Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za Africa grewinmymind,though atthattimeIthoughtitwouldallbecontained richness ofsuchatraditionin West Africa, theideaofcreatingsuchaguideforWest In viewoftheabsenceanyguidetosub-SaharanArabic writings,andtheevident The but leftuncataloguedforalmostacentury. colonial forcesinSégou1890andpreservedtheBibliothèque NationaleinParis, the libraryofal-‘Umarb.Sa‘idal-Futiandhisdescendants, seizedbyFrench although oneortwocollectionsofsuchmanuscriptsdidexist inEurope–mostnotably little wasknownabouttheArabicwritingsofAfricasouthEgyptandMaghrib, pages referringtoArabicwritingsinsub-SaharanAfrica.Certainly, beforethe1950s tradition fromMoroccotoIndiacompriseatotalof4706pages,buthaveonlyfour volumes allpublishedinthe1930sand1940s.ThesecoveringArabicwriting Literatur volume workbytheGermanscholarCarlBrockelmann, West forthisvolumewasthecelebratedmulti- AfricanArabicwriters.Themodel to bringallthisinformationtogetherandpublishitinabio-bibliographicalvolumeon mation arisingfromthemanuscriptsthathadbeenmicrofilmed.Theeventualaimwas and theworkstheyhadwritten,basedonexistingsources,supplementedbyinfor- been conceivedtoassemblebiographicalinformationaboutauthorsofArabicwritings thataprojecthad issue ofthejournal,inJuly1965,Iannouncedintroduction called and analysethem.AspartoftheprojectIstartedinsameyeartopublishajournal project wastomicrofilmArabicmanuscriptsfromnorthernNigeria,andcatalogue initiated aprojectcalledtheCentreofArabicDocumentation.Theobjective I originatesevenbeforethat.In1964attheUniversityofIbadan,Nigeria, inspiration The originsoftheArabicLiteratureAfricaprojectgobackalmost40years,thoughits John Hunwick of Africaproject The ArabicLiterature CHAPTER Literature ofAfrica Research Bulletin : twooriginalvolumes(laterrevisedandupdated)threesupplementary 21 through theuniversity’s InstituteofAfricanStudies.Inthethird series Geschichte derarabischen THE ARABICLITERATURE OFAFRICAPROJECT uncatalogued foralmostacentury. thèque Nationale inParis, butleft 1890 intheBiblio- andpreserved French colonialforces inSégou Futi andhisdescendants,seizedby ofal-Hajj ‘Umarlibrary b.Sa‘idal- exist inEurope –mostnotably the collections ofsuch manuscripts did Maghrib, althoughoneortwo of AfricasouthEgypt andthe was known abouttheArabic writings Certainly, before the1950s little 303 Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za and conservation. restoration, digitisation A manuscriptreadyfor 304 THE MEANINGSOFTIMBUKTU Volume 1, chapters according to periods of timeand/ortheinterrelationshipofauthorsand chapters accordingtoperiods centuries. Theinformation in thisvolume,andallotherssince,wasdividedinto the RepublicofSudan,coveringseventeenth, eighteenth andnineteenth The firstvolume–oneasternSudanicAfricadealtwith theareathatnowcomprises Volume 1:EasternSudanicAfrica Publishers ofLeiden,Netherlands,theoriginalpublishersBrockelmann’s series. mation, andin19941995thefirsttwovolumeswerepublishedbyBrillAcademic In theearly1990swebegantoplanpublicationofaseriesvolumessuchinfor- African StudiesatNorthwesternUniversitybetween1985and1987. Bibliographical Information prise wasajournalcalled ofthisenter- covering theSudan,HornofAfrica,andEastAfrica.Thefirstproduct on AfricawestofLakeChad,O’Faheywouldworktotheeast that wewould,asitwere,dividethecontinentbetweenourselves.WhilstIwouldfocus the projectfromWest Africatoincludethewholeofsub-SaharanAfrica.We decided Nilotic SudanandEastAfrica.O’Faheyimmediatelyofferedcollaborationtoexpand whose greatestareaofinterestandknowledge,asregardsArabicsources,wasthe al-Sudan term primarilyreferringtotheSahelianregion,knownin medieval Arabicasthe All volumesof original ArabictextwithEnglishtranslations. Arabic writingshassincebeenpublished,aswellshortdocumentsintheir Sudanic Africa:AJournalofHistoricalSources and myself,hadin1990launchedattheUniversityofBergenanannualjournalcalled Albrecht Hofheinz;andaNorwegianscholarKnutVikør who,togetherwithO’Fahey Abu SalimandYahya MuhammadIbrahim;twoGermanscholars,BerndRadtkeand compiled byO’Fahey. HewasassistedbytwoSudanesescholars,MuhammadIbrahim (land oftheblackpeoples),butalsotoincluderest‘sub-Saharan Africa’. Arabic LiteratureofAfrica:TheWritings ofEasternSudanic Africatoc.1900, Arabic LiteratureofAfrica Professor SeanO’FaheyoftheUniversityBergen,Norway, American UniversityinCairo)Idiscussedtheprojectwith its publicavailability, oncardindexes.In1980(whilstatthe and all, beforetheexistenceofcomputertechnology it recording the titlesandlocationsofWest AfricanArabicmanuscripts, For thenext25yearsIcontinuedtogatherinformationabout collections fromWest Africaarecurrentlyheld. page 308showswheresomeofthelargermanuscriptandarchive manuscripts thatwouldeventuallycometolight.Themapon writing therehadbeen,orthehugenumberofhidden in asinglevolume.OnejustcouldnotimaginehowmuchArabic , ofwhichthreeissueswerepublishedthroughtheProgram Arabic LiteratureofAfrica:ABulletinBiographicaland were plannedtorefer‘SudanicAfrica’,a , inwhichmuchinformationonAfrican Bilad 1 was Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za the earliestknownWest Africanwriter, butbythe sixteenth centurymanymorewriters of whichwererecordedinwritings byArabicauthorsofthoseregions.Hewascertainly us throughpoemshecomposedwhenwasinMorocco and Spain(Andalusia),parts with apoetcalledIbrahimb.Ya‘qub al-Kanemi, whodiedaround1212andisknownto The volumestartsoffwithachapterentitled‘TheCentralSudan before1800’,beginning Nigeria, butthevolumealsoincludesmaterialonpartsof Cameroon,ChadandNiger. ‘The Writings ofCentralSudanicAfrica’.Africaisdefinedprincipallyas (Roman LoimeierandStefanReichmuth).Itwaspublished in1995withthesubtitle Bakre, HamiduBobboyiandMuhammadSani‘Umar),as well astwoGermanscholars Hunwick compiledVolume 2withthe assistance ofthreeNigerianscholars(RazakAbu Volume 2:CentralSudanicAfrica 5 of such asthewritingsoffamousnovelistal-Tayyib Salih.ThiswillconstituteVolume inthetwentiethcentury, includingmaterialoutsidethe‘intellectualtradition’, Africa some SudaneseandEuropeancollaborators,dealingwith Arabic writings of the West O’Fahey andHunwickwilldraftafollow-uptothisvolumeinthecomingyears,with beginning withthe Ahmad, whotookovertheareafromTurco–Egyptians in1884,andhissuccessors, Another majorchapterdealswiththewritingsofSudaneseMahdiMuhammad far eastasDarfurintheSudanandwestKanoNigeria. eventually spreadingitthroughsouthernLibyaandChad,withbranchesofgoingas in MustaghanimAlgeria1787andsetuphis chapter. ThisistheSanusiyya,foundedbyMuhammadb.‘Alial-Sanusi,whowasborn One other duction tothechapter, whichreadsasfollows: in theYemen in1837.Suchaninclusionisjustifiedtheintro- This wasAhmadb.Idris,whoborninMorocco1750anddied teachings laterhadmuchinfluenceonitandtheHornofAfrica. and initiallyfunctionedoutsidetheBiladal-Sudan,butwhose In fact,someoftherichestchaptersinVolume 1dealwithSufi ( their writings,forexamplemembersofaSufi‘brotherhood’ Sahiliyya andDandarawiyya called AhmadiyyaIdrisiyya,orAhmadiyya),Rashidiyya, Ibrahim al-Rashid.ThistraditionincludestheIdrisiyya(variously Ahmad b.Idris,hisson‘-‘Ali,andSudanesestudent We havegroupedheretheSufitraditionsthatderivefrom and southeastAsia. Ottoman Turkey, theformerYugoslavia andAlbania,Syria,Somalia,EastAfrica, Arabic LiteratureofAfrica. s. AmongthesewasthatofaSufishaykh,whooriginatedfrom tariqa , originatingfromadiscipleofAhmadb.Idris,formsanotherseparate khalifa 2 ‘Abd Allahi. tariqa s, thatweretospreadEgypt, tariqa in whatisnoweasternLibya, tariqa ). THE ARABICLITERATURE OFAFRICAPROJECT 305 Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za 306 THE MEANINGSOFTIMBUKTU whose worksarelistedincludehisbrother works inArabic,plusnumerouspoems,mainlyFulfulde.Othermembersofhisfamily Hausaland inthefifteenthcentury. Hewasanote-worthyscholarwhowroteatleast100 Fulani whoseoriginswereinFutaToro (Senegal),fromwhereancestorsofhismigratedto creator ofanIslamicstate,generallyknownnowadaysastheSokotoCaliphate.Hewasa In anotherchapter, thevolumeincludeswritingsofotherrelativesShaykh Nana Asma’u(d.1864),whowrote9poemsinArabic,42Fulfuldeand26Hausa. Bello (d.1837),authorof175works,including70Arabicpoems;anddanFodio’s daughter 88 worksinArabicand6Hausa;danFodio’s sonandpoliticalsuccessor also usuallyknownas Theprimaryscholarofthatfamilywas‘Uthmanb.Muhammad Fodiye, call theFodiawa. region. PerhapsthemostimportantchaptersinthatvolumedealwithafamilywhomI emerged, notonlyinnorthernNigeria(BornuandHausaland),butalsotheTimbuktu and partsofIvoryCoastBurkinaFaso),achapterinformation onapartofNiger. pages, dealswithMali,Senegal,Guinea,the‘GreaterVoltaic Region’(thatis,Ghana Volume 4,compiledbymyself,waspublished inMay2003.Thisvolume,totalling814 Volume 4:West Africa focused onHausaandFulfuldewritingsfromNigeria,NigerCameroon. also wroteinArabic.Later, avolumeuniquely Ihopeitwillbepossibletoproduce Swahili language.Volume 2includedsomewritingsinHausaandFulfulde,iftheauthor languages intheArabicscript,especially3B,whichmajorityofwritingsare East Africa,hopefullytobepublishedin2008.BothvolumesincludewritingsAfrican Eritrea andSomalia,alreadypublishedin2003;3B,coveringtheSwahiliregionof Volume 3iscurrentlybeingcompiledbyO’Faheyintwoparts:3A,coveringEthiopia, Volume 3:Ethiopia,EritreaandSomalia Malian collections:oneinTimbuktu andoneinParis.One istheAhmedBabaInstitute and stillneedtobecatalogued. Foremostamongsuchcataloguedcollectionsaretwo bothinAfricancountriesandEurope–althoughfarmorecollectionsexist catalogued, writings? Firstofall,therearenownumerouscollections manuscriptsthathavebeen How, onemaywonder, isinformationobtainedaboutmanuscript copiesofallthese Manuscript collectionsofWest Africa his brother Shaykh ature forandagainstSufism,chieflycompiledbyMuhammadSaniUmar. Lagos), bothcompiledbyStefanReichmuth.Afinalchapterfocusesonpolemicalliter- scholars oftheYoruba-speaking regionofsouth-westernNigeria(Ilorin,Ibadanand other areassuchasKano,KatsinaandBornu,withtwochaptersrecordingwritingsof of poetry, andtowhomVolume 2wasdedicated.Otherchaptersdealwithwritersof assembled agreatlibraryofmanuscriptsandhimselfwrotesome50works ‘ Uthman andhissuccessors,rightdowntothe ‘ Abdullahi andhissonMuhammadBello,aswellthevizierswhoserved ‘ Uthman dan Fodio (d.1817),theIslamicregenerator( Uthman danFodio ‘ Abdullahi (‘AbdAllah;d.1829),whowrote wazir Junayd (d.1992),who mujaddid ‘ Uthman, diwan ) and Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za Ousmane Kane. of Boutilimit.InSenegal,too,severalprivatecollectionshavebeencataloguedby available throughhisuniversity, theprivatecollectionoffamilyShaykhSidiyya manuscripts; andCharlesStewartoftheUniversityIllinoishascatalogued,made private collections(6inShinqitand6Wadan), withatotalofover1100 As regardsMauritania,theal-FurqanFoundationhaspublishedacatalogueof12 of historicalinterestaswellworkstheIslamicintellectualtradition. cataloguing oftheirmanuscriptcollections,whichwillmostlikelycontaindocuments negotiated agreementswiththesultanofSokotoandemirKanotoundertake known asArewaHouse(locatedinKaduna),isrunbyHamiduBobboyi,whorecently in preparation.TheresearchanddocumentationcentreofAhmaduBelloUniversity, important collectionofthelate as theUniversityofIbadanlibrarycollection,whilstthoseJosMuseumand of theArabiccollectionNationalArchives,Kadunahasbeencatalogued,aswell public andprivatecollectionscataloguedbytheal-FurqanFoundation:inNigeriapart elsewhere intheMuslimworld.OthercataloguedcollectionsAfricaincludeboth contains some700worksbyawiderangeofauthors,bothWest Africanandfrom Ghana initsInstituteofAfrican Studies,itwaspermissibleforanyscholarwhoneeded Whilst atleasttwoxeroxedcopies ofeverymanuscriptwereheldattheUniversity number ofxeroxcopies,sothattheycouldsharetheircollections withotherscholars. multiple copies.Theoriginalswerethenreturnedtotheir ownerstogetherwitha the 1960sandl970s.ManuscriptswereborrowedfromMuslim scholarsandxeroxedin wasusedin some 700items.AttheUniversityofGhanainLegonadifferent method by theCentreofArabicDocumentationinInstitute of AfricanStudies,totalling collections weremicrofilmedinthe1950sand1960sby mainlibraryand,after1964, been preservedorcatalogued.AttheUniversityofIbadan, manuscriptsfromNigerian originals ofwhichwereretainedbytheirowners,whosepersonal collectionshavenever Elsewhere inWest ofmanuscripts,the Africatherearecollectionsofreproductions Arabic manuscriptsbySenegaleseauthors,plusFulfuldefromGuinea. d’Afrique Noire)attheUniversitéCheikhAntaDiopinDakarcontainhundredsof collections, whilstthearchivesofIFAN (theInstitutFondamental[formerlyFrancais] including thelibraryownersthemselves.OusmaneKanehasexaminedseveralother all ofwhichcontainlargenumbersmanuscriptswritingsbySenegaleseauthors, of thelateShaykhIbrahimNiasseKaolack,andal-HajjMalikSyTivaouane, entirely inFrench,withthetitle deposited intheBibliothèqueNationale.Finally, in1985acataloguewaspublished, yearslater two dants, seizedinSégoubyFrenchcolonialforces1890and The Pariscollectionreferredtoisthelibraryofal-Hajj‘Umarandhisdescen- manuscripts throughtheal-FurqanIslamicHeritageFoundationinLondon. been onlyhalfcataloguedinArabic–9000outofsome20 (see Chapter20inthisvolume)collectionofTimbuktu, whichhassofar 5 These includethelibrariesofSerigneMorMbayeCisséDiourbel, wazir Inventaire delaBibliothèque‘UmarienneSégou of Sokoto,Junaydb.Muhammadal-Bukhari,are 3 . 4 It THE ARABICLITERATURE OFAFRICAPROJECT 307 Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za UNITED STATES FEZ SeeKane(1997) NorthwesternUniversity SeeDialloetal. (1966);Mbaye& MaktabatSerigneMorMbayeCissé EVANSTON InstitutFondamentald’AfriqueNoire, DIOURBEL SeeSayyid(1954–63) DAKAR SeeISESCO(1988) ArabLeague/‘atal-duwal FORANOVERVIEWOFTHE COLLECTION CAIRO ofShaykhBay Privatelibrary BOUDJBEHA Institutd’Histoire, d’Artet ALGIERS National Archives ofGhana ABIDJAN ACCRA INSTITUTE LOCATION ENS atbta-ai lKbrSeeDilayru(1977) Seecardindexinsitu Maktabat al-Jami’al-Kabir Seebinal-‘Arabi(1994) MEKNES MARRAKESH BritishLibrary SeeKane(1997) See Arif &Hakima(1965) LONDON SeeBoyoetal. (1962);Martin(1966); SeeMuhammad(1995);Last(1966, Instituteof African Studies, Universityof Maktabatal-HajjIbrahimNiyas LEGON NigerianNationalMuseum National Archives ofNigeria KAOLACK KADUNA See Voorhoeve (1980) JOS THE HAGUE Library of Library Al-Qarawiyyin Dar al-Kutubal-Misriyya Bibliothèque Nationaled’Alger Fonds BenHamouda, onNbrPdncleto Catalogueinsitu. Also seeSaad(1980) Catalogueinsitu Databasecatalogueinsitu IvorG Wilks’ FieldNotes(copies • JohnNaberPadencollection • JohnOHunwickcollection • HiskettLegacycollection • ‘UmarFalkecollection • Catalogueinsitu (1975);Mbacké&Ka(1994) LouisBrenner’s collectionofxerox • Université Cheikh Anta Diop al-Azhar UniversityLibrary al-‘arabiyya: Ma‘hadal-makhtutat b. Zaynb. ‘Abd al-‘AzizofBoudjebeha d’Archéologie Africaines lKiaaa-am SeeDilayru (1977) al-Khizana al-‘amma SeeGacek(1981) University ofLondon School ofOrientaland African Studies, Evanston, Illinois Odoom&Holden(1965, 1967, 1968) Studies Library, NorthwesternUniversity, Ghana. Copiesavailableatthe African 1967); andindexinsitu Rhodes HouseLibrary, Oxford) Studies, UniversityofGhana, and available attheInstituteof African in Africa copies of Arabic bookspublished Evanston See Daral-Kutubal-Misriyya(1924-42) (1949) See al-AzharUniversityLibrary See Bel(1918);al-Fasi(1979) NewHaven OAINISIUEFORANOVERVIEWOFTHECOLLECTION INSTITUTE LOCATION IAUN Mkaa lHj ai ySeeKane(1997) WADAN Maktabatal-HajjMalikSy TUNIS TIVAOUANE TETUAN oftheNasiriyyazawiya Library TIMBUKTU TAMGROUT SHINQIT SALÉ KhizanatMu’assasat ‘Allal al-Fasi Cyclostyledlistinsitu. Also Kani(1984) SeeSmith(1959a);Hunwick&Gwarzo(1967) RABAT Bibliothèquedel’InstitutFrance InstitutdeRechercheen PARIS SeeNemoy(1965) NIAMEY Malian Arabic ManuscriptMicrofilming NEW HAVEN AESeeNemoy(1965). ZARIA YALE a lKtba-amya(ainlSeeMansur(1975) Daral-Kutubal-Qawmiyya(National uMrc SeeUnesco(1962) andcataloguesinsitu du Maroc Seeal-‘Arbial-Khattabi(1980–1987) Bibliothèque Généraleet Archives Seeal-Tadili &al-Murabiti(1997); Etudes Africaines, UniversitéMohammed V) Nopublishedcatalogue Muhammad al-Khamis(Institutdes Ma’had al-Dirasatal-Ifriqiyya, Jami’at (Bibliothèque Royale) Al-Khizana al-Hasaniyya al-Tumi (1973). Also cardindexesinsitu Al-Khizana al-‘amma ilohqeNtoae SeeGhalietal. (1985); Vajda (1950);Smith See Adnani (2000–01) Musée des Arts d’Afriqueetd’Océanie (1959b); Sauvan& Vajda (1987) Bibliothèque Nationale, Sciences Humaines Project. SterlingLibrary, Yale University rvt irre fAlMhma See Yahya (1997) Sharif and AhlAhmad Ahl YayaBuya b.al-Hajj,al-Kitab,Dahi, Ahl Ahl‘Idi, Private librariesof Ahl Muhammad See Ahmed BabaInstitute(1995-98) de laGrandeMosquée, Tetuan) SeeDilayru(1977) Maktabat al-Jami’al-Kabir(Bibliothèque See Al-Khizana al-‘Amma(1981) of Tetuan) SeeSayyid(2001) Al-Khizana al-‘Amma(GeneralLibrary Mamma HaidaraManuscriptLibrary Ahmed BabaInstitute Ahl Luda’and Ahl al-Sabt Sharif,Hamanni,al-Hamid, Ahl‘Abd SeeYahya(1997) Habut,of AhlAhmad libraries Private SeeHajji(1985/1405) (Subayhiyya Library) al-Khizana al-‘ilmiyyaal-Subayhiyya otenHsoyRsac cee Seeal-Bill(1967–87);andcard indexinsitu University Department ofHistory, Ahmadu Bello ResearchScheme, Northern History atbta-AdlyaSeeMaktabatal-‘Abdaliyya(1908–11) Bibliothèque delaMosquéeZeitouna Maktabat al-‘Abdaliyya of Library Tunisia) See al-Mannuni(1985) See al-Harishi(1992–1997) Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za SENEGAL Dakar Diourbel Tivaouane Kaolack MAURITANIA MOROCCO Shinqit D’IVOIRE CÔTE Tamgrout Rabat Marrakech Abidjan Meknes MALI Fez GHANA Tetuan KINGDOM UNITED Timbuktu London Boudjbeha (Legon) Accra FRANCE Paris Niamey Algiers NIGERIA Hague NETHERLANDS Kaduna Zaria NIGER TUNISIA Tunis Jos Cairo Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za 310 THE MEANINGSOFTIMBUKTU Houmal, the grandsons, butisneitherconservednorcatalogued.Also importantisthelibraryof to theAhmedBabaInstitute.Theremainderofcollection islookedafterbyhis 1955, themajorityofhismanuscriptswereinheritedbyason ofhisandgiven,after1970, origin whosettledinTimbuktu earlyinthetwentiethcentury. Following his deathin Other majorlibrariesincludetheremainderoflibrary Boularaf,amanofMoroccan Study ofIslamicThoughtinAfrica(Isita). Albrecht HofheinzputtogetheradraftcatalogueonbehalfoftheInstitutefor been done,itwillbepossibletocataloguethem,althoughin2001theGermanscholar recently abuildingwasconstructedwheretheycanbesafelyhoused.Nowthatthishas Unfortunately themanuscriptshavenotyetundergonescientificconservation,but century, whilstwithinitisabeautifulcopyoftheQur’ancopiedinTurkey in1420. collection containssomemanuscriptswhosecreationgoesbacktothesixteenth of IsmaëlDiadiéHaidaraandhisbrotherOusmaneHaidara.Thisextraordinary Kirshamba, about161kilometrestothewestofTimbuktu) andisunderthedirection located inTimbuktu (withmany moreitemsstillwithfamilymembersinthevillageof century historianMahmudKa’ti, authorofthe manuscripts belongingtomembersofaclandescendedfromthefamoussixteenth- other importantprivatelibraryistheso-calledFondoKa’ti, acollectionofsome3000 author, althoughaconsiderablenumberarebyauthorsoftheTimbuktu region.The and digitisation.Theyconsistofawiderangewritings,bothintopicorigin They arestoredinawell-designedbuilding,butawaitingscientificconservation the al-FurqanFoundation,withavolumeofremainderstillawaitingpublication. manuscripts, justover3000ofwhicharealreadydescribedinacataloguepublishedby Abdel KaderHaidara(seeChapters17and18inthisvolume).Thiscontainssome5000 of Timbuktu –firstofalltheMammaHaidaraMemorialLibrary, organisedandrunby The richestWest Africanprivatelibrariessofarknowntomearethetwofamousones isalsopopular.later fromSenegal,wheresuchamanuscriptpublicationmethod marketplaces, havebeenaddedtobymyself(over400items),firstfromNigeriaand versions, whichIhavedesignatedas‘marketeditions’sincetheyareopenlysoldin tions ofsomeArabic(andHausa)writingsbyNigerianscholars.Thesepublished collection notonlycontainsoriginalmanuscripts,butalsolocallypublishedreproduc- (d.1962), andsome500itemsobtainedbyProfessorJohnPadeninNigeria.Thislatter obtained throughthesonsofadeceasedTijani scholarofKano,calledUmarFalke University’s AfricanaLibraryalsocontainsacollectionofsome3000manuscripts collection toNorthwesternUniversity. TheArabiccollectioninNorthwestern director oftheproject–purchasedcopieseverymanuscript,andlaterdonatedthis Wilks –theleadingexpertonhistoryofMuslimcommunitiesinGhana,anda an itemtopurchaseaxeroxcopy. Asaresultofthisaccessibilitypolicy, ProfessorIvor other librariesinTimbuktu –AbdelKaderHaidara,inan article publishedin1999(in now beingremovedandisinurgentneedofconservation cataloguing.Therearemany imam of Jingere-BerMosque,whichwasforyearsburiedbelowground andis Tarikh al-fattash . Thecollectionisnow Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za more than3200manuscripts,withnoscientificconservation,butrecentlycatalogued. handed overtotheUniversityofNiamey, whichincorporateditintoIRSH.Thereare president oftheAssembléeNationaleNiger, thelateBoubouHama,butlater Recherche enSciencesHumaines(IRSH).Originally, itwasassembledbythescholarly Niamey, thecapitalofNiger, thereisalargepubliccollectionattheInstitutde Elsewhere inWest Africathereareimportantpublicandprivatecollections.In it greatlydeservesconservationandcataloguing. energy toretaininghisfamilylibrary. Containingmanyfineandvaluablemanuscripts, members. ShaykhBayhimselfisaleadingscholaroftheregion,andhasdevotedmuch mention shouldbemadeofthelibraryShaykhBay, whoinheriteditfromfamily the twentiethcentury, recognisedcentresofIslamicscholarship.InBoudjebéha southern SaharanlocationssuchasArawanandBoudjebéha,whichwereboth,priorto by hisdescendants(seechapter19,thisvolume).Thereareimportantlibrariesin Baghayogho (d.1594), but mainly containing items(saidtobeatotalof8000)obtained volume). Amajormanuscriptlibraryisthe imately 100intherestofMiddleNigerregionMali(alsoseeChapter18this Africanae project(thendirectedbyme).Hemadethisinterestingobservation: Ahmad Kaniandpublishedinthe description ofthecollectionwaswrittenin1984bySudanese–Nigerianscholar a fragilecondition.ThisismajorWest Africancollectionthatiseasilyaccessible.A They arestoredinaroomwithoutanysortofclimatecontrol,andsomethem authors fromMaliandsomebywhatarenowGhanaBurkinaFaso. Although manyofthemanuscriptsarebyauthorsfromNiger, therearealsomanyby Anthropologique Revue centuries (especiallywritings oftheQadirishaykhal-Mukhtaral-Kunti). its holdingsofworksbyWest AfricanSufi shaykhsoftheeighteenthandnineteenth collection, andonewhichdistinguishesitfromothercollections inWest Africais ‘ Abu’l-A’raf [Boularaf]–aworkwrittenin1941–42,biographicaldictionaryof wa’l-tafrit fidhikral-mu‘allifinminahlTakrur wa’l-Sahra’wa-ahlShinqit photocopy ofamanuscriptintheauthor’s handwritingofthe particular hasalong-standingtraditionofliteraryactivity. TheIRSHpossessesa is anotherareaofprovenancemssintheIRSHcollection. TheShinqitregionin Middle EasternoriginisincludedwithintheIRSHcollection. TheWestern Sahara tafsir Islamic sciencessuchas contained inthecollection.Thecollectionalsohousesimportantmaterialonvarious are present day. Materialsrelatingtostateformation,interstateandexternalrelations, and theSaharanregions,rangeschronologicallyfrom14thcenturyto Kanem-Bornu regionacrossHausaland,throughtheNigerBend,andnorthwardstoAir Overall, theIRSHcollectioncoversawidegeographicalarea,stretchingfromold (exegesis), andrelateddisciplines.AgreatdealofliteratureNorthAfrican ’ of‘Takrur’ andtheSahara.PerhapsmostinterestingaspectofIRSH 6 ), listsatotalof30privatecollectionswithinthecity, andapprox- fiqh (jurisprudence), Bulletin d’Information Wangari Library, originatedbyMuhammad tasawwuf (), of theFontesHistoriae Izalat al-raybwa’l-shakk tawhid (theology), by Ahmad 8 7 THE ARABICLITERATURE OFAFRICAPROJECT region ofMali. 100 intherest oftheMiddleNiger within thecity, andapproximately lists atotal of30private collections Timbuktu –AbdelKader Haidara There are many libraries in 311 Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za tawhid (jurisprudence), Islamic sciencessuch as material onvarioushouses important the collection.Thecollectionalso external relations are containedin to state formation,interstate and to thepresent day. Materials relating logically fromcentury thefourteenth Saharan regions,chrono- andranges to Airand Bend, andnorthwards the across Hausaland,through theNiger from theoldKanem-Bornu region wide geographical area, stretching Overall, theIRSHcollectioncovers a 312 and related disciplines. (theology), THE MEANINGSOFTIMBUKTU tasawwuf tafsir (exegesis) fiqh (Sufism), Timbuktu school. Algeria, broughttherebyanAlgerianwhointheearlytwentiethcenturytaughta are nowinpubliccollectionselsewhereAfrica,principallyMorocco.Some manuscripts (toformabasisforcataloguing).Likewise,manyTimbuktu manuscripts been examinedbyMuhammadSharif,anAfrican-Americanstudentanddigitiserof are numerousmanuscriptsofworksbySokotowriters,andthemaincollectionshave settled inandaroundaplaceknownasMaiUrnotothesouthofKhartoum.With them associates, whofledfromtheBritishconquestofHausalandin1903.Theyeventually collections intheSudanbelongstodescendantsofsultanSokoto’s familyand Some NigerianmanuscriptsexistelsewhereinAfrica.OnesetofArabicmanuscript mathematics (32),aswellthetraditionalIslamicsciencessuchQur’anicstudy. medicine (20),history(80),geography(11),philosophy(17),andastronomy 15 suchlibraries,withatotalofover3000manuscripts,includingnumbersitemson parts ofthatcountry. Theal-FurqanFoundationhasrecentlypublishedacatalogueof has alreadybeenmentioned,buttherearemanyotherprivatecollectionsindifferent The xeroxedcollectionoftheInstituteAfricanStudiesUniversityGhana work on countries ofAfricaandtoanalysetheircontent.Also,Istillplanundertakemore Africa. OneofourultimateaimsistomapArabicmanuscriptlibrariesinvarious cation ofmanuscriptsdealingwithAfricanhistoryandaspectsIslamicthoughtin fication andanalysisofArabicmanuscriptcollections,thetranslationpubli- Illinois) incollaborationwithO’Fahey2001.TheobjectivesofIsitaincludeidenti- by myselfintheProgramofAfricanStudiesatNorthwesternUniversity(Evanston, The ArabicLiteratureofAfricaprojectwasonethefoundationstonesIsita,setup twentieth century, hasbeenTimbuktu, andnot onlythecityitself–thoughthiswas One ofthekeycentresIslamic scholarship,fromamillenniumagorightdowntothe reflects theareaswhereIslamicscholarlyandliterarytraditions havebeenmostprominent. been done,andwhereastrongmanuscripttraditionexists. To alargeextentthisalso Volume 4onlyattemptstocovercertain partsofit–thosewheresufficientresearchhas Western SudanicAfricaconstitutesalargeanddiverse region. ofWestAn overview AfricanIslamicand scholarlytraditions Nigerian languagesattheUniversityofSokoto. assistant intheCentreofArabicDocumentationIbadan,andisnowaprofessor with HamiduBobboyiandperhapsIbrahimMukoshywho,inthe1960s,wasmy volume onHausaandFulfulde(Fulani)writingsofNigeriaCameroon, Sani Umarbecomesavailable–whichIhopehewillwouldwishhimtocompilea catalogued aprivatemanuscriptcollectioninBoutilimitMauritania.IfMuhammad scholar onMauritania–andhopefullywithmorehelpfromCharlesStewart,whohas is oneIshallworkonmyself,togetherwithUlrichRebstock,theprominentGerman Arabic LiteratureofAfrica 9 . Volume 6onwesternSaharanAfrica(Mauritania) Arabic LiteratureofAfrica 10 together Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za Dubois, whowroteofthe‘UniversitySankore’. reputation hasledsomepeopletospeakofaTimbuktu university, beginning withFelix from Walata toAwjila, andalsofromNorthAfrican cities.Thecity’s educational which attractedstudentsfrommanypartsofWest Africa,andscholars ofSaharanoases Timbuktu distinguisheditselffromthesixteenthcenturyonwardsasa centreofstudy people ofDiakha),betterknownastheJahanke. celebrated asproponentsofIslamicknowledgeunderthenameDiakhanke(thatis, originally settledinDiakhatheMasinaregion,dispersedwestwardsandbecame what arenowtheIvoryCoastandsouthernBurkinaFaso.Anothergroupofthem, eastwards toHausaland.TheyplayedasignificantroleinbringingIslamareasof moved intothecentralNigerBendregion,especiallyTimbuktu, whilstothersmoved being minedintheAkanforestsofwhatisnowRepublicGhana.Somealso they hadopenedupatraderoutesouthwardsfromJenneforacquiringgoldthatwas Ancient Ghana),someofthemsettledintheMasinaregion.Byfifteenthcentury by AlmoravidMalikiteachings.Atsomepointintime(perhapsafterthebreak-upof African merchantsinAncientGhana.Theymaywellhavebeeninfluencedeventually Islamic knowledge,beingoriginallyamerchantgroupwhotradedgoldwithNorth Baghayogho. TheJuulawereundoubtedlyamongthefirstWest Africanstoacquire (1556–1627), hadashisprincipalshaykhaJuulascholarfromJenne,Muhammad Infact,themostcelebratedmemberofAqitclan,AhmadBaba at thatperiod. But suchSaharanpeopleswerenotthesolesourceofIslamicknowledgeinTimbuktu Timbuktu overthenextcenturyandahalf. intermarried withanotherBerberandpossiblyaSanhajafamily, providedthe tradition oflearning,especiallyinthesphere migrated toTimbuktu fromMasina,andtheyclearlybroughtwiththemadeep about Islamiclearningthere.Acenturylater, however, aMasufaclan–theAqit Timbuktu in1352henotedthepredominanceofMasufa,buthadnothingtosay brought withthemtheMalikijuristictraditionisnotclear. WhenIbnBattutavisited dissolution oftheAlmoravidmovementinsub-SaharanAfrica.To whatextentthey by membersoftheMasufatribeSanhajaconfederationfollowingapparent men ofbusiness–thetwocategoriessometimesoverlapping.Thecitywasearlysettled Africa duringthefourteenthcenturyAD,itbegantoattractmenofreligionaswell commercial interchangebetweentropicalAfricaandSaharanMediterranean from GimbaladowntoMasina.AsTimbuktu establisheditselfasacentreof region tothenorthofMiddleNiger)andwesternreachesNigerBend the inspirationalheart–butalsoneighbouringregionsofAzawad(thesemi-desert ( Yahya Mosqueand theGreatMosque–Jingere-Berbutteachingauthorisations Teaching ofsometextswasundertakenintheSankoreMosque,andalsoSidi it, thereisneverthelessnoevidenceofanyinstitutionalised centreoflearning. north-east ofTimbuktu certainlywasanareawhichattractedmanyscholarstolivein ijazat ) alwayscamedirectlyfrom theindividualshaykhswithwhomstudents fiqh 11 While theSankorequarterin . MuhammadAqit’s descendants, qadi sof THE ARABICLITERATURE OFAFRICAPROJECT 313 Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za easier forstudentsto memorise. or versified themsoasto make them them, wrote commentariesonthem, abridgedsomeof shaykhs often circulated withintheregion, teaching Whilst texts from outsideWest Africa need forstudentsto have textbooks. Pedagogical writingsarisefrom the 314 THE MEANINGSOFTIMBUKTU al-Sudan, source ofhistoricalwriting.Onetheearliestsuchworks, else, thereisarich was notedforits had theirownpersonalresearchandteachinglibraries.Intermsofwritings,Timbuktu studied. Muchoftheteachingwasdoneinscholars’homes,andindividualscholars chronicle, time asthe region, the sixteenth-century work.TheothergreatchronicleofTimbuktu andtheMiddleNiger Baber (d.1997),wroteabookwiththesametitledesignatedtotakeplaceoflost fattash never cometolight,butitisknownofsincewasasourceforthecelebrated Muhammad b.al-Hajjal-AminGanu.Nothingisknownabouthimandhisbookhas is thecelebrated and whatmightbecalledmore‘secular’approachtohistory. Anotableexampleofthis (and undertheinfluenceofEuropeancolonialadministrators), dowefindabroader as Timbuktu, ArawanandJenne.Onlyoccasionally, startinginthetwentieth century in termsofcommunitysolidarityforthosedwellingrecognised centresofIslam,such those livinginremoteareassurroundedlargelybynon-Muslim peoples,butalsovaluable Muslim communitiestoestablishandconfirmtheiridentities, anecessaryexercisefor four headings:historical;pedagogical;devotional;andpolemical.Historicalwritingshelp In averybroadsense,ArabicwritingsofwesternSudanicAfricamaybeclassifiedunder and madehisscholarlyreputationinSalaga. trader–scholars suchasal-Hajj‘Umarb.AbiBakr, originallyfromKebbi,whosettled Voltaic basin,whileinthelatenineteenthcenturysuchactivitybrought what isnownorthernNigeriabegantopursuetheirtradingactivitiesintheGreater Wa andGonja.Fromtheeast,inlateseventeenthcentury, Hausamerchantsfrom Coast suchasBonduku,BunaandKong,eventuallyinGhanaianpolities north oftheAkanforests.OthersestablishedthemselvesintownsnorthernIvory establishment ofthetraderoutefromJenne,leadingdowntotownBeghojust scholars fromeastandwest.FromthewestcameJuulatimeof (d.1934) alsofallintothis category. Kamaraalsowroteworksinverse thatareof neighbours; somewritingsofal-Hajj‘Umarb.AbiBakr ofKete-KraykeinGhana Kamara (d.1943or1945),abroadhistoryofthelandsand peoplesofFutaToro andits went asfarsouththeVolta Riverbasin.Thatregion of Timbuktu in1591,manyof thecity’s scholarsdispersedanditisknownthatsome with the now theRepublicofGhanatherehasbeenastrongchroniclingtradition,beginning chronicle traditionappearstohavespreadfarandwideoverWest Africa.Inwhatis region undertheruleofMoroccanforcesfrom1591onwards.TheTimbuktu , writtenbymembersoftheKa’ti family. Atwentieth-centuryscholar, Ahmad Kitab ghanja 12 Diwan al-mulukfisalatinal-Sudan was a product ofthesixteenthcenturywrittenbyoneBabaGuru b.al-Hajj was aproduct Tarikh al-Sudan Tarikh al-fattash Zuhur al-basatin fiqh fatwa in theearlyeighteenthcentury. FollowingtheMoroccanconquest works rightintothetwentiethcenturyand,apartfromanything literature intheTimbuktu region.Timbuktu isalsonoted asa of ‘Abdal-Rahmanal-Sa‘di (mid-1650s), whileroughlyacenturylaterananonymous (Plants oftheGardens)SenegalesewriterMusa , recordedthehistoryofTimbuktu andits 13 14 , waswrittenataboutthesame was alsoameetingpointfor Jawahir al-hisanfiakhbar Tarikh al- Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za work ondevotionfortheProphet, preserved andre-copiedoverthepasttwocenturies.Al-Mukhtaralsowroteamajor Muhammad (d.1825–26)wroteaconsiderablenumberofprayerswhichhavebeen in locallanguagessuchasFulfulde.Bothal-Mukhtaral-Kunti(d.1811)andhisson Devotional writingsarecommonthroughoutWest Africa,writtenbothinArabicand who wasalsonoteworthyforhiswritingsonMuslimcommunitiesoftheregion. al-Hajj Marhaba(d.1981),whowrotetreatisesonaspectsoftheArabiclanguage,but region fromthetrans-Saharantradenetworks.Noteworthyamongsuchteacherswas of textsfromelsewherewererathermoredifficulttoobtainduetheremoteness Timbuktu, butisalsocharacteristicoftheGreaterVoltaic regionwhere,nodoubt,copies students tomemorise.Thiswasespeciallytrueingreateducationalcentressuchas them, wrotecommentariesonorversifiedthemsoastomakeeasierfor outside Westof Africacirculatedwithintheregion,teachingshaykhsoftenabridgedsome Pedagogical writingsarisefromtheneedforstudentstohavetextbooks.Whilsttexts greatly toarewritingofthehistorythisregion,whichissobadlyneeded.’ Martin oncewrote:‘Ifthismaterialcouldbeusedforresearchitwouldcontributevery tradition ofwhatisnowthenorthRepublicGhanaveryrich.AsBradford commentaries oncolonialintrusionsintotheVolta region.Thehistoricalwriting historical significance,includinganaccountofthe1892civilwarinSalagaand of six dawawin bi-awa’ilal-suwarwa-bi-urufal-ayatal-ghurar was theSenegaleseTijani leaderIbrahimNiasse(d.1975),whose bless andintercedeonbehalfofhisadherents.Themostfamouswritersuchworks poetry, inpraiseoftheoriginator Senegambia region,theTijaniyya, thereisaconsiderablevolumeofwriting,especially inDakar.form ofmarketeditionsreproduced IntheotherwidespreadSufi Protestant Christiancommunities.Papercopiesofmanytheseareavailableinthe by membersofhis (d.1927), theSenegaleseSufileader, wrotedozensofsuchpoemsandthesearerecited and seekinghisintercession,areindeedapopularformofwriting.AhmaduBamba da’im li’l-mudhniba1-ha’im on byhisson,whohimselfwroteacollectionofpanegyricstheProphet, inPrayerUpontheBelovedProphet),whichwascommented Spending ofGoodness influence ofWahhabi teachings,attacks onSufismasawhole,generallyinthesecond and theTijaniyya As forpolemicalwriting,thatismainlyafeatureoftherivalry betweentheQadiriyya in theregionwrotepoemshonouringhim. and wasregardedasasaintbymanyofhisnumerousfollowers. Asaresult,manywriters Muhammad. IbrahimNiassehimselfbecameanalmostlegendary figureinWest Africa, diwans , 17 which ismadeupofsuchpoems. totalling nearly3000verses,butthesewereinpraiseof theProphet tariqa tariqa s, whichsurfacedinthemid-nineteenth centuryor, underthe (Prayers fortheProphet). in chantingfashionratherlikethesingingofhymns Nafh al-tibfi’l-salat‘ala’l-nabial-habib tariqa 18 , Ahmadal-Tijani, andbeseeching himto He alsowroteandpublishedacollection 16 Poems inpraiseoftheProphet, is inhis al-Kibrit al-ahmarfi’l- Jami‘ jawami’al- tariqa 15 al-Sitr al- of the (The THE ARABICLITERATURE OFAFRICAPROJECT 315 Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za 316 THE MEANINGSOFTIMBUKTU b. Sa of theirArabicwritingsinto French. NoteworthyamongsuchwritersisSa‘db.‘Umar Muslim writersofthetwentiethcenturyhavecomposedworks inFrench,ortranslatedsome again, ithasnotbeenpossibletolistsuchmaterial.Finally, itmustbepointedoutthatsome Songhay devotionalpoemsarepreservedintheAhmedBaba InstituteinTimbuktu, but In Mali,theSonghaylanguagehasalsobeenwrittenin Arabic charactersandsome possible toincorporatemuchofthatliteratureintoVolume 4of in Wolof, usingtheArabicscript(see,forexample,SerigneMusaKa), butithasnotbeen ‘Umar, whosepoemisaboutthelatter’s lifeandwork.InSenegalthereisalsowriting qasida was alsowritteninFutaToro inSenegal,butlittleisknownofitotherthanthefamous responses theretoarealsotobefoundinCentralSudanicAfrica,specificallyNigeria. Sudanic Africaisnot,ofcourse,theonlylocussuchpolemics.Anti-Sufiwritingand Shi‘ism, andIslamicphilosophers,culminateswithanattackonSufism.Western tutes anattackonmanyinterpretationsofIslam,includingbothTwelver andIsma‘ili (Perpetration oftheCorruptInterpretationonIslamicDoctrine),whichconsti- doctoral thesiswiththetitle Pollution). In1997MuhammadAhlmadLopublished(evidentlyinSaudiArabia)his al-talbis wa’l-tadliswa’l-tadnis in Riyadh1996,towhichShaykhTijan Gayewroteasaresponse published his controversy overSufism.MuhammadAhmadLo,ascholarwithSaudiconnections, agement toitsadherentsabandonit.Eveninthe1990sSenegaltherewassharp Lights forGuidanceoftheTijaniyya Group),anattackontheTijaniyya andencour- Arabia andwhowrote ‘Abd al-Rahmanb.Yusuf al-Ifriqi(d.1957),aMalianscholarwhostudiedinSaudi Denied Response).Inthetwentiethcenturyaleadingearlyfigureinsuchpolemicswas Abdullah MuhammadAkansus)asarebuttalofthelatter’s Muhammad Akansus (d.1877), towhomheaddressedthetreatise but evenenteredintopolemicwithaMoroccanTijani, Muhammadb.AhmadAkansus Bakkay weep’– (or inArabic[translation]Wadi’at ),whosestrongresponsewasto‘makeal- conflict waswithaQadiri‘convert’totheTijaniyya, generallyknownasYirkoy Talfi challenged bytheTijani conqueroral-Hajj‘Umar(d.1864).Someofhissharpest anti-Tijani polemicist,notleastbecausehisauthorityovertheTimbuktu regionwas In thenineteenthcenturyKuntascholarAhmadal-Bakkay(d.1865)wasaleading half ofthetwentiethcentury, astheSaudiArabianimpactonMuslimAfricaincreased. perhaps themostabundant)isFulfuldeliteratureofFutaJalloninGuinea. there arealsoIslamicliteraturesinAfricanlanguages.Thebestknownofthese(and In additiontotheabundantIslamicliteraturewritteninArabicwesternSudanicAfrica, ‘ id Jeliya(knownasSaadOumar Touré), directorofaschoolinSégou, whohas of Muhammad‘AliCam(orMohammadouAliouTyam), asupporterofal-Hajj Taqdis al-ashkhasfi’l-fikral-Sufi Tabkiyat al-Bakka’i (Introduction of the Most Holy [God] inresponsetoAbu oftheMostHoly[God] (Introduction lAwral-rahmaniyyali-hidayatal-firqaal-Tijaniyya al-Anwar (Book ofDedicationBetweenDeception,Deceitand Jinayat al-ta’wilal-fasid‘ala’l-‘aqidaal-Islamiyya . Ahmadal-BakkaynotonlyattackedlocalTijanis, Fath al-Quddusfi’l-radd‘alaAbi‘AbdAllah (Dedication ofPersonsonSufiThinking) Arabic LiteratureofAfrica al-Jawab al-muskit Kitab al-taqdisbayn 20 (Merciful Fulfulde (The 19 . Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za Volume 2ofthe 4 plusdigitalisationofthemanuscripts. anewfullcataloguingistakingplace, Currently, 3 123). Hunwick&O’Fahey(1994: 2 andhasproducedsomeofthemostcelebratedwritings BrillhasbeenapublisherofOrientalStudiesfor220years, 1 NOTES andanglophonecountriesasthe francophone The futuremaywellseeanincreaseintheamountofbilingualIslamicliteratureboth Conclusion a bilingualpublicationontheminimumamountofcapitaluponwhich wa-qimat rub‘al-dinaral-shar‘ifi‘umlatsidial-ghani.NotesonZakatandDowryinIslam schoolhefoundedinKumasi.Thatworkishis the Muhammad MustafaKamil(b.1936),adiscipleofAhmadBabahal-Wa’iz anddirectorof Ghana appearstobelesscommon.Theonlyclearexampleisabilingualworkby and some20articles.ThepracticeofwritinginEnglishananglophonecountrysuchas Culturelle Muslumane,ShaykhTouré (b.1925),haswrittenmainlyinFrench–8books written 5worksinFrenchaswell21Arabic.TheSenegalesefounderoftheUnion 3Called in Chapter12of 13 62). SeeHunwick &O’Fahey(2003b: 12 275). Dubois(1897: 11 theywerewritten inthoselanguagesthe Althoughsuchwritingsareobviouslynot ‘Arabic Literature’(of Africa), 10 in Algiers. ThisreferstotheFondsBenHamouda intheBibliothèqueNationald’Alger, 9 41). Kani(1984: 8 Theal-FurqanFoundationpublished thecatalogueinlate2004. 7 AlsopublishedinGaudio(2002). 6 Kaneprovidedinformationfor New York. andnowofColumbiaUniversity, Senegal, FormerlyofSaint-LouisUniversity, 5 and NelsonMandela,anotherpoemonIslamhumanitarianorganisations. inspector ShaykhTijan Gaye, whohaswrittenpoemsaboutPresidentLéopoldSenghor issues.ProminentamongtheseistheSenegalesescholarandArabicschools on modern styles todealwithcontemporarypolitical(evennon-Muslim)figures,orcomment colonial ruleinGuinea.Someauthors,however, evenusetraditionalArabicverse writtenandpublishedinAfricanlanguages–aphenomenonthatcertainlygrewduring is or English.WhatwillbeinterestingtoseeistheextentwhichmoreIslamicliterature teachinginArabicwithelementsof‘western’disciplines,taughteitherFrench Islamic and moreIslamicschoolsarebeingestablished,manyofthemcombiningtraditional paid, calculatedinGhanaiancedis,andthelawfulminimumdowrypaymentcedis. Sean O’FaheyassistsineditingtheOrientalStudiesseries. and InoweditBrill’s newIslamin makeitliterallya Africa series, ‘Brill-iant’ publisher. splendid publicationappearances, andits TheacademicqualityofBrill’s publications, made anumberofcontributionsdealingwithsub-Saharan Africa). recent) editionofwhichconsists12volumes(publishedbetween1960and2003–toIhavepersonally on Islamicreligionandculture–oneofthemostfamouswhichis rbcsrp,andtheirtopicsaresimilartothoseofthe Arabic languagewritingsofthearea. Arabic script, Arabic Literatureof Africa Subsidia Bibliographica Arabic Literatureof Africa Volume 4. fteFne itra fiaa.SeGaie l (1985). SeeGhalietal. of theFontesHistoriae Africanae. the ‘Greater Voltaic Region’. the ‘GreaterVoltaic madrasa Bayan nisabal-zakatal-hawlili’l-dhahab system continuestoexpand.More Encyclopedia ofIslam thesecond(andmost , zakat is tobe , THE ARABICLITERATURE OFAFRICAPROJECT 317 Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za 318 THE MEANINGSOFTIMBUKTU Hunwick JO&O’FaheyRS(Eds)(2003b) Hunwick JO&O’FaheyRS(Eds)(2003a) uwc 16)Itouto.In Hunwick J(1965)Introduction. (1992–1997) al-Harishi ‘A Hajji M(1985/1405) Hunwick JO&O’FaheyRS(Eds)(1995) Hunwick JO&O’FaheyRS(Eds)(1994) JO&O’FaheyRS(Eds)(1985–87) Hunwick Hunwick J&GwarzoHI(1967) Another lookattheDeGironcourtpapers. adr K(99 ilohqe udsr:Dfiutse esetvs In Difficultésetperspectives. Haidara AK (1999)Bibliothèquesdudésert: (Eds)(1960–2004) Gibb HARetal. hl ,MahibouM&BrennerL(1985) Ghali N, 9SeHnik&OFhy(03:Chapter10). SeeHunwick&O’Fahey(2003b: 19 Chapter13). SeeHunwick&O’Fahey(1995: 18 284). SeeHunwick&O’Fahey(2003b: 17 PublishedinCairo1979. 16 112). SeeHunwick&O’Fahey(2003b: 15 83). SeeMartin(1966: 14 Adnani J(2000–01)InventairedesmanuscritsduFonds Archinard delaBibliothèqueduMuséeNationaldes Arts d’Afrique REFERENCES Gaudio A (Ed.) (2002) (Ed.) Gaudio A (1981) Gacek A Ahmadu BelloUniversity(1967-1987) al-Fasi MA(1979) Dubois F(1897) (1977)Qa’imaawwaliyyabi’l-makhtutatminmu’allafatal-ashiqqa’al-Muritaniyyinwa-jumlaal-Ifriqiyyinal-ukhar Dilayru Trifkovic B(1966) M&Barry M’BackéMB, Diallo T, Dar al-Kutubal-Misriyya(1924–1942) Brockelmann C(1937–43) Hodgkin T & Wilks I(1962) Boyo OE, bin al-‘ArabiS(1994/1414) (1984) al-Bill ‘U (1918) Bel A (2001) Baber A (1949) al-Azhar UniversityLibrary Arif AS &Hakima AM (1965) Ahmed BabaInstitute(1995–98) rbLau dctoa,CulturalandScientificOrganization Arab LeagueEducational, Al-Furqan IslamicHeritageFoundation Vl A.Lie:Brill Leiden: 3A). 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(Vol. 5Vl) London: (5 Vols). os18 Cairo Vols 1–8. , uat The Kuwait: . tion tion Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za Sauvan Y & Vajda G(1987) (1964) al-Sa‘di A Saad E(1980) The Padencollectionof Arabic materialsfromKano. Roper G(Ed.)(1992–95) Smith HFC (1959a) Source material for the history ofthewesternSudan. Smith HFC(1959a)Sourcematerialforthehistory Sayyid F(1954–63) Sayyid AF (Ed.)(2001) Odoom KO&HoldenJJ(1968) Arabic Collection, Yahya(1997) A Voorhoeve P(1980) Vajda G(1950)Contributionalaconnaissancedelittératurearabeen Afrique occidentale. Unesco (1962) Kamara M(1998) ScientificandCulturalOrganisation)(1988) ISESCO (IslamicEducational, al-Khattabi M(1980-87) Ka’ti M(1964) TheNiameycollection. Kani A (1984) activityofthe A newsourceontheliterary ‘ulama’ oftheCentralandwesternSudan: O(1997) Kane al-Tumi M(1973) al-Tadili S&al-Murabiti(1997) ThearchivesofSegu. Smith HFC(1959b) ofthewesternSudan: Arabic manuscript materialbearingonthehistory Nemoy L(1965) Odoom KO&HoldenJJ(1967) Arabic Collection, atM(97 h eoeyo h rbcsrp ieaueo h ot.In Last M(1967) ofthe The recovery Arabic scriptliteratureofthenorth. withashortcatalogueof Last M(1966)InterimreportbytheResearchFellowinNigerianHistory on Arabic textspreserved Mbacké K&Ka T (1994)Nouveaucataloguedesmanuscritsdel’IFAN. Martin B(1966) Arabic materialsforGhanaianhistory. M(1985) al-Mannuni, Mansur AH (Ed.)(1975) (2000) Mamma HaidaraManuscriptLibrary Maktabat al-‘Abdaliyya(1908-1911) of al-Khizana al-‘Amma(GeneralLibrary Tetuan) (1981) Muhammad BY(1995) Odoom KO&HoldenJJ(1965) Arabic Collection, Mbaye ER&B(1975)Supplémentaucataloguedesmanuscritsdel’IFAN. be ae adr n dtdb ya udSyi.Lno:Al-FurqanIslamicHeritageFoundation London: Abdel KaderHaidaraandeditedby Ayman FuadSayyid. Maisonneuve forUnesco(reprintofthe1898–1900edition) odn al-FurqanIslamicHeritageFoundation London: Netherlands Africanistes reproduitsparl’UnitéMobiledeMicrofilml’Unesco. Maroc, series 1954–57)Rabat ai:Librairied’Amériqueetd’Orient Adrien-Maisonneuve Paris: Bulletin d’Information fi Sinighal CNRSeditions Paris: aveclacollaborationdeCharlesBeckeretal.;traductionSai‘dBousbina. Jean Schmitz, Historical Society of Nigeria Supplementary Bulletin ofNews Historical SocietyofNigeriaSupplementary 238–247 al-FurqanIslamicHeritageFoundation London: JO Hunwick. irfl tAmd el nvriy In microfilm at Ahmadu BelloUniversity. report Zaira . odn al-FurqanIslamicHeritageFoundation London: . Tarikh al-fattash Fihris makhtutat al-shaykh Mor Mbay Sisi wa-maktabat al-hajj Malik Si wa-maktabat al-shaykh Ibrahim Niyas Fihris makhtutatal-shaykhMorMbaySisiwa-maktabatal-hajjMalikSiIbrahimNiyas 0 229–237 10: 2dEgiheiin.Lie/otn LeidenUniversityPress/Kluwer Boston Leiden/Boston: (2nd Englishedition). Liste de manuscrits selectionés parmi ceux qui sont conservés alaBibliothèqueGénéraleet Liste demanuscritsselectionésparmiceuxquisontconservés Archives du Fihris makhtutatShinqitwa-Wadan Arabic manuscriptsinthe Yale UniversityLibrary Tarikh al-sudan Zuhur al-basatin Fihris al-makhtutatal ‘arabiyya al-mahfuza fi ‘l-khizana al-‘ammali’l-kutbwa’l-watha’iq Fihris al-makhtutatal-musawwara Handlist of oftheUniversityLeidenandothercollectionsin Arabic manuscriptsinthe Library Dalil makhtutatDaral-Kutubal-Nasiriyyabi-Tamgrut Catalogue ofmanuscriptsinMammaHaidaraLibrary irsmktttdra-ah’qa-amyaa-ajryab-aua al-Juz’al-Awwal Fihris makhtutatdaral-watha’iqal-Qawmiyyaal-Nayjiriyyabi-Kaduna, al-Fihris al-‘ammli’l-makhtutat /0 14.Fne itra fiaa rjc.Lno:TheBritish Academy London: FontesHistoriae Africanae project. 41–48. 9/10: Faharis al-khizanaal-malikiyya/Cataloguesof Al-Hassania Library World ofIslamicmanuscripts survey Catalogue desmanuscritsarabes dtdadtasae yOHua eaos.Prs .Leroux[1910–11]1913;repr. E. Paris: EditedandtranslatedbyOHoudas&MDelafosse. . rbctx dtdadtasae noFec yOHua ihEBnit ai:Adrien- Paris: ArabictexteditedandtranslatedintoFrenchbyOHoudaswithEBenoist. . Manshurat al-Khizanaal-‘Ammali’l-kutubwa’lwatha’iq Florilegeaujardindel’histoiredesNoirs;sousladirectionetavecuneintroduction . Barnamaj al-Maktabaal-‘Abdaliyya otenHsoyRsac cee Firstinterimreport ResearchScheme: Northern History Catalogue ofmanuscriptsintheMammaHaidaralibrary nttt fArcnSuis ResearchReview Institute of African Studies: nttt fArcnSuis ResearchReview Institute of African Studies: nttt fArcnSuis ResearchReview Institute of African Studies: dtdb esok odn al-FurqanIslamicHeritageFoundation London: EditedbyURebstock. . Research Review ui:al-Ma’hadal-Qawmili’l-Athar Tunis: . 3Vl n8prs.Cio n.p. Cairo: (3 Vols in8parts). Fihris al-makhtutat-Khizanat Titwan ne n 8671) ai:BibliothèqueNationale Paris: 6836–7214). Index(n. . 4Vl) odn al-FurqanIslamicHeritageFoundation London: (4 Vols). 4(2) e ae:Connecticut Academy of Arts andSciences NewHaven: . aa:Missiondel’Unesco Rabat: International SocietyfortheSystemsSciences History in History Africa utr tcvlsto saius leMali Culture etcivilisationIslamiques: otenHsoyRsac cee Secondinterim ResearchScheme, Northern History .Isiueo fia tde,UniversityofGhana Instituteof African Studies, 2. 4Vl) Tunis (4 Vols). Journal oftheHistoricalSocietyNigeria Rabat . 3Vl,preparedby Abdel KaderHaidara). (3 Vols, Bulletin deI’IFAN :369–372 7: Rabat . Tetuan . 6Vl) Rabat (6 Vols). () 66–102 4(2): () 30–73 4(1): 4(1) Zaira . 7 878–895 37: (3 Vols). Compiled by Compiled (3 Vols). Journal Sociétédes aa:ISESCO Rabat: . Vl ,3ème 1, (Vol. , :165–199 8: Edited by . 1(3): THE ARABICLITERATURE OFAFRICAPROJECT 319 Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za