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Language and Identity Policies in the 'Glocal' Age. New Processes, Effects

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Language and Identity Policies in the 'Glocal' Age. New Processes, Effects LANGUAGE AND IDENTITY POLICIES IN THE ‘GLOCAL’ AGE Col·lecció Institut d’Estudis Autonòmics 50 LANGUAGE AND IDENTITY POLICIES IN THE ‘GLOCAL’ AGE New processes, effects, and principles of organization Albert Bastardas-Boada Generalitat de Catalunya Departament de Governació i Relacions Institucionals Institut d’Estudis Autonòmics BARCELONA 2012 The IEA’s decision to publish this book does not imply any responsibility for its content. No part of this publication, including the cover design, may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording a otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright holder. Cover photo: Palau Centelles, Barcelona (16th century). Carving details in architectural elements. © 2012 Generalitat de Catalunya. Institut d’Estudis Autonòmics First edition: December 2012 ISBN: 978-84-393-8988-0 Legal deposit no.: B. 32394-2012 Layout: El Tinter, SAL (certified company ISO 9001, ISO 14001 and EMAS) CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................... 11 1.1 The questions we raise and why? ........................................... 13 1.2 Theoretical foundations .......................................................... 16 1.2.1 General theoretical bases ............................................... 16 1.2.2 Languages and identities ............................................... 19 1.3 The problematics of identity ................................................... 22 1.3.1 Majorities and minorities .............................................. 22 2. THE ‘GLOCAL’ AGE .......................................................................... 27 2.1 Why ‘glocal’? ......................................................................... 29 2.2 Characteristics and some effects of globalization .................. 30 2.3 The challenges faced by language policy and planning ......... 36 3. COMMUNICATION AT THE GLOBAL SCALE ........................................ 41 3.1 English as a global language .................................................. 43 3.2 The consequences ................................................................... 46 3.3 The simultaneous expansion of the other major languages .... 51 4. CONTACT THROUGH SUPRA-STATE UNIONS ....................................... 57 4.1 The European Union ............................................................... 59 4.2 NAFTA and Mercosur/Mercosul ............................................ 64 4.3 Unions and supra-languages ................................................... 70 5. PLURILINGUAL STATES IN THE NEW CONTEXT .................................. 75 5.1 Effects of globalization on the language policy and planning of states: the swiss case .......................................................... 77 5.2 Cases involving an official intercommunication language ..... 84 6. MANAGING THE (NEW) MIGRATIONS ................................................ 89 6.1 Increasing multiethnicity and social tensions ......................... 91 6.2 Major languages, immigrant adaptation and the reformula- tion of identities ...................................................................... 96 7. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS ....................................................... 101 7.1 On identities and languages .................................................... 103 7.1.1 ‘Identity’ vs. ‘language’ ................................................. 103 7.1.2 Language-and-identity .................................................. 105 7.2 On globalization and its effects on language and identity ...... 108 7.2.1 Globalization and English ............................................. 108 7.2.2 Globalization and the other major languages ................ 112 7.3 On economic and political unions .......................................... 114 7.4 On migratory movements ....................................................... 120 7.5 Some ideas on which to base the organization of a multilin- gual world ............................................................................... 125 8. IDENTITIES AND LANGUAGES IN THE GLOCAL AGE: THE CASE OF CATALONIA .................................................................................... 135 9. REFERENCES .................................................................................. 147 8 Dosis sola facit venenum (The dose alone makes the poison) Paracelsus CONTENTS 9 1 · INTRODUCTION CONTENTS 1.1 · The questions we raise and why?1 A frequent source of conflict between humans may be found in the diversi- ty of languages and identities manifested by their groups. We self-co-cons- truct ourselves within our various sociocultural contexts of experience, from which we then draw our linguistic varieties and initial affiliations of identity. Our species has diversified and spread out across the planet, and the coming together of different human groups and the need to organise their interrelations in shared political spaces and institutions often gives rise to the problems and inconveniences of adaptation. If to this we add the historical propensity for conflict and the ease with which human groups tend to confront each other — owing to a lack of mutual understanding and many sources of friction — the need to explore the subject of language and identity contact becomes more than apparent. The aim of such an explora- tion is to gain a fuller understanding of the mechanisms involved and to identify workable solutions that might reconcile imaginatively conflicting points of view and interests, and which might thus contribute to reducing these tensions. Contact between culturally distinct human groups in the contemporary world is much greater than at any point in history. And the difficulties we face today in organising this coexistence and the relations between differ- ent national and language groups are acquiring even greater urgency in an age that is marked by significant technological and economic changes, and by major migratory movements. Thus the challenge we face is the identifi- cation of the most convenient ways to organise the coexistence of different human language groups in order that we might promote their solidarity as members of the same culturally developed biological species. 1 I would like to thank the Institut d’Estudis Autonòmics of the Catalan government for the eco- nomic support provided, without which the study could not have been undertaken. Most of the research was carried out at Glendon College/York University in Toronto, Canada. I am most grateful to the dean, Kenneth McRoberts, and to professor Esther Raventós for their kind wel- come and for the facilities they placed at my disposal. This text is the updated English version of “Les polítiques de la llengua i la identitat a l’era ‘glocal’”, published previously in Catalan by the Institut d’Estudis Autonòmics. I gratefully acknowledge the ICREA Acadèmia pro- gramme for enabling me to finish this English version. CONTENTS / INTRODUCCIÓN 13 Despite the fact that in recent years the number of theoretical studies examining the organization of multilingual states and their sociolinguistic dynamics has increased greatly, humanity is incorporating new techno- economic and political structures that differ from those that were predomi- nant until a short time ago, and which, consequently, will require the adop- tion of new approaches and new solutions. Thus, the various phenomena that hide beneath the frequently applied label of ‘globalization’ may well change many of the widely accepted patterns, and, in all likelihood, the long-established societies and states will have to adapt the images they hold of themselves and their organizational structures to these new reali- ties. In the modern age, language contacts are increasing geometrically but, moreover, they are taking on new patterns which might give rise to evolu- tionary changes that are not so easy to predict, since the macro-phenome- non of ‘globalization’ is bringing new elements into play and, in all prob- ability, setting in motion or favouring new processes that might have a great impact on multilingualism. Processes of economic and political integration currently in motion are seeing increasing numbers of people seeking to become polyglots in order to gain access to international relations and to the products and in- formation that circulate on the global market. Thus, English is establish- ing itself as the usual world supra-language, although it coexists with other ‘lingua francas’ that are widely used in certain parts of the globe. The fact is that there is an increasing number of people that are not only fluent users of their language of origin but who are also proficient in oth- ers, which enables them to participate in the expansion of the typical ar- eas of interrelations. All this is occurring in parallel with processes such as the consolidation of the European Union and other suprastate organi- zations, in which different countries aggregate in supra-institutions and create a shared public space, characterised by the free movement of their citizens, goods and information. Finding effective ways in which to or- ganise these new supra-spaces in terms of their language needs is a major challenge in order to ensure that the process leads to full integration, without any unnecessary tensions and with a general feeling of recogni- tion and mutual respect between the various groups. The choice, for ex- ample, between the official recognition
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