Rapid Environment Impact Assessment Report

M R . GAUTAM CHAND

Project Proponent

+91 98203 39444

MOEFCC Proposal No.:IA/MH/MIS/100354/2019

18 A p r i l , 2019 Project Proponent: Rapid Environment Impact Assessment Report for CRZ MCZMA Ref. No.: Mr. Gautam Chand (Individual) Proposed Construction of Holiday Resort CRZ-2015/CR-167/TC-4 Village: Kihim, Taluka: Alibag, District: Raigad, MOEFCC Proposal No.: State: Maharashtra, PIN: 402208, Country: India IA/MH/MIS/100354/2019

CONTENTS

Annexure A from MOEFCC CRZ Meeting Agenda template 6

Compliance on Guidelines for Development of Beach Resorts or Hotels 10

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 13 1.1 Preamble 13 1.2 Objective and Scope of study 13 1.3 The Steps of EIA 13 1.4 Methodology adopted for EIA 14 1.5 Project Background 15 1.6 Structure of the EIA Report 19

CHAPTER 2: PROJECT DESCRIPTION 20 2.1 Introduction 20 2.2 Description of the Site 20 2.3 Site Selection 21 2.4 Project Implementation and Cost 21 2.5 Perspective view 22 2.5.1 Area Statement 24 2.6 Basic Requirement of the Project 24 2.6.1 Land Requirement 24 2.6.2 Water Requirement 25 2.6.3 Fuel Requirement 26 2.6.4 Power Requirement 26 2.6.5 Construction / Building Material Requirement 29 2.7 Infrastructure Requirement related to Environmental Parameters 29 2.7.1 Waste water Treatment 29 2.7.1.1 Sewage Quantity 29 2.7.1.2 Sewage Treatment Plant 30 2.7.2 Rain Water Harvesting & Strom Water Drainage 30 2.7.3 Solid Waste Management 31 2.7.4 Fire Fighting 33 2.7.5 Landscape 33 2.7.6 Project Cost 33

CHAPTER 3: DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT 34 3.1 Introduction 34 3.2 Study Period and Methodology of Conducting Baseline Study 34 3.3 The Study Area 34 3.4 Land Environment 35 3.4.1 Topography 35 3.4.2 Physiography 36 3.4.3 Geomorphology 36 3.4.4 Geology of the Study Area 37 3.4.5 Hydrogeology 38 3.5 Land Use of Study Area 39 3.6 Soil Characteristics 42 3.7 Water Environment 45 3.8 Air Environment 50 3.9 Noise Environment 53 3.10 Biological Environment 54 3.11 Socio Economic: 61

CHAPTER 4: ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES 75 4.1 Introduction 75 4.2 Pollution Sources 75 4.3 Air Environment 77

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4.4 Noise Environment 78 4.5 Water Environment 79 4.5.1 Wastewater Quantification and Characteristics 81 4.5.2 Water Balance 81 4.6 Biological Environment 82 4.7 Socio-Economic Environment 82 4.7.1 Beneficial Impacts 82 4.7.2 Adverse Impacts 82

CHAPTER 5: ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVE 83

CHAPTER 6: ENVIRONMENT MONITORING PROGRAMME 84 6.1 Environmental Monitoring 84 6.2 Environmental Monitoring: Construction Phase 84 6.3 Environmental Monitoring: Operational Phase 85 6.4 Awareness and Training 86 6.5 Record Keeping and Reporting 86 6.6 Environment Management Cell 87 6.7 Budgetary Allocation for EMP 87

CHAPTER 7: ADDITIONAL STUDIES & RISK ASSESSMENT 88 7.1 Introduction 88 7.2 Fire Fighting 88

CHAPTER 8: PROJECT BENEFITS 89 8.1 Economic Revival of Kihim village and Surrounding Areas 89 8.2 Landscape Development 89 8.3 Improvement in infrastructure facilities 89

CHAPTER 9: ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN 90 9.1 Introduction 90 9.2 Environment Management Plan for Water Environment 91 9.3 Environment Management Plan for Air Pollution Control 91 9.4 Environment Management Plan for Noise Pollution Control 92 9.5 Environment Management Plan for Land Environment 93 9.6 Environment Management Plan for Ecology and Biodiversity 95 9.7 Socio Economic Management 98 9.8 Energy conservation Management 98 9.10 Water Logging 99 9.11 Environmental Management Cell 99 9.12 Monitoring Program 100 9.13 Budgetary Cost Estimates 100

CHAPTER 10: SUMMARY & CONCLUSION 101 10.1 Preamble 101 10.2 Project Cost 101 10.3 Area Statement 101 10.4 Basic Requirement of the Project 101 10.5 Infrastructure Requirement related to Environmental Parameters 103 10.6 Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures 104 10.7 Environmental Management Plan 105 10.8 Conclusion 106

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LIST OF TABLES

Table No. 1.1 Survey of Environmental Attributes 14

Table No. 1.2 Project Details 15

Table No. 2.1 Area Statement 24

Table No. 2.2 Tenement Details 24

Table No. 2.3 Construction Material Requirement 29

Table No. 2.4 Runoff Coefficient 31

Table No. 2.5 Incremental Run off due to Project Development 31

Table No. 2.6 Waste Generation during Construction Phase 32

Table No. 2.7 Waste Generation during Operation Phase 32

Table No. 3.1 Environmental Settings of the Project Site 36

Table No. 3.2 Land-use in Study Area 41

Table No. 3.3 Soil Sampling Locations 45

Table No. 3.4 Soil Analysis Results 45

Table No. 3.5 Ground Water and Surface Water Sampling Locations 46

Table No. 3.6 Surface Water Sampling Results 48

Table No. 3.7 Ground Water Sampling Results 49

Table No. 3.8 Ambient Air Quality Sampling Locations 52

Table No. 3.9 Results of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring 52

Table No. 3.10 List of Noise Sampling locations 53

Table No. 3.11 Results of Noise Level monitoring 53

Table No. 3.12 Sampling Locations for the Study Area 55

Table No. 3.13 List of Arboreal Vegetation Found Adjacent to the Proposed Project Area 55

Table No. 3.14 List of Herbaceous Vegetation in the Study Area 57

Table No. 3.15 List of Birds Observed in the Study Area 59

Table No. 3.16 List of Mammals reported in the Study Area 60

Table No. 3.17 Sample list of Prominent Reptiles in the Study Area 61

Table No. 3.18 Basic information of the Villages of the project Area 63

Table No. 3.19 Male and Female Population 65

Table No. 3.20 Village Wise total Literate and Illiterate Population 67

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Table No. 3.21 Village Wise Total SC & ST Population 69

Table No. 3.22 Village Wise Working and Non-working Population 72

Table No. 4.1 Pollutant Sources and Characteristics 76

Table No. 4.2 Noise Levels Generated from Construction Equipment 78

Table No. 4.3 Noise Limits for Appliances and Equipment at Construction Stage 79

Table No. 9.1 Proposed Land-use 93

Table No. 9.2 Tenement Details 93

Table No. 9.3 List of Plant Species for Plantation 97

Table No. 9.4 Budgetary allocation for Environment Management 100

Table No. 10.1 Salient Features of the Project 101

Table No. 10.2 Environmental Impact Assessment 105

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No 1.1: Project Site Photos 16

Figure No. 1.2 Project Location Map 16

Figure No. 2.1 Front Side Elevation 22

Figure No. 2.2 Building Perspective View 22

Figure No. 2.3 Floor Sections 22

Figure No. 2.4 Master Plan 23

Figure No. 2.5 Proposed Land-use 24

Figure No. 3.1 Satellite Image showing Area of 10 km radius around Project Site 35

Figure No. 3.2 Toposheet Map of 10 km radius Area around Project Site 35

Figure No. 3.3 DEM of 10 Km radius from Project Area 37

Figure No. 3.4 Geohydrology of the Raigad District 38

Figure No. 3.5 Pre-monsoon water depths of the Raigad District 39

Figure No. 3.6 Land Use Land Cover Map 40

Figure No. 3.7 Digital Elevation Model 42

Figure No. 3.8 Soil Map of Raigad District 44

Figure No. 3.9 Water Sampling Location Map 47

Figure No. 3.10 Glimpses of Vegetation at Proposed Project Site 58

Figure No. 3.11 Total Male and Female Population 67

Figure No. 3.12 Village Wise Total SC & ST Population 69

Figure No. 3.13 Villages in Project Area showing SC & ST Population as a % of the Total Population 71

Figure No. 3.14 Working and Non-working Population in Project Area 74

Figure No. 9.1 Proposed Land Use 93

ANNEXURE: CZMP Map

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No. Particulars Remarks

1 Name of the Applicant Mr. Gautam Chand (individual) Address 74 Somerset House, Bhulabhai Desai Rd., Mumbai 400026, Maharashtra

Contact details (Telephone nos. Mobile: 98203 39444; Email:[email protected] and e-mail address) 2 Project Location

Survey No./Village/Co-ordinates Gat no. 553/2 & 555/2; Village: Kihim, Taluka: Alibag; Latitude 18*43’23”N to 18*43’29”N and Longitude 72*52’07”E to 72*52’13”E District Raigad State Maharashtra 402208 CRZ classification of project CRZ III location 3 Description of the project under consideration (select type of project): a) Resort/buildings/civic amenities Resort with 28 buildings, conference facilities, restaurant, sports facilities, and pool. total area/built-up area Land - 27,110.0 Sq. M.; Built-up Area - 4429.89 Sq. M. height of structure 9 m FSI ratio and the governing town 0.2; MMRDA TPS-1484/2684/UD 5 dated 27-05-1985 planning rules/regulations

Details of provision of car parking Parking for 75 cars, 50 two-wheelers area b) Coastal Roads/Roads on Stilt None area of land reclamation N.A. estimated quantity of muck/earth N.A. for reclamation carrying capacity of traffic N.A. c) Pipelines from thermal power None blown down length of pipeline N.A. length of traversing CRZ area N.A. depth and width of excavation N.A. length of pipeline from seashore to N.A. deep sea depth of outfall point from surface N.A. of sea water temperature of effluent above N.A. ambient at disposal point

d) Marine Disposal of Treated None Effluent location of intake/outfall N.A. depth of outfall point N.A. length of pipeline N.A. length of traversing CRZ area N.A. depth and width of excavation N.A. length of pipeline from seashore to N.A. deep sea/creek depth of outfall point from surface N.A. of sea water depth of water at disposal point N.A. BOD, COD, TSS, oil & grease, heavy N.A. metals e) Facility for storage of None goods/chemicals

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name and type of chemical N.A. end use of chemical N.A. no. of tanks for storage and N.A. capacity f) Offshore structures None exploration or development N.A. depth of sea bed N.A. no. of rigs/platform N.A. details of Group Gathering Stations N.A.

g) Desalination Plant None capacity N.A. total brine generation N.A. temperature of effluent above N.A. ambient at disposal point

ambient salinity N.A.

h) Mining of rare earth/ atomic None minerals capacity, volume/area to be mined N.A. type of mineral to be extracted N.A. end use of mineral N.A.

i) Sewage Treatment Plants SBR Technology capacity 10 klpd total area of construction 20 sqM Compliance of effluent parameters Yes, BOD of treated water=5 mg/l; zero liquid discharge as laid down by CPCB/SPCB/other authorised agency If discharge is in sea/creek No distance of marine outfall point N.A. from shore/from the tidal river bank depth of outfall point from sea N.A. water/river water surface

depth of sea bed/river bed at N.A. outfall point j) Lighthouse None total area of construction N.A. height of the structure N.A.

k) Windmills None capacity N.A. height of the structure N.A. diameter N.A. length of blade N.A. speed of rotation N.A. transmission lines (overhead or N.A. underground) l) Others (please specify with None salient features) 4 Clause of CRZ notification under CRZ 2011; Clause 8 (subject to Annexure III) which the project is a permissible/regulated activity 5 a) CRZ map indicating HTL, LTL, Yes demarcation in 1:4000 scale prepared

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b) Project layout superimposed on Yes CRZ map 1:4000 scale

c) distance of project (in metres) 423+ from HTL to be stated 6 CRZ map 1:25000 scale covering 7 Yes km radius around project site prepared 7 CRZ map indicating CRZ-I, II, III and Yes IV includding other notified ESAs prepared 8 Project located in (Select type) (a) Non-eroding coast Non-eroding coast

(b) Low and medium eroding coast N.A. (c) High eroding coast N.A.

9 Details of forest/mangrove land None involved, if any 10 Details of tree cutting if applicable N.A.

11 Distance of proposed project from N.A. ESA/marine park (if any)

12 NOC from State/UT Pollution N.A. Control Boards obtained (Yes/No)

13 EIA (Terrestrial) studies: carried N.A. out/not carried out EIA (Marine) studies : carried out/not carried out State period of study as applicable 14 Disaster Management Plan/ N.A. National Oil Spill Disaster Contingency Plan (if applicable) 15 Project involving discharge of liquid N.A. effluents: Capacity of STP Quantity of solid waste generated/type of waste - Method of treatment & disposal 16 Project involving discharge of solid Solid waste generated: biodegradable - 45 kg/day; Non-biodegradable - 30 waste: kg/day. Biodegradable waste wi ll be composted by OWC. Other waste will be - Quantity of solid waste given to authorised agencies. generated/type of waste - Method of disposal

17 Water requirement (KLD) and its Non-monsoon Operating Requirement: 20 kld; Source: Tanker & Pipeline - 3 source (including commitment of kld, recycled water from STP/Landscaping - 17 kld; During Monsoon: RWH 10 water supply) kld; For construction 25 kld tanker water

18 Details of water treatment and STP Technology – SBR capacity 10 kld to recycle 6 kld and deliver 5 kld water recycling (if any) for landscaping and flushing. 19 Details of rainwater harvesting Rooftop and ground runoff rainwater harvesting system; (A) Total availability system of water at the site before development per year = 37,411.80 M3. Rainwater Harvesting facilities will be created at the project site. (B) Increase in Run-off = 341.12 cum/day

20 Ground water withdrawal approval N.A. from CGWA or authorised body, if applicable 21 Energy requirement and sources 1500 kVA. Source - MSEDCL; Backup 500 kVA generator

22 Energy efficiency measures Solar PV power system, motion-sensing LED lighting, and copper conductor cables of 16 sq. mm & below.

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23 Recommendation of State Coastal MCZMA Letter Ref. No.:CRZ-2015/CR-167/TC-4 dated 26th March, 2019 Zone Management Authority (SCZMA) 24 Whether proposal attracts EIA No; Built Up Area less than 20,000 sq m. Notification, 2006. (if yes, the category thereof) status of proposal for EC (as applicable)

25 Cost of project (Rs. In Crores) Rs. 10.66 crores (including land and furniture); Net Rs. 8.63 crores.

26 Social and environmental issues Solid waste recycling, and composting; Air pollution-water sprinkling, PUC; and mitigation measures suggested Mobile toilets during construction, STP during operations; 135 trees to be including but not limited to R&R, planted. Water, Air, Ecological aspects, Solid & Hazardous Wates, etc.

27 Benefits of the project Employment, economic, infrastructure, and landscape / fauna.

28 Employment likely to be generated 150 (Nos.)

29 Details of Court Cases, if any: None Pending/Disposed 30 Additional information, if any None

It is certified that the information given above are true to the best of my knowledge and belief and nothing contravening the provisions of CRZ Notification, 2011 has been concealed therefore.

Signature:

Date: 26th April, 2019 Name: Gautam Chand

Place: Mumbai, India Designation: Project Proponent

Organisation: Individual

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Compliance on guidelines for development of beach resort or hotels in the designated areas of CRZ-III and CRZ-II for occupation of tourist or visitors with prior approval of the Ministry of Environment and Forests (Annexure III of CRZ Notification 2011)

Sr. No. Particulars Compliance

I. (a) The project proponent shall not undertake any No construction proposed construction within 200 metres in the landward side of within 200 metres in the High Tide Line and within the area between Low Tide landward side of High Tide Line and High Tide Line; Line and within the area between Low Tide Line and High Tide Line (b) The proposed constructions shall be beyond the Construction of holiday hazard line or 200 metres from the High Tide Line, resort is proposed beyond whichever is more; 200 meters of High Tide Line (c) Live fencing and barbed wire fencing with vegetative Fencing proposed will not cover may be allowed around private properties subject hamper public access to to the condition that such fencing shall in no way the beach. A paved road is hamper public access to the beach; available for beach access. (d) No flattening of sand dunes shall be carried out; There are no sand dunes on proposed project site.

(e) No permanent structures for sports facilities shall be No permanent structures permitted except construction of goal posts, net posts for sports facilities and lamp posts proposed. (f) Construction of basement may be allowed subject to Construction of basement the condition that no objection certification is obtained will not be undertaken till from the State Ground Water Authority to the effect appropriate NOC has been that such construction will not adversely affect free flow obtained. of groundwater in that area; (g) The State Ground Water Authority shall take into N.A. consideration the guidelines issued by Central Government before granting such objection certificate (h) Though no construction is allowed in the no Complied. development zone for the purposes of calculation of Floor Space Index, the area of entire plot including the portion which falls within the no development zone shall be taken into account; (i) The total plot size shall not be less than 0.4 hectares FSI is less than 0.2; Green and the total covered area on all floors shall not exceed Cover and open area is 33 percent of the plot size i.e., the Floor Space Index over 60% of plot area. shall not exceed 0.33 and the open area shall be suitably landscaped with appropriate vegetal cover (j) The construction shall be consistent with the Construction shall be surrounding landscape and local architectural consistent with the style; surrounding landscape and local architectural style.

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(k) The overall height of construction up to the Maximum height of roof of highest ridge of the roof, shall not exceed 9 metres the building will be less and the construction shall not be more than two than 9 metres. floors (ground floor plus one upper floor); (l) Groundwater shall not be tapped within No ground water will be 200 metres of the High Tide Line; within the tapped. 200 metres 500 metres zone it can be tapped only with the concurrence of the Central or State Ground Water Board; (m) Extraction of sand, levelling or digging of No excavation of sand and sandy stretches except for structural foundation of digging of sandy stretches building, swimming pool shall not be permitted involved in the project within 500 metres of the High Tide Line; (n) The quality of treated effluents, solid wastes, No effluent is envisaged. emissions and noise levels and the like, from the Solid waste disposal will be project area must conform to the standards laid done as per norms of down by the competent authorities including the MPCB. Central or State Pollution Control Board and under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986; Noise and air emissions will be restricted to standards given by CPCB/MPCB authority. (o) Necessary arrangements for the treatment of A STP is proposed for the effluents and solid wastes must be made and it treatment of sewage must be ensured that the untreated effluents and water. Solid waste solid wastes are not discharged into the water or generated on the beach; and no effluent or solid waste shall will be handed over be discharged on the beach; Grampanchayat. No solid waste or untreated effluent will be discharged to water or beach.

(p) To allow public access to the beach, at least a Proposed project has a gap of 20 metres width shall be provided between paved road for access to any two hotels or beach resorts; and in no case the beach. No hotel or shall gaps be less than 500 metres apart; and beach resort borders this project. (q) If the project involves diversion of forestland N.A. The project does not for non-forest purposes, clearance as required involve diversion of under the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 shall be forestland. obtained and the requirements of other Central and State laws as applicable to the project shall be met with; and (r) Approval of the State or Union territory NOC obtained earlier Tourism Department shall be obtained. revalidation in process.

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II. In ecologically sensitive areas (such as marine The project is not in an parks, mangroves, coral reefs, breeding and ecologically sensitive area. spawning grounds of fish, wildlife habitats and such other area as may be notified by the Central or State Government Union territories) construction of beach resorts or hotels shall not be permitted

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Preamble

Mr. Gautam Chand (individual, Indian citizen) proposes to construct ‘Kihim Resort’ at Gat. No.553/2 & 555/2 in village Kihim, taluka Alibag, district Raigad, in the state of Maharashtra, India.

There is a very high demand for resorts in the coastal regions of Maharashtra due to an increase in urbanisation and industrialisation of Mumbai and Pune and surrounding areas. Kihim is a small village located approximately 11 km. north of Alibag, and provides an ideal rural environment for a resort. It is well connected to Mumbai and other areas by road and sea (the jetty at Mandwa is approximately 11 km from Kihim; and Kihim is connected to Mandwa by road).

The proposed Kihim Resort project site is located in notified area of Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority, commonly abbreviated as MMRDA, vide TPS-1484/2684/UD 5 dated 27/05/1985. MMRDA is a body of the Government of Maharashtra that is responsible for the infrastructure development of the Mumbai Metropolitan Region. The referenced site is entirely within ‘Recreational and Tourism Zone 1’, and partially located in CRZ; 200m to 500m belt from High Tide Line (HTL), and partially beyond 500m from HTL (outside CRZ). The project involves construction comprising of holiday resort buildings of 4,429.89 square meters on land of 27,110.00 square meters area.

1.2 Objective and Scope of study

The purpose of this Rapid Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) Report for CRZ is to provide: a) baseline / pre-development data of the society / community and environment (viz., air, noise, water, soil, land, biological, and socio-economic components) of the area and its surrounding area within 10 km, b) the extent of environmental impacts likely to arise on account of the proposed construction and operational of the project, c) propose an environmental management plan (EMP) to minimise and mitigate the likely adverse environmental impacts due to the proposed construction and operation of the project in keeping with norms laid down by the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEF&CC), Government of India, and d) a design and specifications for monitoring and auditing requirements necessary to ensure the implementation and the effectiveness of the mitigation measures adopted.

1.3 The Steps of EIA

a) Collection of baseline data on water, air, noise, biological & socio-economic status, existing roads and railway lines, water bodies and ecological sensitive areas in the project region. b) Identification of potential impacts on various environmental components due to activities envisaged during preconstruction, construction and operational phases of the proposed development. c) Prediction and evaluation of significant impacts on the major environmental components. d) Preparation of environmental impact assessment statement based on identification, prediction and evaluation of impacts. e) De-lineation of Environmental Management Plan (EMP) outlining preventive and control strategies for minimizing adverse environmental impacts.

Data Sources The report has been prepared by the project proponent, Mr. Gautam Chand, using both primary and secondary research. Primary data for the project site has been generated by Fine Envirotech

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Engineers (engaged for this project in 2015), and specialized agencies engaged by the project proponent (for site ground water). Secondary data is from:  Rainfall Statistics of India – 2015 by Dr. (Mrs.) Surinder Kaur and M. K. Purohit, published by India Meteorological Department (Ministry Of Earth Sciences) Report No. ESSO/IMD/HS R. F. REPORT/04(2016)/22  National Assessment of Shoreline changes along Indian Coast by R. S. Kankara, M. V. Ramana Murthy & M. Rajeevan, Status report for years 1990-2016, published by Ministry of Earth Sciences National Centre for Coastal Research Chennai-600100, July- 2018  Assessment of shoreline changes of Alibag coast (Maharashtra, India) using remote sensing and GIS by R. Vidya*, R. S. Biradar1, A. B. Inamdar, Sudha Srivastava and Madhavi Pikle, published by ICAR - Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Ernakulam North P.O., Kochi - 682018, India, 30 Dec 2015  CZMAs and Coastal Environments: Two Decades of Regulating Land Use Change on India's Coastline by Manju Menon, Meenakshi Kapoor, Preeti Venkatram, Kanchi Kohli And Satnam Kaur published by Centre for PoliCy Research Namati Environmental Justice Program 2015  Cummins India Limited Power Systems Business Cummins India Office Campus Tower-A, 8th Floor, S. No. 21, Balewadi, Pune – 411 045 (India)  EME/CS/AB-AWAS/2016-17/115:R00 Date: 15/03/2017 report by Mitcon Consultancy And Engineering Services Ltd, Environment Management and Engineering Division Agriculture campus, Shivajinagar, Pune 411005, published on MOEFCC portal.

The proposal was presented to MCZMA (Ref. No.: CRZ-2015/CR-167/TC-4) in November 2015 and compliance was requested by MCZMA in March 2016. Accordingly, baseline data is for the post- monsoon season of 2016, i.e. for the period October to December 2016.

1.4 Methodology adopted for EIA

The area around proposed project was studied to understand the nature of the proposed development and to decide upon the sampling locations and further execution programme for the purpose of environmental impact assessment studies.

Table No. 1.1: Survey of Environmental Attributes Sr. No. Attribute Parameters No. of Locations, Frequency of Monitoring, etc.

1 Ambient air PM2.5 PM10, SO2, Data from 8 locations – 24 hourly sample. quality with NOx fugitive emissions 2 Meteorology Temperature, Secondary data from IMD, Alibag. Relative humidity (RH), Rainfall, Wind speed and direction.

3 Water quality Physical, Chemical Sampling data from 3 locations for surface and at 6 and locations for ground water quality. Bacteriological parameters. 4 Ecology Existing terrestrial Random visit data and secondary literature survey. flora and fauna.

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5 Noise Levels Noise levels in Continuous 24-hourly monitoring data from 8 db(A). locations. 6 Soil Parameters Sampling data from 8 locations. characteristics related to agricultural & afforestatation potential. 7 Land use Land use for Based on satellite imagery. different categories. 8 Socio-economic Socio-economic Secondary data using census 2011. aspects characteristics of local population 9 Geology Geology of the Secondary data – multiple sources. area 10 Hydrology Drainage pattern, Secondary data – multiple sources. nature of streams, aquifer characteristics, recharge and discharge areas. 11 Environment Environmental Environmental management plan is prepared to Management impact prediction minimize the negative impact and augment the Plan and evaluation positive impact.

1.5 Project Background

The project involves construction, comprising of holiday resort buildings of 4,429.89 square meters with a maximum height of 9 meters on land of 27,110.00 square meters (utilizing less than the 0.2 FSI permitted) on Gat nos. 553/2 and 555/2 of Kihim, Alibag, Raigad, Maharashtra. The site is partially in CRZ III (where resort is permitted as per CRZ Notification 2011) and entirely in MMRDA’s Recreation and Tourism Zone (RTZ) 1 (zoned for resort and tourism facilities).

Table No. 1.2: Project Details Sr. No. Particulars Details

1 Name of The Project Proposed Holiday Resort at Kihim, Tal- Alibag, Dist.- Raigad 2 CRZ classification Area CRZ-III 3 Land Already acquired 4 Topography Flat 5 Plot Area 27,110 Sq.M. 6 Propose Total Built up area 4,429.89 Sq.M. 7 Maximum height of the building 9 M 8 Water Supply Kihim Grampanchayat, Tal. Alibag 9 Power Supply MSEDCL 10 Railway Station Nearest Railway Station is Pen - 32km 11 Nearest Highway NH- 17 (Panvel-Goa highway) - 28 km 12 Nearest Town Alibag (11 km)

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Figure No. 1.1: Project Site

Figure No. 1.2: Project Location Map

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Coastal Land-use Plan

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Coastal Zone Plan Maharashtra, Sheet No. E43G 14/NW; Prepared as per Coastal Regulation Zone Notification 2011 by Institute of Remote Sensing, Chennai

Site Under Reference (marked in red stripes) showing Gat no. 553/2 and 555/2 partially within CRZ III (shaded yellow) and balance outside CRZ (shaded white).

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1.6 Structure of the EIA Report

The Environmental Impact Assessment report is organised as follows:

Chapter 1: Introduction This chapter describes the objectives and methodology for EIA.

Chapter 2: Project Description This chapter gives a brief description of the location, approachability, amenities and layout of the proposed project.

Chapter 3: Description of the Environment This chapter presents details of the baseline environmental status of all environmental attributes i.e. micro climate conditions, air quality, noise, traffic, water quality, soil quality, flora, fauna and socio-economic status etc.

Chapter 4: Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures This chapter discusses the possible sources of pollution and environmental impacts of the project during construction and functional phases.

Chapter 5: Analysis of Alternatives (Technology & Site) This chapter discusses how the project site is suitable for proposed development.

Chapter 6: Environmental Monitoring Programme This chapter discusses the detailed environmental monitoring of the project area and periphery.

Chapter 7: Additional Studies This chapter describe the additional studies like, Risk assessment, Disaster Management Plan, etc.

Chapter 8: Project Benefits This chapter describes various benefits of the project to the community in the vicinity as well as to the region on the whole.

Chapter 9: Environment Management Plan This chapter deals with the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for the project and indicates measures proposed to minimize the likely impacts on the environment.

Chapter 10: Summary and Conclusion This Chapter highlights the executive summary of the EIA and EMP, including budgetary allocation.

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CHAPTER 2: PROJECT DESCRIPTION

2.1 Introduction

‘Kihim Resort’ is being proposed by Mr. Gautam Chand at Gat nos. 553/2 and 555/2 in Kihim village, Alibag taluka, Raigad district, of Maharashtra State. The project involves construction, comprising of holiday resort buildings of 4,429.89 square meters with a maximum height of 9 meters on land of 27,110.00 square meters (utilizing less than the 0.2 FSI as per town planning rules, i.e. 5,422 Sq. M.).

Kihim is well connected to Alibag by road. MSRTC buses run to and from Alibag frequently. It can also be accessed from Mumbai via NH-17 (94 km), Pune (140km) and then a state route connecting from Wadkhal. An existing, well-used, popular passenger ferry terminal at Mandwa (soon will have sea-based roll-on roll-off (RORO) service for vehicles) connects Alibag taluka to Mumbai and onward to Kihim via road (11km). Auto Rickshaws are readily available for local travel.

2.2 Description of the Site

The proposed project site is located at latitude 18*43’23”N to 18*43’29”N and longitude 72*52’07”E to 72*52’13”E in notified area of Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority, commonly abbreviated as MMRDA. The site is entirely in RTZ 1 (where resort is permitted), and partially in CRZ III (200-500 meters from high tide line (HTL) and partially outside CRZ (where resort is permitted). The site falls in the Topo-sheet number E43G 14/NW.

Site Plan Layout

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2.3 Site Selection

Major factors involved in the selection of the site are listed below: 1. Easy access from major metropolitan areas like Mumbai and Pune by sea and road. 2. Paved road access till project main gate for movement of construction equipment, materials, etc. during the construction phase and for use during operations. 3. Easy availability of electricity supply from MSEDCL, water from Kihim Gram Panchayat, and skilled and unskilled labour and staff. 4. Easy availability of basic tourism amenities, shops, food supplies, power. 5. Referenced site is partially within recreational zone 1, which is located in 200m to 500m belt from High Tide water Line (HTL), and partially beyond 500m from HTL (outside CRZ). 6. Suitability of land from topographical and geological considerations. 7. No cutting of trees required, since land is largely barren. 8. Substantial improvement in land after development due to (a) increase in green cover by over 60% of area, and (b) potential incremental rain water harvesting (RWH) of 341 cm3/hr due to development. 9. Improvement in local infrastructure and benefits to local population. 341.12.

2.4 Project Implementation and Cost

The project is expected to be implemented within one year. Total estimated cost of the project excluding land cost and furniture is Rupees 863.30.00 lakhs, and including land cost and furniture is Rupees 1066 lakhs.

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2.5 Perspective view

Figure No. 2.1: Front Side Elevation

Figure No. 2.2: Building Perspective View

Building Sections

Figure No. 2.3: Floor Sections

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The proposed Master Plan is presented in Figure No. 2.3. The layout has been developed after considering aspects like CRZ notification, local planning authority rules, applicable DC rules etc.

Figure No. 2.4: Master Plan

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2.5.1 Area Statement

Table No. 2.1: Area Statement

Regulatory Calculations Area in Sq. m.

Area of Plot 27,110.00

Area under 10% open space (min.) 2,711.00

Amenity space (5%) (min.) 1,355.50

FSI 0.2

Permissible B/U area (max.) 5,150.90

Area under road set back 387.34

Total B/U area (actual) 4,429.89

Balance B/U area 721.01

Amenity space 5% Open space Road set 10% back 2%

Total B/U area 16% Green Belt & Misc. 67%

Figure No. 2.5: Proposed Land-use

Table No. 2.2: Tenement Details Type A – 13 units * 193.95 sq. m. 2,521.35 Type B – 15 units * 106.03 sq. m. 1,908.54

2.6 Basic Requirement of the Project

2.6.1 Land Requirement

Land available for the proposed Holiday Resort is owned Mr. Gautam Chand.

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2.6.2 Water Requirement

Water Plan Non-Monsoon

Water Plan During Monsoon

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2.6.3 Fuel Requirement

The main fuel for the proposed project is diesel (HSD) which is required for DG sets, construction machinery and vehicles. HSD requirement for 500 KVA D G. rating is approximately 100 litres/hr. which will be sourced from local diesel fuel stations located near the site. Fuel will be stored in 200 lt barrels.

2.6.4 Power Requirement

The power requirement during construction and operation will be supplied by MSEDCL. Standby DG sets will also be provided in case of MSEDCL power failure.

Following energy saving cost effective measures will be adopted:  Energy efficient fluorescent bulb lights which give approximately 30 % more light output for the same Watts consumed & therefore require less no. of fixtures & corresponding lower point wiring costs for common areas.  Solar inverters to compliment MSEDCL power  Solar water heaters.  CFLs will be incorporated in corridors, toilets & all circulation areas.  Copper conductor cables are specified for sizes of 16 sq. mm & below, this will reduce losses & improve reliability.  All cables are de-rated to avoid heating during use. This also indirectly reduces losses & improves reliability.  Wherever techno-commercially appropriate, variable frequency drives have been incorporated on motor feeders which will save considerable energy.  Power factor for the complete electrical system is being maintained close to unity. This will reduce electrical power distribution losses in the installation.

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Solar Power Solar PV power system, or PV system, is a power system designed to supply usable solar power by means of photovoltaics. It consists of an arrangement of several components, including solar panels to absorb and convert sunlight into electricity.

Solar Hot Water System Calculation

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Solar PV Panels Design

Compliance with Energy Conservation Building Code 2007

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2.6.5 Construction / Building Material Requirement

Construction materials like fly ash brick, lime/gypsum, etc. will be sourced locally. The estimated quantity of construction material requirement for the project is summarised in Table No.2.3.

Table No. 2.3: Construction Material Requirement Sr. Construction Unit Approximate Source/Availability No. Material Quantity 1 Cement Bags 25,000 Local Market 2 Aggregates Cu.M. 800 Local Market 3 Steel Tons 250 Local Market 4 Bricks/Fly ash bricks Nos. 1,500,000 Local Market 5 Sand Cu.M. 600 Local Market

2.7 Infrastructure Requirement related to Environmental Parameters

2.7.1 Waste Water Treatment

Waste water from sewage will be treated using Sequencing batch reactors or SBRs.

2.7.1.1 Sewage Quantity

The quantity of sewage generated will be 6 Kilolitre per day.

2.7.1.2 Sewage Treatment Plant

STP will use ultrafiltration using sequencing batch reactors (SBR) technology. Treated water shall be stored in a holding tank with 4 days capacity. Details as under: Sewage Generation 6 STP capacity selected 10 Total Water available after Treatment 5 Treated water BOD shall be less than 5mg/l

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SBR Technology Process

Sequencing batch reactors or SBRs use a separate pre-treatment section to mechanically hold back solids and a biological aeration and settling tank. Small SBR wastewater treatment systems clean incoming wastewater over a number of cycles, achieving a cleaning performance of up to 98%.

1. Charging The wastewater goes first into primary treatment (1st chamber), where the solid substances are retained. From there, the wastewater is fed into the SBR tank (2nd chamber).

2. Aeration The actual biological cleaning by microorganisms now takes place in the SBR tank. Short aeration and rest phases alternate in a controlled cleaning process. The so- called activated sludge can now develop with millions of microorganisms and clean the water thoroughly.

3. Rest phase A rest phase now follows, during which the live sludge sinks to the bottom of the system. This allows a clarified water zone to form at the top of the SBR tank.

4. Clear water extraction The purified wastewater is now fed into an infiltration system. Afterwards, the sludge is fed back from the SBR tank into the first.

Figure No. 2.6 Schematic diagram of STP

2.7.2 Rain Water Harvesting (RWH) & Storm Water Drainage (SWD)

The harvesting of rainwater simply involves the collection of water from surfaces on which rain falls, and subsequently storing this water for later use. Normally water is collected from the roofs of buildings and stored in rainwater tanks.

Rainwater Harvesting Techniques

Runoff from Roofs The collection of rainwater from the roofs of buildings can easily take place. All that is necessary to capture this water is to direct the flow of rainwater from roof gutters to a rainwater storage tank. By doing this, water can be collected and used for various uses.

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The size of the storage capacity is based on the assessment of historical daily rainfall data. The size of the area of capture or roof area must also be known when estimating the amount of rainfall that is able to be collected.

Capturing Ground Runoff Ground runoff can be modelled and used as input to overall water balance calculations.

Run off from the roofs and project site is given below:

RWH Quantification: Total availability of water at the site before development per year = Geographical area x Rainfall x Runoff Coefficient = 27,110 Sq. Mt. x 2.3 x 0.6 = 37,411.80 M3

We have also considered runoff coefficient for calculating flow for rainwater design based on Central Pollution Control Board and Ministry of Environment & Forests data. They are as under:

Table No. 2.4: Runoff Coefficient Surface Type Runoff Coefficient (range) Roof (Metal, gravel, asphalt, shingle, fibre-glass, 0.95 - 0.90 asbestos, concrete) Pavement (Concrete, asphalt, Gravel, Brick) 1.00 - 0.90 Ground Surface (Hard flat ground without 0.75 - 0.25 Vegetation) Ground Surface (Hard flat ground with Vegetation) 0.60 - 0.15 Lawns (Flat, Sandy soil) 0.10 - 0.05 (Flat , Heavy soil) 0.20-0.15

Table No. 2.5: Incremental Run off due to Project Development Maximum Runoff Runoff Runoff Intensity of Potential Coefficient Coefficient Coefficient Rainfall for Land use Area (Sq M) (min.) (max.) (avg.) (m/hr) RWH/Cu.M Before Development

Plot Area 27,110.00 0.15 0.60 0.38 0.055 559.14

After Development

Built Up Area 4,429.90 0.90 0.95 0.93 0.055 225.37

Internal Roads 5,005.00 0.90 1.00 0.95 0.055 261.51

Other - pools, porches, decks 2,310.00 0.25 0.75 0.50 0.055 63.53

Amenities 1,355.50 0.15 0.60 0.38 0.055 27.96

Green Belt 2,711.00 0.05 0.10 0.08 0.055 11.18

Open spaces, hardscaping 11,298.60 0.25 0.75 0.50 0.055 310.71

Plot Area 27,110.00 900.26

Incremental Run-off due to Development 341.12

2.7.3 Solid Waste Management

Based on the land-use and population, following are the categories of the waste generated with respective quantities:

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During Construction Phase:

Table No. 2.6: Waste Generation during Construction Phase Sr. No. Categories Quantity 1 Organic Waste 5.40kg/day 2 Recyclable Waste (Metals, Packaging 2.25kg/day Material, Dry waste component from daily waste generation, Electronic Waste)

Assumptions:  Domestic waste generation: 300 gm/per person per day for residential labours and 150 gm/per person per day for floating population  Domestic waste composition: 60% organic, 15% recyclables and 25% inerts/miscellaneous

During Operation Phase:

Table No. 2.7: Waste generation during Operation Phase

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Assumptions:  Domestic waste generation: 480 gm/per person per day  Domestic waste composition: 50% organic, 40% non-biodegradable waste, 2% E-waste and 8% inerts/miscellaneous.

The following three objectives will be achieved: a. Waste collection b. Effective management of waste c. In-house treatment of organic waste, handing over non-biodegradable waste to the Gram Panchayat

The effective system will have following components and will follow MSW guidelines:  Waste collection and segregation  Bio composting of organic waste  Sorting of waste, reuse and recycling i.e. recovery of materials such as paper, glass, metal which will be sold to a vendor  Handing over the non-recyclable waste to local the Gram Panchayat for further disposal

2.7.4 Fire Fighting

Keeping in mind the safety of the occupants, the necessary fire protection measures are taken into consideration and the following Fire Protection Systems are proposed for each building: a. Fire Hydrant System for the yard, parking and for all buildings. b. Portable Extinguishers for each floor. c. Fire Suppression water tanks shall be provided. d. Sufficient road width and turning radius will be provided for fire tender movement.

2.7.5 Landscape

Landscaping will comprise of creation of green belt area, parking area, live hedges along boundary, avenue & gardens, etc. Indigenous and local tree species will be selected for plantation, including fruit bearing species to attract birds and butterflies.

2.7.6 Project Cost

Total estimated cost of the project excluding land cost and furniture is Rupees 863.30.00 lakhs, and including land cost and furniture is Rupees 1066 lakhs.

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CHAPTER 3: DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

3.1 Introduction

The baseline status of the environmental quality in the vicinity of the project site serves as a basis for identification and prediction of impact. This chapter illustrates the description of the existing environmental status of the study area with reference to the prominent environmental attributes.

The data was collected from both primary and secondary sources. Primary data includes: climate, atmospheric conditions, water quality, soil quality, vegetation pattern, ecology and socio-economic profile of the study area. Sampling locations were identified during the reconnaissance survey: 1. Existing topography and meteorological conditions. 2. Locations of water intake and waste disposal points. 3. Location of human habitation and other sensitive areas present in the vicinity of project site. 4. Accessibility for sampling

3.2 Study Period and Methodology of Conducting Baseline Study

The studies were conducted during post-monsoon period of October to December 2016. Studies were conducted by considering the following:  The various environmental attributes were divided into primary and secondary studies. Primary attributes such as air, water, soil and biological environment were assessed by conducting field studies, on-site monitoring;  Secondary attributes such as land use studies, geology, physiological characteristics, and socio-economic environment have been assessed by literature review of previous studies conducted by various government publications.

The scope and the extent of data generation was formulated with interdisciplinary team discussions, criteria questions and professional judgment. The baseline studies started with site visits and reconnaissance survey in the study area for fixing the monitoring locations for primary data collection. As a secondary data source, various government agencies were approached for getting information and relevant data.

3.3 The Study Area

The environmental parameters are studied to establish an existing environmental scenario of an area covering 10 km radius, which is considered as an impact area. The existing major environmental attributes in the study area of 10 Km radius from the project site are considered as base line.

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Figure No. 3.1: Satellite Image showing area of 10 km Radius around Project Site

Figure No. 3.2: Toposheet Map of 10 km Radius Area around Project Site

3.4 Land Environment

3.4.1 Topography

The site of the proposed resort is located at Kihim, at latitude 18°43’26”N and longitude 72°52’09"E. The site Project site and 10 KM radial study area fall in Survey of India (SOI) Toposheet No. E 43 G / 14 NW. The project is situated north of Alibag, surrounded by diversity of topographic features. It has an average altitude of 4 meters above mean sea level. The area under investigation is flat.

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3.4.2 Physiography

The site is entirely in Recreational & Tourism Zone 1, and located partially in 200m to 500m belt from High Tide Line (HTL), and partially beyond 500m from HTL (outside CRZ).. The proposed project is located approximately 11 km from Alibag. No archaeological sites are seen in the proposed project site. Mangroves are located 1.5 km from the proposed project area.

Table No. 3.1: Environmental Settings of the Project Site Particulars Details Latitude (site centre) 18*43'26”N Longitude (site centre) 72*52'09"E Site Address Gat No. 553/2 & 555/2 at village Kihim, taluka Alibag, district Raigad Accessibility Village Centre - Kihim – 0.5 km Nearest Railway station – Pen – 34 km Nearest Airport – Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport, Vile Parle, Mumbai,– 110 kms NH- 17 (Panvel-Goa highway) – 28 km Alibaug – Revas Road – 2.8 Km.

Nearest Town 11 km (Alibag) Total Population in study 2582 (2011 Census) area Nearest Water Body Arabian Sea - 300m Nearest IMD Observatory Alibag Ecological Sensitive Area Mangroves: 1.5 km Karnala Wildlife Sanctuary- 28 Km Malvan Marine Sanctuary, Sindhudurg – 320 km Archaeological Monuments Karnala Fort 28Km Seismic Zone IV Educational Institute Sadashiv Mahadev Wadke Vidyalaya – 1.0 km

3.4.3 Geomorphology

Raigad district is one of the four coastal districts situated along the western coast of the State and is located between north latitude 17°51’00” and 19°08’00” and east longitudes 72°50’00” and 73°40’00”. It is bounded by Thane district in the north, Ratnagiri district in the south, Pune district in the east and Arabian Sea forms the western boundary, having a length of about 250 km. The district covers an area of 7152 sq. km and has been divided into four revenue divisions viz., Alibag, Panvel, Mahad and Mangaon which are further divided into fourteen talukas viz., Alibag, Panvel, Uran, Karjat, Khalapur, Pen, Sudhagad, Mahad, Roha, Mangaon, Poladpur, Mahasala, Shriwardhan and Murud. Kundalika River is the main river in the central part whereas in the southern part Savitri River is the main river.

The district has three physiographic divisions i.e. (i) Coastal zone in west covers about 20% of the district (ii) Central zone covers about 1/3rd of the district, consisting of fertile land in the low lying area (iii) Hilly zone in the eastern part is highly uneven in altitude and is covered with forests. This hill range is characterized by ruggedness and uneven topography, with a crest line of peaks and saddles forming the eastern horizon. Ulhas, Panvel and Patalganga are the three main rivers in the northern part. Kundalika River is the main river in the central part whereas in the southern part Savitri River is the main river. The soils in the district are formed from the Deccan Trap which is the

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Figure No. 3.3: DEM of 10 Km radius from Project Area

3.4.4 Geology of the Study Area

Raigad, formerly known as Kolaba, is situated in the western part of Konkan belt of Maharashtra State along the west coast of India. It lies between 17°52’ and 19°08’ north latitude and 72°51’ and 73°40’ east longitude. The district stretches 160 km from north to south while it ranges 24-48 km from east to west. It forms part of the Konkan coastal low lands and is flanked by Thane District on north, Ratnagiri District on south, Pune and Satara Districts on east and bounded by Arabian Sea on west. The coastline is 250 km long. Raigad District can be divided into three characteristic zones based on topographic features viz. coastal zone, central zone and hilly zone. Though the district forms part of the Konkan plains, the topographic set-up is very uneven and rugged. The coastline is characterized by alternative bluffs and curved bays having narrow hinterlands. The central region of the District has many plateaus and hills rising from valleys. The eastern part is rugged and merging with the Sahyadris, existing in a north-south direction. The eastern horizon is marked by Sahyadri hills with good forest cover. The district spreads 48 km in the western direction with a steep slope descending from 869 m at Raigad to 3 m above msl at Shrivardhan. Physio-graphically, the district can be divided into three main groups - The portion covering north-south alignment of Sahyadri ranges with several traverses, system of subsidiary hills with varying heights covering more than 45% of the total area of the District. The portion between coastal region and Sahyadri hill ranges, moderately undulating terrain with low lying area covering about 35% of the total area of the district. The extreme western portion in vicinity of Arabian Sea covers about 20% of the total area of the district.

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3.4.5 Hydrogeology

Deccan Trap Basalt of upper Cretaceous to lower Eocene is the major rock formation and intruded by a number of dykes. The western part of the district consisting of Basalt flows is altered to Laterite. Recent deposits comprising of Beach Sand and Alluvium occur along the coast and in the river mouth, however they do not form potential aquifer. A map depicting the hydrogeological features is shown as Figure No. 3.4.

Figure No. 3.4: Geohydrology of the Raigad District

The depth of water levels in major parts of the district during dry season ranges between 0.95 mbgl to 7.70 mbgl. The water level in the major part of the district ranges from 2-5 mbgl. The water level ranging from 5 to 10 mbgl is observed in the northern and southern part of the study area and also scattered patches across the district. Shallow water level of less than 2 mbgl is also found across the district as isolated patches. Alternating sequence of permeable and compact horizons in volcanic rocks gives rise to a multi-aquifer system. The near surface weathered and jointed zone of the massive basaltic unit and the vesicular part together constitute the main water table aquifer, which is being extensively developed by dug wells. There is a hydraulic continuity between the contiguous massive and vesicular basaltic units, horizontal and other joints along with weathered mantle being responsible for this.

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Figure No. 3.5: Pre-monsoons water depth of the Raigad District in Maharashtra

It is observed in the study area that dug wells are the most feasible structure for ground water resource. The dug wells of the depth of 15 m are reported from the study area, so as to tap the weathered, vesicular / fractured and jointed basalt, normally available down to the depth of 15 mbgl at the project site. However, actual ground water taken at 15 m depths of the project site indicated a very high level of contamination:

3.5 Land Use of Study Area

Land use is characterized by the arrangements, activities and inputs people undertake in a certain land cover type to produce, change or maintain it. Definition of land use in this way establishes a direct link between land cover and the actions of people in their environment. Following examples are a further illustration of the above definitions: Land cover is the observed (bio) physical cover on the earth's surface. When considering land cover in a very pure and strict sense, it should be confined to the description of vegetation and man-made features. Consequently, areas where the surface consists of bare rock or bare soil are land itself rather than land cover. Also, it is disputable whether water surfaces are real land cover. However, in practice, the scientific community usually includes these features within the term land cover.

Land Use/Land cover for 10 km radius from project site of Proposed Construction of Holiday Resort at Kihim, Tal- Alibag, Dist.- Raigad were delineated based on the Landsat-ETM Data dated 27 Dec. 2015. The land use/Land cover classes are categorized based on the ground truthing and site visits. The land is classified into Beach Area, Builtup Land, Fallow Land, Mangrove, Open Land, Vegetation and Waterbody etc. classes. Detailed distribution is depicted in the map, table and graphs.

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Figure No. 3.6: Land Use Land Cover Map

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Table No. 3.2: Land Use in Study Area Classes Area in Sq. Area in % km. Fallow Land 1.59 0.51 Beach Area 2.83 0.9 Water Body 194.51 61.92 Barren Land 46.65 14.85 Open Land 10.51 3.35 Vegetation 43.66 13.90 Mangrove Land 9.88 3.15 Built up Land 4.51 1.43 Total Area 314.14 100.00

Built up Land It is defined as an area of human habitat developed for residence and industrial use. The built-up land in 10 km radius from project site comprises of villages, towns, panchayat and revenue villages that include buildings, industries, factories, transport, communications, utilities in association with waterbodies and vegetation. Out of total area, 4.51 sq. Km (1.43%) area comes under built-up land class.

Vegetation / Agricultural / Crop Land The vegetation class use is a function of land productivity and land utilization practices over a period of time. It is an area bearing an association predominantly of trees and other vegetation types capable of producing timber and other forest produces. These lands are generally occupying the topographically high regions. The study area comes under heavy rain fall area, also having dense vegetation of Konkan region. This land use/land cover class (Vegetation and mangroves area) in the study area, covers 53 sq. km. area under Vegetation and Mangroves which is 16% out of area. Only 3% mangrove vegetation is observed in the study area.

Water Bodies This category comprises areas with surface water, either impounded in the form of ponds, lakes, oceans and reservoirs or flowing as streams, rivers, canals etc. These are seen clearly on the satellite image depending on the depth of water. These areas were identified and mapped as water bodies; this unit is spatially distributed in 194 sq. km area. The project site is situated near shore line, so almost 61% of the study area is covered by the Arabian Sea.

Open Land Fallow Land and Barrel Land Open land described as degraded land which can be brought under vegetative cover with reasonable effort and which is currently under-utilized and land which is deteriorating due to lack of appropriate water and soil management or on account of natural causes. Wastelands can result from inherent/imposed constraints such as, by location, environment, chemical and physical properties of the soil or financial or management constraints. Fallow land is a piece of land that is normally used for farming but that is left with no crops on it for a season in order to let it recover its fertility. Within study area most of area comes under barren land.

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Figure No. 3.7: Digital Elevation Model

Digital Elevation Models One of the most common applications of interpolation techniques is in the construction of a digital elevation model (DEM), sometimes referred to as a digital terrain model (DTM). Digital elevation models were originally developed as part of the process required to create orthophotos, but they may also be used to calculate slope, aspect, line of sight, view sheds, watersheds and lots of other features, as well as providing a basis for more effective visualization using block diagrams, hill shading etc. The study area comes in the Western Ghat hilly region, also situated on coast line area. According to Aster elevation data, the highest elevation is 445 m from sea level. This area is concentrated with agricultural, tourism and fishing activities.

3.6 Soil Characteristics

Soil is the unconsolidated material on the earth’s surface that serves as a natural medium for plant growth. It is a product of a rock weathering and Pedogenesis and on human time scale is a non-renewable natural resource.

Soil formation is influenced mainly by climate, geology, relief and other biotic interactions. Agriculture, town areas are surrounding the proposed project. Hence, it is essential to identify the impacts in the study area, on the soil characteristics and to assess the agricultural and afforestation potential of the soil. Accordingly, an assessment of the baseline soil quality has been carried out. In the study area the soils have developed due to weathering of basalt and are shallow soils.

The soils of the district are formed from the Deccan Trap which is the predominating rock formation of this district with small out-crops of laterite at a few places in the Poladpur taluka and in the Matheran hills. Various types of these soils are marked out as per topographical situation and location. They are generally grouped as Forest, Varkas, Rice, Khar or Salt, Coastal alluvial and Laterite soils.

Forest soils These soils are not used for agricultural purposes but yield valuable forest products such as teak-wood, hirda (myrobalan), beheda, pepper, etc. However, these soils are heavily eroded due to grazing and cutting of the forest trees.

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Varkas soil These soils are located just below the forest soils all along the steeper slopes. They are shallow in depth, which varies only between a foot and a foot and a half, heavily eroded and sandy in texture and yellowish red to yellowish grey in colour with acidic reaction. They are poor in organic matter and nitrogen and possess very little retention of moisture. They yield kharif millets but the production thereof could be increased with the addition of bulky manures, lime and nitrogenous and phosphatic fertilizers.

Rice soil The district is the second largest producer of rice in Maharashtra State. The region is peculiarly terraced and, though the small strips in between the two terraces are levelled, it is difficult to get even a few gunthas of land in one piece in a levelled condition. The depth varies between two and six feet. They are loamy in texture, yellowish or reddish grey in colour, neutral in reaction and almost devoid of lime. They are formed from the trap rock from the Sahyadri ranges under heavy rainfall and humid climatic conditions. The linear response of rice to the application of nitrogenous, phosphatic and potassic fertilisers is observed in these soils. Addition of bulky manures in these soils is also found to be advantageous from the point of view of yield. There are some patches of manat soils in Mangaon taluka which are rich in clay and silt and which become stiff and hard when dry.

Khar soil These soils are situated on the flat, levelled land near the sea at the point of creeks formed due to the rivers. They are flat clay to clay loam in texture and reddish or yellowish grey in colour. These soils contain hardly more than one per cent of soluble salts. These soils are formed due to the deposition of salts by the sea or from lands reclaimed from the sea. Large tracts of land are going out of cultivation due to the ingress of the sea and. In order to reclaim these lands, the Government has formed the Khar Land Development Board which has undertaken ambitious projects of the reclamation of khar lands.

Coastal alluvium soil These soils are found all along the coast and at places where there are no creeks. They are deep soils developed on flat land and loamy in texture with reddish grey colour. They are devoid of clay fraction or humus and are open in nature. The profile is difficult to differentiate and is excessively drained. Calcium carbonate is found in abundance throughout the profile but calcium has not entered the clay complex. The sub-soil water level is only from ten to fifteen feet deep. The salt contents of the well water are higher in the proximity of the sea; but due to excellent drainage, its use has not produced any deleterious effects. The soils are almost neutral or slightly on the alkaline side of neutrality. Good garden crops like coconut, arecanut, plantain, etc., are grown in these soils, depending upon the availability of water.

Laterite soil Out-crops of laterite rock are observed amongst the Sahyadri ranges, amidst the trap rock, mainly at Matheran and in the Poladpur taluka. These soils mostly occur on the mountain peaks. They are coarser in texture, wherever there are no forests. They are yellowish-red in colour and shallow in depth and yield coarse millets and niger. The heavy rains in the mountainous regions thoroughly leach the soils turning them acidic in reaction and devoid of calcium carbonate. They are rich in sesquioxides, the ratio of silica to sesquioxides being less than two. But they are generally poor in exchangeable bases or in fertility constituents. However, the soils from the forest region are well-supplied with nitrogen and organic matter.

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Figure No. 3.8: Soil Map of Raigad District

The soil investigation was carried out in and around the site to establish the basic characteristics in terms of texture, alkalinity and presence of heavy metals in the soil to access the anticipated impacts from the proposed project. Soils of the Raigad district region are detailed in Figure No. 3.8.

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Table No. 3.3: Soil sampling locations S: Soil Sampling Location Location Location Name Location Code

S1 Kihim ( Project Location) 18°43'26"N 72°52'09"E S2 Mandave 18°47'41.37"N 72°53'49.62"E S3 Zirad 18°45'19.26"N 72°53'22.36"E S4 Navgaon 18°42'27.23"N 72°51'45.27"E S5 Awas 18°46'23.19"N 72°51'58.00"E S6 Agarsure 18°44'28.52"N 72°52'15.30"E S7 Jalpada 18°42'35.93"N 72°56'12.43"E S8 Bhal 18°41'55.88"N 72°53'5.46"E

Soil Analysis Results

Table No. 3.4 Soil: Analysis Results Sr. No. Parameters Unit Kihim Madave Ziradd Navgaon Awas Agarsure Jalpada Bhal 1 pH --- 7.54 6.9 8.12 7.95 8.01 8.13 8.09 8.03 2 Conductivity 324 385 293 248 213 221 286 265

3 Bulk Density g/cm3 1.18 1.14 1.12 1.14 1.14 1.1 1.1 1.12 Moisture Content 4 at 105*C % 9.4 9.8 9.2 10.2 9.6 9.9 9.86 9.6 Water Holding 5 Capacity % 39.4 39.6 38.2 42.2 39 39 36.2 38.5 6 Organic Carbon % 0.96 1.1 1.06 0.96 1.02 0.82 0.78 0.82 7 Total Nitrogen % 0.13 0.23 0.26 0.26 0.38 0.09 0.18 0.24 8 Organic Matter % 1.72 1.93 1.82 1.65 1.75 1.41 1.34 1.41 9 Phosphorus (as P) Kg/ha 128.6 115.5 135 104 120 106 128.2 110 10 Sodium mg/kg 5.62 6.12 5.12 4.5 8.4 8.1 9.1 7.2 11 Potassium (as K) mg/kg 7.32 8.12 9.14 6.1 6.5 7.2 7.4 6.4 12 Calcium (as Ca) mg/kg 2.1 3.12 3.52 2.4 2.1 3.1 2.36 3.2 Magnesium (as 13 Mg) mg/kg 1.5 1.82 1.4 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.6 2.1 14 Iron (as Fe) mg/kg 0.15 1.32 2.32 1.25 1.45 2.13 1.78 1.7 15 Copper (as Cu) mg/kg 0.06 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 16 Zinc (as Zn) mg/kg 0.04 1.2 1.35 0.84 1.08 1.84 0.92 1.03 Percentage of Different 17 Components Sand % 22 26 26 25 24 23 29 27 Silt % 38 38 35 37 34 36 41 38 Clay % 40 36 39 38 42 41 30 35

3.7 Water Environment

Water quality of ground water as well as surface water resources within 10-km radius of the study area has been studied for assessing the water environment and to evaluate anticipated impact of the proposed project. The Ground Water and Surface Water Sampling work was carried out in October - December 2016.

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Selection of Sampling Locations The locations for Ground Water and Surface Water Sampling were decided based on the guidelines given in EIA manual from MoEF&CC. For this EIA, the purpose is to ascertain the baseline Ground Water Quality and Surface Water Quality in study area. Water Quality Monitoring sampling locations are presented in Table No. 3.5.

Table No. 3.5: Ground Water and Surface Water Sampling Locations

W: Water Sampling Locations Location Location Name Location Code

Ground GW 1 Kihim (Project Location - pit) 18°43'26"N 72°52'09"E Water GW 2 Mandave (Well) 18°47'34.83"N 72°53'46.86"E GW 3 Zirad (Well) 18°45'17.07"N 72°53'19.60"E GW 4 Navgaon (Well) 18°42'27.07"N 72°51'45.06"E GW 5 Awas (Well) 18°46'23.19"N 72°51'58.00"E GW 6 Agarsure (Well) 18°44'28.52"N 72°52'15.30"E Surface SW 1 Vaijali (Well) 18°46'4.24"N 72°56'32.24"E Water SW 2 Bhal (Well) 18°41'39.58"N 72°53'41.44"E SW 3 Awas ( Lake) 18°46'11.09"N 72°52'26.79"E

Dug well at Awas Dug pit at Kihim Project site

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Ground water exploration at project site in Kihim

Bhal Lake Dug well at Zirad Village Figure No. 3.9: Water Sampling Locations

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Table No. 3.6: Surface Water Sampling Results Sr. No. Description Unit Bhal Lake Vaijali Lake Awas Lake Test Method

1 pH 7.35 7.28 7.54 APHA 4500H+,44-91,22nd Edition.

2 Temperature *C 25 25 25 APHA 2550 B, 2-69 to 2-70, 22nd Ed.2012

3 Colour Hazen <5 <5 <5 IS: 3025 Part-4 (R.A : 2002

4 Odour Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable IS: 3025 Part-4 (R.A : 2002

5 Conductivity μmhos/cm 622 585 640 APHA 2510 B, 2-54 to 2-55, 22nd Ed.2012.

6 Turbidiity N.T.U. <1 <1 2.8 IS: 3025 Part-10 (R.A : 2002)

7 Total Suspended Solids mg/l <5 <5 6 IS:3025 (Part-17)-1984 RA2006

8 Total Dissolved Solids mg/l 380 360 408 APHA 2540 C, 2-65 , 22nd Ed.2012.

9 Alkalinity mg/l 160 140 135 APHA 2320 B, 2-34 to 2-35, 22nd Ed.2012.

10 Total Hardness (as CaCo3) mg/l 180 160 150.12 APHA 2340 B, 2-44 to 2-46, 22nd Ed.2012.

11 Calcium (as Ca) mg/l 68 70 68.14 APHA 3500 Ca B, 3-67 to 3-68, 22nd Ed.2012.

12 Chlorides (as Cl) mg/l 61.98 89.97 82.97 APHA 4500 Cl-, B, 4-72 to 4-73, 22nd Ed.2012.

13 Sodium mg/l 10 12 11 APHA 3111 B, 3-18 to 3-21, 22nd Ed.2012 (AAS)

14 Sulphate (as SO4) mg/l 9.54 10.73 8.89 APHA 4500-SO4-- E, 4-190 to 4-191, 22nd Ed.2012. 15 Magnesium (as Mg) mg/l 20 16.8 18.4 APHA 3500 Mg A, 3-84, 22nd Ed.2012

16 Nitrtae (as NO3) mg/l 1.47 2.95 2.95 APHA 4500NO3-B22ndEd.2012

17 Total Phosphate mg/l <0.25 <0.25 <0.25 APHA 4500 P-C4-153 to 4-154, 22 nd Ed. 2012

18 Cadmium (as Cd) mg/l <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 APHA 3111 B, 3-18 to 3-21, 22nd Ed.2012 (AAS)

19 Dissolved Oxygen mg/l 6.5 6 7 APHA 3111 B, 3-18 to 3-21, 22nd Ed.2012 (AAS)

20 COD mg/l 15 16 24 APHA 3111 B, 3-18 to 3-21, 22nd Ed.2012 (AAS)

21 BOD mg/l 4 5.07 5.6 APHA 3111 B, 3-18 to 3-21, 22nd Ed.2012 (AAS)

22 Total Chromium mg/l <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 APHA 3111 B, 3-18 to 3-21, 22nd Ed.2012 (AAS)

23 Lead (as Pb) mg/l <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 APHA 3111 B, 3-18 to 3-21, 22nd Ed.2012 (AAS)

24 Zinc (as Zn) mg/l 0.13 0.14 0.18 APHA 3111 B, 3-18 to 3-21, 22nd Ed.2012 (AAS)

25 Iron (as Fe) mg/l <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 IS3025 part (39) 1991 RA:2003

26 Copper (as Cu) mg/l <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 IS:3025part 26 RA(2003)

27 Manganese (as Mn) mg/l <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 APHA 4500 NH3 B, 4-115 to 4-116, 22nd Ed.2012 28 Oil & Grease mg/l <5 <5 <5 IS3025 part (39) 1991 RA:2003

29 Residual Chlorine mg/l <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 IS:3025 part 26 RA (2003)

Ammonical Nitrogen mg/l 0.38 0.36 0.21 APHA 4500 NH3 B, 4-115 to 4-116, 22nd Ed.2012 31 Total Nitrogen mg/l 3.36 3.64 3.64 APHA 4600 N-org B 22nd ed 2012

32 Fluorides (as F) mg/l <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 APHA 4500 F- D 22nd ed 2012

33 Boron mg/l <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 APHA 22nd editn 4500-B,B

34 Nickel mg/l <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 APHAA 3111 B, 3-18 to 3-21, 22nd ed 2012 (AAS) 35 Phenolic Compound (as mg/l <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 APHA 5530 D 22nd ed. 2012 C6H5OH)

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Table No. 3.7: Ground Water Sampling Results Sr. No. Description Unit Kihim Pit Mandave Zirad Well Navgaon Awas Well Agarsure Test Method Well Well Well

1 pH 7.15 7.62 7.42 7.68 7.52 7.66 APHA 4500H+,44- 91,22nd Edition. 2 Temperature *C 25 25 25 25 25 25 APHA 2550 B, 2-69 to 2-70, 22nd Ed.2012

3 Colour Hazen <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 IS: 3025 Part-4 (R.A : 2002) 4 Odour Agreeable(Odourless) Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable IS: 3025 Part-5 (R.A : 2002)

5 Conductivity μmhos/cm 680 7254 640 650 740 680 APHA 2510 B, 2-54 to 2-55, 22nd Ed.2012

6 Turbidity N.T.U. 0.86 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 IS: 3025 Part- 10 (R.A : 2002) 7 Total mg/l <5 <5 <5 <5 4 4 IS: 3025 Part- Suspended 17-1984 Solids RA2006 8 Total mg/l 106600.0 434 390 392 460 418 APHA 2540 C, dissolved 2-65 , 22nd solids Ed.2012.

9 Alkalinity mg/l 218.0 145 145 130 132 136 APHA 2320 B, 2-34 to 2-35, 22nd Ed.2012.

10 Total mg/l 25500.0 186.14 160 160.12 152.12 182.14 APHA 2340 B, hardness (as 2-44 to 2-46, CaCO3) 22nd Ed.2012.

11 Calcium (as mg/l 72 63.32 70 66 65 70 APHA 3500 Ca Ca) B, 3-67 to 3-68, 22nd Ed.2012.

12 Chlorides (as mg/l 77200.0 130 71.97 125 74.97 71.97 APHA 4500 Cl-, Cl) B, 4-72 to 4-73, 22nd Ed.2012.

13 Sodium mg/l 12 10 10 14 12 12 APHA 3111 B, 3-18 to 3-21, 22nd Ed.2012 (AAS) 14 Sulphate as mg/l 27.7 30 14.03 11.92 10 7.98 APHA 4500- (SO4) SO4-- E, 4-190 to 4-191, 22nd Ed.2012. 15 Magnesium mg/l 12.4 11 17.01 12 15 18.96 APHA 3500 Mg (as Mg) A, 3-84, 22nd Ed.2012

16 Nitrate (as mg/l 1.47 2.95 1.47 4.43 1.47 2.95 APHA NO3) 4500NO3- B22ndEd.2012 17 Total mg/l <0.25 <0.25 <0.25 <0.25 <0.25 <0.25 APHA 4500 P- Phosphate C4-153 to 4- 154, 22 nd Ed. 2012 18 Cadmium (as mg/l <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 APHA 3111 B, Cd) 3-18 to 3-21, 22nd Ed.2012 (AAS) 19 Total mm <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 APHA 3111 B, Chromium 3-18 to 3-21, 22nd Ed.2012 (AAS) 20 Lead (as Pb) mg/l 0.19 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 APHA 3111 B, 3-18 to 3-21, 22nd Ed.2012 (AAS) 21 Zinc (as Zn) mg/l <0.05 0.19 0.17 <0.05 0.13 <0.05 APHA 3111 B, 3-18 to 3-21, 22nd Ed.2012 (AAS) 22 Iron (as Fe) mg/l 0.07 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 APHA 3111 B, 3-18 to 3-21, 22nd Ed.2012 (AAS) 23 Copper (as mg/l <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 APHA 3111 B, Cu) 3-18 to 3-21, 22nd Ed.2012 (AAS)

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24 Manganese mg/l <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 APHA 3111 B, (as Mn) 3-18 to 3-21, 22nd Ed.2012 (AAS) 25 Oil & Grease mg/l <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 IS: 3025 Part- 39-1991 (R.A : 2003) 26 Residual mg/l <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 IS: 3025 Part- Chlorine 26 (R.A : 2003) 27 Ammonical mg/l 0.11 0.48 0.37 0.42 0.52 0.11 APHA 4500 Nitrogen NH3 B, 4-115 to 4-116, 22nd Ed.2012 28 Total mg/l 4.2 3.36 3.64 5.6 3.64 4.2 APHA 4600 N- Nitrogen org B 22nd ed 2012 29 Fluorides (as mg/l 0.74 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 APHA 4500 F-- F) D 22nd Ed.2012 30 Boron mg/l <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 APHA 22nd editn 4500-B,B 31 Nickel mg/l <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 APHA 3111 B, 3-18 to 3-21, 22nd Ed.2012 (AAS) 32 Phenolic mg/l <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 APHA 5530 D Compund 22nd Ed.2012 (C2H5OH)

3.8 Air Environment

Assessment of baseline ambient air quality status in the project area and its surrounding area is the essential aspect of the environment impact assessment studies. The metrological parameters such as temp, rainfall, humidity, wind direction, wind speed etc. control the dispersion and transport of air pollutants during different seasons. The post project air quality status will be predicated based on existing ambient air quality status in the project area. The baseline air environment studies in the project area and its surrounding area were carried out through reconnaissance survey followed by ambient air quality monitoring along with meteorological data collection during the study period.

Meteorology The climate of the study area and the surrounding region is generally humid.

Data Collection The regional surface meteorological data viz., temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and direction, station level pressure, rainfall etc. has been compiled from IMD Alibag.

Temperature The only meteorological observatory in the district is situated at Alibag and data for this station may be taken as representative of the conditions generally prevailing in the district. Being a coastal district the diurnal (daily) and seasonal variations of temperature are not large. The period from March to May is one of increasing temperatures. May is the hottest month with a mean daily maximum temperature at 31.7°C (89.1°F) and the mean daily minimum temperature at 26.4°C (79.5°F). Fresh breezes from the sea relieve the oppressive heat particularly in the coastal regions in the afternoons. The onset of the south-west monsoon early in June brings down the temperatures slightly. After the withdrawal of the south-west monsoon by the end of September the day temperatures increase slightly and the weather in October and November is almost like the summer months. In the period from December to February the weather is cooler than in the post-monsoon months.

Relative Humidity The air is humid throughout the year. Relative humidity is on an average over 75 per cent. during the south-west monsoon season. In the rest of the year the relative humidity is between 65 per cent and 75 per cent. During winter season the range of humidity was observed between 75%-87% at 0830 hrs and 27%-39% at 1730 hrs. It is observed from the data that the air is dry in pre

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Station Level Pressure In winter season, the mean pressure observed at 0830 hrs was in the range of 951.5 to 953.4 hpa and at 1730 hrs, it was observed in the range of 947.7 to 949.7 hpa, with the maximum in December. It can be seen from the data that not much variation is observed in the average atmospheric pressure levels. The pressure levels are found to be fairly constant over the region.

Rainfall The district has a network of eleven rain gauge stations with records extending to 82 years for most of the stations. The south-west monsoon commences by about the first week of June and the rains continue till about the beginning of October. The average annual rainfall for the district as a whole is 3,028.9 mm. (119.25"). The rainfall increases rapidly from the coast Howards the Western Ghats on the eastern border of the district. In the coastal strip the annual rainfall decreases from south to north. Uran and Alibag at the northern end of the coast get annually 2,072.3 mm. (81.58") and 2,080.8 mm. (81.92") of rain, respectively, Matheran gets as much as 5,167.5 mm. (203.45") of rain annually. Nearly 95 per cent, of the annual rainfall is received during the south-west monsoon months, and the rainfall in October forms the major portion of the rest. July is the month with the heaviest rainfall, the same being 38 per cent of the annual rainfall. The year-to-year variations in the annual rainfall of the district are not large. During the fifty-year period 1901 to 1950, the highest annual rainfall amounting to 138 per cent of the normal occurred in 1917. The very next year had the lowest rainfall in the fifty-year period and that was only 53 per cent of the normal. In seven years out of fifty, the rainfall was less than 80 per cent of the normal. Rainfall less than 80 per cent of the normal occurred in two consecutive years, 1904 and 1905 at all rain guage stations. At Roha, in 1906, rainfall was less than 80 per cent of the normal. Rainfall less than 80 per cent. of the normal occurred in 1924 and 1925 at Mangaon and Mahad. At Karjat 1920 and 1921 were the years with rainfall less than 80 per cent of the normal. It will be seen from table 2 that in 31 years out of 50 the annual rainfall in the district was between 2,600 mm. and 3,600 mm. (102.36" and 141.73"). On an average there are 94 rainy days (i.e., days on which the rainfall is 2.5 mm.-10 cents-or more) in year. This number varies from 82 at Uran and Alibag to 108 at Matheran, The highest rainfall in 24 hours recorded at any station in the district was 657.3 mm. (25.88") at Matheran on July 24 in the year 1921.

Wind Speed/Direction Winds are very strong and blow from west or south-west during monsoon season. During the period from October to December winds are generally moderate but sometimes strong in October and blow from directions between north-east and south-east. In the three months from January to March the winds continue to be moderate and are predominantly from directions between north and east. In April while there is a slight strengthening of wind, the direction is variable. In May there is a further strengthening of winds and the directions are between south-west and north-west. The 24 hourly wind rose shows the predominant winds from E and NE directions directions during study period. The average wind speed has been observed about 9.6 kmph with the considerable frequency of higher wind speed range (6-18 kmph). The ambient temperature at project site varied between 24-340C during the study period, while the relative humidity was observed in the range of 53-89% at project site.

Ambient Air Quality Air pollution can cause significant effects on human beings, animals, vegetation and materials. However, the residential project is not a major contributor to the air pollution except for particulate matter emission during construction phase. In an operational phase of project, there might be some emissions due to DG sets (will be operated only in case of power failure) and vehicular traffic. Air environment monitoring covers the parameter for which National Ambient Air Quality standards

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Location for AAQ Stations Ambient air quality locations were established to ascertain the major air pollutants (PM10, PM2.5, SO2 & NOX, with following considerations; Meteorological conditions of the area:  Topography of the study area;  Representative background air quality/pollution pockets for obtaining baseline status  Representative likely impact areas.

The monitoring stations were located so as to cover all the upwind, downwind areas with respect to the site. Air quality monitoring locations are described in Table No. 3.8

Table No. 3.8: Ambient Air Quality Sampling Locations AAQ: Ambient Air Quality Location Code Location Name Location Kihim (Project 18°43'26"N A1 Location) 72°52'09"E 18°47'41.37"N A2 Mandave 72°53'49.62"E 18°45'59.81"N A3 Vaijali 72°56'35.53"E 18°45'19.26"N A4 Zirad 72°53'22.36"E 18°42'27.23"N A5 Navgaon 72°51'45.27"E A6 Bhal 18°41'55.88"N 72°53'5.46"E 18°46'23.19"N A7 Awas 72°51'58.00"E 18°44'28.52"N A8 Agarsure 72°52'15.30"E

Table No. 3.9: Results of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Sr. No. Location Sulphur Oxides of Particulate Particulate Dioxide Nitrogen Matter Matter (SO2) (NO2) PM10 PM2.5 mg/M3 mg/M3 mg/M3 mg/M3 1 Kihim (Project 10.34 14.05 28.7 15.3 Location) 2 Mandave 13.6 18.5 27.4 17.8 3 Vaijali 12.9 18.36 30 17.1 4 Zirad 14.1 19.4 30.9 16.8 5 Navgaon 13.2 17.4 34.3 18.1 6 Bhal 20.6 17.4 32.5 18.4 7 Awas 12.4 19.2 36.5 16 8 Agarsure 13.1 16.4 34.8 18.4

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Observations: For all AAQM site the respective concentrations of SO2, NOx, PM2.5 & PM10 were found well within the permissible limits prescribed by CPCB.

3.9 Noise Environment

The reconnaissance was conducted to identify the significant sources contributing noise within the study area. There are is an industrial estate area in 10 km radius area. Noise in the region is due to mainly the vehicular movement, industrial activity and construction activity around the site. The noise levels in and around the project site villages were measured using noise meter. Noise levels have been measured at eight locations; Kihim, Mandave, Vaijali, Zirad, Navgaon, Bhal, Awas (Project Location), Agarsure. The baseline study of noise levels in the study area of 10 km has been carried out by selecting the noise monitoring location based on the following criteria:  Source of noise  Proximity of the noise generating source to the human settlements  Exposure time  Time-scaled dose response ratio of individual receptor

The noise levels were recorded for the day-night equivalent noise level (Ldn), it is calculated based on the equivalent noise level of day and night. Baseline monitoring was carried out at eight selected monitoring locations for 24 hours during the study period of (October - December 2016).

Table No. 3.10: List of Noise Sampling Locations N: Noise Monitoring Locations Location Code Location Name Location N1 Kihim (Project Location) 18°43’26"N 72°52'09"E N2 Mandave 18°47'41.37"N 72°53'49.62"E N3 Vaijali 18°45'59.81"N 72°56'35.53"E N4 Zirad 18°45'19.26"N 72°53'22.36"E N5 Navgaon 18°42'27.23"N 72°51'45.27"E N6 Bhal 18°41'55.88"N 72°53'5.46"E N7 Awas 18°46'23.19"N 72°51'58.00"E N8 Agarsure 18°44'28.52"N 72°52'15.30"E

Table No. 3.11: Results of Noise Level monitoring Sr. No. Test Unit Readings Location 08:00 Hrs 21:00 Hrs (Day Time) (Night Time) 1 Kihim dB(A) 41.6 36.5 2 Mandave dB(A) 46.4 41.2 3 Vaijali dB(A) 45.2 40.2 4 Zirad dB(A) 44.4 39.8 5 Navgaon dB(A) 42.3 38.1 6 Bhal dB(A) 43.2 37.8 7 Awas dB(A) 46.1 41.3 8 Agarsure dB(A) 44.3 40.2

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Ambient Noise Quality Standards Category Of Area/Zone Limits in dB(A) Leq* Day Time Night Time Industrial area 75 70 Commercial area 65 55 Residential area 55 45 Silence Zone 50 40

 Daytime shall mean from 6.00 a.m. to 10.00 p.m.  Night time shall mean from 10.00 p.m. to 6.00 a.m.  Silence zone is defined as an area comprising not less than 100 meters around hospitals, educational institutions and courts. The silence zones are zones, which are declared as such by the competent authority.  Mixed categories of areas may be declared as one of the four above-mentioned categories by the competent authority.

The field observations during study period indicate that the ambient noise levels in the study area were well within the prescribed standards for residential areas and silence zones.

3.10 Biological Environment

The important features of environment are flora and fauna. They have countless life cycle modes, forms and activities that are important to be considered in any EIA. The data in the study area is collected on types and status of flora and fauna, for assessing the potential impacts on flora and fauna due to construction and operation of the project with associated facilities. The vegetation and wild life describes the environment setting in terms of type of communities, community uniqueness, and types of species forming each community, dominant species, rare and endangered species, and their habitat vulnerability to various disturbances. Ecological cycle also is an important epresentation of biological environmental setting.

Reconnaissance Survey This survey was carried out within core and buffer zones of the study area to get an idea of major vegetative patterns, plant, animal communities, dominant species, correlation between plant, animal communities in order to establish existing scenario of flora and fauna. Reconnaissance survey was carried out to have an overview of the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems of the core and buffer area. These surveys revealed that the study area mainly consists of residential area with agricultural land. Some tentative representative locations for selection of sampling sites were short-listed and after a critical review of the short-listed locations, the final selection of ecological sampling stations was done. These locations were selected to cover the core and buffer area of the project site. Studies have been carried out at proposed construction site and periphery of the project site. Ecological study covers the evaluation of impacts with special reference to biological environment viz. ecology, vegetation, wild plants and animals and their habitat. Baseline ecological data was correlated with the proposed project activities and impacts have been predicted on terrestrial flora and fauna. Main objectives ecological studies are to identify important ecological resources within and surrounding the Project Area and based on these ecological footprints significance of potential impacts arising from the project upon these ecological resources are predicted. Various recommendations or management plan are being suggested to avoid /minimize and to combat any significant impact.

The primary survey revealed the major ecosystem components within the study area include flora and fauna and their habitats from the study area. The faunal studies are focused on the important

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Project Proponent: Rapid Environment Impact Assessment Report for CRZ MCZMA Ref. No.: Mr. Gautam Chand (Individual) Proposed Construction of Holiday Resort CRZ-2015/CR-167/TC-4 Village: Kihim, Taluka: Alibag, District: Raigad, MOEFCC Proposal No.: State: Maharashtra, PIN: 402208, Country: India IA/MH/MIS/100354/2019 species like mammals, birds, reptiles and fishes. Apart from actual field observations, secondary data and interviews with local people were utilised to augment the faunal observations. General checklist of various ecological components encountered in the study area was prepared. This would include diversity of plants, and animals. The observed elements were documented in digital camera. The sites for terrestrial ecology sampling were identified during the reconnaissance survey and sampling was carried out in October to December 2016. The study includes listing of flora and fauna in and around 10 km radial from the project site.

Table No. 3.12: Sampling Locations for the Study Area

E: Ecological Sampling Locations Location Code Location Name Location E1 Kihim 18°43'36.33"N 72°52'4.35"E E2 Mandave 18°47'41.37"N 72°53'49.62"E E3 Vaijali 18°45'59.81"N 72°56'35.53"E E4 Zirad 18°45'19.26"N 72°53'22.36"E E5 Navgaon 18°42'27.23"N 72°51'45.27"E E6 Bhal 18°41'55.88"N 72°53'5.46"E E7 Awas 18°46'23.19"N 72°51'58.00"E E8 Agarsure 18°44'28.52"N 72°52'15.30"E

The analysis of the results of vegetation in the entire 10 km radius of the site indicated that there was an abundance of plant community in the entire area and its distribution was heterogeneous. Since the project is construction of holiday resorts far from beach and natural vegetative areas, the impact on biological environment will be less. Flora inside the premises was cultivated species.

The presence of dry deciduous floral species in the region indicated that the study area with low to moderate soil fertility. The availability of water in the area is good, but because of the sandy loam texture of the soil, the water holding capacity of the soil is low. This was conspicuous due to the presence of vegetation pattern throughout the area. There is no vegetation (except post- monsoon wild grass) at the project site.

Table No. 3.13 List of Arboreal Vegetation Found Adjacent to the Proposed Project Area Sr. No. Botanical Name of Species Common Name 1 Mangifera indica Amba 2 Bauhinia racemosa Apta 3 Bridelia retusa Asana 4 Emblica officinalis Awala 5 Bambusa arundinacae Bamboo 6 Morinda citrifolia Bartondi 7 Cordia dichotoma Bhokar 8 Ziziphus mauratiana Bor 9 Callistemon citrinis Bottlebrush 10 Santalum album Chandan 11 Tamarindus indica Chinh 12 Cordia sebestena 13 Grewia tillifolia Dhaman 14 Delonix regia Gul Mohor 15 Thespetia populnea Gulbhendi

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16 Syzygium cumini Jambhul 17 Pongamia pinnata Karanj 18 Cassia Siamea Kashid 19 Bombax ceiba Kate-Savar 20 Citrus aurantifolia Limbu 21 Ailanthus excelsa Maharukh 22 Jatropa curcus Moogali Erand 23 Madhuca longifolia Moha 24 Ficus microcarpa Nandruk 25 Cocos nucifera Naral 26 Eucalyptus tereticornis Nilgiri 27 Vitex negundo Nirgudi 28 Erythrina suberosa Pangara 29 Psidium guajava Peru 30 Spathodea companulata Pichkari 31 Ficus religiosa Pimpal 32 Tectona grandis Sag 33 Alstonia scholaris Satvin 34 Prosopis cineraria Shami 35 Moringa oleifera Shevga 36 Phoenix sylvestris Shindi 37 Albizia lebbeck Shirish 38 Dalbergia latifolia Shisav 39 Dalbergia sissoo Shisham 40 Gmelina arborea Shivan 41 Grevillea robusta Silver ooak 42 Muntingia calabura Singapur cherry 43 Annona squamosa Sitaphaal 44 Peltophorum pterocarpum Son-Mohar 45 leucaena latisiliqua Subabhul 46 Casurina equisetifolia Suru 47 Lagerstroemia reinae Taman 48 Ficus racemosa Umbar 49 Holoptelia intergrifolia Vavli 50 Pithecellobium dulce Vilayati Chinch 51 Ficus benghalensis Wad 52 Ficus glomerata Umbar 53 Maytenus rothiana Yenkil 54 Acacia auriculiformis 55 Anacadium occidentalae

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Table No. 3.14: List of Herbaceous Vegetation in the Study Area

Sr. No. Botanical Name Common Name 1 Cassia mimosoides 2 Hyptis suaveolens 3 Trichodesma inaequale 4 Achyranthus aspera Aghada, Aghara 5 Sida cordata Bala 6 Phyllanthus madraspatensis Bhui awala 7 Indigofera glandulosa Borupadi 8 Blumea bifoliata Burando 9 Acanthospermum hispidum 10 Leucas biflora Dudhani 11 Euphorbia hirta Dudhi 12 Cynodon dactylon Durwa 13 Tridax procumbens Ek-dandi 14 Parthenium hysterophorus Gajar, gavat 15 Apluda mutica Ghagara 16 Chrysopogon fulvus Gogar 17 Andropogon pumilus Gondval 18 Chloris barbata Gondvel 19 Dioscorea bulbifera Kadu-Kand 20 Heteropogon contortus Kali kusali 21 Alternanthera sessilis Kanchari 22 Commelina forsskalaei Kanpet 23 Aristida setacea Kusal 24 Calotropis gigantean Madar, Rui 25 Justicia simplex Mashi 26 Iseilema laxum Mus 27 Cyperus rotundus Nagar-motha 28 Triemfetta pilosa Nichardi 29 Setaria intermedia Pandar 30 Typha angustata Pankanis 31 Boerhavia repens Punarnava 32 Sesbania bispinosa Ran shevari 33 Abelmoschus manihot Ran-Bhendi 34 Arisaema murrayi Sapacha kanda 35 Cassia pumila Sarmal

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Figure No. 3.10: Glimpses of Vegetation at Proposed Project Site (within fencing)

Faunal Studies For preparation of the checklist of fauna of the project area, direct sightings during baseline studies and secondary data was considered.

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Table No. 3.15: List of Birds Observed in the Study Area Sr. No. Scientific Name Common Name IWPA IUCN Status Status Family Ardeida 1 Egretta garzetta (Linnaeus, 1766) Little Egret Schedule LC IV 2 Bubulcus ibis (Linnaeus, 1758) Gattle Egret Schedule LC IV 3 Ardeola grayii (Sykes, 1832) Pond-Heron Schedule IV Family - Accipitridae 4 Milvus migrans (Boddaert, 1783) Black Kite Schedule LC IV Family - Rallidae 5 Amaurornis phoenicurus White-breasted Schedule LC (Pennant, 1769) Waterhen IV Family - Charadriidae 6 Vanellus indicus (Boddaert, 1783) Red-wattled Schedule LC Lapwing IV Family - Columbidae 7 Columba livia Gmelin, 1789 Blue Rock Schedule LC Pigeon IV 8 Streptopelia senegalensis Little brown Schedule LC (Linnaeus, 1766) dove IV Order - Psittaciformes Family - Psittacidae 9 Psittacula krameri (Scopoli, 1769) Rose-ringed Schedule LC Parakeet IV Family - Apodidae 10 Apus affinis (J.E. Gray, 1830) House Swift Schedule LC IV Family - Alcedinidae 11 Alcedo atthis (Linnaeus, 1758) Kingfisher Schedule LC IV 12 Halcyon smyrnensis (Linnaeus, Kingfisher Schedule LC 1758) IV Family - Meropidae 13 Merops orientalis Latham, 1801 Small Bee-eater Schedule LC IV Family - Alaudidae 14 Eremopterix nigriceps (Gould, Black-croowned Schedule LC 1839) Sparrow-Lark IV Family - Pycnonotidae 15 Pycnonotus cafer (Linnaeus, 1766) Red-vented Schedule LC Bulbul IV Family - Laniidae 16 Lanius vittatus Valenciennes, Bay-backed Schedule LC 1826 Shrike IV

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Family - Muscicapidae Subfamily - Turdinae 17 Saxicoloides fulicata (Linnaeus, Indian Robin Schedule LC 1776) IV 18 Copsychus saularis (Linnaeus, Oriental Magpie Schedule LC 1758) IV Family - Muscicapidae Subfamily - Timaliinae

19 Turdoides malcolmi (Sykes, 1832) Large Grey Schedule LC Babbler IV Family - Muscicapidae Subfamily - Sylviinae 20 Prinia socialis Sykes, 1832 Ashy Prinia Schedule LC IV 21 Orthotomus sutorius (Pennant, Common Schedule LC 1769) Tailorbird IV Family - Passeridae Subfamily - Ploceinae 22 Passer Domesticus (Linnaeus, House Sparrow Schedule LC 1758) IV Family - Passeridae Subfamily - Passerinae 23 Ploceus philippinus (Linnaeus, Baya Weaver Schedule LC 1766) IV Family - Sturnidae 24 Acridotheres tristtis (Linnaeus, Common myna Schedule LC 1766) IV Family - Dicruridae 25 Dicrurus macrocercus Vieillot, Black Drongo Schedule LC 1817 IV Family - Corvidae 26 Corvus slendens Vieillot, 1817 House Crow Schedule LC IV

Table No. 3.16: Sample List of Mammals Reported in the Study Area Sr. No. Common Name Scientific Name Family/Order Remark 1 Palm Squirrel Funambulus pennanti Wroughton Sciuridae Actual sighting 2 Small Indian Herpestes auropunctatus Geoffroy Herpestidae Actual sighting Mongoose 3 Indian Hare Lepus nigricollis Cuvier Leporidae Reported 4 Indian Fruit Bat Pteropus giganteus Brunnich Pteropodidae Actual sighting 5 Common House Rat Rattus rattus Linn. Muridae Actual sighting

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Table No. 3.17: Sample List of Prominent Reptiles in the Study Area Sr. No. Common Name Scientific Name Family/Order Remark

1 Indian Garden Lizard Calotes versicolor Agamidae Actual sighting Commonn garden Lygosoma punctatum Scinidae Actual sighting 2 Skink Indian Common Naja naja Linn. Elapidae Reported 3 Cobra/Nag Rat Snake or Dhaman Ptyas mucisus Linn. Colubridae Reported 4

Conclusion The study reveals that the vegetation was dry deciduous, scrub type. Total 59 tree species 40 herbaceous species are recorded, no endangered species of flora is reported in the study area. Total 26 species of birds, 4 species of reptiles, 5 species of mammals were recorded in and around the periphery of the project during the study period. Mangrove vegetation in the study area is about 1%, Avicennia marina predominantly found in the study area.

Alibag and Revdanda are prominent locations of mangrove vegetation near the site. Acanthus ilicifolius, Aegiceras cornicuatum, Sonneratia apetala, Brugeria cylindrical area are Avicennia marina, Excoecaria agallocha, Cerios tagal, and Rhizophora mucronota are some of the important species observed. The majority of fauna found would be least impacted because their habitat requirements are too general and will be met easily from the adjoining areas. Proposed site does not have direct or indirect impact on mangrove.

3.11 Socio Economic

Socio-economic study as a part of Environmental Impact Assessments mainly involves obtaining information on demographic structure, existing infrastructure facilities (education, water supply sanitation, roads, electricity, school, post office, bank, village Panchayat, police station, approach road etc.) and occupational structure. To understand the socio-economic impacts of the developmental project, we need to study human settlements/project affected families/beneficiaries from the study area.

The intended exercise is expected to enhance our understanding on:  Distribution and characteristics of the human population including such aspects as life patterns, communities, employment, public facilities and housing.  Cultural, social and economic setting of the general area with recognition of the resource use and the natural environment.  The expected population changes resulting from people moving into and out of the area of existing project.  Evaluation of Possible impacts with reference to tribal communities of the area.

For the current report we present the information collected from the secondary data (Census 2011) to understand the above-mentioned aspects of the villages in the project area. The present study area (10 km radius area from project location) covers 76 villages and urban areas from Raigad District.

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3.12.1 Socioeconomic Profile of the Area

The detailed information on these villages is presented in Table 3.1 In the current report, the information regarding the following aspects are provided:  A summary information table for all the project villages  Chart depicting demography of the project villages  Chart depicting the literacy status in the different talukas  Chart depicting population of SC and ST communities  Chart depicting working and dependent class of population  Chart depicting population of main and marginal workers

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Table 3.18: Basic Information of the Villages of the Project Area Sr. Village Name Number of Total Total Total SC ST Literates Illiterates Female Total Non No. Households Pop. Male Female Caste Caste Pop. Pop. Illiterates working Workers Pop. Pop. Pop. Pop. Pop. Pop.

1 Navedar 140 524 239 285 0 0 409 115 75 203 321 Kolgaon

2 Mandava Tarf 82 446 235 211 0 266 338 108 60 285 161 Zirad

3 Koproli 86 333 168 165 0 61 266 67 41 154 179

4 Yelwane 91 400 201 199 0 1 327 73 49 223 177

5 Virtasaral 46 192 95 97 0 0 162 30 16 88 104

6 Saral 415 1551 776 775 26 392 1193 358 226 653 898

7 Milkatkhar 249 991 513 478 3 0 800 191 132 529 462

8 Rewas 217 1040 528 512 0 912 691 349 222 424 616

9 Kawade 215 923 444 479 6 54 714 209 139 473 450

10 Pupadevi 227 1029 504 525 23 13 843 186 114 489 540 Pada

11 Mhatroli 201 758 382 376 0 434 551 207 125 431 327

12 Dhokawade 709 3019 1570 1449 11 234 2441 578 351 1516 1503

13 Sasawane 399 1554 809 745 6 192 1263 291 189 842 712

14 Awas 945 3915 1947 1968 47 37 3260 655 405 1617 2298

15 Surekhar 38 157 78 79 0 64 124 33 22 81 76

16 Zirad 494 2059 1040 1019 112 225 1628 431 233 1010 1049

17 Deotalai 6 25 16 9 4 0 14 11 4 9 16

18 Kankeshwar 7 19 11 8 0 0 17 2 1 12 7

19 Belvali 39 135 66 69 0 0 115 20 15 79 56

20 Bahirole 278 1224 625 599 6 6 986 238 151 437 787

21 Mapgaon 252 992 474 518 0 133 733 259 159 338 654

22 Mushet 137 635 311 324 2 34 532 103 64 350 285

23 Satirje 301 1322 648 674 0 8 1056 266 155 538 784

24 Agarsure 481 2136 1039 1097 0 1497 1737 399 278 825 1311

25 Bamansure 355 1425 715 710 27 218 1098 327 195 603 822

26 Kihim 636 2582 1285 1297 57 467 2009 573 331 994 1588

27 Nevedar 895 3737 1874 1863 15 2535 2965 772 524 1663 2074 navagaon

28 Boris 169 670 337 333 6 161 560 110 75 277 393

29 Gunjis 127 460 250 1 4 368 92 52 175 285

30 Munawali 34 138 73 65 20 0 103 35 21 42 96

31 Sogaon 405 1863 925 938 79 122 1411 452 265 623 1240

32 Tudal 523 2267 1218 1049 168 153 1512 755 412 851 1416

33 Vaishet 554 23377 1253 1084 142 18 1562 775 451 1081 1256

34 Bhal 277 1142 608 534 115 13 833 309 185 512 630

35 Thal 1495 6452 3312 3140 101 1693 5086 1366 870 3167 3285

36 Vaijali 860 3644 1818 1826 20 11 2917 727 484 1872 1772

37 Hashiware 146 561 262 299 2 0 436 125 91 239 322

38 Ranjankhar 128 514 237 277 3 0 392 122 79 302 212

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39 Chinchawali 413 1695 869 826 8 410 1273 422 267 841 854

40 Mandavakhar 132 568 285 283 0 0 441 127 83 334 234

41 Phopheri 100 427 219 208 0 0 335 92 64 120 307

42 Waghran 183 719 362 357 0 0 572 147 103 401 318

43 Khar 72 274 136 138 0 0 216 58 42 159 115

44 Mouje 220 1006 482 524 0 17 776 230 149 445 561 Pedhambe

45 Satghar 64 295 145 150 0 0 232 63 42 153 142

46 Palambe 1 2 1 1 0 2 0 2 1 2 0

47 Bhisarai 1 5 2 3 0 0 4 1 0 2 3

48 Talavade 120 534 267 267 10 37 416 118 77 306 228

49 Bhaimala 84 346 170 176 11 1 287 59 45 212 134

50 Kamarle 247 1007 488 519 0 91 744 263 158 614 393

51 Khidki 60 258 126 132 0 0 205 53 33 104 154

52 Vagholi 191 844 446 398 1 7 687 157 93 401 443

53 Gan Tarf 13 54 27 27 0 0 46 8 6 17 37 Parhur

54 Gotheghar 44 186 98 88 0 0 156 30 17 96 90

55 Parhur 118 462 231 231 36 18 394 68 38 179 283

56 Man Tarf 443 1828 927 901 43 21 1384 444 292 813 1015 Zirad

57 Lonare 241 973 497 476 5 14 755 218 136 445 528

58 Bamanoli 233 923 499 424 23 0 721 202 116 434 489

59 Mule 203 813 416 397 0 0 630 183 133 441 372

60 Karle 220 964 484 480 36 15 772 192 123 581 383

61 Sagaon 139 594 287 3307 28 164 417 177 111 354 240

62 Kaloshi 20 103 49 54 0 0 77 26 14 61 42

63 Talavali Tarf 96 399 197 202 0 1 337 62 45 222 177 Khandala

64 Khandale 385 1588 782 806 57 10 1333 255 158 766 822

65 Nehuli 201 823 413 410 4 4 617 206 124 381 442

66 Cveshvi 589 2376 1200 1176 64 37 1849 527 326 893 1483

67 Varasoli 1498 6065 3068 2997 122 1447 4803 1262 786 2530 3535

68 Belkhar 172 695 319 376 0 32 490 205 127 328 367

69 Jambhulpada 122 489 242 247 0 0 371 118 85 297 192

70 Phanaspur 110 459 232 227 1 19 338 121 76 210 249 Tarf umate

71 Sutarpada 155 697 350 347 0 224 536 161 104 399 298

72 Belpada 126 520 268 252 0 0 404 116 82 278 242

73 Kolgaon 224 877 424 453 0 6 663 214 137 476 401

Total 19899 83039 41894 41145 1451 12535 64733 18306 11454 38302 44737

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Demography Table No 3.19: Male and Female Population Sr. Village Number of Total Total Male Total No. Name Households Population Population Female Population 1 Agarsure 481 2136 1039 1097 2 Awas 945 3915 1947 1968 3 Bahirole 278 1224 625 599 4 Bamanoli 233 923 499 424 5 Bamansure 355 1425 715 710 6 Belkhar 172 695 319 376 7 Belvali 39 135 66 69 8 Bhaimala 84 346 170 176 9 Bhal 277 1142 608 534 10 Bhisarrai 1 5 2 3 11 Boris 169 670 337 333 12 Chinchawali 413 1695 869 826 13 Deotalai 6 25 16 9 14 Dhokawade 709 3019 1570 1449 15 Gan Tarf 13 54 27 27 Parhur 16 Gothegar 44 186 98 88 17 Gunjis 127 460 250 210 18 Hashiware 146 561 262 299 20 Kamarle 247 1007 488 519 21 Kankeshwar 7 19 11 8 22 Karle 220 964 484 480 23 Kawade 215 923 444 479 24 Khandale 385 1588 782 806 25 Khar 72 274 136 138 Pedhambe 26 Khidki 60 258 126 132 27 Kihim 636 2582 1285 1297 28 Koproli 86 333 168 165 29 Lonare 241 973 497 476 30 Man Tarf 443 1828 927 901 Zirad 31 Mandava 82 446 235 211 Tarf Zirad 32 Mandavkhar 132 568 285 283 33 Mapgaon 252 992 474 518 34 Mhatroli 201 758 382 376 35 Milkatkhar 249 991 513 478 36 Mouje 220 1006 482 524 Pedhambe 37 Mule 203 813 416 397

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38 Munawali 34 138 73 65 39 Mushet 137 635 311 324 40 Navedkar 140 524 239 285 Kolgaon 41 Nehuli 201 823 413 410 42 Nevedar 895 3737 1874 1863 Navagaon 43 Palambe 1 2 1 1 44 Parhur 118 462 231 231 45 Phopheri 100 427 219 208 46 Pupadevi 227 1029 504 525 Pada 47 Rajankhar 128 514 237 277 48 Rewas 217 1040 528 512 49 Sagaon 139 594 287 307 50 Saral 415 1551 776 775 51 Sasawane 399 1554 809 745 52 Satghar 64 295 145 150 53 Satirje 301 1322 648 674 54 Sogaon 405 1863 925 938 55 Surekhar 38 157 78 79 56 Talavade 120 534 267 267 57 Talavali Tarf 96 399 197 202 Khandala 58 Thal 1495 6452 3312 3140 59 Tudal 523 2267 1218 1049 60 Vagholi 191 844 446 398 61 Vaijali 860 3644 1818 1826 62 Vaishet 554 2337 1253 1084 63 Varasoli 1498 6065 3068 2997 64 Veshvi 589 2376 1200 1176 65 Virtasaral 46 192 95 97 66 Waghran 183 719 362 357 67 Yelwane 91 400 201 199 68 Zirad 494 2059 1040 1019 69 Jambhulpada 122 489 242 247

70 Phanaspur 110 459 232 227 Tarf Umate 71 Sutarpada 155 697 350 347 72 Belpada 126 520 268 252 73 Kolgaon 224 877 424 453 19899 83039 41894 41145

The average male to female ratio is: 1000 Male: 983 Female. The average Population in study area is 2312.

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Figure 3.11: Total Male and Female Population

Demography Thal Village is the highest population of over 6452. The next highest populated Varasoli Village is having 6065 population. Educational status: On an average 58.57 % population is literate while 41.42% of the population was reported to be illiterate.

Table No. 3.20: Village Wise Total Literate and Illiterate Population Sr. Village Name Total Person Male Female Person Male Female No Population Literates Literates Literates Illiterates Illiterates Illiterates

1 Agarsure 2136 1737 918 819 399 121 278

2 Awas 3915 3260 1697 1563 655 250 405

3 Bahirole 1224 986 538 448 238 87 151

4 Bamanoli 923 721 413 308 202 86 116

5 Bamansure 1425 1098 583 515 327 132 195

6 Belkhar 695 490 241 249 205 78 127

7 Belvali 135 115 61 54 20 5 15

8 Bhaimala 346 287 156 131 59 14 45

9 Bhal 1142 833 484 349 309 124 185

10 Bhisarrai 5 4 1 3 1 1 0

11 Boris 670 560 302 258 110 35 75

12 Chinchawali 1695 1273 714 559 422 155 267

13 Deotalai 25 14 9 5 11 7 4

14 Dhokawade 3019 2441 1343 1098 578 227 351

15 Gan Tarf Parhur 54 46 25 21 8 2 6

16 Gothegar 186 156 85 71 30 13 17

17 Gunjis 460 368 210 158 92 40 52

18 Hashiware 561 436 228 208 125 34 91

19 Kamarle 1007 744 383 361 263 105 158

20 Kankeshwar 19 17 10 7 2 1 1

21 Karle 964 772 415 357 192 69 123

22 Kawade 923 714 374 340 209 70 139

23 Khandale 1588 1333 685 648 255 97 158

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24 Khar Pedhambe 274 216 120 96 58 16 42

25 Khidki 258 205 106 99 53 20 33

26 Kihim 2582 2009 1043 966 573 242 331

27 Koproli 333 266 142 124 67 26 41

28 Lonare 973 755 415 340 218 82 136

29 Man Tarf Zirad 1828 1384 775 609 444 152 292

31 Mandava Tarf Zirad 446 338 187 151 108 48 60

32 Mandavkhar 568 441 241 200 127 44 83

33 Mapgaon 992 733 374 359 259 100 159

34 Mhatroli 758 551 300 251 207 82 125

35 Milkatkhar 991 800 454 346 191 59 132

36 Mouje Pedhambe 1006 776 401 375 230 81 149

37 Mule 8113 630 366 264 183 50 133

38 Munawali 138 103 59 44 35 14 21

39 Mushet 635 532 272 260 103 39 64

40 Navedkar Kolgaon 524 409 199 210 115 40 75

41 Nehuli 823 617 331 286 206 82 124

42 Nevedar Navagaon 3737 2965 1626 1339 772 248 524

43 Palambe 2 0 0 0 2 1 1

44 Parhur 462 394 201 193 68 30 38

45 Phopheri 427 335 191 144 92 28 64

46 Pupadevi Pada 1029 843 432 411 186 72 114

47 Rajankhar 514 392 194 198 122 43 79

48 Rewas 1040 691 401 290 349 127 222

49 Sagaon 594 417 221 196 177 66 111

50 Saral 1551 1193 6444 549 358 132 226

51 Sasawane 1554 1263 707 556 291 102 189

52 Satghar 295 232 124 108 63 21 42

53 Satirje 1322 1056 537 519 266 111 155

54 Sogaon 1863 1411 738 673 452 187 265

55 Surekhar 157 124 67 57 33 11 22

56 Talavade 534 416 226 190 118 41 77

57 Talavali Tarf 399 337 180 157 62 17 45 Khandala

58 Thal 7452 5086 2816 2270 1366 496 870

59 Tudal 2267 1512 875 637 755 343 412

60 Vagholi 844 687 382 305 157 64 93

61 Vaijali 3644 2917 1575 1342 727 243 484

62 Vaishet 2337 1562 929 633 775 324 451

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63 Varasoli 6065 4803 2592 2211 1262 476 786

64 Veshvi 2376 1849 999 850 527 201 326

65 Virtasaral 192 162 81 81 30 14 16

66 Waghran 719 572 318 254 147 44 103

67 Yelwane 400 327 177 150 73 24 49

68 Zirad 2059 1628 842 786 431 198 233

69 Jambhulpada 489 371 209 162 118 33 85

70 Phanaspur Tarf 459 338 187 151 121 45 76 Umate

71 Sutarpada 697 536 293 243 161 57 104

72 Belpada 520 404 234 170 116 34 82

73 Kolgaon 877 663 347 316 214 77 137

Total 83039 64733 35402 29691 18306 6852 11454

Figure 3.12: Village wise literate and illiterate population.

On an average 78.00 % population is literate while 22 % of the population was reported to be illiterate. SC and ST Population: The villages in the project area show a Low occurrence of SC population i.e. 1.69 %. ST population is High in the villages constitute a mere 65.37% of the total population.

Table No. 3.21: Village Wise Total SC & ST Population Sr. Village Total ScheduledCaste Scheduled No. Name Population persons Tribe Persons 1 Agarsure 2136 0 1497 2 Awas 3915 47 37 3 Bahirole 1224 6 6 4 Bamanoli 923 23 0 5 Bamansure 1425 27 218 6 Belkhar 695 0 32 7 Belvali 135 0 0 8 Bhaimala 346 11 1

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9 Bhal 1142 115 13 10 Bhisarai 5 0 0 11 Boris 670 6 161 12 Chinchawali 1695 8 410 13 Deotalai 25 4 0 14 Dhokawade 3019 11 234 15 Gan Tarf 54 0 0 Parhur 16 Gothegar 186 0 0 17 Gunjis 460 1 4 18 Hashiware 561 2 0 20 Kamarle 1007 0 91 21 Kankeshwar 19 0 0 22 Karle 964 36 15 23 Kawade 923 6 54 24 Khandale 1588 57 10 25 Khar 274 0 0 Pedhambe 26 Khidki 258 0 0 27 Kihim 2582 57 467 28 Koproli 333 0 61 29 Lonare 973 5 14 30 Man Tarf 1828 43 21 Zirad Mandava 446 0 266 Tarf Zirad 31 Mandavkhar 568 0 0 32 Mapgaon 992 0 133 33 Mhatroli 758 0 434 34 Milkatkhar 991 3 0 35 Mouje 1006 0 17 Pedhambe 36 Mule 813 0 0 37 Munawali 138 20 0 38 Mushet 635 2 34 39 Navedkar 524 0 0 Kolgaon 40 Nehuli 823 4 4 41 Nevedar 3737 15 2535 Navagaon 42 Palambe 2 0 2 43 Parhur 462 36 18 44 Phopheri 427 0 0 45 Pupadevi 1029 23 13 Pada 46 Rajankhar 514 3 0

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47 Rewas 1040 0 912 48 Sagaon 594 28 164 49 Saral 1551 26 392 50 Sasawane 1554 6 192 51 Satghar 295 0 0 52 Satirje 1322 0 8 53 Sogaon 1863 79 122 54 Surekhar 157 0 64 55 Talavade 534 10 37 56 Talavali Tarf 399 0 1 Khandala 57 Thal 6452 101 1693 58 Tudal 2267 168 153 59 Vagholi 844 1 7 60 Vaijali 3644 20 11 61 Vaishet 2337 142 18 62 Varasoli 6065 122 1447 63 Veshvi 2376 64 37 64 Virtasaral 192 0 0 65 Waghran 719 0 0 66 Yelwane 400 0 1 67 Zirad 2059 112 225 68 Jambhulpada 489 0 0

69 Phanaspur 459 1 19 Tarf Umate 70 Sutarpada 697 0 224 71 Belpada 520 0 0 72 Kolgaon 877 0 6 Total 83039 1451 12535

Figure 3.13: The Villages in the Project Area show a Low occurrence of SC population i.e. 2%. and ST 14% of the Total Population

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Table No. 3.22: Village Wise Total Working and Non-working Population Sr. Village Total Total Non- No. Name Population Workers Workers Population Population 1 Agarsure 2136 825 1311 2 Awas 3915 1617 2298 3 Bahirole 1224 437 787 4 Bamanoli 923 434 489 5 Bamansure 1425 603 822 6 Belkhar 695 328 367 7 Belvali 135 79 56 8 Bhaimala 346 212 134 9 Bhal 1142 512 630 10 Bhisarai 5 2 3 11 Boris 670 277 393 12 Chinchawali 1695 841 854 13 Deotalai 25 9 16 14 Dhokawade 3019 1516 1503 15 Gan Tarf 54 17 37 Parhur 16 Gothegar 186 96 90 17 Gunjis 460 175 285 18 Hashiware 561 239 322 19 Kaloshi 103 61 42 20 Kamarle 1007 614 393 21 Kankeshwar 19 12 7 22 Karle 964 581 383 23 Kawade 923 473 450 24 Khandale 1588 766 822 25 Khar 274 159 115 Pedhambe 26 Khidki 258 104 154 27 Kihim 2582 994 1588 28 Koproli 333 154 179 29 Lonare 973 445 528 30 Man Tarf 1828 813 1015 Zirad Mandava 446 285 161 Tarf Zirad 31 Mandavkhar 568 334 234 32 Mapgaon 992 338 654 33 Mhatroli 758 431 327 34 Milkatkhar 991 529 462 35 Mouje 1006 445 561 Pedhambe 36 Mule 813 441 372

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37 Munawali 138 42 96 38 Mushet 635 350 285 39 Navedkar 524 203 321 Kolgaon 40 Nehuli 823 381 442 41 Nevedar 3737 1663 2074 Navagaon 42 Palambe 2 2 0 43 Parhur 462 179 283 44 Phopheri 427 120 307 45 Pupadevi 1029 489 540 Pada 46 Rajankhar 514 302 212 47 Rewas 1040 424 616 48 Sagaon 594 354 240 49 Saral 1551 653 898 50 Sasawane 1554 842 712 51 Satghar 295 153 142 52 Satirje 1322 538 784 53 Sogaon 1863 623 1240 54 Surekhar 157 81 76 55 Talavade 534 306 228 56 Talavali Tarf 300 222 177 Khandala 57 Thal 6452 3167 3285 58 Tudal 2267 851 1416 59 Vagholi 844 401 443 60 Vaijali 3644 1872 1772 61 Vaishet 2337 1081 1256 62 Varasoli 6065 2530 3535 63 Veshvi 2376 893 1483 64 Virtasaral 192 88 104 65 Waghran 719 401 318 66 Yelwane 400 223 177 67 Zirad 2059 1010 1049 68 Jambhulpada 489 297 192

69 Phanaspur 459 210 249 Tarf Umate 70 Sutarpada 697 399 298 71 Belpada 520 278 242 72 Kolgaon 877 476 401 Total 83039 38302 44737

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Figure 3.14: Working and Non-working Population in Project Area

Total worker population found in the area is 38,039, and 38,302 population found in non-worker population. Within the study area most of people are engaged in fishing, farming and tourism occupation. As per census data working population is 46% and non-working population is 53%. The non-working population is more than the working population because most of the people have migrated to Mumbai and suburban Alibag. Many of the people have migrated to Mumbai for better jobs and business opportunities.

People and Culture:

The study area situated in western cost of Maharashtra called “Konkan” residents of Konkan and their peoples are called Konkanis. The Kokani People are a hearty, friendly and festive people by nature. Their love for celebration is deeply rooted in their culture and it finds its expression through the various festivals celebrated throughout the year. The Konkani culture in study area is essentially, a coastal culture. They depend mainly upon fishing and farming for their livelihood and nowadays some are making their living with the help of growing Tourism in the area like Alibag beach, Kihim beach, Awas beach, Kunkeshwar Temple.

Within the study area the population is a very diverse group of people. The diversity is reflected in the religion, geographical spread, origins and dialects. A good sign in Konkan region is that the people of all religious groups live together and celebrate all religions festivals peacefully. Marathi and Konkani are main languages spoken here besides Hindi, Urdu and English, even though Konkani is widely spoken.

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CHAPTER 4: ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES

4.1 Introduction

"Environmental Impact" can be defined as any alteration of environmental conditions or creation of a new set of environmental conditions, adverse or beneficial, caused or induced by the action or set of actions under consideration. Prediction of impacts is the most important component in any environmental impact assessment study as it is the process of deriving contribution in environment from the proposed project in the surrounding region. Several mathematical/statistical techniques and methodologies are available for predicting impacts due to developmental activities on physico- chemical, ecological and socioeconomic components of the environment.

The impact has been assessed for the proposed project to get comprehensive impacts for the whole area. The results obtained from the predictions are to be superimposed over the baseline (Pre- Project) status of environmental quality to derive the ultimate (Post-Project) scenario of environmental quality status. The quantitative impacts derived from prediction are also essential to delineate effective environmental management plan (Pollution control measures) for implementation during construction and operation phases of proposed activities for minimizing the adverse impacts on environmental quality. Various methodologies are being used for quantitatively describe cause condition- effect relationships between source of pollution and different components of environment. This chapter identifies sources of pollution from proposed holiday resort at Kihim, Gat.No.553/2 & 555/2 and evaluation of various impacts on environmental attributes in the study area.

Generally, the environmental impacts can be categorized as either primary or secondary. Primary impacts are those, which are attributed directly by the project. Secondary impacts are those which are indirectly induced and typically include the associated investment and changed patterns of social and economic activities by the proposed action. The impacts have been predicted for the proposed project assuming that the pollution due to the existing pre-construction activities has already been covered under baseline environmental monitoring.

Impact on various environmental parameters can be broadly categorized into two phases, namely:  Construction phase: Impact during this phase may be regarded as temporary or short term; and  Operation phase: Impact during this phase shall have long-term effects.

Various impacts during these two phases have been envisaged and are discussed in the subsequent sections.

4.2 Pollution Sources

Pollutants generated in the proposed project during both the construction and operational phases are solid, liquid and gaseous in nature. Also the generation of pollution could be continuous, periodic or accidental. The potential sources of pollutants and their characteristics during the construction and functional phase are given below in Table No. 4.1

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Table No. 4.1: Pollutant Sources and Characteristics Sr. Activity/Area Pollutant Pollutant Frequency No. Characteristics CONSTRUCTION PHASE 1 Ground Air emissions- Dust from Temporary during working and Pm2.5, Pm10, construction construction phase levelling, NOx, SO2 and activities and only- bulk of the movement of fugitive excavation. emissions are vehicle and emissions (TPM) Particulates & expected from demolition of NOx from ground working, existing vehicle exhaust movement of structure construction vehicle and levelling activities

Earth/Solid Solid waste from Periodic waste construction activity and excavation & demolition process Noise Noise generated Temporary during from initial construction construction phase equipment and machinery 2 Residential Sewage Sewage Temporary during Labour generated from initial construction temporary phase labour camps on site Solid waste Temporary during generated from initial construction temporary phase labour camp on site OPERATION PHASE 1 Vehicular Air emissions Vehicle exhaust Continuous/Periodic movement and noise emissions 2 Diesel power Air emissions SO2, NOx, PM, Intermittent/Periodic generators from fuel burning Noise Noise due to Intermittent/Periodic running of equipment Hazardous waste Used Oil Periodic, during oil Generation changes

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3 Residential Waste water Waste water Continuous area containing waste food matter Domestic Solid Garbage/Food Continuous Waste Waste 4 Raw water Municipal Solid Bio-degradable Continuous treatment Wastes and non-biodegradable wastes 5 Storm water Waste water Contamination During rainy season drains discharge from site - Mainly suspended solids

4.3 Air Environment

The existing baseline status of air pollutants indicates that the concentrations of PM10 & PM2.5, SO2 and NOx are well below the stipulated standards of CPCB. The area to be developed is subjected to moderate to high wind, rainfall and relative humidity. The climate of the study area and the surrounding region is generally humid. Generally light to moderate winds prevails throughout the year with slightly stronger winds in the early monsoon period and predominant wind direction is from South-West. The existing possible pollution sources in the study area include DG sets and construction machinery. Power requirements of the proposed project will be met during operation and construction phase of the project from MSEB and DG sets will be only used in case of power failure.

Impact on Air Quality

Construction Phase The major activities during construction phase include,  Site Development  Civil Construction Work  Loading and unloading of construction material and machinery  Habitation of workers

The construction phase is expected to be in a years. The activities will have impact on various environments but these are temporary in nature and are discussed below.

The potential impacts on air quality due to the proposed project will be temporary rise in Particulate matter likely to result from:  Fugitive dust emissions near the construction site;  Loading and unloading of construction material,

Besides Particulate matter, the air quality impacts could also be due to increase in gaseous emissions like NOx, SO2. Construction activity will contribute to gaseous emissions. The DG sets will remain as standby and will not cause any effect on air quality. The site being influenced by winds would result in quick dispersal of the pollutants and thereby the impacts due to NOx and SO2 emissions during the construction will be negligible. Therefore, considering all the air pollutants, it is not expected that air emissions due to construction will exceed air quality standards (NAAQS).

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There might be some impact on air quality that may take place during construction, which would be caused by emission of dust during excavation as well as from the earth material stored at the site. Proper upkeep and maintenance of machinery, sprinkling of water on roads and construction site and providing sufficient vegetation all around the plant site are some of the measures that would reduce the impact during construction phase. To control the dust emission from the activity area, many mitigation measures i.e. water sprinkling activity in covered areas, on the excavated soil, will be covered.

Operation Phase Vehicular traffic and emissions in the project area are moderate. Ambient air quality of parameters such as SO2, NOx, PM2.5 & PM10 are found well within the permissible limits prescribed by CPCB.

During operational phase, D.G. Sets will be provided only in case of power failures for water pumps, partial lightings in common lobbies/stairs, partial lighting in stilts etc. It is proposed to install DG set of 10Kva. No appreciable increase in the air quality level is envisaged during operational phase. It is found that the resultant concentration of SO2 and NOx during operation of project is below the permissible limits. The sum of existing air quality concentration and predicted concentration at the project boundary is predicted as not exceeding the permissible limit of CPCB.

4.4 Noise Environment

The assessment of the impacts of noise on the surrounding community depends upon:  Characteristics of noise source (instantaneous, intermittent, or continuous in nature, with the latter contributing the least to noise pollution);  Time of day at which noise occurs; and  Location of noise source with respect to noise sensitive receptor.

For the purposes of predicting noise emissions impacts from the site, the noise emission sources were examined during both construction and operational phases. Baseline noise quality monitoring results showed values within limits of CPCB.

Table No. 4.2: Noise Levels Generated from Construction Equipment Name of Source Noise Level at 16m Noise Level at 1m from (50ft) from Source in Source (calculated) in dB(A)* dB(A) Air Compressor 87 111 Back Hoe/Loader 81 105 Concrete Mixer 85 109 Truck Concrete Pumper 70 94 Concrete Vibrators 77 101 Cranes - mobile 81 105 Dump Truck 83 107 Diesel Generator Not considered 75 (as prescribed by CPCB) Hammering 86 110 Jack Hammer 88 112 Pile Driver 100 124 Radial Arm Saw 80 104

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The MoEF&CC has not yet prescribed noise emission specifications for construction equipment. However, the limited information available is provided in Table No. 4.3.

Table No. 4.3: Noise Limits for Appliances and Equipment at Construction Stage Equipment Noise Limit dB(A) Wndow Air Conditioner 68 Air Cooler 60 Diesel Generators 85-90 Compactors (Rollers), Front Loaders, Concrete Mixers, 75 Cranes, Vibrators and Saws

Impacts on Ambient Noise Levels:

Construction Phase Construction activities will involve the following: The major source of noise generation during the construction phase is construction equipment like dozers, scrappers, concrete mixer, cranes, generators, compressors, vibrators etc. The operation of these equipment will generate noise during the construction which will have no significant impact on the existing ambient noise levels. The major work will be carried out during daytime. Use of protective equipment like mufflers will reduce impact of noise generated. The resultant noise level, as calculated from information provided in Table No.4.2 is 120 dB(A), considering all pertinent equipment to be in operation.

Operation Phase During operation phase of the project, major sources of noise pollutants are expected to be D.G. sets and other machinery like air conditioners. DG sets are stationary noise sources of significance for the Project. DG sets will be used only during power failure, hence are intermittent noise sources in nature. All the DG sets will be of enclosed type and will conform to the EPA rules, 1986 and will also adhere to CPCB Guidelines. The sound pressure level generated decreases with increase in distance from the source due to wave divergence. An additional decrease in sound pressure level with distance from the source is expected, due to atmospheric effect or its interaction with objects in the transmission path. Hence, this project is not envisaged to have any continuous stationary source of noise.

The noise level of each diesel generator set will be 75 dB(A) as prescribed by MoEF. The total resultant sound pressure level of DG sets is determined to be 90 dB(A) by the addition of sound intensities. The combined effect of all the sources then can be determined at various locations by the following equation: Lp (total) = 10 Log (10(Lp1/10) + 10 (Lp2/10) + 10 (Lp3/10) +……) Where, Lp1, Lp2, Lp3 are noise pressure levels at a point due to different sources. It is envisaged that vegetation in the project area will minimise noise level to some extent.

4.5 Water Environment

The source of water will be the Gram Panchayat and the existing open well. This will lead to availability of water in the project area throughout the year in sufficient quantity.

Construction Phase The project implementation would involve various construction activities. The following section summarizes the water requirement, its sources and management of wastewater.

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Site development The site development activities would involve levelling of the ground surface, stock piling, and generation of waste and construction of temporary structures. The project site has a natural slope. Water requirement for the construction of temporary offices, domestic demand of labour etc. would require small quantities of water, which can be managed from the Gram Panchayat water supply. Similarly, the generation of domestic waste water can be managed on site.

Construction of building infrastructure The construction of the entire development would require water and may generate wastewater too. Water demand during construction phase would be for:  Construction activities; and  Domestic use

The construction phase may include completion of the earthwork, foundation laying, super structure development, service provision and finishing. Only foundation and super structure development along with curing of the structure are water intensive. The project activity shall be carried out in phases consequently water requirement too would get divided.

Looking at the scale of the project, labour camps will be provided on the site to house 30 workers. The water requirement for construction activity and for domestic use of the labourers is fulfilled from tankers. It is estimated that the average daily water demand would be around 25,000 lit/day during construction.

Operation Phase Components for water requirement in the proposed site include amenities, socio-cultural facility, public facility etc. Water will also be required for greenbelt development. The potable water needs of the project will be met from water supply from the Gram Panchayat. The potable water supplied by the Gram Panchayat will be pumped to Over Head Tanks (OHT). The potable water will be distributed from the OHT to all the user points. Total water demand during operational phase is 20,000 lit/day. Of this, 3,000 lit/day will be fresh water and the balance of 17,000 lit/day will be met from the STP during the non-monsoon period.

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Rain Water Harvesting Rainwater Harvesting facilities will be created at the project site. However, water requirement for the project will not be met from groundwater. Therefore there will be positive impact due to recharge of ground water.

Maximum Runoff Runoff Runoff Intensity of Potential Coefficient Coefficient Coefficient Rainfall for Land use Area (Sq M) (min.) (max.) (avg.) (m/hr) RWH/Cu.M Before Development

Plot Area 27,110.00 0.15 0.60 0.38 0.055 559.14

After Development

Built Up Area 4,429.90 0.90 0.95 0.93 0.055 225.37

Internal Roads 5,005.00 0.90 1.00 0.95 0.055 261.51

Other - pools, porches, decks 2,310.00 0.25 0.75 0.50 0.055 63.53

Amenities 1,355.50 0.15 0.60 0.38 0.055 27.96

Green Belt 2,711.00 0.05 0.10 0.08 0.055 11.18

Open spaces, hardscaping 11,298.60 0.25 0.75 0.50 0.055 310.71

Plot Area 27,110.00 900.26

Incremental Run-off due to Development 341.12

4.5.1 Wastewater Quantification and Characteristics

The wastewater generation during construction and operational phase is discussed below.

Construction Phase: As mentioned earlier wastewater stream generated by construction is negligible. Labour camps will be provided on the site. The waste generated from labour camps would be mainly household domestic waste that would be collected and handed over to Gram Panchayat. Existing septic tank shall be used on the site for the wastewater generated from labour camps.

Operation Phase: The wastewater generated is exclusively domestic in nature. The quantity of sewage generated will be 6 kilolitre per day. The sewage generated will be treated by STP by adopting sustainable wastewater treatment technique.

4.5.2 Water Balance

Water requirement and sources are as follows:

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4.6 Biological Environment

The study reveals that the vegetation was dry deciduous, components of moist deciduous specie were also recorded. Total 55 tree species 35 herbaceous species are recorded, no endangered species of flora is reported in the study area. Total 26 species of birds, 4 species of reptiles, 5 species of mammals were recorded in and around the periphery of the project during the study period. Mangrove vegetation in the study area is about 50 m from the project site, Avicennia Marina predominantly found in the study area.

At present the project site is has no trees. Therefore, no tree cutting is proposed.

The project is proposed beyond 200m from the HTL line and there is no development in 0-200m from HTL line. Therefore, there is no impact on water bodies, related ecological environment, terrestrial aquatic biological environment.

4.7 Socio-Economic Environment

Proposed project would lead to impacts on the socio-economic environment. Development of this project would provide an opportunity for employment of the local community during construction and operation would include a favourable employment opportunities towards the local population.

4.7.1 Beneficial Impacts

 Employment generation for local people would increase during construction work of the Project. Local skilled and unskilled labourers will have an opportunity for employment directly or indirectly.  Improvement in green cover due to the plantation of trees in the project area, also will be leading to a decrease in environmental pollution.

4.7.2 Adverse Impacts

 Workers during the project construction and after completion would impose strain on existing basic amenities.  The project would create solid waste/garbage, devoid of proper disposal may create solid waste pollution.

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CHAPTER 5: ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVE

The alternative site study is not applicable for this project. The project site has following Merits:  The project site is in possession of the project proponent.  Proposed project is located in notified area of Mumbai Metropolitan Region  Development Authority, commonly abbreviated as MMRDA vide TPS- 1484/2684/UD 5 dated 27/05/1985  Project site is within recreational zone 1  Availability of proper road access to the project site for movement of construction equipment, materials, etc. during the construction phase.  Suitability of land from topographical and geological considerations.  Availability of the water supply from Gram Panchayat and electricity supply from MSEDCL sources.  The nearest major cities, Pune, Mumbai are very well connected with road.  Good communication and transportation facilities  No R & R will be required  No national park or wildlife habitats falls within 10 km radial distance from proposed project site  No use of reserve forest land  No use of cultivable land  No cutting of trees  Away from critically polluted area  Away from tiger reserve/Elephant reserve/turtle nestling grounds.  Away from core zone of biosphere reserve.  Away from Archaeological sites.  Away from defence installations

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CHAPTER 6: ENVIRONMENT MONITORING

PROGRAMME

6.1 Environmental Monitoring

The main purpose of environmental monitoring is to evaluate the effectiveness of implementation of Environmental Management Plan (EMP) by periodically monitoring. The environmental monitoring will be required during construction and operational phases.

Monitoring Schedule The environmental attributes such as ambient air quality, noise levels, groundwater quality and quantity, soil quality and solid wastes will be monitored. The monitoring Programme for construction and operation phase is given in below.

6.2 Environmental Monitoring: Construction Phase

Component Parameters Location Frequency Ambient Air PM10, PM2.5, At Construction Site Once in 6 Quality SO2, Nox months

DG Sets Particulates, DG stacks Once in 6 SO2, Nox, HC months Noise Level Leq day, Leq At Construction Site and Once in 6 night, dB(A) nearest receptor site months Ground Water As per At construction Site Once in 6 Quality standards months Soil Quality As per At construction Site Once in a standards year

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6.3 Environmental Monitoring: Operational Phase

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Ambient Air PM10, PM2.5, SO2, Nox, At project Once in six Quality Co, HC site months Ambient Air PM, SO2, Nox At project Once in six Quality site months

Ambient Air Leq day, Leq night, L10, At project Once in six Quality L50, L90 dB(A) site months Ambient Air Physiochemical At project Once in six Quality paramenters, Nutrients site months and Organic parameters, Heavy metals Ambient Air pH, TSS, BOD, COD, Oil & At project Once a week Quality Grease site for performance monitoring Ambient Air Texture, pH, Electrical At project Once in a year Quality conductivity, Alkalinity site SAR, Permeability, Water holding capacity, Porosity Ambient Air Flora and Fauna Green Annually Quality belt/lands cape area project area Ambient Air Energy audit report Relevant Annual Audits Quality locations

6.4 Awareness and Training

Training and human resource development is an important link to achieve sustainable operation of the facility and environmental management. For successful functioning of the project, relevant EMP should be communicated to the following groups of people: Staff, Employees and Contractors: Staff, employees and contractors will be made aware of the importance of waste segregation and disposal, water and energy conservation. This awareness can be provided through periodic meetings. They will be informed of their responsibilities for successful operation of various environmental management schemes inside the premises.

Site Staff Relevant personnel at site will be trained for the following:  Collection, transport, treatment and disposal solid waste  Operation and maintenance of biological Sewage Treatment Plant and reclamation system  Techniques for waste minimization, water conservation and energy conservation.

6.5 Record Keeping and Reporting

Record keeping and reporting of performance is an important management tool for ensuring sustainable operation of the Project. Records should be maintained for regulatory, monitoring and operational issues.

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6.6 Environment Management Cell

Since impacts from proposed project is minimum, environment management work will be taken project by project in charge/manager

6.7 Budgetary Allocation for EMP

Budgetary Allocation for environment management plan is:

In addition to above there will be capital cost for STP – Rs.35 lakhs and Green Belt – Rs. 22 lakhs

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CHAPTER 7: ADDITIONAL STUDIES & RISK

ASSESSMENT

7.1 Introduction

Since magnitude of this project is minimum, anticipated impacts on environment will be negligible. Considerable hazards are not anticipated from the proposed holiday resort development. Risk analysis for the proposed project does not show any significant risk. Additional studies such as Disaster Management Plan, storage of hazardous material, Emergency Action Plan, Flood Risk, and Traffic Management etc. are not applicable. Fire fighting facility will be installed at project site.

7.2 Fire Fighting

Considering the occupants the necessary fire protection measures are taken into consideration and the following Fire Protection Systems are proposed for each building: a) Fire Hydrant System: This will be for the yard, parking and for all buildings. b) Portable Extinguishers for each floor. c) Fire Suppression water tanks shall be provided d) Sufficient road width and turning radius will be provided for fire tender movement

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CHAPTER 8: PROJECT BENEFITS

8.1 Economic Revival of Kihim Village and Surrounding Areas

The proposed Kihim Resort is being eagerly awaited by the local population. Apart from business to local construction contractors, local labour will be used for both construction and operations, to the extent possible, leading to a substantial increase in incomes. Local vendors and businesses in Kihim and surrounding areas will benefit from increased construction activity and, later, from resort operations. Tourists visiting the resort will shop from local stores and eat meals at local restaurants, leading to a sustainable economic revival of the village and surrounding areas.

8.2 Landscape Development

After implementation of the project, the green cover of the project area will be enhanced by over 60% with beautifully landscaped and green cover plantation of native species. This will not only enhance the aesthetic beauty of the region but also nurture, regenerate and enhance the local ecology and biodiversity.

8.3 Improvement in infrastructure facilities

With the development of the resort, the local population and Panchayat will be encouraged to improve local infrastructure facilities. This will assist all residents.

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CHAPTER 9: ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN

9.1 Introduction

Environmental Management is basically resource management and environmental planning similar to development planning. The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is a site specific plan developed to ensure that the project is implemented in an environmentally sustainable manner where all stakeholders including the project proponents, contractors and subcontractors, including consultants, understand the potential environmental risks arising from the proposed project and take appropriate actions to properly manage that risk. Suitable environmental management measures need to be incorporated during the entire planning, construction and operating stages of the project to minimize any adverse environmental impact and assure sustainable development of the area. The EMP is proactive in nature and should be upgraded if new facilities or modification of existing facilities, with environmental concerns, come up at a later stage.

Proposed Holiday Resort at Village -Kihim is well connected to Pune and Mumbai. Details of the proposed project are covered in Chapter No. 2 whereas; various existing environmental scenarios are presented in Chapter No. 3. Deliberations and prediction of environmental impacts and its analysis are made in Chapter No. 4. Environmental Impact Analysis carried out in Chapter No. 4 indicated that proposed developmental project would have less significant impact on the environmental attributes. On the other hand, it will have beneficial impacts on socio-economic features, and occupational structure provided following measures are undertaken. The EMP is generally:  Prepared in accordance with rules and requirements of the MoEF&CC, CRZ and the State Pollution Control Board  To ensure that the component of facility are operated in accordance with the design  Process that confirms proper orientation through supervision and monitoring  System that addresses public complaints during construction and operation phase  Plan that ensure remedial measures are implemented immediately

The key benefits of the EMP are that, it provides the organization with means of managing its environmental performance thereby allowing it to contribute to improved environment quality. The other benefits include cost control and improved relation to stakeholders. EMP includes four major elements:  Commitment and Policy: proposed project will strive to provide and implement the  Environmental Management Plan that incorporates all issues related to air, land and water.  Planning: This includes identification of environmental impacts, legal requirements and setting environmental objectives.  Implementation: This comprises of resources available to the developers, accountability of contractors, training of operational staff associated with environmental control facilities and documentation of measures to be taken  Measurement and Evaluation: This includes monitoring, corrective actions, and record keeping.

During study of the environmental attributes it was seen that all the aspects would be considered to promote the better development in case of future aspects of project as well as environmental aspects.

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9.2 Environment Management Plan for Water Environment

Construction Phase Water management is important to prevent degradation and to maintain the quality of the water source, adequate control measures have been proposed to check the surface run-off, as well as uncontrolled flow of water into any water body. Following management measures are suggested to protect the water quality during the construction phase.  Activities of cutting and filling not to be taken up during monsoon season, care will be taken to avoid soil erosion  Waste water treatment facility shall be provided on the site during construction phase to prevent wastewater from entering the water bodies,  Tree plantation and maintaining green areas will be taken up during construction phase,  To prevent surface and ground water contamination by oil/grease, leak proof containers will be used for storage and transportation of oil/grease.  Construction activities generate disturbed land area, concrete fines, oils and other wastes. Onsite collection and settling of storm water, prohibition of equipment wash downs, and prevention of soil loss and toxic releases from the construction site are necessary to minimize water pollution. The contractor will take all precautions to minimize the wastage of water in the construction process.

Operation Phase Water conservation and development measures will be implemented including all possible potential for reuse and recycling of water. Management practices mainly focused on development of water sources though Rain Water Harvesting, water conservation practices, Water treatment and promoting reuse of water after treatment.

Rain Water Harvesting Rainwater Harvesting facilities will be created at the project site.

Water Conservation Water consumption will be minimized by a combination of water saving devices and other domestic water conservation measures.

Waste Water Treatment The wastewater generated is exclusively domestic in nature. The sewage generated will be treated biological system, a natural, eco-friendly & sustainable wastewater treatment technique.

9.3 Environment Management Plan for Air Pollution Control

Construction Phase:

The project will contribute negligible dust levels during construction phase. The concrete will be made from outside source of Ready Mix Plant. The debris and unutilized construction material and earth from the construction site shall be removed immediately to recycle within the project so that no nuisance dust is generated due to wind. Construction Activities shall not be allowed at night.

The site being influenced by winds would result in quick dispersal of the pollutants and thereby the impacts due to NOx and SO2 emissions during the construction will be negligible. Therefore, considering all the air pollutants, it is not expected that air emissions due to construction will exceed air quality standards (NAAQS).

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Air Quality around the Project site will be impacted during construction stage. To minimize the occupational health hazard, proper personal protective gears i.e. mask, helmets, face mask shall be provided to the workers who are engaged in dust generation activity. The construction phase impacts are temporary and localized phenomena except the permanent change in local landscape and land use pattern at the project site. Precautions, which would be taken to reduce dust generation during construction phase, are mentioned as follows:  Concrete supplied from an outside source involve trucks carrying cement, gravel, sand traveling to site and may cause dust emission thus ready mix concrete carried in enclosed container will be used as it is better option compared to on site batch mixing.  Dust covers will be provided on trucks that would be used for transportation of materials though quantities required is minimal  Water sprinkling on ground and new construction will be done at regular intervals to avoid dust generation.  Mitigation measures shall include regular maintenance of machinery and provision of personnel protective equipment to workers where needed.

Operational Phase The proposed project will not have any direct impact on air environment after completion. During operational phase, D.G. Sets will be provided only in case of power failures. DG sets will be complying with CPCB norms for air pollutants.

Emission during construction and operation will be within the desirable limits of CPCB standards. Water sprinkling and vegetation cover will minimise the negative impacts.

9.4 Environment Management Plan for Noise Pollution Control

Construction Phase During construction phase, sources of noise pollution will be due to operation of construction machinery. This will cause nuisance to the occupants of the nearby area. The project proponents have agreed to take precautions to control noise pollution as mentioned under though impacts are minimum  Use of equipment generating noise of not greater than 90 dB (A).  Servicing of all construction machinery shall be done regularly and during routine servicing operations, the effectiveness of exhaust silencers shall be checked and if found defective will be replaced.  Vehicles hired for bringing construction materials at sight shall conform to the noise emission standards and shall be operated during non-peak hours.  Smooth flow of traffic will be ensured on the internal road to avoid idling and honking of vehicles.  The DG sets will be provided with acoustic facilities.

Operation Phase The proposed project being holiday resort, the source of noise is vehicular noise only. The project proponents have proposed to provide adequate parking arrangement, which would help in reducing noise levels due to vehicular movement in the parking area.

The project proponents have proposed a live hedges and rows of trees, which would act as noise buffer and will reduce the noise level within site. Canopies will be provided to these mechanical devices to reduce noise and vibration. There will not be any considerable impact on the ambient air quality around the project site as CPCB approved DG sets along with acoustic room will be developed will be provided. Increasing vegetation in the form landscape is one of the preferred methods to mitigate air pollution. Plants serve as a sink for pollutants, act as a barrier to break the

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9.5 Environment Management Plan for Land Environment

The waste generation will be dependent on the land-use of the project and following is the proposed land use of the proposed holiday resort project:

Table No. 9.1: Proposed Land-use

Regulatory Calculations Area in Sq. m.

Area of Plot 27,110.00

Area under 10% open space (min.) 2,711.00

Amenity space (5%) (min.) 1,355.50

FSI 0.2

Permissible B/U area (max.) 5,150.90

Area under road set back 387.34

Total B/U area (actual) 4,429.89

Balance B/U area 721.01

Amenity space 5% Open space Road set 10% back 2%

Total B/U area 16% Green Belt & Misc. 67%

Figure 9.1: Proposed Land-use

Table No. 9.2: Tenement Details Type A – 13 units * 193.95 sq. m. 2,521.35 Type B – 15 units * 106.03 sq. m. 1,908.54

Waste Quantification Based on the land-use and population base, following categories of the waste generated with respective quantities:

Assumptions:  Domestic waste generation: 480 gm/per person per day for population of 155  Domestic waste composition: 50% organic, 40% non bio-degradable waste, 2% E-waste and 8% inerts/miscellaneous.

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The following three objectives will be achieved: (a) Waste collection (b) Effective management of waste (c) In-house treatment of waste/handing over to local Gram Panchayat

The effective system will have following components and will follow MSW guidelines:  Waste collection and segregation  Bio composting of organic waste  Sorting of waste, reuse and recycling i.e. recovery of material/s such as paper, glass, metal will be sold to vendor

Handing over the non-recyclable waste to local Gram Panchayat for further disposal Composting. Composting fulfils all the screening criteria set for screening various waste treatment technologies. Composting plants with proper segregation and with proper environmental care will work successfully in India. It is a low cost technology; simple in operation and end product i.e. compost has demand in the market for use as manure for agriculture/landscape fields. Day by day there are demands for the agricultural products from the organic fertilizers and it is also mandatory for the fertilizer companies to sell organic fertilizers together with chemical fertilizers. Proper off take arrangements and firm agreements with any fertilizer company, agro industries, and government institutions will ensure continuous demand for the compost. But it is a must to maintain the compost quality as per the standards prescribed under “Fertilizer Control Order” published in the Gazette of India Extra Ordinary Part–II–Section 3–Subsection (ii) of 24 March 2006. Keeping in mind the volume of the organic waste expected, the composting via composting pits is suggested during construction phase and composting.

Compost Pits Composting is the biological decomposition (rotting and decaying) of plant residues, farm animal manures, and kitchen scraps under controlled conditions. Once these materials are completely decayed, the end product is called compost. Compost is a decayed organic matter that is earthy, dark, and crumbly.

Procedure:  Construct the compost pit of RCC of 1.5m x 1.5m x 1.0m.  Place dry plant materials as the first layer. This should be about 20-25 cm thick.  Sprinkle enough water to make the composting materials moist but not wet.  The next layer will be composed of green materials, either fresh or wilted grasses or weeds. Twigs and branches can also be added unless they are chopped into smaller pieces. This layer should also be 20-25 cm thick.  Top this with a mixture of animal manure, soil, and ash. This layer should be 10-15 cm thick.  Repeat the steps 1-3 until the pile reaches a height of 1 m. You make the pile thicker in the middle (than the sides) to create a dome-shaped pile. This makes turning the pile easier.  Place the stick/s vertically into the pile to allow the air to circulate into the various layers.  Cover the pit with broad leaves plants like banana leaves, taro leaves, etc.  Turn the pile every two weeks. The compost is ready after 3-4 months.

Total there will be 6 no. of pits area required for compost pit is 9.0m x 1.5m. Total area required including platform is 9.9 x 2.4m.

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Organic compost quality parameters: 1. Moisture 15-20% 2. Total Organic Carbon 16-20% (min) 3. C:N < 20:1 4. Nitrogen 0.8 (min) 5. Phosphorus (P2O5) 0.5-0.8% 6. Potassium (K2O) 1-2% 7. pH 6.5 – 7.5 (Free from pathogens and weed seeds)

Benefits of Organic compost:  Improves soil structure.  Better water holding capacity.  Better aeration & exchange of gases  Buffering of excessive variations in pH.  The chemical fertilizers are better conserved hence more easily available to plants in presence of organic compost.  It is a well-known fact that the required dose of synthetic fertilizer is much higher in lands deficient in organic content than the compost having high organic content. Thus reduced expenditure, reduced leachates, and reduced environmental pollution.  Organic compost is essential for beneficial soil micro flora.

Recycling Minimizing the quantities of waste through material recovery, reuse and recycling is increasingly being recognized as the main basis of an integrated approach to solid waste management. Most developing countries are adopting various processes aimed at the recovery of materials from the solid waste stream itself. Local industries in some cases are strongly dependent on the availability of secondary materials for re-processing. Some of these materials include cardboard, various paper products, different types of plastics and metals. The rate of waste recycling has increased dramatically in recent years. Recycling involves the collection of used and discarded materials processing, which converts these materials into new products. It reduces the amount of waste that is otherwise thrown into the community dustbins thereby making the surrounding environment cleaner. Recycling is a key component of modern waste management practices and is the third component of the "Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle" waste hierarchy. If recycling is done in a proper manner, it will solve the problems of waste or garbage though quantities generated in the proposed project will minimum.

9.6 Environment Management Plan for Ecology and Biodiversity

This proposal is mainly for development of mixed use construction project. Vegetation of the area is predominantly deciduous type, components of moist deciduous specie were also recorded. The study reveals that the vegetation was dry deciduous, scrub type. Total 55 tree species 36 herbaceous species are recorded, no endangered species of flora is reported in the study area. Total 26 species of birds, 4 species of reptiles, 5 species of mammals were recorded in and around the periphery of the project during the study period. Mangrove vegetation in the study area is about 50 m from the project site, Avicennia marina predominantly found in the study area. However diversity of species of mangrove reported in the Alibag area are Avicennia marina, Acanthus illicifolius, Aegiceras cornicuatum, Excoecaria aggaacha, Cerios tagal, Brugeria cylindrical and Rhizophora mucronota. The majority of fauna found would be least impacted because their habitat requirements are too general and will be met easily from the adjoining areasand proper mitigative measures at the site. At the project site too, green belt consisting of a variety of trees will be developed which would enrich the ecology of the area and add to the aesthetic value of the region. Water availability to the Wildlife will be enhanced. This might promote marginal increase in Wildlife population within and adjacent

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Recommendations

Terrestrial Ecology 1. The judicious sequencing of construction, operation and appropriate location of labour camps, project colony etc. 2. Cutting of existing tree is avoided. 3. Restriction of construction activity from dawn to dusk to avoid impact on wildlife during night.

Land Use Management 1. Plantation program using local species of plants should be taken up all along the approach roads, and around construction and the boundary of the project site. 2. All disturbed construction areas, on the periphery of the construction site should be replanted with native plants to minimize impact and future erosion. 3. Top soil will be conserved for plantation program. 4. Practices like paving; surface treatment, water sprinkling and appropriate plantation programme should be followed to avoid soil erosion and runoff during monsoon season.

Landscaping and Plantations: Indigenous species will be preferred for plantation however plantation will be done with purpose for ornamental, religious, economic, medicinally important, bruit bearing etc.

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Table No. 9.3: List of Plant Species for Plantation Sr. No. Scientific Name Common Name Purpose 1 Aegle marmelos Bel Religious 2 Anthocephalus indicus Kadam Aesthetic 3 Artabotrys heterophyllus Hirva Chapha Ornamental 4 Artocarpus heterophyllus Phanas Economic 5 Bauhinia alba Camel foot tree Ornamental 6 Bauhinia variegata Kanchan Economic 7 Bombax ceiba Savar Ornamental 8 Bombax malbaricum Savar Ornamental 9 Butea monosperma Palas Aesthetic 10 Caesalpinia pulcherrima Shankasur Ornamental 11 Cassia fistula Indian laburnum Ornamental 12 Cocos nucifera Naral Economic 13 Courouptia guianensis Aloe wood tree Ornamental 14 Cycas circinalis Cycas Ornamental 15 Dendrocalamus strictus Bamboo Economic 16 Erythrina suberosa Pangara Aesthetic 17 Ficus bengalensis Banyan Religious 18 Ficus recemosa Umbar Religious, fruits edible 19 Ficus religiosa Pimpal Religious 20 Gmelina arborea Shivan Economic 21 Lagerstroemia floribunda Bondara Aesthetic 22 Lagerstroemia speciosa Queen of flowers Aesthetic 23 Madhuca indica Moha Economic 24 Mangifera indica Amba Economic 25 Mappia foetida Narkya Rare Medicinal 26 Michelia champaka Champaka Aesthetic 27 Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Parijatak Aesthetic 28 Phoenix sylvestris Date palm Ornamental 29 Phyllanthus emblica Amla Economic 30 Plumeria alba Temple tree/pagoda tree Ornamental 31 Polyalthia longifolia Asoka" tree Ornamental 32 Quisqualis indica Ragoon creeper Ornamental 33 Saraca indica Asoka tree Ornamental 34 Syzgium cumini Jambul Economic 35 Tabebuia pallida Cuban pink trumpet tree Ornamental 36 Tectona grandis Teak Economic 37 Thespesia populnea Bhend Ornamental

Live fencing is proposed for the proposed project which will not hamper public access to beach. Nerium indicum, Abelia grandiflora, Tecoma capensis, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Bambusa sps. Vitex negundo, Adhatoda vasica etc will be planted for live hedges.

Maintenance of the Plantation Once a plantation has been established, the survival ratio of the seedlings planted should be monitored. It is necessary to protect established plantation against weather, fire, insects and fungi,

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Weather Phenomena The occurrence of damaging weather phenomena is usually unpredictable. Little can be done to protect forest plantations against the damage caused by weather, except to grow tree and shrub species known to be resistant to the detrimental effects of local weather patterns.

Fire Damage by fire imposes a serious threat to plantations. Fire risk should be a major consideration from the early stages of plantation development. A main principle in protecting plantations against fire is removing dried undergrowth, especially the grass regularly.

Insects and Fungi Care taken in establishment and maintenance operations during the early years of a plantation (resulting in healthy vigorous young trees or shrubs) can help to make a plantation more resistant to insects and fungi. Regular monitoring will be helpful for management in pest, insect attack. Various control measures are available; these may be silvicultural, chemical, biological, or mechanical.

Silvicultural measures include well-timed, careful thinning after establishment of the forest plantation. Through thinning, poor and suppressed stems are eliminated, maintaining the plantation in a thrifty and vigorous growing condition. In young plantations, prompt removal and destruction of infested trees and shrubs can be effective in preventing the spread of the pest attacks to the rest of the plantation. Where a threat of infection is known to exist, planting of tree or shrub mixed species also can be considered as a silvi-cultural control measure.

Insects and fungi can often be checked by applications of appropriate chemical insecticides or fungicides. Usually, these chemicals are available as liquids (or wettable powder), dusts, or smokes. Spraying with hand-operated spray guns or portable mist-blowers is frequently used to control attacks in young plantations; with canopy closure, aerial spraying and dusting or smoking can be more effective and cheaper. Only previously tested and environmentally sound insecticides and fungicides should be prescribed for use.

Biological control of insects has been employed with success in some situations; in most instances, the introduction of a parasite to control the insects is required. Mechanical control- Either by physically removing and destroying the pests or by eliminating the alternative hosts can be effective.

Domestic Animals Grazing or browsing by sheep, goats and cattle can be a menace to young plantations. Live hedges and fences can be used to prevent intrusion by domestic animals in opens space plantations, nursery etc. Tree guards can be useful for roadside plantation.

9.7 Socio Economic Management

The social management plan has been designed to take proactive steps and adopt best practices, which are sensitive to the socio-cultural setting of the region. This Development Project would provide an infrastructure for tourists which will be beneficial for local community.

9.8 Energy conservation Management

Energy conservation measures are often the easiest, quickest and cheapest way to reduce costs and be environmentally pro-active Energy conservation program will be implemented through measures

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Measures to reduce energy consumption  Minimize use of air-conditioning so as to use of architectural design.  Maximize the use of natural lighting and ventilation through design.  Purchase of energy efficient appliances (LED FITTINGS)  Adjusting the settings and illumination levels to ensure minimum energy used for desired comfort levels. Design based on lux level calculations.  Use of compact fluorescent lamps and low voltage lighting.  Sunscreen films on windows to reduce heating inside the buildings.  Awareness on energy conservation will be raised among the users of the buildings in the complex.  Use of solar power  Maximum priority is given for placement of solar water heaters on top terraces.

Architectural Design  Maximum ground is covered by green patches to reduce reflection of heat from ground surface.  Shade giving trees are proposed around the condominium especially on South and west side to cast shadow on the ground and building.  By accommodating maximum parking areas are covered parking, heat generation due to vehicle is compressed below the building.

Thermal Characteristics of the building envelope  Terraces will be treated with a layer of brick bat coba for reduction in heat gain through roof.  Overhang projections and horizontal and vertical elevation band of 0.3m will be provided around the windows which will be reducing solar heat gain but will assure maximum natural light and ventilation in the buildings.  External shading is prominently used in the complex it intercepts solar heat before it reaches the glass/ wall.  External walls are 200 mm with 13 mm of cement plaster on both the sides [cavity wall], double height terraces are provided to reduce direct exposure to sun. The external walls of the buildings will be coloured with light slightly tinted colours to reduce solar heat gain and will reflect heat.  Forces and wind forces etc.

9.10 Water Logging

The project proponent has made proper storm water drain arrangement and rainwater harvesting will be implemented within their premises. Water harvesting structures will minimise water logging possibilities in the project area.

9.11 Environmental Management Cell

Formation of Environmental Management Cell Monitoring and feedback becomes essential to ensure that the mitigation measures planned by way of environmental protection function efficiently during the entire period of operation. Hence, an environmental management cell comprising senior officials may be constituted.

To implement the EMP, a structured Environment Management Cell (EMC) interwoven with the existing management system will be created. EMC will undertake regular monitoring of the

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Functions:  Monthly review of environmental problems and monitoring of installation / performance / maintenance of pollution control measures.  Enforcement of latest rules and regulations under relevant Environmental protection acts.  Preparation of budgetary estimates to seek sanctions for new pollution control measures if required and / or up-gradation of existing ones based on new technologies.  Emergency planning  EMC shall meet at least once a month and take stock of progress of work relating to decisions taken and targets set in the previous meeting.

Formation of Task force A task force having organizational set-up comprising staff of various grades shall be constituted. The task force will ensure following tasks:  Monitoring activities within core and buffer zone.  Monitoring of efficiency of pollution control schemes.  Preparation of maintenance schedule of STP and ensure that it is followed strictly.  Inspection and regular cleaning of drainage system.  Landscape development.  Water and energy conservation.  Good housekeeping.  Appraising EMC on regular basis.

9.12 Monitoring Program

A comprehensive environmental monitoring program that has been prepared for the purpose of implementation in the proposed project will be strictly followed to ensure the success of environmental management activities. It is proposed to carry out environment monitoring work of factory by MoEF recognized laboratory. They will assign the work for carrying environmental audit for each year. Also environment awareness program shall be conducted on regular basis.

9.13 Budgetary Cost Estimates

Table No. 9.4: Budgetary Allocation for Environment Management

In addition to above there will be capital cost for STP – Rs.35 lacs and Green Belt – Rs. 22 lacs

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CHAPTER 10: SUMMARY & CONCLUSION

10.1 Preamble

Mr. Gautam Chand (individual) proposes to construct a ‘Holiday resort’ at Kihim, Alibag to satisfy the high latent demand from residents of large metros like Mumbai and Pune.

The objective of the study is to carry out Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for the proposed project, to meet the environmental compliances laid down by the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), Government of India and subsequently required for CRZ clearance.

Table No. 10.1: Salient Features of the Project Sr. No. Particulars Details

10.2 Project Cost The project is expected to be implemented within one year. Total estimated cost of the project excluding land cost and furniture is Rupees 863.30.00 lakhs, and including land cost and furniture is Rupees 1066 lakhs.

10.3 Area Statement Regulatory Calculations Area in Sq. m. Area of Plot 27,110.00 Area under 10% open space (min.) 2,711.00 Amenity space (5%) (min.) 1,355.50 FSI 0.2 Permissible B/U area (max.) 5,150.90 Area under road set back 387.34 Total B/U area (actual) 4,429.89 Balance B/U area 721.01

10.4 Basic Requirement of the Project Land Requirement: Land available for the proposed Project is 27,110 Sq.m which is owned by Mr. Gautam Chand.

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Water Requirement

Fuel Requirement The main fuel for the proposed project is diesel (HSD) which is required for DG sets, construction machinery and vehicles. HSD requirement for 500 KVA D G. rating is approximately 100 litres/hr. which will be sourced from local diesel fuel stations located near the site. Fuel will be stored in 200 lt. barrels.

Power Requirement The power requirement during construction and operation will be supplied by MSEDCL. Standby DG sets will also be provided in case of MSEDCL power failure.

Solar power of 24 kv capacity will power 40%-50% of lighting and 100% of water heating.

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Energy Conservation Measures

Construction / Building Material Requirement Cement, Bricks/ Fly ash bricks etc. construction material will be used which is available in the nearest market.

Sr. Construction Unit Approximate Source/Availability No. Material Quantity 1 Cement Bags 25,000 Local Market 2 Aggregates Cu.M. 800 Local Market 3 Steel Tons 250 Local Market 4 Bricks/Fly ash bricks Nos. 1,500,000 Local Market 5 Sand Cu.M. 600 Local Market

10.5 Infrastructure Requirement related to Environmental Parameters

Waste water Treatment The wastewater generated is exclusively domestic in nature. The quantity of sewage generated will be 5,600 l/day. The sewage generated will be treated biological system, a natural, eco-friendly & sustainable wastewater treatment technique.

Rain Water Harvesting & Strom Water Drainage Rain water harvesting facilities will be created at the project site and used in place of tanker water and to water the green cover during monsoon months.

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Solid Waste Management Around 75 kg/day solid waste will be generated during operation phase. Biodegradable and non- biodegradable waste will be segregated. Dry waste will be sent to “Alibaug Solid Waste Management Association” / Hari Dharti NGO (that operates Ghanta Garis for collection of segregated solid waste) and wet waste will be composted and used in landscaping.

Soil Characteristics Eight sampling locations in the study area revealed that soils in this area are moderately fertile.

Water Environment Water quality of ground water as well as surface water resources within 10 km radius of the study area has been studied. Quality of water outside the project site is within prescribed limit of CPCB.

Air Environment The seasonal wind rose (Oct- 2016 to Dec 2016) depicts that the predominant wind direction is from South-West. All parameters such as Particulate Matter PM10 mg/M3 Particulate Matter PM2.5 mg/M3, Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx), and Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) are well within limits of CPCB Noise Environment: The field observations during study period indicate that the ambient noise levels in the study area were well within the prescribed standards for residential areas and silence zones.

Biological Environment The study reveals that the vegetation is dry deciduous, scrub type. Total 55 tree species 35 herbaceous species are recorded, no endangered species of flora is reported in the study area. Total 26 species of birds, 4 species of reptiles, 5 species of mammals were recorded in and around the periphery of the project during the study period. Mangrove vegetation in the study area is 50m, Avicennia marina predominantly found in the study area.

Socio-Economic Environment The study area is undeveloped and is a rural area. Altogether there are 73 villages from 10 km study area.

Total population 83039 Households- 19899. Male: 41894 and Female: 41894

SC and ST Population The villages in the project area show a Low occurrence of SC population i.e. 1.69 %. ST population is High in the villages constitute a mere 65.37% of the total population.

Literacy Levels Literacy rate: 74.7 % and illiterate rate is 25.3 %. Male literacy is higher than female. On an average 78.00 % population is literate while 22 % of the population was reported to be illiterate.

Total worker population found in the area is 38039, and 38302 population found in non-worker population

10.6 Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures The Environmental Impact due to the project is tabulated below:

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Table No. 10.2: Environmental Impact Assessment Parameter Contruction Phase Operation Phase Air Environment Short term Long term negative impact negligible impact Noise Environment Short term Long term negative impact negligible impact Water Resource Short term No negative negative impact impact Land Environment No negative impact Long term positive impact Soil Short term No Impact negative Construction waste Short term No Impact negative Ecological No negative impact Long term positive Environment impact Mangrove No negative impact No Impact Ecosystem Employment Short term positive Long term positive Generation impact impact Improvement in No Impact No Impact Health Care Facilities Economic Condition Short term positive Long term positive of the study area impact impact

Aesthetics Short term Long term positive Environment negative impact Resettlement and Long term positive Rehabilitation impact issues Impact on No negative impact Long term positive Infrasyructure impact Fcailities Historical, No Impact No Impact Archaelogical and Architectural Sites

10.7 Environmental Management Plan

The following Environmental Management Measures are applied to reduce the negative impact: Water Management:  100% Sewage treatment  Reuse: ZERO Potable water for Landscape.  Rainwater is used for both fresh water and landscaping needs.

Air Pollution Control To control the air pollution during the construction phase regular upkeep and maintenance

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Noise Pollution During construction phase personal protective equipment’s will be provided to the construction labour. During operation the plantation will act as barrier to the surrounding noise pollution.

Solid Waste Management Composting is proposed to treat the biodegradable waste generated in the project. However the dry waste will be handed over to “Alibaug Solid Waste Management Association” (project proponent is a founding member of ASWMA) / Hari Dharti NGO.

Green Cover Indigenous and suitable tree species are proposed for plantation in the open space, road side and hedges.

Energy Conservation To reduce the energy consumption the architectural measures will be applied. In addition to that use of solar energy is proposed as energy conservation measure.

10.8 Conclusion

Kihim Resort is eagerly awaited by the local population due to its environmental and economic benefits. It meets or exceeds every guideline or rule set by regulatory and government agencies, uses environmental sound practices, and ‘gives-back’ to nature in the form of a substantially greater green cover, increase in birds and butterflies, the provides a boost to the local economy.

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