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Pedro Poveda Castroverde (1874-1936), Spanish priest, educator, and founder of the Teresian Association, was born in Linares (Jaén). He began his educational work in Guadix (Granada), Southern Spain, where he opened schools for cave-dwellers in 1902. In 1906 he was appointed Canon of the Basilica of Covadonga in $VWXULDVLQWKH1RUWKRI6SDLQ,Q KHIRXQGHGWKHÀUVW$FDGHP\RI6W7HUHVDLQ2YLHGRDXQLYHUVLW\ WRZQFORVHWR&RYDGRQJDWKXVLQLWLDWLQJDPRYHPHQWRIHGXFDWLRQDOUHQHZDOZKLFKVSUHDGWKURXJKRXWWKH FRXQWU\7KLVZDVWKHEHJLQQLQJRIWKH7HUHVLDQ$VVRFLDWLRQDOD\DVVRFLDWLRQZLWKWKHPLVVLRQRIEULQJLQJ WKHJRRGQHZVRIHGXFDWLRQDQGFXOWXUHWRVRFLHW\DQGDSDUWLFXODUIRFXVRQWKHLQYROYHPHQWRIZRPHQ LQSXEOLFHGXFDWLRQSURIHVVLRQDOOLIHDQGVRFLDODIIDLUV²DSLRQHHULQJDSSURDFKDWWKDWWLPH,Q WKH 7HUHVLDQ$VVRFLDWLRQZDVDSSURYHGDVDQDVVRFLDWLRQRIWKHIDLWKIXOE\WKH'LRFHVHRI-DpQDQGLQ LW UHFHLYHG3RQWLÀFDODSSURYDOIURP3RSH3LXV;, $IWHUDQLQWHQVHO\DFWLYHOLIHRIFRPPLWPHQWWRKLVHGXFDWLRQDODQGDSRVWROLFFDOOLQJ3HGUR3RYHGDZDV WDNHQSULVRQHUDWKLV0DGULGKRPHRQ-XO\ VRRQDIWHUWKHRXWEUHDNRIWKH6SDQLVK&LYLO:DU2Q WKHIROORZLQJPRUQLQJKHZDVIRXQGLQDFHPHWHU\RI0DGULG KHKDGEHHQVKRWGHDG +HZDVEHDWLÀHGLQ5RPHRQ2FWREHU DQGFDQRQL]HGLQ0DGULGRQ0D\E\3RSH-RKQ Paul II. 7KH7HUHVLDQ$VVRFLDWLRQQRZFRQWLQXHVLWVIRXQGHU·VZRUNLQQXPHURXVFRXQWULHVRI(XURSH$PHULFD $VLDDQG$IULFD,WVGHYHORSPHQWUHVSRQGVWRWKHFRPSOH[LW\RIWKHFXUUHQWUHDOLW\DQGWRWKHGLYHUVH cultures and peoples where the Association is present. POVEDA, THE FILM HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
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Testimonies from María Dominguez Astudillo and Emma Álvarez (Adapted text)
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5 POVEDA, THE FILM HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
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6 POVEDA, THE FILM HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
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1.a Context: The religious question during the Second Spanish Republic
7KHVRFLDODQGSROLWLFDOFOLPDWHZDVFKDQJLQJPRUHDQGPRUH,Q WKH6HFRQG5HSXEOLFZDVSURFODLPHG LQ6SDLQ,QWKHQHZ&RQVWLWXWLRQWKH´UHOLJLRXVTXHVWLRQµZDVRQHRIWKHNH\SRLQWVWKDWVRRQVSDUNHG confrontations and intolerance. Three texts on this topic: • 0'RORUHV*yPH]0ROOHGDLQ“Creí por eso hablé”: 3UHVHQWDFLyQHVFULWRVGH6DQ3HGUR Poveda (1931-1936) • 0yQLFD0RUHQR6HFR´/DSROtWLFDUHOLJLRVD\ODHGXFDFLyQODLFDHQOD6HJXQGD5HS~EOLFDHQ UHYLVWD+LVWRULD&RQWHPSRUiQHDµ, nº 2, 2003. • -RDQ2OLYHU$UDXMR´/DFXHVWLyQUHOLJLRVDHQOD&RQVWLWXFLyQGH 8QDQXHYDUHÁH[LyQ VREUHXQWHPDFOiVLFRµ8QLYHUVLW\RI/D5LRMD 1.b Saint Pedro Poveda’s words “Lord, may I think as You want me to think, may I act as You want me to act, may I speak as You wish me to speak. This is my only desire.” 3HUVRQDO'LDU\0DUFK “Lord, may I always be a priest in thoughts, words and deeds.” 3HUVRQDO'LDU\0DUFK
$IHZGD\VODWHUKHZURWH “Today is thirty-six years since I was ordained a priest. How many more will I live? Only God knows. I ask him for the grace to celebrate every day and with fervor holy Mass.” 3HUVRQDO'LDU\$SULO 1933).
You may wonder why Josefa Segovia was not in 1.c Madrid at the time of the arrest and death of Pedro Poveda
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7 POVEDA, THE FILM HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
2. The interrogation
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Testimony by Carlos Poveda FROM THE BOOK BY P. SILVERIO DE SANTA TERESA, “LIFE OF FR. PEDRO POVEDA CASTROVERDE. FOUNDER OF THE DE TERESIAN ASSOCIATION”, 1940, MADRID. ŏ7KH\WRRNXVLQDFDUWR/XQD6WUHHW FDOOHG WKH -XYHQLOH &RXUW DQG WKH\ 7KH\ VHSDUDWHG XV DEUXSWO\ DQG WRWKHKRXVHZKHUHWKH\KDGORFDWHG ZHUHWROGWRWDNHXVWKHUH:HOHIWZLWK VWDUWHGWKHFDURQWRŌ*UDQ9LDō6W$V WKH1DWLRQDO&RQIHGHUDWLRQRI/DERU JUHDWGLIƓFXOW\EHFDXVHRIWKHSHRSOH P\ EURWKHU KXJJHG PH KH VDLG WR 7KHUHZHZHUHLQWURGXFHGWRSHRSOH ZKRZHUHWKHUHHQGXULQJLQVXOWVDQG PHŌ*RRGE\H&DUORV*RGZDQWVPH LQ VHYHUDO URRPV VD\LQJ WKDW ZH EHLQJ SXVKHG DURXQG :H JRW EDFN WREHDIRXQGHUDQGDPDUW\U \RXVDYH ZHUH WZR IDVFLVW GHWDLQHHV EXW WKH\ LQWKHFDUDQGWKH\GLGQRWWDNHXVWR \RXUVHOI'RQRWEHDIUDLGQRWKLQJZLOO LJQRUHG XV DQG VLPSO\ DQVZHUHG WKH7ULEXQDOEXWWR/XQD6WDQGZH KDSSHQWR\RX$QGVR,FDQGHFODUH ŏNLOOWKHPŐ,WULHGWRGHIHQGWKHWZR ZHUH JXDUGHG E\ WZR PLOLWLDPHQ DW WRGD\WKDWQRWKLQJKDVKDSSHQHGWR RI XV VD\LQJ WKDW ZH KDG QRW GRQH QXPEHUVHYHQRIWKDWVWUHHWLQDEDU PH DQ\WKLQJDQGWKH\FRXOGDVNDERXWXV , SURWHVWHG EHFDXVH WKH\ ZRXOG QRW :KHQZHZHUHLQWKHFDUIRUWKHODVW DWWKH-XYHQLOH&RXUW)LQDOO\ZHZHUH WDNH XV WR WKH -XYHQLOH &RXUW DQG , WLPH )DWKHU VDLG WR WKRVH ZKR ZHUH VHQW WR 3LDPRQWH 6W WR WKH *HQHUDO RIIHUHGRQHRIWKHPDIHZŌSHVHWDVōLI GULYLQJKLPŌ,I\RXGRQRWNQRZPH 8QLRQRI:RUNHUV ZHZHUHWDNHQE\ WKH\WRRNXVWKHUH+RZHYHUVKRUWO\ DQG,KDYHGRQHQRWKLQJWR\RXZK\ WKHVDPHPLOLWLDPHQLQWKHFDU7KHUH DIWHU RWKHUV VKRZHG XS LQ DQRWKHU GR \RX GHWDLQ PH"ō 7KH\ UHSOLHG WKH\ PDGH XV JR WKURXJK GLIIHUHQW FDU WKH\ WRRN )DWKHU DQG WKH\ GLG Ō 8 POVEDA, THE FILM HISTORICAL BACKGROUND $VVLVWDQW'LUHFWRUDQGH[SODLQWRKLP WU\LQJ WR JLYH PH KRSH 7KH\ VDLG OHIWLPPHGLDWHO\DFFRPSDQLHGE\WKH ZKDW ZDV KDSSHQLQJ 7KHQ KH VHQW WKDWWKH\ZRXOGWDNHKLPWRPHHDUO\ JXDUGV RI WKH 7ULEXQDO ZKR DOZD\V VRPHSROLFHPHQWRORRNIRUWKHFDU, LQ WKH PRUQLQJ $W $0 WKH\ WUDWHGPHZHOO:KHQ,DUULYHGDWWKH ZHQWWRWKH-XYHQLOH&RXUWEHJJLQJ FDOOHG PH RQ WKH SKRQH ,W VHHPHG FHPHWHU\ WKHUH KH ZDV LQ D VLPSOH DMXGJHWRDVNKLVIULHQGV KHZDVD WR PH WKDW , KHDUG WKH YRLFH RI P\ FRIƓQ ZLWK KLV FORWKHV LQWDFW DQG VRFLDOLVW WRVHHLIZHFRXOGƓQGP\ EURWKHUZKRWROGPH Ō,DPZHOODQG WKHUH ZHUH WKH 7HUHVLDQDV ZKR KDG EURWKHUDQGJHWKLPRXWRIWKHKDQGV ZHOO DWWHQGHG WR DQG LPPHGLDWHO\ IRXQGKLPDQGVRPHRWKHUV KHKDGIDOOHQLQWR7KH\DOOSURPLVHG WKH FRPPXQLFDWLRQ ZDV FXW RII , 0\ EURWKHUō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ƓUVW WZR ZRXQGV &RQIHGHUDWLRQRI/DERUQDPHG/XFDV ORRNLQJIRUKLPWKHHQWLUHPRUQLQJ ORRNHGOLNHWKH\KDGEHHQVKRWE\D DQG D &RPPXQLVW GHSXW\ SURPLVHG DQGWKH\KDGƓQDOO\HQWHUHGWKH(DVW ŏ0DXVHUŐDUPDQGWKHODVWRQHE\D WRORRNIRUKLPDQGVHQGKLPWR&RXUW FHPHWHU\DQGWKHUHZDVKLVFRUSVH, SLVWRO+RZSDLQIXO Testimony by Fr. Julio Barcia IN THE BOOK BY MERCEDES GÓMEZ DEL MANZANO. “PEDRO POVEDA. PROPHETIC DYNAMISM”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a Saint Pedro Poveda’s words “I am a priest of Jesus Christ.” “Lord, may I think as You want me to think, may I act as You want me to act, may I speak as You wish me to speak. This is my only desire.” (3HUVRQDO'LDU\0DUFK 2.b Which of the characters that appear in the scenes of the “interrogation” are real and which are not? REAL FICTION • Pedro Poveda • )HOLSHWKHPLOLWLDPDQ • Carlos, his brother • Manolo (as a child, cave-dweller) • 0DUtD'$VWXGLOORDQG(PPDÉOYDUH] • 2WKHUPLOLWLDPHQDQGVXSHUYLVRUV • Fr. Julio Barcia 9 POVEDA, THE FILM HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 7KURXJKÁDVKEDFNVWKHÀOPRIIHUVWKHPDLQEUXVKVWURNHVRIWKHSDVWRUDO VRFLDODQGHGXFDWLRQDODFWLRQRIWKH\RXQJSULHVW3HGUR3RYHGDLQ*XDGL[ 7KHVHDUH´WKHOXPLQRXVGD\VµDFFRUGLQJWRDQH[SUHVVLRQRI3DEOR0RUHQR GLUHFWRURIWKHÀOP7KHVFHQHVDUHÀOOHGZLWKOLJKWDQGG\QDPLVPDOVR ZLWKVRPHWUDFHVRIKXPRU 3. GUADIX /XPLQRXVGD\V 7KH\RXQJSULHVW SUMMARY OF THE EXPERIENCE IN GUADIX MARGARITA BARTOLOMÉ, “PEDRO POVEDA, IN THE HEART OF THE WORLD”. CENTRE DE PASTORAL LITÚRGICA, PÁG. 5-10, BARCELONA, 2010. 7KH\RXQJ3RYHGDDUULYHVWR*XDGL[ZLWKDVFKRODUVKLS 7KURXJKKLVILUVWYLVLWVKHLVERUQLQWRDQHZYRFDWLRQ +LV IDPLO\ LV LQ D GLIILFXOW HFRQRPLF VLWXDWLRQ GXH ,WLVQRWDQHDV\WDVNWKHŏVWRQHVŐIO\RYHUWRZKRHYHU WR KLV IDWKHUōV LOOQHVV 7KH ELVKRS 0D[LPLOLDQR GHO ZDQWVWRJHWFORVHUEXWWKDW\RXQJSULHVWLVGLIIHUHQW 5LQFµQ NQRZV KLP DQG VXSSRUWV KLP 3HGUR KLV NLQGQHVV DQG DIIHFWLRQ KLV GHGLFDWLRQ DQG UHPHPEHUVWKRVHKDSS\\HDUV Ō,ZHQWWR*XDGL[ZLWK OLVWHQLQJDWWLWXGHVWDUWRSHQLQJRQHE\RQHWKHJDWHV DFUD]\HQWKXVLDVPDQGZLWKGHVLUHVWREHKRO\ō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ŌHUPLWDō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ŌGLVFRYHULHVō KXQJHU FDYHVDUHYHU\GLIIHUHQWIURPWKHSRSXODWLRQRI*XDGL[ LJQRUDQFHQHHGWROHDUQWKHQHHGWREHUHFRJQL]HG WKH\ DUH ŌFDYH GZHOOHUVō 7KH\ KDYH QR VFKRROV QR E\ WKH SHRSOH RI *XDGL[ DV SHUVRQV SHUVRQV ZLWK VHUYLFHVRIDQ\NLQG WKH\DFFXPXODWHWKHSUREOHPV GLJQLW\WKDWQRWKLQJDQGQRRQHFDQVQDWFKDZD\IURP RIWKHPDUJLQDOL]HGZRUOG3RYHGDIHHOVXUJHGWRDFW WKHP 10 POVEDA, THE FILM HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 3.a Do you want to know more? TEXTS FROM A BOOK BY DOMINGO MONDRONE, S. J. “PEDRO POVEDA, UN SACERDOTE INCÓMODO” (ORIGINAL TITLE): PEDRO POVEDA. UN PRETE, SCOMODO. ROME, 1961. +HDOZD\VFDPHEDFN>IURPWKHFDYHV@ZLWKKLVKHDUWIXOORI VRUURZ7KHƓUVWUHFHSWLRQVZHUHQRWUHDOO\ŏKRQRUDEOHDQG SOHDVDQWŐEXWOLWWOHE\OLWWOHKHPDQDJHGWRJDLQWKHWUXVW RIWKRVHSRRUSHRSOH+HJDLQHGLWZLWKKLVFKDULW\7KH GDWHRIDWUXHDQGSURSHUZRUNDPRQJWKHLQKDELWDQWVRI WKHFDYHVZDVUHFRUGHGE\KLPLQWKH/HQWRI ,WLVWR EHQRWHGWKDWKHGLGQRWXQGHUWDNHWKLVQHZDQGVWUHQXRXV ZRUNWRƓOOVRPHIUHHWLPHEXWZDVRQHPRUHWDVNWKDWKH DGGHGWRKLVVFKHGXOHDVDSURIHVVRUDQGVSLULWXDOGLUHFWRU RIWKHVHPLQDU\VHFUHWDU\WRWKH%LVKRSGHSXW\VHFUHWDU\ WRWKHFXULDDQGRWKHUSRVLWLRQVOLVWHGDERYH,WPXVWDOVR EHVDLGWKDWKLVSK\VLFDOKHDOWKZDVQRWYHU\VWURQJ 7KXVDWWKHEHJLQQLQJRI/HQWZLWKWKHFRQVHQWRIWKH %LVKRS)U3RYHGDWRRNSRVVHVVLRQDVLWZHUHRIWKLVQHZ ƓHOGRIZRUN'XULQJKLVVHPLQDU\\HDUVKHKDGOHDUQHG P. Poveda in Guadix, 1903 IURP7KH &ULWHULRQ E\ %DOPHV WKH PHWKRG RI VWXG\LQJ Ő DQGWKLVKHOSHGKLPQRZWRRUJDQL]HKLVVFKHGXOH)LUVW he planned ř KH KDG WR NQRZ WKH VLWXDWLRQ ZHOO YLVLW WKH FDYHV RQH “All seminarians willingly offered themselves for such Ő7KHPRVWSRLJQDQWWKLQJIRU)DWKHU3RYHGD E\RQHDSSURDFKWKHJURXSVUHDFKDQDJUHHPHQWZLWK a great work. DQGKLVKHOSHUV$\OOµQWHOOVXVZDVŏW WKHLUOHDGHUVVXJJHVWLGHDVJHWWRNQRZWKHPRVWXUJHQW o see the spiritual QHHGVDQGKHOSWKHPDQGSUHSDUHWKHJURXQGZLWKWKH thirst of those poor people who came in large numbers to Ő ƓUVWFRQWDFWV the Catechism lessons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ƓWLQWKHVDQFWXDU\RIWKHŏ(UPLWD1XHYDŐ FROODERUDWRUV)U9LFHQWH$\OOµQZDVDPRQJKLVVWXGHQWV GHGLFDWHG 2XU /DG\ RI *UDFH DQG SHRSOH RYHUŴRZHG 7KLVLVKRZKHWHOOVXVWKHƓUVWVWHSVRIWKHZRUNLQWKH RQWR WKH RXWVLGH 0DQ\ SHRSOH DWWHQGHG QRW RQO\ FDYH FDYHV GZHOOHUVŏZKRZHUHWKRXVDQGVŐVD\V)U9LFHQWH$\OOµQ ŏOne day, when coming out of class, he stopped me to ŏEXWDOVRVRPHKXQGUHGVIURPWKHFLW\DQGDPRQJWKHP tell me that he wanted to found the Association of Saint SHRSOHRIJUHDWSUHVWLJHŐ Vincent of Paul. We went home and both my parents and 7KH PLVVLRQ ODVWHG WKURXJKRXW /HQW HQGLQJ RQ (DVWHU the other family members welcomed the idea with great 6XQGD\7KDWPRUQLQJLWVHHPHGWKDW*XDGL[KDGLQYDGHG HQWKXVLDVPDQGWKLVZDVWKHŵUVWVWRQHWKDWZRXOGODWHU WKH QHLJKERUKRRGV RI WKH FDYHV 1RW HYHQ WKH WRZQ became the greatest thing I have known of this type of DXWKRULWLHVZHUHDEVHQWIURPWKDWVSLULWXDOPHHWLQJ7KHUH charitable work. ZHUH PDQ\ EDSWLVPV RI FKLOGUHQ DQG DGXOWV DV ZHOO DV As all his concern was to do all kinds of good in favor of the PDUULDJHV ŏ+H KDGŐ VD\V KLV EURWKHU ŏD VSHFLDO JLIW WR needy, he thought of Catechesis, which he started, relying VLPSOLI\SURFHVVHVŐ only on my humble person, without worrying about the 7KRXVDQGV UHFHLYHG FRPPXQLRQ %HVLGHV WKH inconveniences that might arise. 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QRERG\NQHZWKHGUDPDWKDWKDGIRUFHGWKHLUDSRVWOHWROHDYH DQGVDZWKHƓJXUHRI)U3HGURDORQHFDUU\LQJKLVVXLWFDVHDV :KHQ SHRSOH LQ WKH FLW\ KHDUG DERXW KLV GLVDSSHDUDQFH D KHZHQWWRWKHWUDLQVWDWLRQ+HUHDFKHGKLPDQGDFFRPSDQLHG WXUPRLO VWDUWHG HVSHFLDOO\ DPRQJ KLV HQHPLHV D KDYRF RI KLPXQWLOWKHWUDLQDUULYHG3RYHGDWKDQNHGKLPGHHSO\IRUWKLV JRVVLS GHYHORSHG :KDWHYHU KDG KDSSHQHG RQH WKLQJ ZDV JHVWXUHRIIULHQGVKLS/DWHUWKHGRFWRUōVVRQGHFODUHGWKLVIDFW 15 POVEDA, THE FILM HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Characters in Guadix 3.b REAL • )U9LFHQWH$\OOyQSULHVWDQGIULHQGRI3RYHGD • )U5DIDHOIRUPHUSULHVWRIWKHQHLJKERUKRRGRIWKH&DYHV • Parents of Pedro Poveda, Mrs. Linarejos Castroverde Moreno and Mr. José Poveda Montes • Carlos Poveda, his brother • 0D[LPLDQR)HUQiQGH]GHO5LQFyQ%LVKRSRI*XDGL[ • Juanico, child and cave-dweller • The little orphan • 3KRWRJUDSKHUDQGMRXUPDOLVWRI´(/$FFLWDQRµQHZVSDSHU VERBAL REFERENCE • 0DUTXLVRI9LOODPHMRU 0U*RQ]DORGH)LJXHURD\7RUUHV+HVSRQVRUHGWKHEXLOGLQJRIWKH schools and was the President of the Foundation • EXTRAS appear as an adult DWPRVSKHUH • Cave-dwellers adult in Madrid) towards the person (children and and work of adults) SYMBOLIC Poveda • High class people • %LVKRS·V6HFUHWDU\ Fr. Gerardo. He FICTION represents those • Manolo, child of people who the caves(alter ego contributed to of Juanico. He will a non-favorable 3.c Meaning of a photograph... 7KHSKRWRJUDSK LQVSLUHGE\DQRWKHURI)DWKHU3RYHGDZLWKFKLOGUHQ LVDFLQHPDWRJUDSKLFUHVRXUFH WKDWPDLQWDLQVWKHXQLW\RIWKHÀOPXQWLOWKHHQGWRUHYHDOWKHPHVVDJHRIWKHÀOP ´/LJKWDOZD\V RYHUFRPHVGDUNQHVVµ´KH LVWKHRQHWKDWPDGHPHD SHUVRQµ The intention is to show the vocational coherence of Saint Pedro Poveda, whose VWUXJJOH LV PDLQWDLQHG IURP WKH EHJLQQLQJ RI KLV SULHVWO\ ZRUN LQ *XDGL[ until his death. His concern IRU WKH DGYDQFHPHQW RI people through education and culture, and through D GLDORJXH DPRQJ IDLWK science, and justice. It is also a tribute to Guadix, to his people and the feeling RI3RYHGD ´,QHYHUWKRXJKW RIOHDYLQJ*XDGL[µ 16 POVEDA, THE FILM HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Testimony by Juan Bermúdez Heredia (Juanico) FLAVIA PAZ VELÁZQUEZ, EN LOS CERROS DE GUADIX, CUADERNOS BIOGRÁFICOS PEDRO POVEDA, Nº 2. NARCEA S.A EDICIONES. 1986 ´-XDQ%HUP~GH]+HUHGLD -XDQLFR FKLOGIURPWKHDUHDRIWKH&DYHVUHSUHVHQWVWKHFDYHGZHOOLQJ FKLOGUHQZKRZHUHIDYRUHGE\WKHLQLWLDWLYHVRI3HGUR3RYHGDLQ*XDGL[+H7RULELRDQGRWKHUV VWDWHGRQGLIIHUHQWRFFDVLRQVWKHSKUDVH0DQRORSURQRXQFHVLQWKHÀOP ´+HPDGHPHDSHUVRQµ RECORDED BY FLAVIA PAZ VELÁZQUEZ IN 1982 WHEN HE WAS 80. “The one in the picture in front of his legs, (referring to this photo) that’s me. I was about 7 or 8 years old. I was an altar boy and I accompanied Father Poveda. There were four gypsies and the four of us were altar boys. We dressed the same as Fr. Pedro: in our black FDVVRFN:HZHQWRXWZLWKRXUÁDJV,ZDVWKHÁDJEHDUHUWKHRQHZKRERUHWKHELJÁDJDQG everyone else carried colored pennants. We paraded along the big Street and the town center ... (the HJDOLWDULDQIHHOLQJDQGWKHWDNHRYHURIWKHFLW\PDGH-XDQ%HUPXGH]IHHOSURXGVDLG )ODYLD3D]9HOi]TXH]ZKHQVKHWUDQVFULEHGWKHWHVWLPRQ\) He had espadrilles for us. And whoever was barefoot, he only had to go to ask for espadrilles: ´Deme usté unas alpargatas.’ And a clothing store gave us clothes. We went there and we did not pay. Then, he went from one store to another and paid for us... When I participated in “the skeleton competition” they gave me eleven pesetas. Only a Castilian and I knew all the bones, from head to the toenails ... I tell you, that man did the incredible to educate the children ... Come on, if Fr. Pedro had not left, I would be a man today. When he left I was already a teenager. Now I don’t have a choice, but then I would have been a man who made money ... come on, I have not known a person who has a heart as beautiful as his. He would die for us.” 17 POVEDA, THE FILM HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 2TQǪNGU MR. GONZALO DE FIGUEROA, MARQUIS OF VILLAMEJOR 0U*RQ]DORGH)LJXHURD\7RUUHVZDVDQDULVWRFUDWOLYLQJLQ0DGULG+HVHUYHGWKLVFLW\DVPD\RULQWKHƓ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DWWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI Arista, his cousin • Carlos Poveda. 2YLHGR • Huerta and • Students of the IURP/LQDUHVD Palacios, although $FDGHP\RI6W great collaborator with different Teresa. who helped with QDPHV • 3HRSOHRI2YLHGR the foundation of DQ$FDGHP\LQ Linares and with the beginning of the Teresian Association 24 POVEDA, THE FILM HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 5.c What does Pedro Poveda write? (Q 3HGUR3RYHGDZULWHV“Avisos espirituales de Santa Teresa de Jesús” (Spiritual Advice of St. Teresa of Jesus)SXEOLFDWLRQDGGUHVVHGWRWKHWHDFKHUVRIWKH$FDGHP\DQGFRPSLOHVWH[WV IURPWKHZULWLQJVRI6W7HUHVDRI-HVXV,QWKHÀOPWKHUHLVDVFHQHZKHQ3HGUR3RYHGDLV writing during the night. Do you want 5.d to listen to the soundtrack of the ǩNO! 7KH VRXQGWUDFN E\ 2VFDU 0DUWtQ /HDQLVEDUUXWLD PD\ EH IRXQG DW KWWSV VRXQGFORXGFRPRVFDUPDUWQOHDQL]EDUUXWLDSRYHGDBEVR GHPRWUDFN 5.e Pedro Poveda’s words “Let everyone be as s/he is, but you be as God wants you to be. - Your job is not to strip yourself of the personality you have and to acquire a new one, but to bring your own to perfection” 0i[LPVIRU \RXQJSHRSOH “In short, seven years of intense life in that blessed place gave rise to many things, and what they gave was around the ideal of my life, which emerged and crystallized by looking at the Santina.” (1928). 25 POVEDA, THE FILM HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 5.f Semiotic Resources 6HPLRWLFVVWXGLHVWKHV\VWHPVRIVLJQVWKDWDOORZFRPPXQLFDWLRQEHWZHHQLQGLYLGXDOVWKHLUPRGHV RISURGXFWLRQIXQFWLRQLQJDQGUHFHSWLRQ,WLVDERXWUHDGLQJWKHPHDQLQJRIWKHGLIIHUHQWHOHPHQWV RIWKHFLQHPDWRJUDSKLFODQJXDJH ZRUGVREMHFWVFRORUVLPDJHVVRXQGVUK\WKPVHWFZKLFKLQ WKHPVHOYHVDUHGHVFULSWLYHEXWLQDJLYHQFRQWH[WWKHÀOPPDNHULQFOXGHVWKHPZLWKDV\PEROLF YDOXH,QWKHFDVHRI329('$ZHZLOOLQGLFDWHVRPH 7KHLPDJHRI6DLQW7HUHVD3RYHGDORRNVDWZKLOHKHSUD\V at the entrance of the Basilica of Covadonga, anticipates WKHLPSRUWDQFH6DLQW7HUHVDRI$YLODZLOOKDYHLQ3RYHGD·V SURMHFWV 7KH LPDJH RI 6W 7HUHVDZLOO DSSHDU LQ RWKHU VFHQHVRIWKHÀOP The red rose the Santina has in her hand presages WKHPDUW\UGRPWKHSURWDJRQLVWZLOOVXIIHU$OVRLQ 0DGULGLQWKHFHPHWHU\RIWKHÀQDOVFHQHVUHG SRSSLHV ZLOO VWDQG RXW QH[W WR VSLNHV ´, DVVXUH \RXWKDWLIWKHJUDLQRIZKHDWGRHVQRWIDOOWRWKH JURXQGDQGGLHVLWUHPDLQVMXVWDJUDLQRIZKHDW EXWLILWGLHVLWEHDUVPXFKIUXLW´ -Q The water is a constant in Covadonga as the Cave of WKH6DQWLQDLVLQWKHPRXQWDLQLQDODQGZKHUHZDWHU DERXQGV,QDGGLWLRQWRGHVFULELQJDVRXQGVRW\SLFDORI WKHVLWHLQWKHÀOPZDWHUDFFRPSDQLHVWKHWLPHRILQQHU KHDOLQJWKDW3RYHGDOLYHGLQWKHVH\HDUV 26 POVEDA, THE FILM HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 2TQǪNGU ANTONIA LÓPEZ ARISTA 6KHZDVERUQLQ/LQDUHV-DpQLQDQGGLHGLQWKHVDPHWRZQLQ1RYHPEHU RIDÁXH HSLGHPLFWKDWGHVRODWHGDODUJHSDUWRI6SDLQWKDW\HDU6KHZDV\HDUVROG ,Q/LQDUHVWKHIDPLO\QDPHV/ySH]0RQWHV'HO&DVWLOOR$ULVWD3RYHGDDQG&DVWURYHUGHEHORQJHGWR ODUJHIDPLOLHVWKDWZHUHUHODWHGWKURXJKEORRGVRFLDODQGLGHRORJLFDOERQGVDQGPXWXDOKHOS7KXV WKHFRXVLQV$QWRQLD/ySH]$ULVWDDQG,VDEHOGHO&DVWLOOR$ULVWDDOZD\VFRQVLGHUHGWKHPVHOYHV´FRXVLQVµ RI3HGUR3RYHGDHYHQWKRXJKWKHLUEORRGWLHVZHUHQRWWKDWFORVH,QWKHKRPHRIRI0U&HFLOLR/ySH] Montes and Mrs. Lucía Arista, parents of Antonia, José and )UDQFLVFR3HGUR3RYHGDDOZD\VIRXQGSHUVRQDOFDUHDQG ZDUPWKDVZHOODVVXSSRUWIRUKLVSURMHFWV$OVRGXULQJKLV \HDUVLQ&RYDGRQJDKLV´UHODWLYHVµIURP/LQDUHVVSHQWZLWK KLPVRPHWLPH $QWRQLDZDVDEOHWRKDYHGLUHFWNQRZOHGJH RIKLVSHGDJRJLFDOSURMHFWVWKDWZHUHWDNLQJVKDSHLQ2YLHGR DQG*LMyQDQGPDLQWDLQSHUVRQDOFRQWDFWZLWKVRPHRIWKH ÀUVWWHDFKHUVRIWKH$FDGHPLHV -RVpDQG)UDQFLVFR3HSH DQG3DTXLWRFRPSOHWHGWKHLUKLJKHUHGXFDWLRQLQ2YLHGR DQGZHUHSHUVRQDOO\JXLGHGE\WKHLUSULHVWFRXVLQ $QWRQLDLVWKHOHDGLQJQDPHLQWKHÀUVWUHFRUGERRNWKDW OLVWVWKHQDPHVRIWKHPHPEHUVRIWKH7HUHVLDQ$VVRFLDWLRQ In the appropriate section one can read that she belonged WRLWVLQFHLWVIRXQGDWLRQ,QRQHRIKHUOHWWHUVLWUHDGV ´:H FRXOGVD\WKDWZHORYHGWKH:RUNWKDWGLGQRWH[LVW\HW ZH SUHSDUHGRXUVHOYHVIRULWZLWKIDLWKDQGKRSHZHSUD\HG for light for the one that had conceived it, and we strove to ZRUNDQGIRUPRXUVSLULWDFFRUGLQJWRWKHIHUYHQWZLVHDQG SUXGHQWJXLGDQFHZHUHFHLYHGµ7KLV´ZHµLQFOXGHV,VDEHO GHO&DVWLOORDQGLWUHIHUVWRWKHWLPH3HGUR3RYHGDVSHQWLQ /LQDUHVDIWHUKHOHIW*XDGL[LQ DQGWRWKHVXEVHTXHQW \HDUV ZKHQ ERWK ZRPHQ VXSSRUWHG DQG HQFRXUDJHG WKH ÀUVWIUXLWVRIZKDWVRRQZRXOGEHWKH7HUHVLDQ$VVRFLDWLRQ ,WLVZRUWKKLJKOLJKWLQJLQWKHPHPRU\RIWKH$VVRFLDWLRQ WKHFUHDWLRQLQ RIDVWRUHURRPIRUWKHSRRUNQRZQLQ /LQDUHVDV´7KH&UDGOHRIWKH%DE\-HVXVµ7KLVZDVDFKDULWDEOHIRXQGDWLRQWKDWQRWRQO\DWWHQGHGWR PDQ\QHHG\IDPLOLHVEXWLWDOVRJDWKHUHGDODUJHQXPEHURI\RXQJZRPHQZLWKZKRPWKH\VKDUHGDQ experience of faith and deepened into the writings and talks of Pedro Poveda, who was considered guide and teacher of this group. 7KHOLIHRI$QWRQLDLQ/LQDUHVLVVKDUHGDPRQJWKHSROLWLFDODFWLYLW\RI'RQ&HFLOLROHDGHURIWKH /LEHUDO3DUW\RIWKHFLW\WKHNLQGVSLULWXDOLW\RI0UV/XFtDDQGWKHWRWDOGHGLFDWLRQRIKHUVHOIDQGRI KHUJRRGVWRWKH:RUNWKDWZDVEHJLQQLQJ $QWRQLDFRXOGH[SHULHQFHWKHÀUVW\HDUVRIWKH$FDGHPLHVRIWKH:RUNWKHÀUVWIRXQGDWLRQVDQGWKH ÀUVWLQVWLWXWLRQDOVWHSVRIWKHIXWXUH7HUHVLDQ$VVRFLDWLRQ,Q VKHZDVSDUWRIWKHÀUVW&RXQFLO DQGLQ VKHSDUWLFLSDWHGLQWKHHYHQWRIWKHÀUVWFLYLODQGHFFOHVLDOUHFRJQLWLRQRIWKH:RUNLQ WKH'LRFHVHRI-DpQ7KDWVDPH\HDULQ$XJXVWVKHZDVSDUWRIWKHÀUVWERDUGRIGLUHFWRUVZLWKWKH Founder and Josefa Segovia. 0DQ\ WLPHV 3HGUR 3RYHGD FDOOHG KHU ´VRXO RI WKH 7HUHVLDQ:RUNµ VLQFH VKH KDG EHFRPH D FOHDU UHIHUHQFHIRUWKH\RXQJZRPHQZKRFRQWDFWHGWKHGLIIHUHQW$FDGHPLHV7KH7HUHVLDQ$VVRFLDWLRQ keeps her writings and what has been written about her with respect. Collaboration AHIT. www.institucionteresiana.org 27 POVEDA, THE FILM HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Jaén :KHQLQWKHÀOP3HGUR3RYHGDLVDVNHGWR´GHFODUHµDQGLVDFFXVHGRIPHGGOLQJ LQWKHVWDWHVFKRRODQG´VWLUXSWKHWHDFKHUVRIDOO6SDLQµKHLVUHPLQGHGWKDW ´LQ-DpQKHKDGSUREOHPVµ7KHÁDVKEDFNRSHQVZLWKDQLPDJHRIROLYHJURYHV of Jaen and the Cathedral. The protagonist is seen looking for an address, WKHKRXVHRIWKH6HJRYLD0RUyQIDPLO\+HKDVUHFHLYHGYHU\JRRGUHIHUHQFHV DERXW0-RVHID6HJRYLD0RUyQ 3HSLWD +HZDQWVKHUWREHWKHGLUHFWRURIWKH 6. 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BAC,MADRID. 2006, %\ 0l -RVHID NQHZ YHU\ ZHOO ZKDW LW ZDV WR 3HSLWD6HJRYLDDOPRVWIUHVKRXWRIWKH8QLYHUVLW\ZLWKRXW FROODERUDWH LQ WKLV :RUN SRZHUIXOO\ DWWUDFWLYH EXW WKDW DGHƓQLWHOLIHSURMHFWDQGQRWSUHSDULQJIRUDQLPPHGLDWH ZDVEUHDNLQJWKURXJKŏZLWKPXFKVXIIHULQJŐ)RUKHUŏWKH RUIXWXUHPDUULDJH WURXEOHV EHJDQŐ DQG WKH\ FRQWLQXHG YHU\ ELWWHU ZKHQ +RZHYHU DURXQG VRPHWKLQJ XQIRUHVHHQ E\ WKH DWWKHHQGRI DQGGXULQJHDUO\ WKHQDVFHQW )RXQGHU VWDUWHG WR RFFXU 6RPH RI WKHP VHHPHG WR 7HUHVLDQ $VVRFLDWLRQ DQG LWV )RXQGHU VXIIHUHG D KDUVK SHUFHLYHDFDOOWRDWRWDOVXUUHQGHUWR-HVXV&KULVWDQGWRD SHUVHFXWLRQRQWKHSDUWRIWKRVHZKRQRWRQO\WULHGWR FRPSOHWHGHGLFDWLRQWRWKH7HUHVLDQ:RUNZKLFKOHGWKHP SUHYHQW LWV GHYHORSPHQW EXW LI SRVVLEOH HUDGLFDWH LWV WROLYHWKHLUFRPPRQŏYRFDWLRQWRWKLVNLQGRIDSRVWRODWHŏ H[LVWHQFH6KHIRXQGKHUVHOIEHWZHHQWZRIURQWVEHFDXVH LQDVSHFLƓFPDQQHU%XWVRFLDOO\WKHUHZDVQRUHDVRQWR WKRVH ZKR KLQGHUHG WKH :RUN ZHUH VRPH RI KHU RZQ UHQRXQFH PDUULDJH LQ RUGHU WR FROODERUDWH LQ WKH :RUN FROOHDJXHV DQG IDFXOW\ RI WKH 7HDFKHUV 6FKRRO %XW WKH RI WKH $FDGHPLHV LW ZDV QRW D UHOLJLRXV FRQJUHJDWLRQ GHFLVLRQ WDNHQ LQ WR UHPDLQ ZLWK )U 3RYHGD ZDV QRUGLGLWLQWHQGWREHDQGWKHDLPVLWSURSRVHGFRXOG FRQVROLGDWHGE\YLUWXHRIWKHVDPHFRQWUDGLFWLRQ EHDFKLHYHGIURPDQ\VWDWHRIOLIH7KHSDPSKOHWVRI %\WKDWWLPHWKHGLIIHUHQWZD\VRIEHORQJLQJWRWKHLQFLSLHQW DQG KDGEHHQGLUHFWHGWRDOOWKRVHHGXFDWRUVZKR 7HUHVLDQ$VVRFLDWLRQKDGQRW\HWEHHQFRQƓJXUHG LQWKH ZHUHZLOOLQJWRZRUNLQDPRUHFRRUGLQDWHGPDQQHUDQG $FDGHPLHV WKRVH ZKR EHOLHYHG LQ LWV DLP FROODERUDWHG WRDFTXLUHDJUHDWHU&KULVWLDQDQGSURIHVVLRQDOIRUPDWLRQ DQGVKDUHGWKHVSLULWRIWKH)RXQGHUEXWZLWKRXWKDYLQJ ,WZDVWDNHQIRUJUDQWHGWKDWUHOLJLRXVPHQDQGZRPHQ WRDGRSWDVSHFLƓFVWDWHRIOLIH0DUULHGSHRSOHVXFKDV DOUHDG\ KDG WKLV IRUPDWLRQ DQG IRU WKLV UHDVRQ 3RYHGD WKH GLUHFWRU RI WKH /LQDUHV 3HGDJRJLFDO &HQWHU FDUULHG FKDOOHQJHGOD\IDFXOW\+RZHYHUIHHOLQJDFHUWDLQFDOOWR UHVSRQVLELOLWLHV DQGZLGRZVVXFKDVWKHQHZGLUHFWRURI IROORZ -HVXV &KULVW FRPSOHWHO\ ZDV DQRWKHU UHDVRQ IRU WKH$FDGHP\RI-D«Q7KHVDPHYDULHW\RIOLIHFRPPLWPHQWV 3HSLWD6HJRYLDWRVXIIHUJUHDWO\7KLVVXIIHULQJZDVDGGHG ZDVIRXQGLQWKHIDFXOW\RIWKH$FDGHPLHV+RZHYHULWLV WRWKHKDUVKLGHRORJLFDOSHUVHFXWLRQWKDWWRJHWKHUZLWK WUXHWKDWWKHPDMRULW\ZHUHZRPHQDQGYHU\\RXQJOLNH )DWKHU3RYHGDVKHKDGWRIDFH Distancing herself from Manuel Bravo, her boyfriend &DUPHQ6HJRYLD3HSLWDōVVLVWHU RIIHUVDYDOXDEOH day, when she had already made her decision, it WHVWLPRQ\UHJDUGLQJWKHPRPHQWZKHQLWVHHPHGWKDW seemed that a cataclysm had occurred in my home. I 3HSLWDKDGWRPRYHDZD\IURP-D«QWRWDNHDSRVLWLRQLQ remember that I cried a lot because she had left that DQRWKHUFLW\6KHFRQIXVHVWKHMRXUQH\WR2UHQVHZKLFK man. As I say, that day at home we all cried: my mother VKHGLGPDNHZLWKKHUDSSRLQWPHQWDVVXSHUYLVRU suffered greatly, but she entrusted my father to be ŏHer marriage commitment was already very advanced the one who would face her. I do not remember now and, when she was appointed supervisor in Orense, she another intervention from my mother. The reaction of was already thinking about her wedding. I remember my father against Pepita was strong. In the presence of that before leaving for Orense, the night before he the younger siblings, my father abstained from violent dined at home, and when the family commented on scenes, but I know he was harassing and fighting her to how such a young girl was going to be alone in Orense, continue the relationship she had broken.” he said that it was better for them to marry and then ,WZDVDKXJHGLVDSSRLQWPHQWIRUWKHIDPLO\DQGIRU he would also work in Orense. (BHIRUH WKH ZHGGLQJ 0DQXHO%UDYRZKRZDVWKHQSUDFWLFLQJDVDGRFWRULQ RIIHULQJ 3HSLWD GHFLGHG WR LQWHUUXSW DQG FXW WKRVH /RV9LOODUHV -D«Q DV'RORUHV6HJRYLD2FD³DWHVWLILHG UHODWLRQV WR GHGLFDWH KHUVHOI HQWLUHO\ WR WKH 7HUHVLDQ ŏHe reacted very badly; he continued to follow her with $VVRFLDWLRQ@I did not witness the scene but the next a desire to continue their relationship.Ő 31 POVEDA, THE FILM HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 6.d &KHǩEWNVFKUEGTPOGPV FLAVIA PAZ VELÁZQUEZ, VIDA DE JOSEFA SEGOVIA, PP. 2-3. PUBLICACIONES DE LA I.T., 1964, )DFHGZLWKWKHSUHVVXUHVRIKHUIDPLO\DQGWKHFDPSDLJQVDJDLQVWWKH$FDGHP\0-RVHID OLYHVDQLQWHUQDOFULVLV6KHWKLQNVRIOHDYLQJWKHWDVNDQGFRPPXQLFDWHVLWWR3HGUR3RYHGD “At the door is the slim silhouette of Maria Josefa Segovia. Fr. Pedro, who has caught something embarrassing in the indecisive tone of her voice, invites her to enter. María Josefa Segovia sits GRZQ « 6KHLVWZHQW\ÀYH\HDUVROG ‘ Father was writing in what we called the’ Museum,’ which is the hall inside, which overlooks the street. I entered and ...’(…) - Father, I have decided not to continue in the Work; I am not ready. ¶)DWKHUUHPDLQHGXQGHÀOHGKHNHSWRQZULWLQJDQGGLGQRWHYHQORRNDWPH· - It’s Ok, the Work belongs to God. The Teresian Association started without you and without you will continue, he said-. Only that sentence, engraved for life in the memory of Maria Josefa.” 6.e Spiritual physiognomy FLAVIA PAZ VELÁZQUEZ, LIFE OF JOSEFA SEGOVIA, PP. 108-9. PUBLICACIONES DE LA I.T., 1964 7KUHH\HDUVDIWHU0DULD-RVHIDKDGVWDUWHGDVGLUHFWRURIWKH7HUHVLDQ$VVRFLDWLRQVKHUHFHLYHG DFRQJUDWXODWRU\OHWWHURQ2FWREHU KHUELUWKGD\:KHQUHDGLQJLW0DULD-RVHIDZHQW IURPRQHDVWRQLVKPHQWWRDQRWKHU “Pax tibi: I am going to describe something quickly in a few lines that I wish may serve you to come closer to God and congratulate you on your birthday. ‘I want to say something about your spiritual physiognomy. I will begin with your spirit of prayer(...) That you are humble and that you have a passion for this virtue I know with certainty, and that you give the most delicate lessons on it can be DIÀUPHGE\DOOZKRFDQOHDUQIURPWKHP 32 POVEDA, THE FILM HISTORICAL BACKGROUND About how you are impressed by the things of the world, what you think of them, I can testify, since it is something that always caught my attention .... And now that I am talking about something that is said to be strange in women, I will LQFOXGHKHUH\RXUÀUPQHVV\RXUHTXDQLPLW\QRWDSSHDULQJLPSUHVVLRQDEOHQRUSDVVLRQDWH because of your self-control. 6.f Campaign against the Academies MARÍA ENCARNACIÓN GONZÁLEZ, PASSION FOR HOLINESS, PP.135-6, BAC, MADRID. 2006. 3UHFLVHO\RQ$SULO DPRQWKEHIRUH-RVHIDWRRN $FDGHP\$QG LW ZDV QRW VXUSULVLQJ WKDW WKLV FUHDWHG SRVVHVVLRQRIKHUSRVLWLRQDVDIDFXOW\PHPEHUDWWKH VRPH FRPSOLFDWLRQV IRU RWKHU IDFXOW\ PHPEHUV 7HDFKHUV6FKRRODQHZSURIHVVRU$QWRQLDGHO'LHVWUR HVSHFLDOO\IRUWKRVHZKRGLGQRWDFFHSWWKLVUHDOLW\,W 6DOFLQHVDUULYHGDWWKH7HDFKHUV6FKRRORI-D«Q6KH VHHPVWKDWWKHWHQVLRQFUHDWHGKDGVRPHUHSHUFXVLRQV KDG EHHQ DSSRLQWHG WR WHDFK 0DWKHPDWLFV RQ WKH DWWKH-XQHH[DPVZKHQWKHVWXGHQWVRIWKH$FDGHP\ VDPH GDWH WKDW -RVHID 6HJRYLD KDG EHHQ DSSRLQWHG ZHUHWUHDWHGZLWKDFHUWDLQULJLGLW\$QGLWDOVRVHHPV WR WHDFK 3HGDJRJ\ LQ 2UHQVH :KHQ DSSO\LQJ IRU WKDWWKHUHZHUHVRPHSHUVRQDOSUREOHPVLQWKH&HQWHU WKLV SRVLWLRQ 0l -RVHID KDG UHTXHVWHG ƓUVW WR WHDFK XQNQRZQ WR 0DU¯D -RVHID EHWZHHQ IDFXOW\ RI WKH 0DWK EXW WKH RWKHU WHDFKHU ZDV DSSRLQWHG EHFDXVH 7HDFKHUV6FKRRODQGWKRVHRIWKH$FDGHP\DQGWKLV RIVHQLRULW\%RWKEHJDQWKHLUWHDFKLQJDVVLJQPHQWLQ FDXVHGVRPHGLVFRPIRUWEHFDXVHWKHVWXGHQWVEHFDPH WKHVDPH'HSDUWPHQWDQGDERXWWKHVDPHWLPHZKHQ DIIHFWHG WKHDFDGHPLF\HDUZDVDERXWWRHQG%XWWKHUHZDVD $QRWKHUIDFWZLWKVHULRXVFRQVHTXHQFHVIRUWKHUHODWLRQV GLIIHUHQFH $QWRQLDKDGMXVWDUULYHGWRWKHFLW\DQGWR EHWZHHQ WKH $FDGHP\ DQG WKH7HDFKHUV 6FKRRO DQG WKH7HDFKHUVO6FKRRODQG-RVHIDZDVZHOODFTXDLQWHG WKHUHIRUHDOVRIRU0l-RVHIDZDVWKHDUULYDOLQ-D«QRI ZLWK WKH ORFDO HQYLURQPHQW ,W ZDV QRW VXUSULVLQJLW 0U/XLVGH=XOXHWD3URIHVVRURI(GXFDWLRQLQ0DGULG ZDV D YHU\ QDWXUDO WKLQJDV 3HSLWD WKRXJKW WKDW WKH DQGDQLPSRUWDQWPHPEHURIWKHInstitución Libre de VWXGHQWV ZRXOG VKRZ DIIHFWLRQ SHUKDSV ZLWK VRPH EnseñanzaDVPDQDJHURIWKHJuegos Florales DIWHUD H[FHVVWRWKHSHUVRQZLWKZKRPWKH\KDGOLYHGLQWKH 5RPDQ)HVWLYDONQRZQDVWKH/XGL)ORUDOHVZLWKDVHW 33 POVEDA, THE FILM HISTORICAL BACKGROUND RI JDPHV DQG WKHDWULFDO SUHVHQWDWLRQV FHOHEUDWHG RQ UHDVRQVIRUFRQŴLFWVKRZHGDYHU\GHHSLQFRPSDWLELOLW\ 6XQGD\0D\ LQZKLFK3HGUR3RYHGDDOVRWRRN HQFRXUDJHGE\WKHPHPEHUVRIWKHInstitución Libre de SDUWDVDPHPEHURIWKH-XU\DQGKLVYLVLWWKHIROORZLQJ EnseñanzaRI0DGULG GD\WRWKH7HDFKHUV6FKRRO$ZDUHRIWKH7HUHVLDQ:RUNDQG $WKLUGIDFWWKDWODWHUDFFHQWXDWHGVRPHZKDWWKLVWHQVH VSHFLƓFDOO\RIWKH$FDGHP\RI-D«QWKURXJKFRQYHUVDWLRQ VLWXDWLRQ ZDV WKH DUULYDO LQ -D«Q DW WKH EHJLQQLQJ RI ZLWKWKHGLUHFWRURIWKH7HDFKHUV6FKRROGXULQJKHUYLVLWV $XJXVW RI WKH VDPH \HDU RI WKH QHZ 6XSHUYLVRU WRWKH(GXFDWLRQ6FKRROLQ0DGULGDWWKLVWLPH0U/XLVGH RI (OHPHQWDU\ (GXFDWLRQ 0U $OIRQVR %DUHD 0ROLQD =XOXHWDKDGWKHRSSRUWXQLW\WRSHUVRQDOO\YLVLWLW7KHUHLV FODVVPDWH RI 0l -RVHID 6HJRYLD ZKHQ VKH ZDV DW WKH QRWPXFKLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWWKLVYLVLWEXWLWLVVLJQLƓFDQW XQLYHUVLW\ ř $OWKRXJK DW WKH EHJLQQLQJ KH VHHPHG WKDW)U3HGUR3RYHGDZRXOGODWHUZULWH Ō7KH:RUNPXVW IDYRUDEOH WR WKH7HUHVLDQ :RUN WKHUH ZDV D QRWLFHDEOH UHPHPEHU DV D PHPRUDEOH GDWH WKH FRPLQJ RI WKH FKDQJHDIHZPRQWKVODWHU PDQDJHU RI WKH WK Juegos Floralesō :KHQ KH ZURWH :H KDYH SRLQWHG RXW WKHVH WKUHH IDFWV EHFDXVH LQ D WKLVVHQWHQFHKHZDVUHIHUULQJWRWKHVHULHVRIVXIIHULQJV SHUVRQDO QRWH RI 0DUFK )U 3HGUR 3RYHGD ZURWH DQGPLVXQGHUVWDQGLQJVWKDWDFFRPSDQLHGKLPDQGWKH ŏ,Q0DUFK WKH\ZHUHVDWLVƓHGZLWKWKHUHODWLRQVKLS OLIHRIWKH7HUHVLDQ:RUNLQ-D«QIURPWKLVPRPHQW6LQFH >EHWZHHQ WKH $FDGHP\ DQG WKH 7HDFKHUV 6FKRRO@ DQG WKHQ WKH UHODWLRQV EHWZHHQ WKH 7HDFKHUV 6FKRRO DQG ZKHQ'LHVWUR=XOXHWDDQG%DUHDFDPHHYHU\WKLQJZDV WKH 7HUHVLDQ $FDGHP\ FKDQJHG WKH VHHPLQJO\ EDQDO QHZDQGXQIDYRUDEOHIRUWKH:RUNŐ CITED BY FLAVIA PAZ VELÁZQUEZ, IN “LIFE OF JOSEFA SEGOVIA”, PUBLICACIONES DE LA I.T., 1964, =XOXHWDUHWXUQHGIURP-D«QDVWRQLVKHGE\WKHFDSDFLW\RI 3HGURKDGLWVUHYHUVHVLGHLQWKHƓUVWDODUPFDOOODXQFKHG WKDWVLPSOHSULHVW+RZHYHUKHZDVQRWIRUKLVFDXVH7KH E\KLPLQ0DGULG ŏ,IZHDUHQRWFDUHIXODPDQDORQHZLOO DSSDUHQWFRXUWHV\ZLWKZKLFK-«HQSUDLVHGWKH:RUNRI)U ƓOO6SDLQZLWKERDUGLQJVFKRROVŐ Hostile atmosphere FLAVIA PAZ, VELÁZQUEZ, AN ASSOCIATION MAKES ITS WAY, CUADERNOS BIOGRÁFICOS, PÁG. 56-7, NARCEA, 1997 /LWWOHUHVWGRHV3HGUR3RYHGDILQGLQ-D«QHYHQLQWKHVHGD\V DIHUWKHUHFHQWORVVRIKLVIDWKHU> @%DFNDWZRUNDWWKH 7HDFKHUV 6FKRRO KH ILQGV WKH VDPH DWPRVSKHUH RI KRVWLOLW\ WRZDUGVWKH$FDGHP\DQGHYHQWRZDUGVKLPVHOI 6HYHUDOIDFXOW\PHPEHUVRIWKH7HDFKHUV6FKRROFRQVWLWXWHD KRVWLOHEORFN7KHLUJRDOVHHPVWREHWKDWERWKWKHERDUGLQJ VFKRRODQGWKH$FDGHP\ORVHFUHGLWDQGDUHIRUFHGWRFORVH $WWKHHQGRIWKLVIDWHIXO2FWREHURI DOOWKHVKRWVVHHPWR FRQFHQWUDWHRQ)U3HGUR$WWKHHQGRIWKHPRQWKKHUHFHLYHV ŏDQDQRQ\PRXVŐOHWWHU7KHLQVLGLRXVPHVVDJHLPSUHVVHVKLP LQVXFKDZD\WKDWOHDGVKLPWRGHFLGHWRPRYHDZD\ŌIRUVRPH WLPHōDQGQRWWHDFK5HOLJLRQDWWKH)HPDOH7HDFKHUV6FKRRO ŏ%HFDXVHRIDQDQRQ\PRXVOHWWHU,PDGHWKHGHFLVLRQQRWWR WHDFKDWWKH)HPDOH7HDFKHUV6FKRRODQGFRQWLQXHWRGRVRLQ WKHPDOHDUHDRIWKH6FKRROŐ 3HGUR3RYHGD3HUVRQDO'LDU\ 33RYHGDLQ-DpQ 34 POVEDA, THE FILM HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 6.g “El retablo de Maese Pedro” in El Defensor of Jaén FLAVIA PAZ, VELÁZQUEZ, AN ASSOCIATION MAKES ITS WAY, CUADERNOS BIOGRÁFICOS, PÁG. 117-20. NARCEA, 1997 2Q6HSWHPEHU> @ZHOOLQWRWKHPRUQLQJ)U3HGUR 7KLVLQYHFWLYHPDUNVWKHKLJKSRLQWLQWKHFDPSDLJQ%DUHD UHWXUQV KRPH IURP KLV FDQRQLFDO GXWLHV 0UV /LQDUHMRV VHHPVWRKDYHGHFLGHGWRGHVWUR\WKHLUGLIIHUHQFHVRQFH >3RYHGDōVPRWKHU@RSHQVWKHGRRUDQGKXUULHVWRVD\ DQGIRUDOO ŏ6RQWKH\FDOOHG\RXDORWRQWKHSKRQHWKLVPRUQLQJ :KHQ VRPHRQH EULQJV WKH QHZVSDSHU WR KLV KRXVH 6RPHRQHLVLQDKXUU\WRWDONWR\RXŐ DQG )U 3HGUR UHDGV WKH DUWLFOH KH EHFRPHV PXWH ZLWK 7KH QHZV WKDW VR XUJHQWO\ VHHNV 3HGUR 3RYHGD WKLV FRQVWHUQDWLRQ +H UHOLYHV DJDLQ LQ DOO LWV GHSWK WKH 6HSWHPEHU LV DQ XQSOHDVDQW QRYHOW\ El Defensor H[SHULHQFHRIROGDQGKDUVKWUHDFKHU\ZKLFKZLWKVXFK QHZVSDSHUZKLFKVRPXFKSUDLVHG)U3RYHGDLQLWVƓUVW YLUXOHQFHVWUXFNKLVIDPHKLVKHDOWKDQGWKDWŌ:RUNōRI LVVXHSXEOLVKHVDKDUGDQGRIIHQVLYHDUWLFOHDJDLQVWKLP *XDGL[+LVOLIHDJDLQLVWKURZQLQWRWKHSXEOLFVTXDUHIRU $OOHJHGO\EXWZLWKWKHJUHDWHVWFODULW\WKHDUWLFOHDWWDFNV WKHPRFNHU\DQGWKHJRVVLSLQJE\RWKHUSHRSOH KLV SHUVRQ DV ZHOO DV KLV IULHQGV DQG FROODERUDWRUV %\ 7KURXJKRXWWKHPRUQLQJRI6HSWHPEHUKLVIULHQGVDQG QRZ DOO WKRVH LQ -D«Q ORRNLQJ IRU ORFDO HYHQWV LQ WKH DOOWKRVHZKRIHOWDOOXGHGWRJHWLQWRXFKZLWK3RYHGD WKH SUHVVKDYHEHHQDEOHWRUHDGEl retablo de Maese Pedro ODZ\HU0U3DUUDVDQGKLVFROOHDJXHVDWWKH$FDGHP\RI 7KHDOWDUSLHFHRI0DVWHU3HGUR ZKLFKLVWKHWLWOHRIWKH +LJKHU 6WXGLHV 3URIHVVRU )HUQ£QGH] 5£EDJR 0U -RV« DUWLFOH,WLVVLJQHGE\$OIRQVR%DUHDFKLHIƓUVWVXSHUYLVRU 3UDGRDQG0U3DODFLRMRXUQDOLVWV0DQ\SDUDGHWKURXJK RIHOHPHQWDU\HGXFDWLRQLQ-D«Q KLV KRXVH IXOO RI LQGLJQDWLRQ DQG UHDG\ WR JLYH D IXOO %ODWDQWO\ GHIDPDWRU\ WKH DUWLFOH DFFXVHV 3RYHGD RI UHVSRQVH PHGGOLQJ DQG K\SRFULV\ DQG FDOOV KLP ŏ0DFKLDYHOOLōV 3HGUR3RYHGDYHU\PXFKZLVKHGWKDWFRQWURYHUV\ZRXOG SUHWHQWLRXV LPLWDWRUŐ +H FDOOV KLV IULHQGV WHDFKHUV QRWLJQLWH%XWOLWWOHFDQEHGRQHWRFXUEWKHUHDFWLRQRI MRXUQDOLVWVDQGODZ\HUVŏSXSSHWVŐŏIRFXVRIGLVWXUEDQFHŐ MRXUQDOLVWVDQGSHRSOHDOOXGHGWRZKRFODLPWKHGHIHQVH ŏWUXVWRIOLHVŐHWF RIWKHLUKRQRU(YHU\RQHZDQWVDQLPPHGLDWHUHVSRQVH 0U%DUHDWKUHDWHQV6XSHUYLVRU-RVHID6HJRYLDDQGRWKHU $V WKH IDFW EHFRPHV NQRZQ WKHUH DULVHV LQ -D«Q D FROODERUDWRUV ZLWK ŏHQWHUWDLQLQJ WKHLU LGLRV\QFUDVLHV E\ VSRQWDQHRXV PRYHPHQW RI LQGLJQDWLRQ DQG VROLGDULW\ WHOOLQJUHDGHUVKRZWRRUJDQL]HDQDOWDUSLHFHRI0DVWHU WRZDUGVWKHSULHVW3HGUR3RYHGD8QLQWHUUXSWHGWHOHSKRQH 3HGURWRKXQWSHRSOHDQGGRPLQDWHDEUDQFKRISXEOLF FDOOV ULQJ WHOHJUDPV RI SURWHVW DUULYH OHWWHUV IURP WKH HGXFDWLRQ (OHPHQWDU\(GXFDWLRQIRUH[DPSOH DQGPDNH SUHODWHFRXQWOHVVSULHVWVWKHSDUHQWVRIWKHVWXGHQWVZKR KLPORRNDVDUHGHHPHUDQGDQDSRVWOHŐ GHVSLWHWKHFDPSDLJQGRQRWOHDYHWKH6FKRRO 35 POVEDA, THE FILM HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 6.h The campaign continues... FLAVIA PAZ, VELÁZQUEZ, AN ASSOCIATION MAKES ITS WAY, CUADERNOS BIOGRÁFICOS, PÁG.57-58-120. NARCEA, 1997, 7KH ŏDQRQ\PRXV OHWWHUŐ WKDW GULYHV 3RYHGD WR OHDYH matter. (...) WHPSRUDULO\ WKH FODVVHV IRU IHPDOH VWXGHQWV DW WKH It is hurting and distressing that people who are 7HDFKHUV 6FKRRO LV RQO\ RQH RI WKH VHWEDFNV SORWWHG XQGRXEWHGO\HQHPLHVRIWKHEHQHŵFHQWDQGPHULWRULRXV DJDLQVWKLVSHUVRQDQGKLV:RUN$VVRRQDV1RYHPEHU institution of your Boarding School, use means so low EHJLQV D QHZ LPSRVWXUH IDOOV RQ KLP 0U $QWRQLR and so distant from the truth. I will have a satisfaction 3DVDJDOL FRRUGLQDWRU RI WKH JURXS RI JUDGXDWHV ZKR if this, my spontaneous declaration, will completely WDNH 6WDWH H[DPV LQIRUPV WHDFKHUV RI WKH EORFN WKDW eliminate the slanderous atmosphere that some WKH\PDGHKLPUHVSRQVLEOHIRUDFRPSODLQWƓOHGLQWKH have tried develop. You know that I have not lost the %LVKRS 3DODFH ZKHUH KH LV DFFXVHG RI JRLQJ DJDLQVW opportunity to give the deserved praise to the boarding 5HOLJLRQ school that you lead and that I have spoken favorably of 2Q1RYHPEHU%LVKRS6DQ]\6DUDYLDZULWHVDOHWWHU the worthy professors of the Teachers School. WR)U3HGURLQZKLFKKHGLVDYRZVWKHIDOVHDFFXVDWLRQ Reiterating my affection of true friendship, I give you my FRPIRUWV KLP DQG UHLWHUDWHV KLV FRPSOLPHQW WR WKH fraternal blessing. %RDUGLQJ6FKRRO$FDGHP\RI6DLQW7HUHVD Juan Manuel, Bishop of Jaén.” “I have received the news that it has been said, I do not NQRZ E\ ZKRP WKDW WKLV 2IŵFH KDV ŵOHG D FRPSODLQW (YHU\WKLQJ LV FRVWO\ DQG LQVHFXUH DW WKLV WLPH IRU )U addressed to Madrid against the teachers of the Teachers 3HGURDQGWKHUHIRUHIRU-RVHID6HJRYLDZKRLVDWWDFKHG School of Jaen, and since it is horrible slander, I hasten WRWKHIDWHRIWKH$FDGHP\DQGQRRQHNQRZVKRZIDU to express to you my judgment and feeling about the HYHU\WKLQJLVJRLQJ 6.i Diocesan and civil approval of the Teresian Association in Jaén FLAVIA PAZ, VELÁZQUEZ, AN ASSOCIATION MAKES ITS WAY, CUADERNOS BIOGRÁFICOS, PÁG 173-4. NARCEA, 1997 ,Q WKH :RUN RI WKH $FDGHPLHV ZKLFK VWDUWHG LQ RQ-XO\IHDVWRI2XU/DG\RI0RXQW&DUPHODGDWH 2YLHGRLQ ZDVUHFRJQL]HGLQ-D«QDVDEHQHƓFHQW WKDWZDVUHSHDWHGO\VLJQLƓFDQWLQ3RYHGDōVMRXUQH\DQG WHDFKLQJ LQVWLWXWLRQ E\ ERWK FLYLO DQG HFFOHVLDVWLFDO ZDVFRPSRVHGE\)UD\3ODFLGRZLWKRYLRXVVDWLVIDFWLRQ DXWKRULWLHV 7HDFKHUV DQG VWXGHQWV RI WKH $FDGHPLHV VHH LQ KLP 7KLVVXPPHURI DJLWDWHGE\WKHWKUHDWRIDJHQHUDO WKH DSSUHFLDWLRQ RI WKH SUHODWH DQG KLV FODLUYR\DQW VWULNH 3HGUR 3RYHGD UHDFKHV RQH RI WKH PRVW GHVLUHG XQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKH:RUN JRDOV UHJLVWHULQJ KLV :RUN DPRQJ WKH DVVRFLDWLRQV RI ŏThe wisest Providence of God, (...) provides a suitable WKH&KXUFK -XVWWKUHHPRQWKVDJR%LVKRS3O£FLGR remedy to the needs that arise in the bosom of the Church 5H\/HPRVDUULYHGLQ-D«Q,WZDVWKLV)UDQFLVFDQZKR and of society. Of these, one of the most important is FDPH IURP VWXG\LQJ LQ 5RPH ZKR KDYLQJ NQRZQ WKH undoubtedly the one that comes from (...) the secularizing $FDGHPLHV RI -D«Q DQG 0DGULG DQG WKH WHDFKHUV ZKR tendency of civil laws, especially in teaching and the FROODERUDWHGLQWKH:RUNSDLGDWWHQWLRQWRWKHSURMHFW education of youth (...). DQG WKH UHDVRQV RI )U 3HGUR DQG KH XQGHUVWRRG WKH It has given us great satisfaction, when we took charge GHSWKRIKLVLQWHQW)UD\3O£FLGRDSSURYHVWKH:RUNRI RI WKH PDQDJHPHQW RI WKLV GLRFHVH WR ŵQG LQ LW DQ WKH$FDGHPLHVDV3RYHGDZLVKHVZLWKWKHVLPSOHVWRIWKH association constituted by persons of good will, cultured FDQRQLFDOIRUPVRIDVVRFLDWLRQWKDWH[LVWLQWKH&KXUFK DQGFRQVHFUDWHGLQWKHVSLULWRI&KULVWLDQVHOŶHVVQHVVWR ŌDVVRFLDWLRQRIWKHIDLWKIXOō7KLVIDFLOLWDWHVWKHXQIROGLQJ the remedy of the need which we have indicated. Wisely RILWVFXOWXUDOSURMHFWDQGWKHSURFODPDWLRQRIWKH*RVSHO GLUHFWHGWKH\GHGLFDWHWKHLUHQHUJLHVWRWKHVFLHQWLŵFDQG 7KHGHFUHHDSSURYLQJWKH7HUHVLDQ$VVRFLDWLRQLVVLJQHG religious formation of teachers ... “ 36 POVEDA, THE FILM HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Holy and genuinely Spanish work, the Association, adopts WRDQHGXFDWLRQDQGFXOWXUHJXLGHGE\WKHYDOXHVRIWKH a Teresian title, performs in Academies and ERDUGLQJ *RVSHODQGVHHNVWRŏDFWLQWKHSXEOLFDUHQD FKDLUV VFKRROVwhere its individuals are prepared for the teaching VXSHUYLVLRQDQG6WDWHVFKRROVŐDQGLQSULYDWHLQVWLWXWLRQV in public higher education (...) while guaranteeing a 7KHƓUVWSXUSRVHRIHQFRXUDJLQJWKHSUHVHQFHRI&KULVWLDQ VROLGO\VFLHQWLŵFDQG&KULVWLDQWUDLQLQJRIWKH\RXQJ WHDFKHUVLQWKHVWDWHHGXFDWLRQDOƓHOGLVWKHUHIRUHVDIH We bless with all our heart the members and those 7KHDVVRFLDWLRQDOVRPDLQWDLQVWKHDVSLUDWLRQWRŏIRUPD who somehow belong to it, and remind them those /HDJXHRI&DWKROLFWHDFKHUVŐLQIDYRURI&DWKROLFWHDFKLQJ encouraging words from the holy books: “Those who 7KLV IHGHUDWLRQ GHFODUHV LWVHOI FRPSDWLEOH ŏZLWK DOO consecrate themselves to educate others and lead them SHUVRQV UHOLJLRXV RU OD\ ZKR SXUVXH WKH VDPH HQGVŐ to righteousness will shine like stars for all eternity” 'DQ /LNHZLVHWKH\SURSRVHGWRUDLVHDPRQJLWVFRRSHUDWLQJ Ő PHPEHUV D EURDG PRYHPHQW ŏWKDW FRQWULEXWH WR WKH 7KH SUHVV RI -D«Q WKH `Ecclesiastical BulletinōōLa SURJUHVVRIWKH:RUNŐ Regeneración’ DQG ‘El Pueblo CatólicRō SXEOLVK WKH :KHQHVWDEOLVKLQJWKH7HUHVLDQ$VVRFLDWLRQLWFRXOGEH GHFUHHWKDWLQVWLWXWLRQDOL]HVWKH:RUNRIWKH$FDGHPLHV VDLG WKDW )U 3HGUR UHDFKHV D GHFLVLYH PLOHVWRQH LQ WKH DQG ZKLFK KDV JLYHQ VR JUHDW D VDWLVIDFWLRQ WR DOO ZKR DFKLHYHPHQWRIKLVƓUVW3HGDJRJLFDO3URMHFWV)URPWKDW ZRUNLQLW GUHDPHG &DWKROLF ,QVWLWXWLRQ RI 7HDFKLQJ FRPHV WKH 7KH:RUNLVDQDVVRFLDWLRQRIOD\&KULVWLDQVFRPPLWWHG 7HUHVLDQ$VVRFLDWLRQ 6.j About the people in Jaén ,QWKHÀOPWKHUHDSSHDUVRPHYHU\GHÀQHGFKDUDFWHUVOLNH-RVHID6HJRYLDDQGRWKHUVWKDWUHSUHVHQW GLYHUVHSURÀOHVRISHRSOH VXFKLVWKHFDVHRI0DULQDWKHVWXGHQWZKROHDYHVKHUKRXVHEHFDXVH´VKH ZDQWVWREHDWHDFKHUµDQGZLOOKDYHDQLPSRUWDQWWUDMHFWRU\LQWKH7HUHVLDQ:RUN,Q0DULQDZHVHH VHYHUDORIWKHEROGDQGHQWHUSULVLQJZRPHQZKRPDGHWKHLUZD\EH\RQGVRFLDOFRQGLWLRQLQJ7KHÀOP also suggests that this is a collaborative work in which different personalities stand out. 7KHUHDUHDOVRSROLWLFDOÀJXUHVRIWKHPRPHQW,QVRPHFDVHVLWZDVGHFLGHGWRFKDQJHWKHLUQDPHV REAL • )UD\3OiFLGR ÉQJHO5H\ • Mª Josefa Segovia /HPRV%LVKRS 0RUyQ DGPLQLVWUDWRURI • Mr. Manuel WKH'LRFHVHRI Segovia and Mrs. Jaén. Substitutes 'RORUHV0RUyQ for Mr. Juan parents of Mª 0DQXHO6DQ]DQG Josefa Saravia, retired • Marina due to illness • Manolo Bravo, FICTION ER\IULHQGRI • Marina’s father Pepita EXTRAS • /XLV(FKHYHUUtD • Alfonso Barea, • 8QLYHUVLW\ Minister of Public Students Instruction, Mr. • Políticians Josefa Segovia. Jaén, 1916 5RGROIR • Parishioners 37 POVEDA, THE FILM HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Madrid 7KHVFHQHVRI0DGULGFRQGHQVHWLPH3RYHGDDUULYHVDWWKHFDSLWDORI6SDLQ LQ WKH 7HUHVLDQ :RUN KDV EHHQ LQ WKH FLW\ IRU VHYHUDO \HDUV 7KH 8QLYHUVLW\5HVLGHQFHIRUZRPHQKDVEHHQFRQVROLGDWLQJVLQFHLWVRSHQLQJ LQ ,WFKDQJHGORFDWLRQWZLFHEHFDXVHWKHIDFLOLWLHVEHFDPHVPDOOGXH WRWKHGHPDQG9DULRXVDVVRFLDWLRQVDUHFUHDWHGWRWUDLQXQLYHUVLW\ZRPHQ 7KH 7HUHVLDQ$VVRFLDWLRQ DOUHDG\ KDV DQ RIÀFLDO HQWLW\DQ RUJDQL]DWLRQDO 7. MADRID structure, a newsletter and other publications, as well as associations &KLDURVFXUR7KH WKDWWDUJHWSHRSOHZLWKGLIIHUHQWW\SHVRIFRPPLWPHQWVEXWZLWKWKHVDPH SXUSRVH(YHU\GD\3HGUR3RYHGDDWWHQGVWRKLVGXWLHVDVUR\DOFKDSODLQDQG 7HUHVLDQ:RUN WRVHYHUDOUHVSRQVLELOLWLHVWKDWDUHUHTXHVWHGRIKLP+HDQGKLV:RUNDUH FRQVROLGDWHVDQG LQFUHDVLQJO\NQRZQ3HRSOHRIDOONLQGVDQGFRQGLWLRQVFRPHWRKLVRIÀFH VSUHDGVRXW DVNLQJIRUKHOSZRUNDGYLFHHWF,Q WKHUHDUH$FDGHPLHVLQYDULRXV cities of Spain, several pedagogical centers, and a network of teachers and VXSHUYLVRUV VFDWWHUHG WKURXJKRXW WKH WRZQV 7KH GUHDP RI OLYLQJ ´DV WKH ÀUVW&KULVWLDQVµDVUHJXODUSHRSOHEXWZLWKWKHVLQJXODULW\RIEHLQJ´OLYLQJ FUXFLÀ[HVµEHJLQVWREHDUHDOLW\)URP WKHSROLWLFDOUHDOLW\RI6SDLQ FKDQJHVVXEVWDQWLDOO\7KH6HFRQG5HSXEOLFLVSURFODLPHGDQGZLWKLWWKH SRODUL]DWLRQ RI LGHDV SDUWLFXODUO\ RQ WZR LVVXHV UHOLJLRQ DQG HGXFDWLRQ &ODVKHVEHWZHHQRSSRVLQJVHFWRUVJURZ,WLVDSDJHRIWKHKLVWRU\RI6SDLQ GHVFULEHGZHOOE\DSRHW ´(VSDxROLWR OLWWOH6SDQLDUG \RXZKRFRPHWR WKHZRUOGPD\\RXEHNHSWE\*RG RQHRIWKHWZR6SDLQVZLOOIUHH]H\RXU KHDUWµ $QWRQLR0DFKDGR 7KHVRFLDODQGSROLWLFDOFOLPDWHLVDOWHUHGDQG UDGLFDOL]HG2Q-XO\ DQDUP\IDFWLRQLQLWLDWHGDPLOLWDU\DFWLRQ DJDLQVWWKHJRYHUQPHQW ,QWKHÀOP0DGULG·VSORWWDNHVRQDQLQFUHDVLQJO\GDUNWRQDOLW\DVYLROHQFH and confrontations are gaining the street. In the end, the failure of a fratricidal war. 7.a What stands out about Pedro Poveda in Madrid 3HGUR 3RYHGD OLYHV LQ 0DGULG VLQFH +HUH KH RI )ULHQGV RI (GXFDWLRQ +HUPDQGDG GHO 5HIXJLR DQG GHYHORSVPRVWRIKLVXQLYHUVLW\DFWLRQ+HSURPRWHVWKH FROODERUDWHV ZLWK PDQ\ SHRSOH +H VSHDNV DFWV DQG SDUWLFLSDWLRQRIZRPHQLQFLYLOVRFLHW\LQVFKRRODQGLQ VSHQGVKLVOLIHIRUWKHDGYDQFHPHQWRI&KULVWLDQYDOXHV WKHXQLYHUVLW\+HFROODERUDWHVZLWKYDULRXVVRFLDODQG +LV KXPEOH DQG VLPSOH SHUVRQDOLW\ QRQYLROHQW LV HFFOHVLDO ERGLHV KH LV D UR\DO FKDSODLQ D PHPEHU RI HYLGHQWDWWLPHVWKDWOHQGWKHPVHOYHVWRSURPRWHVRFLDO WKH1DWLRQDO%RDUGDJDLQVW,OOLWHUDF\RIWKH)HGHUDWLRQ FRQŴLFW 38 POVEDA, THE FILM HISTORICAL BACKGROUND D SODFH WR KHDU FRQIHVVLRQV LQ WKH 0LOLWDU\ &DWKHGUDO 6DFUDPHQWR6WUHHW0DGULG 7KHSHRSOHZKRIRUPHGWKHJRYHUQPHQWRIWKH7HUHVLDQ $VVRFLDWLRQPRYHGWRWKHFDSLWDORI6SDLQDIHZPRQWKV ODWHULQ0D\DQGYHU\VRRQWKH%XOOHWLQRIWKH$VVRFLDWLRQ WKDW KDG VWDUWHG WR EH SXEOLVKHG LQ /LQDUHV DQG ODWHU LQ -D«Q DV WKH ŏ%XOOHWLQ RI WKH 7HUHVLDQ $FDGHPLHVŐ WUDQVIHUV WR 0DGULG DQG LV SXEOLVKHG PRQWKO\ DV WKH ŏ%XOOHWLQRIWKH7HUHVLDQ$VVRFLDWLRQŐ 7KHVHVXFFHVVLYHPRYHVDOORZHGWKH:RUNRI3RYHGDWR EHNQRZQE\DJUHDWHUQXPEHURISHRSOHDQGLWVVFRSH EHFRPHVODUJHU%LVKRSVWKH1XQFLRRIWKH+RO\6HHLQ 6SDLQSHRSOHPRVWLQYROYHGLQWKH&DWKROLFƓHOGRQWKH VRFLRHGXFDWLRQDOLVVXHVRIWKHPRPHQWKDGDSRVLWLYH LQŴXHQFHRQWKHFRQVROLGDWLRQRIWKH$VVRFLDWLRQ ,Q 0D\ KH ZDV DSSRLQWHG $UFKSULHVW RI WKH FDWKHGUDORI%XUJRGH2VPD 6RULD ZKRVHRZQHUVKLS KHKHOGXQWLOWKHHQGRIKLVOLIH+RZHYHUEHFDXVHRI KLV UHVSRQVLELOLW\ LQ WKH 5R\DO &KDSHO KLV UHVLGHQFH P. Poveda. Madrid, 1923 UHPDLQHG LQ 0DGULG ZKHUH KH OLYHG ZLWK KLV PRWKHU DQG RQH RI KLV EURWKHUV &DUORV WKH \RXQJHVW ,Q-XO\ 2Q -DQXDU\ 3HGUR 3RYHGD UHFHLYHG WKH KHPRYHGZLWKWKHPWRDQDSDUWPHQWRQ$ODPHGD DSSRLQWPHQW WR EH &KDSODLQ RI +RQRU RI WKH 5R\DO 6WUHHWDGMDFHQWWRWKH8QLYHUVLW\5HVLGHQFHDQGWRWKH &KDSHO+HZDVRQHRIVL[FDQRQLFDOFKDSODLQVZLWKWKH KHDGTXDUWHUVRIWKH7HUHVLDQ$VVRFLDWRQ GLVWLQFWLRQRIŏ3HQLWHQFLDULRŐZKLFKDOORZHGKLPWRKDYH First Report of the Teresian Association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ƓUVW$FDGHPLHVZHUHIROORZHGE\QHZ SURMHFWVLQ6DQWDQGHU$OLFDQWH6DQWLDJRGH&RPSRVWHOD 9LJR %LOEDR 6HYLOOH /D &DUROLQD %DGDMR] *UDQDGD 9DOODGROLG6DODPDQFD=DUDJR]D&RYDGRQJD3DOPDGH 0DOORUFD*µUOL]DQG9DOHQFLD,Q WKH$VVRFLDWLRQ FURVVHGWKHERUGHUVRI6SDLQDQGZHQWWR&KLOH DQGLQ WR,WDO\ 7KURXJKRXWKLVOLIH3HGUR3RYHGDZDVDIƓUPHGLQWKH FRQYLFWLRQ RI KDYLQJ ODXQFKHG D ŏProvidential Work, designed for this time. A bold, daring Work, which requires an extraordinary vocationŐ$:RUNWKDWQHHGVDVSHFLDO ZD\RIEHLQJDQGDFWLQJEHFDXVHLQKLVZRUGV ŏThe men 39 POVEDA, THE FILM HISTORICAL BACKGROUND of God and the women of God are unmistakable.Ő RQ MRE RSSRUWXQLWLHV VFKRODUVKLSV D VHFUHWDULDW WKDW ,QWKHHDUO\WKLUWLHVWKH7HUHVLDQ$VVRFLDWLRQKDGDOUHDG\ PDQDJHGLQIRUPDWLRQRQERRNVQRWHVELEOLRJUDSK\DQG DUHFRJQL]HGSUHVHQFHLQXQLYHUVLW\VHWWLQJV,QDGGLWLRQ HYHU\WKLQJ WKDW 3URIHVVRUV LQ WKH YDULRXV 'HSDUWPHQWV WRWKHƓUVW)HPDOH8QLYHUVLW\5HVLGHQFHRI6SDLQFUHDWHG UHFRPPHQGHG 7KHUH ZDV DOVR LQIRUPDWLRQ RQ VWXG\ LQ0DGULGLQ EHWZHHQ DQG WKHUHZHUH FHQWHUV DEURDG LQIRUPDWLRQ RQ MRE RSHQLQJV DQG XQLYHUVLW\DFWLYLWLHVRIWKH7HUHVLDQ$VVRFLDWLRQLQ2YLHGR JDWKHULQJV WR GLVFXVV SKLORVRSKLFDO VRFLDO OHJDO 6HYLOOH9DOODGROLG=DUDJR]D*UDQDGDDQG6DODPDQFD MRXUQDOLVWLFOHJDOWRSLFVDQGDQ\WKLQJWKDWZRXOGEHRI ,Q0DGULGVHYHUDOFHQWHUVIRUZRPHQōVXQLYHUVLW\VWXGLHV LQWHUHVWWRWKH\RXQJZRPHQZKRIUHTXHQWHGLW VHYHUDOUHVLGHQFHVDQGFHQWHUVIRUIXWXUHJUDGXDWHVDQG ,Q WRJHWKHU ZLWK 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edro Poveda in the “Hermandad del Refugio” ,Q0D\ 3HGUR3RYHGDZDVSUHVHQWHGIRUDGPLVVLRQ KRPHV7KH\DOVRJDYHWHPSRUDU\DVVLVWDQFHWRVLFNDQG WRWKHŏ+HUPDQGDGGHO5HIXJLRŐDFKDULWDEOHDVVRFLDWLRQ XQHPSOR\HGSHRSOHDQGWKH\KHOSHGZKHQWKHUHZHUH ORFDWHG LQ WKH FHQWHU RI 0DGULG DQG IRXQGHG DW WKH ƓUHV VRPHWKLQJ IUHTXHQW LQ WKRVH \HDUV RU LQ RWKHU EHJLQQLQJRIWKHWKFHQWXU\ VLWXDWLRQVRIFDODPLW\ 6LQFH KH ZDV DGPLWWHG DV D PHPEHU XQWLO DOPRVW WKH 7KHPHPEHUVDOVRYLVLWHGKRPHVDQGWULHGWRƓQGZRUN HYH RI KLV GHDWK 3HGUR 3RYHGD XVXDOO\ ZDONHG IURP IRUSDUHQWVRIIDPLO\HVSHFLDOO\ KLVKRXVHRQ$ODPHGD6WUHHWWR%DMD&RUUHGHUDGH6DQ 7KH JURXSV WKDW PDGH WKH ŏURXQGVŐ DOZD\V ZHQW 3DEOR 6WUHHW ZKHUH WKH ŏ+HUPDQGDGŐ ZDV ORFDWHG DFFRPSDQLHGE\DSULHVWVRWKDWKHFRXOGDGPLQLVWHUWKH 7KH KHDGTXDUWHUV ZHUH OLQNHG WR WKH &KXUFK RI 6DLQW VDFUDPHQWVLQFDVHRIQHHG $QWKRQ\ZLWKDQHDUE\KRVSLWDODVKHOWHUIRUDEDQGRQHG 3HGUR 3RYHGD FRQWLQXHG WKH MRXUQH\ WKDW KDG EHJXQ FKLOGUHQDQGDVFKRROWKDWZDVDQRUSKDQDJH LQ*XDGL[DQGWKDWPDUNHGDOOKLVOLIHDQGWKRXJKWDV 0RVWFKDUDFWHULVWLFRIWKHDFWLYLW\RIWKHŏ+HUPDQGDGŐ UHŴHFWHG LQ KLV ZULWLQJV +H ZDV FRQYLQFHG WKDW DQ\ ZHUH WKH ŏQLJKW URXQGVŐ PDGH E\ JURXSV RI HLJKW RU DVVLVWDQFHWDVNVKRXOGDOZD\VEHOLQNHGWRHGXFDWLRQDV WHQ PHQ ZKR DW OHDVW ZHHNO\ ZDONHG WKH VWUHHWV WR RQHRIWKHEHVWZHDSRQVWRƓJKWSRYHUW\ KHOS WKRVH ZKR QHHGHG DVVLVWDQFH DQG VHUYLFHV 7KH\ ,QWKHDUWLFOHVIRUKLVSURFHVVRI&DQRQL]DWLRQRQHUHDGV XVXDOO\ KHOSHG VLFN SHRSOH ZLWKRXW UHVRXUFHV LQ WKH ŏ+H EHORQJHG WR WKH Ō+HUPDQGDG GHO 5HIXJLRō DQ VWUHHWRULQWKHLURZQKRXVHVGLVWULEXWHGIRRGDVVLVWHG DVVRFLDWLRQGHVLJQHGWRKHOSDOOWKHSRRUEHJJDUVDQG EHJJDUVDQGSURVWLWXWHVZRPHQLQQHHGRIKHOSWRJLYH VLFNZKRURDPHGWKHVWUHHWVRI0DGULG$QGWKHGRRURI ELUWK FKLOGUHQ DEDQGRQHG RU ZKR KDG ŴHG IURP WKHLU KLVKRXVHDOZD\VUHPDLQHGRSHQWRUHPHG\DSUREOHP 40 POVEDA, THE FILM HISTORICAL BACKGROUND WRƓQGDMREWRKHOSDQHHG+LVRIƓFHEHFDPHDVLWZDV GD\ KH SHUVRQDOO\ DWWHQGHG WR D JURZLQJ QXPEHU RI IDPLOLDUO\ FDOOHG D ŌVHFUHWDULDW RI FKDULW\ō$OPRVW HYHU\ WKHVHUHTXHVWVŐ 7.b Characteristics of the formation program PEDRO POVEDA, WOMEN AND THE INTELLECTUAL WORLD (1931) 6HOHFWHGWH[WVIURPDSHUVRQDOOHWWHUWRD\RXQJWHDFKHU-XOLD ODFNRIVDFULŵFHWKHKLVWRU\RIRXUDSRVWRODWH 2FKRDZKRWRRNUHVSRQVLELOLW\IRUWKH8QLYHUVLW\5HVLGHQFH We must forget about ourselves to think only of the most RI0DGULGLQ 'DWHGLQ0DGULGLQ6HSWHPEHURIWKDW sacred interests you represent and defend; we have to put all \HDU our trust in divine light and aid, but we must think, plan, work, We propose that this residence for university students be a real ZDWFKVXIIHUVDFULŵFHDVLIWKHZKROHVXFFHVVRIRXUHQGHDYRU home of formation, precisely for young people who tomorrow depended on the effort we put into it. will be directors, teachers of centers of higher education and Let us be convinced that the success will be as big as our always people who are outstanding for their knowledge and distrust of ourselves, our trust should be in God and we should virtue. It is not easy to measure and appreciate the importance VDFULŵFHIRUWKHVDOYDWLRQRIVRXOV:HKDYHWRJLYHDQGQRWDVN of the work you have to do in that house, because the destiny for anything, we have to be everything to everyone in order RIWKHHGXFDWHGZRPDQDQGKHULQŶXHQFHLQPRGHUQVRFLHW\LV to win them to Christ; we must seize every opportunity, every now something as big as elusive (...) appropriate moment: the joy and sadness, triumphs and The intellectual world is the world of the future and if a few years humiliations, the joy and pain of the young people entrusted ago a female student followed a safe road map, today such effort to our care in order to draw from all psychological and even is geared to denaturing and de-christianizing young women, so physiological states the greater good of souls; we must have the that there are frequent desertions and impiety and immorality gift of opportunity always and there should be no inconstancy are growing among those students who, because of their or setbacks; we must be fair and persevering against all studies, their knowledge, and their culture should be models internal and external variation, ours and those of others; we by all counts. How much the Teresian Association has done in have to be fair with mercy, kind without being overly sweet, this area and how much it has avoided and prevented! It is not polite, attentive, and courteous without ridiculousness, without we who must say so, but we must acknowledge the assistance pretense or pedantry; we must speak in a timely manner and be of God to whom we owe all that constitutes our being. silent when needed; we should put your heart on the spiritual Our responsibility is huge before God, the Church, and society while keeping your hand on the material; we have to teach by if, at the very moment when the glory of God and the honor of doing and by suffering. the Church and the good of society beset us, we deny, with our There you have your program! Would you like to know more about this topic? • Mujeres en la universidad. Un proyecto pionero en 1914E\3URIHVVRU&RQVXHOR Flecha, 1914. • El acceso de la mujer española a la universidad y su proyección en la vida pública (1910-1936). 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We are VKRXOGQRWGHQ\WKHWKHPHRIZRPHQLQLWVRZQKLVWRU\ beginning courses which henceforth must take place WKURXJKODFNRILQWHUHVW permanently” ŏ)URPWKHEHJLQQLQJRIKLVHGXFDWLRQDODFWLYLWLHVKHKDG ŏ'RFXPHQWDWLRQRQWKHFRXUVHVGLUHFWHGE\3RYHGDRQH UHSHDWHG KLV LGHDV DERXW WKH UHVSRQVLELOLW\ RI WKRVH LQ IURP-XO\DQGDQRWKHUVLPLODURQHIURP-XO\WR 6WDWH HGXFDWLRQ WKH LQWHQVLƓFDWLRQ RI WKHLU HGXFDWLRQDO $XJXVWVKRZWKDWLQWKHVHHGXFDWLRQDWDOOOHYHOVZDV VNLOOV WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI WKHLU VRFLDO DZDUHQHVV DQG GHDOWZLWK VFKRROVKLJKHUHGXFDWLRQFODVVHVIRUZRUNHUV WKHQHHGWRERRVWWKHLUDXWRQRP\LQWKHIDFHRISROLWLFDO FROODERUDWLRQ LQ SURIHVVLRQDO PDJD]LQHV OLEUDULHV SDUWLVDQVKLSLQFUHDVLQJDWWKHVDPHWLPHWKHLUERQGVRI SURIHVVLRQDO DVVRFLDWLRQV UHODWLRQVKLSV ZLWK FROOHDJXHV VROLGDULW\ SDUHQWVDQGORFDODXWKRULWLHVDVZHOODVUHVSRQVLELOLWLHVLQ ŏ7KHŌZRUNōLQYROYHGQRWRQO\DVSHFLDOLQWHUQDOHIIRUWEXW SURYLQFLDODQGORFDOFRXQFLOVDQGLQHGXFDWLRQDOPLVVLRQVŐ DOVR D GLUHFW SDUWLFLSDWLRQ LQ WKH HGXFDWLRQDO DFWLYLWLHV 3RYHGDōVZRUGVZHUHMXVWLƓHGE\WKHDWPRVSKHUHRIKLJK RUJDQL]HG E\ WKH 0LQLVWU\ RI 3XEOLF ,QVWUXFWLRQ LWVHOI ULVNZKLFKZDVEHLQJH[SHULHQFHG'XULQJWKHFRXUVHVWKH DV SDUW RI WKH FRXUVHV RUJDQL]HG VLQFH -XO\ IRU $FWVRI0DUW\UVZHUHUHDG WKH VHOHFWLRQ RI WHDFKHUV E\ WKH *HQHUDO 'LUHFWRUDWH RI ŏ)OLQFKLQJ DW WHDFKLQJ GLIƓFXOWLHV RU WKH GDQJHU RI (OHPHQWDU\(GXFDWLRQ,WVFKLHIRIVWDII5RGROIR/ORSLVZDV ORVLQJ RQHōV MRE ZDV IRU 3RYHGD DQ XQVSHDNDEOH IRUP ORRNLQJIRUOD\WHDFKHUVZKRZHUHŏƓWŐIRUWKH5HSXEOLF RIFRZDUGLFH1RWEHLQJH[HPSODU\DWZRUNLQDVSLULWRI 7KH JURXS RI WHDFKHUV LQ 6WDWH HGXFDWLRQ LQ 3RYHGDŌV MXVWLFHZDVVFDQGDORXVIRUKLP QRWXVLQJWKHIUHHGRP FLUFOHZHUHIHZDQGIDUEHWZHHQLIZHWDNHLQWRDFFRXQW RIWKHSRVLWLRQWRSUHVHQWLQFRQVFLHQFHZKDWVKRXOGEH WKH RYHUDOO VLWXDWLRQ &RQVFLRXV RI WKH LQIHULRULW\ SUHVHQWHGZDVXQSDUGRQDEOHJLYHQWKHIUHHGRPXVHGE\ RIFRQGLWLRQVLQZKLFKWKH:RUNZDVPRYLQJKHZURWH WKRVHZKRVHWHDFKLQJZDVEDVHGRQRWKHUSKLORVRSKLHVŐ From Pedro Poveda’s writings “We have to give and not ask ... we should have the gift of RI UHVLVWLQJ YLROHQFH EXW RI VRPHWKLQJ HOVH DFWLQJ LQ RSSRUWXQLW\DWDOOWLPHVDQGWKHUHPXVWEHQRŵFNOHQHVVRU DQRWKHU ZD\: “with meekness, with non-violence, VD\V setbacks; we must be calm and persevering (...); we must 3RYHGD, education can be done, government can be done, be just with mercy, kind without being obtrusive, delicate, justice can be done.” attentive, and courteous, without ridicule or pretense, 7KURXJKRXWWKH\HDU WKHDXWKRUVSHQGVDJUHDWGHDO or pedantry; we must speak in time and be silent when RIKLVWLPHLQGLUHFWFRQWDFWZLWKWKHVWXGHQWV,Q DQ needed; it is necessary to put our heart in the spiritual $VVHPEO\RI&RRSHUDWRUVZDVFRQYHQHG ‘to agree on the things but without forgetting to deal with the material RIŵFLDOWHUPLQDWLRQ VLF RIWKLV$VVRFLDWLRQDQGWKHFUHDWLRQ things; we must teach by working and suffering. That is (sic) of another one’. The new Association was named F.A.C. your program.” (1931). (Faith, Action, Science), a decision taken because of the “Now is the time for prayer, not for lamentations. Time circumstances, and given the situation of the country.” for us to identify with the Church. To work until we can “In my holy retreat I saw, as never before, the Work as do no more. Time to confess Christ. Time to act in silence. something gigantic. The present circumstances, thinking Time for not judging events with a pagan criterion, but and seeing the ills that Spain is suffering today, the with the criterion of faith. Time to pray to God for the campaigns against us (...) make me see, with a certain government. Time to forgive. Time, in short, like that of the fear and trembling, the responsibility that this entails, the early Christians. Living in the midst of the world like them, greatness of the Work, the Spirit of our Association (...). I serving loyally, each one in his/her own place. “ (1931) want you to study what the Association is; to deepen into 7KH &RQVLGHUDWLRQV DERXW PHHNQHVV FRQWDLQ D GHHS WKH YLVLRQ WKH VSLULW WKH QHHG IRU WKH :RUN WKH ŵQJHU UHŴHFWLRQRQWKHQHJDWLYHHIIHFWVRIYLROHQFHDQGSURSRVH of God is here, this is the Work of God. “ (Pedro Poveda, SRVLWLYHDWWLWXGHV)RUWKHDXWKRULWLVQRWMXVWDTXHVWLRQ 1931). 45 POVEDA, THE FILM HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 7.g Characters in Madrid REAL Teachers College) • 3HGUR3RYHGD • -RVHID6HJRYLD EXTRAS DQG),&7,21 • Marina, • $VVHPEO\RI&ROOHJHVWXGHQWV • 0DUtD'$VWXGLOOR • $VVHPEO\RI7HDFKHUV • (PPDÉOYDUH] • Politicians, • Julia, • People who ask Pedro Poveda for • &DUPHQ help in his office • Fr. Julio Barcia • José, carpenter • 0U5RGROIR • College Students with Poveda, • Alfonso Barea, • 6HFUHWDU\WR0U5RGROIR • /XLV(FKHYHUUtD • 0LOLWLDPHQDQGVXSHUYLVRUV • Carlos Poveda, • Manolo and Felipe • Mr. Juan (Professor at the • Conchi. 2TQǪNGU IQ WKH VFHQH LQ ZKLFK DQ $VVHPEO\ RI (GXFDWLRQ 3URIHVVRUV LV DERXW WR EHJLQ D WHDFKHU DVNV DERXW +RUQDFKXHORV7KLVLVDVPDOOWULEXWHWR9LFWRULD'tH]ZKRZDVDWHDFKHULQWKDWWRZQSURYLQFHRI&yUGRED ,QWKHIROORZLQJVHTXHQFH-RVHID6HJRYLDVSHDNVZLWK3HGUR3RYHGDDQGKHVD\V´7KDQN*RGWKDW&DUPHQ &XHVWDGHIHQGHGWKH$VVRFLDWLRQµ:HRIIHUDEULHISURÀOHRIHDFKRIWKHP BLESSED VICTORIA DÍEZ Y BUSTOS DE MOLINA 7KH FKDULVP RI WKH 7HUHVLDQ $VVRFLDWLRQ SUDFWLFHG LQ GDLO\OLYLQJLVDQHORTXHQWSURRIWKDWKROLQHVVLVSRVVLEOH for those who live their profession as a path of dedication to the Gospel. 9LFWRULD 'tH] VHUYHG DV D SXEOLF VFKRRO WHDFKHU ÀUVW D \HDU LQ &KHOHV %DGDMR] DQG ODWHU LQ D UXUDO DUHD RI WKH3URYLQFHRI&RUGREDERWKSRRUZLWKPDQ\VWXGHQWV and few resources. In 1928 she arrived in Hornachuelos &RUGRED DWWKHDJHRIDQGZLWKDFOHDUDZDUHQHVV RIKDYLQJUHFHLYHGDQLPSRUWDQWPLVVLRQ She worked in the local Church in Catholic Action, in catechesis, in the preparation of catechists, in unconditional help to the parish priest. 2QWKHRI$XJXVWRI VKHZDVGHWDLQHGLQKHU KRPHLPSULVRQHGDQGWDNHQZLWKDJURXSRIPHQDQG WKHSDULVKSULHVWWRDQDEDQGRQHGPLQHRXWVLGHWKHFLW\ 2QWKDWZD\VKHHQFRXUDJHVKHUFRPSDQLRQVUHPLQGLQJ WKHPWKDWWKH\ZRXOGPHHW&KULVW6KHZDVVKRWDWGDZQRQ$XJXVWDQGEHDWLÀHGE\E\3RSH -RKQ3DXOLQ5RPHLQ 46 POVEDA, THE FILM HISTORICAL BACKGROUND CARMEN CUESTA DEL MURO 6KHZDVERUQLQ3DOHQFLDLQ 6KHFRPSOHWHGKHUVWXGLHVZLWKÁ\LQJFRORUVDWWKH6FKRRO RI(GXFDWLRQLQ0DGULGEHWZHHQ DQG DQGUHFHLYHGKHUGRFWRUDWHLQ/DZLQ EHLQJWKHÀUVWZRPDQWRDFKLHYHWKLVDFDGHPLFGHJUHHLQ6SDLQ6KHVWDUWHGWHDFKLQJ3HGDJRJ\ at the Teachers’ School in Teruel. 6KH LV RQH RI WKH SLRQHHULQJ ZRPHQ RI WKH Teresian Association who entered higher HGXFDWLRQ ZLWK DFXWH VHQVLWLYLW\ WR JUDVS WKH SUREOHPV DQG QHHGV RI HGXFDWLRQ DQG NQRZOHGJH LQ 6SDLQ DV WKH FRXQWU\ RSHQHG WKHGRRUVRIWKHXQLYHUVLW\WRZRPHQ,Q VKHWRRNDOHDYHRIDEVHQFHIURPKHUZRUNWR PRYHWR0DGULGWRPDQDJHWKHÀUVW8QLYHUVLW\ 5HVLGHQFH RI WKH 7HUHVLDQ $VVRFLDWLRQ 7KLV 5HVLGHQFHIRUIHPDOHVWXGHQWVZDVFUHDWHGLQ 0DGULGLQ DQGLWZDVWKHÀUVWRILWVNLQG &DUPHQ &XHVWD NQHZ KRZ WR LQWHJUDWH KHU SURIHVVLRQDOFRPPLWPHQWVDQGKHUGHGLFDWLRQ to the Teresian Association, of which she was D PHPEHU VLQFH KHU \RXQJ \HDUV $PRQJ KHU contributions are her participation in the JRYHUQPHQWRIVDLG$VVRFLDWLRQWKHSUHVLGHQF\ RI WKH ´$VVRFLDWLRQRI 7HFKQLFDO &RRSHUDWRUVµ and her contribution to the expansion of the :RUNLQ6RXWK$PHULFD +HU RXWVWDQGLQJ SHUVRQDOLW\ KHU YDVW knowledge, her especial speaking gifts, the FODULW\ RI KHU PLQG KHU FRXUDJHRXVQHVV WR IDFH WKH PRVW GLIÀFXOW SUREOHPV PDGH KHU D UHPDUNDEOHSROLWLFDOSHUVRQ$OUHDG\LQ 6HUUDQRGH+DURKDGGLVFRYHUHGKHUTXDOLWLHV DQG LQYLWHG KHU WRJHWKHU ZLWK VSHDNHUV OLNH *DUFLD 0RUHQWH 5DPLUR GH 0DH]WX -XDQ =DUDJHWDDQG(GXDUGR0DUTXLQDWRVSHDNRQWKHWRSLF´7KHDJJUDQGL]HPHQWRIWKH1DWLRQV DQGWKH(GXFDWLRQRILWV&LWL]HQVµDVSDUWRIDFRXUVHRIWKH6FKRRORI(GXFDWLRQ $SSRLQWHG PHPEHU RI WKH 1DWLRQDO $VVHPEO\ DQG HOHFWHG 6HFUHWDU\ RI WKH 'HSDUWPHQW RI (GXFDWLRQDQG,QVWUXFWLRQVKHVWRRGRXWLQWKHGHIHQVHRIWKHFLYLOULJKWVRIZRPHQ+HU SURSRVDOV DQG DPHQGPHQWV DUH SXEOLVKHG LQ WKH PLQXWHV RI WKH PHHWLQJV RI WKH 1DWLRQDO $VVHPEO\RI :HOONQRZQDWWKHQDWLRQDOOHYHOIRUKHUH[SHUWLVHLQWKHÀHOGVRIHGXFDWLRQDQGVRFLDODFWLRQ in 1926 the Spanish Catholic Action asked her to be part of a group that would travel to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issues. She died in Madrid in a tragic accident in 1968. Collaboration AHIT. www.institucionteresiana.org 47 POVEDA, THE FILM HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 9J[KUVJGETWEKǩZKNNWOKPCVGFYKVJDNWGCPFTGFNKIJV! )RU3HGUR3RYHGDWKH´:RUNLV-HVXV &KULVW DQG WKH RQO\ VWUHQJWK LV SUD\HUµ,QWKHGUDPDWLFKRXUVQHDU WKHHQGLQWKHÀOPWKHUHLVDVFHQH RI3HGUR3RYHGDSUD\LQJEHIRUHWKH FUXFLÀ[,WLVLQGHHGWKHVWDWXHWKDW 6W3HGUR3RYHGDKDGLQWKHRUDWRU\ of his house. Two tonalities are seen LQ WKH LOOXPLQDWLRQ UHG DQG EOXH FRORUVWKDWLGHQWLI\WKH´VLGHVµWKDW will that will be confronted in the war of 1936. Cristo del oratorio de P. Poveda Pedro Poveda’s words .KXKPI%TWEKǪZGU... 2TC[GTVJGQPN[ 1PGQPN[PGGFUVQ “Last night when kneeling before UVTGPIVJ DGIQQFKPQTFGTVQ D&UXFLÀ[,ZDVWKLQNLJRIZKDW Saint Augustine, the great IKXG I would talk about to you today, Father of the Church, says that How should your alms be to help what I had written on a card ‘prayer is the strength of man poor girls? It should be alms from came to mind: You must be living and the weakness of God,’ and the body, spirit, and heart. As for FUXFLÀ[HV I tell you, revealing my thought WKHÀUVWNHHSLQPLQGZKDW7RELDK and feeling to you, that prayer (...) I have already said that said to his son: If you have little, is the only strength available to give little, if you have much, give each one of you has no other the Teresian Work. By the very strength than that which comes much. There is no need to be rich fact that we do not avail of any in order to give, one only needs to IURP WKH FUXFLÀ[ WKDW LV \RXU other strength, we overcome the armor, the Armor of God; that be good. The good person always Invincible obtaining from his ÀQGVVRPHWKLQJWRJLYH(1912) WKHFUXFLÀ[LVWKHRQO\WUHDVXUH LQÀQLWH PHUF\ WKH XQLQWHUUXSWHG the only property which, under series of wonders that constitute different titles, you legitimately our life (…) own. But now I say more to you: that each one of you must not What prayer ought to be for you be content with this, but must all, and how much it matters to aspire to transform yourself into those of us who dearly love the Work, may easily be concluded DFUXFLÀ[WKDWLVWRVD\WREHD after reading what is expressed OLYLQJFUXFLÀ[ in the previous paragraph. (...) The Association owes its 7KH GLIÀFXOWLHV IURP ZLWKLQ H[LVWHQFHWRWKHFUXFLÀ[VLQFHLW and the dangers from without, was born when there was a move together with persecutions from WREDQLVKWKHFUXFLÀ[IURPSXEOLF some and the fears of others, buildings, from educational bring discouragement to the centers, from primary schools bravest spirit. (...) And how will you be a living If our strength were rooted in FUXFLÀ[" 6WXG\LQJ NQRZLQJ talent, in status, in something ORYLQJLPLWDWLQJWKHFUXFLÀ[DQG merely human, some people in this way you will think,feel, would be able to cooperate and act like Christ” others would not. Since prayer /HWWHU ZULWWHQ WR PHPEHUV RI is our strength, everyone can P. Poveda. Santander 1931 the Association) cooperate equally,(1919) 48 POVEDA, THE FILM HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 6JG6GTGUKCP#UUQEKCVKQPVQFC[ The Teresian Association (TA) is a Private Association RIWKH)DLWKIXORIWKH&DWKROLF&KXUFK,WJDWKHUVOD\ SHRSOHPHQDQGZRPHQZKRFRPPLWWKHPVHOYHV WR OLYLQJ WKHLU PLVVLRQ DQG VSLULWXDOLW\ WKURXJK SHUVRQDO ZLWQHVV SURIHVVLRQDO ZRUN DQG IDPLO\ OLIH $OO PHPEHUV DUH JRYHUQHG E\ WKH 6WDWXWHV DSSURYHGLQ E\3RSH-RKQ3DXO,,7KHUHLVDOVR DZLGHPRYHPHQWRIFROODERUDWRUVIRUPHUVWXGHQWV DQG \RXWK JURXSV WKDW OLYH WKH VDPH PLVVLRQ DQG VSLULWXDOLW\ 7KH 7HUHVLDQ $VVRFLDWLRQ RIIHUV LWV PHPEHUVVXSSRUWDQGIRUPDWLRQWROLYHWKHLUIDLWK DQG WR FROODERUDWH LQ WKH HYDQJHOL]LQJ PLVVLRQ RI WKH&KXUFKWKURXJKKXPDQDGYDQFHPHQWDQGVRFLDO WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ WKURXJK HGXFDWLRQ DQG FXOWXUH :LWKDVSLULWXDOLW\RILQFDUQDWLRQFHQWHUHGRQWKH P\VWHU\RI*RGPDGHPDQDQGZLWKDZD\RIEHLQJ LQWKHZRUOGOLNHWKHÀUVW&KULVWLDQV ,WVWDUWHGLQ E\6DLQW3HGUR3RYHGD,Q LW UHFHLYHG 3RQWLÀFDO DSSURYDO E\ 3RSH 3LXV ;O DV D3LRXV8QLRQWKURXJKWKH´,QWHU)UXJLIHUDVµ%ULHI ,Q 3HGUR 3RYHGD ZURWH ´7KH 7HUHVLDQ P. Poveda. Covadonga 1934 $VVRFLDWLRQLVDQHPLQHQWO\0DULDQDVVRFLDWLRQEHFDXVHRILWVRULJLQLWVKLVWRU\DQGLWVRZQ FKRLFH,WZDVERUQLQWKHFDYHRI&RYDGRQJD+RZPXFKZHRZHWR0DU\VLQFHWKHIRXQGDWLRQ RIWKH:RUN,WVPLVVLRQQHHGVDVDIHDQGSRZHUIXOVKHOWHUOLNHWKDWRI0DU\µ ,Q DWWKHHQGRIKLVOLIH3HGUR3RYHGDUHOLYHGWKDWH[SHULHQFHLQDSRZHUIXOZD\ KH WUDQVPLWWHGLWLQKLVQRWHVDQGFRPPHQWDULHVDQGUHFRUGHGWKHPHDQLQJWKDW&RYDGRQJDKDG IRUKLPDQGZKDWWKLVIDFWPHDQWIRUWKH7HUHVLDQ$VVRFLDWLRQWRKDYHEHHQERUQWKHUH$VD VLJQKHHVWDEOLVKHGDQRQJRLQJFRPPLWPHQWWRWKH6DQWLQD 2XU/DG\RI&RYDGRQJD ´For devotion due to the Blessed Virgin to whom the Teresian Work belongs; so that the Association never forgets its Marian origin and never interrupts the communication that PXVW H[LVW ZLWK WKH 6DQWLQD WR VWUHQJWKHQ RXU FRQÀGHQFH in our Mother and Lady every day and to always seek the light and the help in the same place where the Association RULJLQDWHGDQGWRÀQGVRODFHDQGSURWHFWLRQWKURXJKRXWLWV life, Teresian Association states what will be known under the name of ‘Voto de Covadonga’, (Covadonga Votive Offering) committing itself each year to send to Covadonga an offering and representation ..µ $W SUHVHQW LWV PHPEHUV FDUU\ RXW WKHLU PLVVLRn in public DQGSULYDWHHQWLWLHVLQQXPHURXVFRXQWULHV 49 6GEJPKECN&CVC Original title POVEDA Year Duration PLQ Country 6SDLQ Director 3DEOR0RUHQR Script 3HGUR'HOJDGR3DEOR0RUHQR Sound Track 2VFDU0DUW¯Q/HDQL]EDUUXWLD Photography 5XE«Q'2UWHJD Cast 5D¼O(VFXGHUR(OHQD)XULDVH'DQLHO*µPH]3DEOR9L³D;LTXL5RGU¯JXH]$LQKRD$OGRQDGR1DWDOLD OYDUH] Producer *R\D3URGXFFLRQHV7KUHH&ROXPQV(QWHUWDLQPHQW Category 'UDPD_5HOLJLRQōV%LRJUDSKLF Synopsis 7KHSULHVW3HGUR3RYHGDOLYHGDIXOOOLIHLOOXPLQDWHGE\IDLWKDQGORYH+HSHUIRUPHGDQLPSRUWDQW VRFLRHGXFDWLRQDOZRUNLQWKHFDYHVRI*XDGL[ZLWKWKHSRRUZKROLYHGLQLJQRUDQFHDQGLQGLJHQFH 7UDQVIHUUHG WR$VWXULDV DQG ODWHU WR -D«Q KH ODXQFKHG D SLRQHHULQJ LQLWLDWLYH HQWUXVWLQJ \RXQJ ZRPHQZLWKKLVHGXFDWLRQDOSURMHFWDQGIRXQGLQJWKH7HUHVLDQ$VVRFLDWLRQ ),/0$)),1,7< 7KHÀOP329('$KDVUHFHLYHGVHYHUDODZDUGV Madrid, January 11, 2017 To learn more: www.instituiconteresiana.orgwww.pedropoveda.orgZZZSRYHGDODSHOLFXODFRP Follow us:#,QVW7HUHVLDQDIDFHERRNFRP,QVWLWXFLyQ7HUHVLDQD Would you like to contact the Teresian Association?:ULWHWRXVDW[email protected]