEIN AMINO ACIDS Amino Acids vs Taste of Foods • Manis • Asam • Asin Citarasa Dasar • Pahit • Umami 2 1/9/2018 Amino Acids vs Taste of Foods PROTEIN AMINO ACIDS Protein Amino Acids • Twenty of the proteinogenic amino acids are encoded directly by triplet codons in the genetic code and are known as "standard" amino acids. 3 1/9/2018 DNA RNA Protein Nuclear DNA membrane Transcription Pre-mRNA Eukaryotic RNA Processing Cell mRNA Ribosome Translation Protein Invented the One Letter Amino Acid Code. 4 1/9/2018 Protein Amino Acids • Twenty of the proteinogenic amino acids are encoded directly by triplet codons in the genetic code and are known as "standard" amino acids. Non-Protein Amino Acids • Non-coded or non-proteinogenic amino acids are those not naturally encoded or found in the genetic code of any organism. Outline • Non-Protein Amino Acids • Functionality of Non-Protein Amino Acids • Non-Protein Amino Acids as Functional Food Ingredients 5 1/9/2018 Non-Protein Amino Acids (NPAAs) • NPAAs can occur in nature owing to the following conditions: – Metabolic intermediates – Post-translational modifications – Compounds of biomolecules – Pharmacologic agents – Experimental models Non Protein Amino Acids (NPAAs) • It was first isolated from watermelon. • In the body, citrulline is one of the metabolic intermediate of the urea cycle. 6 1/9/2018 Non Protein Amino Acids (NPAAs) • The main sources of L-ornithine are: chocolate, coconut, gelatin, meats, oats, soybeans, wheat germ, etc. • Ornithine is produced as a metabolic by product of the urea cycle Modified Amino Acids 4-Hydroxyproline Collagen 5-Hydroxylysine Collagen 6-N-Methyllysine Histones g-Carboxygultamate Clotting factors Desmosine Elastin Several enzymes (e.g. glutathione Selenocysteine peroxidase) 7 1/9/2018 Non Protein Amino Acids (NPAAs) Functionality of Non-Protein Amino Acids • The nonprotein amino acids found in food and fodder plants known to be toxic to man and domestic animals. • These include toxins from many legume genera, from other higher plant families, from seaweeds, and from fungi. • Some inhibit protein synthesis, while others are incorporated into proteins with toxic effects. • Basic processes such as urea synthesis and neurotransmission may be disrupted. • The probable roles of nonprotein amino acids in protecting plants against predators, pathogens, and competing plant species. 8 1/9/2018 Toxins from legume genera Toxic Amino Acids A search for compounds producing Yunnan Sudden Unexplained Deaths found related to eating a mushroom. Halford, B. C+E News Feb 13, 2012 Trogia venenata Zhu L 9 1/9/2018 Corynebacterium diphtheriae Corynebacteriophage A Modified Amino Acid A Toxin Histidine Diphthamide (2-Amino-3-[2-(3-carbamoyl-3-trimethylammonio- propyl)-3H-imidazol-4-yl]propanoate) 10 1/9/2018 Diphtheria Toxin Action • Virus infects bacterium • Infected bacterium produces toxin • Toxin binds receptor on cell • Receptor-toxin complex is endocytosed • Endocytic vessel becomes acidic • Receptor releases toxin • Toxin escapes endocytic vessel into cytoplasm • Bad things happen Diphthamide Continued – Elongation Factor 2 • Diphthamide is a modified Histidine residue in Eukaryotic Elongation Factor 2 • EF-2 is required for the translocation step in protein synthesis 11 1/9/2018 Diphtheria Toxin Action • Diphtheria toxin adds a bulky group to diphthamide • eEF2 is inactivated • Cell quits making protein • Cell(s) die • Victim dies Non-Protein Amino Acids as Functional Food Ingredients • L-Citrulline • L-Ornithine • Taurine • L-Theanine 12 1/9/2018 Citrulline • It was first isolated from watermelon. • In the body, citrulline is one of the metabolic intermediate of the urea cycle. 13 1/9/2018 Citrulline • L-citrulline is a naturally occurring amino acid that has many health benefits, including increased strength and stamina, improvement in erectile dysfunction, and improved heart health. 14 1/9/2018 Ornithine • The main sources of L-ornithine are: chocolate, coconut, gelatin, meats, oats, soybeans, wheat germ, etc. • Ornithine is produced as a metabolic by product of the urea cycle NO Boosters combination of Citrulline & Ornithine 15 1/9/2018 Citrulline bioavailability Placebo Citrulline Arginine 16 1/9/2018 Taurine Taurine • Taurine occurs naturally in fish and meat. • Taurine consumption was estimated to vary between 40 and 400 mg/day. 17 1/9/2018 Taurine? 18 1/9/2018 Taurine • Taurine is an ingredient in energy drinks. Many contain 1000 mg per serving, and some as much as 2000 mg. Taurine • Taurine is essential for cardiovascular function, and development and function of skeletal muscle, the retina, and the central nervous system. 19 1/9/2018 • Taurine is an organic osmolyte involved in cell volume regulation. • Taurine provides a substrate for the formation of bile salts. • Taurine plays a role in the modulation of intracellular free calcium concentration. • Taurine is one of the most abundant amino acids in the brain, retina, muscle tissue, and organs throughout the body. • Taurine serves a wide variety of functions in the central nervous system, from development to cytoprotection. • All ocular tissues contain taurine, and quantitative analysis of ocular tissue extracts of the rat eye revealed that taurine was the most abundant amino acid in the retina, vitreous, lens, cornea, iris, and ciliary body. • In the retina, taurine is critical for photoreceptor development and acts as a cytoprotectant against stress-related neuronal damage and other pathological conditions. 20 1/9/2018 Taurine Deficiency • Taurine deficiency is associated with cardiomyopathy, renal dysfunction, developmental abnormalities, and severe damage to retinal neurons. 21 1/9/2018 22 1/9/2018 23 1/9/2018 L-Theanine L-Theanine • Theanine is a non-protein amino acid that occurs naturally in the tea plant (Camellia sinensis) and contributes to the favourable taste of tea. • It is also associated with effects such as the enhancement of relaxation and the improvement of concentration and learning ability. • It is also linked with health benefits including the prevention of certain cancers and cardiovascular disease, the promotion of weight loss and enhanced performance of the immune system. 24 1/9/2018 L-theanine, at realistic dietary levels, has a significant effect on the general state of mental alertness or arousal by measuring the activity in the alpha frequency band using EEG (electroencephalograph). 2008 • Ten qualified studies (eight from China, one from Japan and the other from the USA) with various outcomes such as liver cancer, cirrhosis and fatty liver disease • Eight studies showed a significant protective role of green tea against various liver diseases. • Four studies showed a positive correlation between green tea intake and attenuation of liver disease. • The other two studies also presented the protective tendency of green tea against liver disease. An increased consumption of green tea may reduce the risk of liver disease. 25 1/9/2018 In vivo study in rat and human 26 1/9/2018 27 1/9/2018 L-Theanine content? 28 1/9/2018 Terima Kasih [email protected] 29 .