number 33 spring/summer • 2016 first issue of volume xiii Newsstand $3ºº green horiZon Magazine

...... AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL PUBLISHED BY THE GREEN HORIZON FOUNDATION ...... Presidential Politics USA within a broken system 2016 ELECTION Six (related) ways to think about it: Art Goodtimes, Jonathan Martin, Michelle Whittaker Genevieve Marcus, Steve Welzer, John Rensenbrink AHEAD

ALSO INSIDE:

Letters Fasci-nation/fascism — Charles Keil Re-think MONEY and think DEMOCRACY— Howard Switzer Review of Mark Satin’s Politics — Rhoda Gilman Independence for Puerto Rico — Olga I.Sanabria Davilla Indigenous People and the Environment — Romi Elnagar Plea for a Benign God — David Krosschell The Zika Threat — Richard Lawson

2016 The

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w. A.V. Keil and A.V. w. lingam Sharon Pieniak summer / Sean Hill COMMUNICATIONS COMMUNICATIONS Music Grooves spring Polka Happiness MEMBERSHIP & BOOKKEEPING: Liz Rensenbrink MEMBERSHIP & MARKETING MANAGER, HARDCOPY: Charlene Swift MARKETING & MANAGER, WEBSITE: Brielle Welzer WEBMASTER: Evie Leder GRAPHIC DESIGN: www.bluecatmedia.com LOGO DESIGN: EDITORIAL ASSISTANCE: Carla Rensenbrink THE TEAM English Language: (1979); one straw, twig, rod, twig, straw, one now we got we got now “fascism”? cud-it=b the merging of state and business belligerent nationalism. {full stop} nationalism. belligerent of ooze suddenly, it seemed to me, it seemed to me, of ooze suddenly, the veil...the fig leaf...the cod piece the veil...the fig leaf...the morning as MC @ WAMC, saying WAMC, morning MC @ as chalktalk was talkin’ Hitler this chalktalk talkin’ was Dr. soon the it soon for words with Italian go w. A.V. Keil, R. Blau and S. Feld (2002); Feld S. and Blau R. Keil, A.V. w. American HeritageDictionary of the to reveal the naked emperor & wizardto reveal the naked emperor of the extreme right, typically right, of the extreme through 2. Capitol F. The governmental system governmental The Capitol F. 2. from 1922 to 1943. and on they and on of Italy 1922 to 1943. from leadership, together with an ideology of leadership, and startedup with women to pull away of his own ill-gotten gains by ill-gotten big chunkof his own Bloomberg trying to save Wall St. and a St. tryingBloomberg Wall to save Tiv Song Tiv dictum} {dark reviving corpse-state: a dictatorship that advocates or exercises American willevery redefine lingo single because Megyn all bundled got Fox down we are fascinated when The Donald turns Donald The when fascinated we are 1. A philosophy or system government of A philosophy 1. w. S. Crafts and D. Cavicchi (1993); w. (1966);

GHM, PO Box 476 donations, letters: is that My Music Inquiries, submissions, Topsham, ME 04086 USA Topsham, Urban Blues Bright Balkan Morning Balkan Bright is indexed in the Alternative Press Index, which is available from: with Pat Campbell on the web (2006). Charles retired from teaching in 1999 with Pat Campbell on the web (2006). Charles retired FASCISM and FASCISM Alternative Press Center, PO Box 33109, Baltimore, MD 21218 Alternative Press Center, CHARLIE KEIL is author of Dick Blau (1992); (1994); Feld Groove poet who gardens sloppily. and has been morphing into an instrument playing of Deepshit) CHARLES KEIL in bad shape you in the lingo of our Proto- - in the lingo Green Horizon Magazine FASCINATING FASCISM FASCINATING course, is quite fascinating course, green horizon magazine horizon green crowd of people: FASCES, FASCES, of people: also crowd only derive two basic words from bhasko know what to say at the next rally, what to say know Compost Dish or is it Community Compost [I’m not worried about 2. Latin for not worried about 2. [I’m order to destroy any possible future, any to destroy order FASCISM FASCINE, FASCICLE, or is it fasci-nation FASCINATION Indo-Euro ancestors, Indo-Euro 1. bundle (as of rods, twigs, or straw), straw), or twigs, bundle (as of rods, 1. is that Common Denominator, is that Common CD to the lowest leadership sinks your now this, of this, now FASCINATE bewitching: in future the on borrowing when you’re to followers your following when you’re Dread (Collective Dopiness, CertificateDread (Collective Dopiness, band, fillet, bandage: FASCIA, FESS. ] FESS. FASCIA, bandage: fillet, band, 3. Probably Latin fascinum, fascinus, an fascinus, Latin fascinum, Probably 3. in the shape of a phallus, hence a in the shape of a phallus, amulet Sam Smith, Maine Sam Smith, Jersey New SteveWelzer, EDITORS: [email protected] Rensenbrink: John [email protected] Steve Welzer: MEMBERS OF THE BOARD OF GREEN HORIZON FOUNDATION: Alabama Becker, Ted Michigan Linda Cree, Rhode Island Gerritt, Greg Rhoda Gilman, North Carolina Ellen LaConte, D.C. Darryl!Washington, Moch, Maine Rensenbrink, John Maine Liz Rensenbrink, PUBLISHED BY THE GREEN HORIZON FOUNDATION • SPRING/SUMMER, 2016 • VOLUME THIRTEEN #33 • SPRING/SUMMER, 2016 • VOLUME THIRTEEN PUBLISHED BY THE GREEN HORIZON FOUNDATION

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...... of B. SIDNEY SMITH, TIM WILLARD

...... New Age Politics ...... Check out our website for articles www.Green-Horizon.org

Donations via PayPal are welcome. Thank you! 2 Sustainers 2015-16 LETTERS JODY GRAGE, LINDA CREE, SUZANNE YAKOWITZ-DRAGAN Responding to the Zika Virus Threat Responding to the Zika Virus RICHARD LAWSON A Plea for a Benign God KROSSCHELL DAVID Indigenous People and the Environment ROMI ELNAGAR RHODA GILMAN Independence for Puerto Rico OLGA I. SANABRIA DAVILLA Review of Mark Satin’s 40th Anniversary 40th Anniversary Review of Mark Satin’s Edition of JOHN RENSENBRINK and Politics Power, Money, SWITZER HOWARD Anti-capitalism STEVE WELZER (Already!) What a Year GENEVIEVE MARCUS Bernie Sanders, the Greens, and the New Beyond Re-districting Reform Beyond Re-districting MICHELLE WHITTAKER Right, But was Yes, Third Parties STEVE WELZER ART GOODTIMES ART Review of Jonathan Martin’s Empowering Progressive JOHN RENSENBRINK Up Building from the Bottom The Green Horizon Team The and Wicked Wild Cultural Counterpoint Fascination/Fascism CHARLES KIEL table

...... 3 — JR Though New Age Politics. Politics. New Age and in this issue, tells us what has got to tells us what has got in this issue,

Green Horizon The LETTERS tell their own tale. Enjoy. tale. tell their own The LETTERS like the biting quality hope you of We Go back to page two: In a related way, people all over the world the people all over fighting for their are way, In a related what David Krosschell tells read Then for a change of pace, appearance matter is the sudden seemingly of Another exotic But your journey this issue has only the pages of But your through the Zika threat. Richard Lawson, physician and leading member physician Lawson, Richard the Zika threat. us with provides Wales, of England and Party of the Green and advice. information also is he (And with fascism. bout fasci-nating Charlie Keil’s Trump?) thinking of Donald our attention to the awesome and awful case to the awesome of the imprisonedour attention by the MONEY and dominated Rico oppressed people of Peurto brilliant a third to newcomer Olga, of the United States. powers the pages of what know of us who don’t most, if not newsbe good for many, news Her good is is really happening in her beautiful country. is alive and independence movement and sturdy that a vigorous fighting bravely in Puerto for freedom Rico. and resistance with intrepid their life-ways, for environment, chronicledpages our in again once has Elnagar Romi patience. The fight is also that fight by indigenous people. with passion and stillcan (in that can yet, a planet, really a fight for an earth, life and beautiful a good for all shelter and provide spite of all!), of bloodsuckers and demented dominators. people free AI (Artificial about our fabulous technologies. and warns us, us, hitherto us in many Intelligence) is upon unexpected ways—to for our what is in store that we do not reallysuch know a degree Is it for a better and better life or a worse and life this earth. on as is his not answering it, worse life? David poses the question, But the warning is clear. wont. ironic thoroughly about how to navigate the cascadingthoroughly how about waters of this Much is at stake. election. presidential year’s Switzerstarted! Howard dazzles with his searing analysis of the his by the few Follow of MONEY actually). (the 1% control by all people if the to control give way it must that argument democracy—and our survival—is Rhoda chance. have to a real recalls to our minds Horizon member of Green Board, Gilman, Mark by book influential an Satin, in a new format now and re-issued written forty years ago, a crystal it’s As if ball of what was to come. and introduction, in synch propels Sanabria articles, with these Olga Davilla, I. ABOUT THIS ISSUE THIS ABOUT green horizon magazine horizon green

Cultural Counterpoint 2016

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Wicked Wild Politics Wild Politics Wicked summer / I finish the ensemble of six articles ensemble of finish the I a sober with challenge to Genevieve Marcus, another brilliant newcomer to our pages, another brilliant to our pages, newcomer Genevieve Marcus, The first set, on politics, starts Art with gives who Goodtimes politics, on set, first The spring Jill’s Greens and Bernie’s kindred millions to think hard and hard millions to think kindred and Bernie’s Greens Jill’s story-book fashion, her penetratinglystory-book pertinent the real voice on fashion, So far... crisis aside by the mass media. is shoved of this three-in-one crisis to be un-accountably continues of this three-in-one ignored Party Green candidates—exceptby all one, of the presidential candidatepresidential Jill In classical Stein. and all too typical are to meet the global crisis—the three interrelated and shocking interrelated crisis—the to meet the global three are ofout and catastrophe, economic climateof threats change, The sheer depth and immediacy militaristic governments. control Steve Welzer then takes you to an analysis of socialism, including to an analysis then takes you of socialism, SteveWelzer He gently us but with steel in his voice reminds socialism. Bernie’s and capitalism both socialism that we need to think beyond if we (including especially that strives politics) the presidential beyond “what She does that asks leftconventional and right dichotomy. Kelly has famously put it?” as Petra ‘out-in-front’, to be mean, the forbidding castles of the mighty. exploration of a politics continuing Horizon’s picks Green up on Governor, Congress, U.S. Senate and President. She indicates Senateand President. U.S. Congress, Governor, running for with solid logic that until these rules changed, are office is like a noble but foolish Don venturing to assault Quixote rules it extremely that make difficult for the people at large to party for a third as a leading example, have a voice in politics and, especially to even for like the Greens have a chance to win office, to our pages, Michelle Whittaker. She is a colleague of Rob Whittaker. Michelle to our pages, She critical emphasizesRichie at Fairvote. how it is to put a prioritypowerful these for it’s rules, changing on the election The book stresses the crucial stresses importanceThe book party for a third like local, on concentrate Goodtimes—to Greens—echoing the article The third is by a brilliant newcomer elections. grass roots concentrate instead on local elections and local offices. The next local and local instead on concentrate elections offices. article is a review by important of an just off the press book MartinJonathan and reviewed by my co-editor SteveWelzer. you good reasons for thinking that a third party a third for thinking that reasons good Greens like the you should politics like the plague and should avoid presidential on critical matters that are not about politics, but in a way way but in a criticalon not about politics, matters that are a The second The first comprises seven articles. it. impinge on series eye-stopping of expositions. there are two sections. The first is all about politics, especially is allThe first about politics, two sections. are there its excruciating and its discontents yet race, the presidential varietya gives you second The articlesof intriguingpossibilities. I suggest taking the following route for reading this issue: this issue: for reading route the following taking I suggest 2016

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green horizon magazine horizon green Those suggestions used to seem heretical to the fundamentalists, fundamentalists, Party used to seem heretical to the Green Those suggestions Since I’ve walked that talk, having won local having won partisan-electedSince in office I’ve walked that talk, outlawed in Colorado which back got Or maybe in we should bring back fusion, Over the years the other national Green group faded from the scene. But its goal of its goal But Over the scene. faded from group Green the years the other national they bottom,” the from work to time no “There’s impatient. are many course, Of grassroots Values—and that’s But I want us to be true to the first of our 10 Key One of the main points of contention at this year’s annual state meet was an issue annual state meet was year’s at this of contention One of the main points level the national that wanted on – one Parties two Green were Back in 2000 there worried about “diluting the purity of our message” and losing our special, outsider, “up- outsider, the purity and losing our special, of our message” “diluting worried about status. against-the-entire-system” democracy. We need to start need at the only winning elections place we have even a fighting We democracy. chancein an electoral system completely stacked minor parties—atagainst the local level. as the I see it And practice. but out of out of theory, I speak not as a Green, four times that to get us back kind of social harmony to some in a flawed system, best strategy, need a We might have a chance of sustainability challenges that face us. in the future dozen we should or two of local officials in each state before even elected Green baker’s attempt to run candidates offices. for state and national State—where candidates can get political York still legal in New although it’s 1901, So could support the Greens parties. Bernie multiple backing and endorsements from Democrats do. just like Sanders, educating over electing is still the prevailing mindset of many GPUS state and national educating GPUS state and national still electing is mindset of many the prevailing over senator and governor, candidates Party for president, sees Green one Thus, members. but hardly candidates for Green any states like Colorado, in many representatives a focus been tryingI’ve It’s councils. to or town school boards county elected office, “Let’s the party build My mantra has been up.” the bottom change for years. from deeplythe flawed from country, our with wrong things Theymany so see insist. structure of its electoral system to our corporate our blindness sweetheart trade deals, etc. to climate etc., change and our paralysis it, in addressing that hasn’t been clearlyWhat resolved is since the state partythat hasn’t formed 20 years ago. we an electoral party statement? Are our mission its candidates that seeks to propel that runs we an educationalinto winning campaigns? group (losing) Or are as many candidates as we can alternative field to inform the electorate and about our progressive give them a clear choice. organizing, Green electoral politics and another that wanted to focus on to focus on including work, Thanks to a lot of people’s educating. Green demonstrating, Green Party a new Green national co-chair Party Myerson, Dean the then Colorado Green in 2000 – the in Denver dedicated to electoral convention politics held its first national States of the United Party of GPUS). Green (with the unhappy acronym It’s taken a number of years. The entire membership of the Green Party of ColoradoParty has of the Green membership entire The of years. taken a number It’s yes. Tree-huggers, always idealistic crew. been an We’ve changed I joined in 1998. since grassroots anti-frackers, feminists, marchers, And too. But people, women strong the What’s movement, the joining color of people the new are activists. stepping up into leadership.

4 national offices. should even attempt to run candidates for state and local elected Green officials in each state before we a baker’s dozen or two of a baker’s speak not out of theory, but speak not out of theory, need out of practice...We elected office in Colorado elected office in Colorado I four times as a Green, Since I’ve walked that talk, that talk, Since I’ve walked having won local partisan- from the bottom up.” My mantra has been My mantra build the party “Let’s BY ART GOODTIMES BY ART GREEN PARTY COUNTY COMMISSIONER ART GOODTIMES LAYS IT OUT FROM COLORADO GOODTIMES LAYS ART COUNTY COMMISSIONER GREEN PARTY Let’s get serious about this! about serious get Let’s BUILDING FROM THE BOTTOM UP THEBOTTOM FROM BUILDING

...... 5 apathy. STEVE WELZER Political scientists scientists Political and inducing civic may be turning into express concern that systemic ossification; systemic ossification; electoral polarization electoral it’s impeding progress it’s ART GOODTIMES GOODTIMES ART (20 years) as County his fifth term is completing San Miguel in southwestern Colorado’s Commissioner Commissioner in only Green Party County County—the Green official in and the only elected West the inner basin collaborative has been involved in community Colorado. He

provide both provide processes, including the Public Land Partnership and the Burn Canyon Public Land Partnership and the Burn Canyon processes, including the he has received several national awards Force, for which Monitoring Task Interior and the U.S.Forest Service. Art was named from the U.S. Dept. of the Western Slope in 2011. first Poet Laureate on the green horizon magazine horizon green

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Empowering Progressive Third Parties in the United States in the United Parties Third Empowering Progressive summer / access to debates movement/party relations confronting campaign finance and electoral law challenges • • • • The essays in The entrenchment of the Republican/DemocraticThe entrenchment in this country dominance is as Sanders full chose well the former daunting challenges the path...knowing the of Martin Jonathan essaysof insightful a volume those examine that compiled has But in Colorado, this year’s newly state co-chairs elected get year’s this But in Colorado, spring inspiration and edification toward leveling the playing field and opening up the system. leveling and edificationinspiration the playing toward field and opening up the system. them: among varietyThey a great touch on of the relevant issues, scientists express concern that electoralconcern polarizationscientists express be turning may into systemic and inducing civic apathy. impeding progress it’s ossification; increasingly tells pollsters that they’re fed up with the duopoly, yet voters can’t seem yet voters can’t increasingly tells fed pollsters up with the duopoly, that they’re partyThird candidates to actuallyto shake their reticence cast an alternative ballot. Political level. the municipal of the vote in races above rarely as ten percent as much get eruption of popular activism” geared toward transforming American toward politics. geared eruption of popular activism” in that the populace to the situation an irony There’s persistent as it is pernicious. challenges and analyze how they might be overcome. In doing so he has produced a In doing so he has produced challenges and analyze they might be overcome. how party third allto as progressive interest vital of be should that proponents collection “underlying with him that who agrees be ripewell may as anyone for a new conditions latter. crusade to move that party to the left. The other said: “Bernie, stay true stay lifelong to your “Bernie, The other said: crusade that party to move to the left. Run as a critic of both of the establishment to independent politics. commitment parties.” DuringBernie Sanders trialfloating was he that idea the about balloons 2014, especially were constituencies progressive Two runningmight consider for president. One urged him to run and lead a for the Democratic nomination Party interested. Edited by Jonathan H. Martin H. Edited by Jonathan 2016. Routledge, London: and York New Empowering Progressive Third Parties in the United States in the United Parties Third Empowering Progressive REVIEW: Empowering Progressive Third Parties party of winners—not losers. They are coming round to seeing to round coming They are party of winners—not losers. our primary as Greens the task of electing starting at mission, a significantforward. step for me that’s And the local level. They don’t want to give up organizing, supporting just causes, supporting just causes, want to give organizing, up They don’t But they see also educating. gatherings, progressive tabling at of running a the wisdom of becoming win at the local to level, the balance betweenthe balance ideological purity and practical action. 2016

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summer / Empowering Progressive spring 2000 presidential election. 2000 presidential STEVE WELZER, a co-editor of this magazine, has been a Green movement activist for over twenty years. He was a founding member of the Green Party of New Jersey in 1997 and recently served on the Steering Committee of the Green Party in degree a Master’s holds Steve States. United the of

features a preponderance of material about and a preponderance features Theresa Amato presents a thorough presents a Amato Theresa faced in the wake of the wake faced in the Ralph Nader critique of the “spoiler” vilification that vilification “spoiler” of the critique In Europe, where full multi-party where democracy has been In Europe, Green Party activists will activists Party note that Green Economics from Rutgers University. He lives in East Windsor, New Jersey, Jersey, New He lives in East Windsor, Economics from Rutgers University. and is pursuing a project to establish an ecovillage in that state. Green Party that has endured and, with ebbs and flows of fervor, of fervor, and flows with ebbs and, endured that has Party Green graduallyhas current the as presence national a established significant party third the lefton side of the spectrum (as is well described by Sayeed in an essay Iftekhar Ahmed). electoral systems, via proportionalimplemented representation Distinctive platforms ideologicalsense. makes segmentation of the vote can yetgive the segmentation voters clear be choices, resolved into majoritarian the fashioning through governments there country, yet such enjoying own in our Not of coalitions. of various to the effecthave that progressives been proposals “big-tent”stripes perhaps confederate under into a formation, times when Ralph were There Party. the auspices of the Green He seemed to be urging such duringNader his 2000 campaign. -- blue indicating labor. “Blue-Green alliance” talked about a united “Red-Blue-Green” Others expanded that into the idea of a Whether the electoral left(socialist/labor/green). heads in front distinctive two or three or the dynamic is toward that direction Martin Jonathan will advises that empowerment mass parties, ultimately persistence and professionalization. be realized through The sub-title of the book His timely us the way. collection shows It should be Democracy.” Advancing “Defeating Duopoly, is: to those objectives. committed by all who are read of highlights of the recent activities of the most significant activities recent of highlights of the Hopefullyalternativecanthis parties. a web for basis the become serve it could current; kept as an extremely valuable page that’s electoral movement. for the progressive resource Parties Third Twenty and praxis. campaigns, analysis candidates, of Green would likely an equivalent work years the ago have focused on been the But it’s Coalition. or Rainbow Labor Party, New Party, green horizon magazine horizon green Jonathan MartinJonathan reports on he undertook to determine what in particularfactors for augur party third progressive successful In his study he focuses campaigns. His legislative state races. on findings indicate a that candidate strong having benefits greatly from (by community connectedness which he means social ties and He similaritysocial voters). to that parties make recommends could include an analysis of Sanders’ the toward later re-orientation Democratic Party. of a sociological study the results what levels be prioritizedoffice-seeking should of (local? state? national?) strategies elected to office when governing the “spoiler” conundrum the “spoiler” non-partisan races strategiesinside/outside the Democratic vis-a-vis Party The Epilogue of the book contains a unique compendium a unique compendium contains The Epilogue of the book There are, of course, different conceptions of how to (at of how conceptions different of course, are, There Party building is the theme of several of the essays. Patrick Patrick theme of several building is the Party of the essays. The reader will come away feeling confident that these that feeling confident away will come The reader •  • • • •

6 insists upon steadfast, principled and believes independence that steadfast, insists upon party third viable new progressive can be built [right“a now] in the social movements. exists” because its mass base already advocates creating a left-wing equivalent of the Tea Party, i.e., i.e., Party, Tea a left-wingadvocates creating equivalent of the a party-like primarily that could function force to promote to the contrary, Harrison, Thomas Democrats. progressive long last) build a progressive third party in this country. Tony Tony party third progressive a build last) long country. this in Mazzocchi to found a Labor trade based on union Party aspired leader Daniel Cantor Families Working support and resources. 2000 presidential election, as well as a thorough critique wellas thorough a as the of election, presidential 2000 Nader faced in its wake. vilification that “spoiler” a point of striving to recruit such candidates. Theresa Amato Amato Theresa a point of striving to recruit such candidates. an account and analysis the resulting from provides of the fiasco connectedness. strong community candidate benefits greatly from having Jonathan Martin notes that a noting how Bernie impetus for the formation Sandersnoting how provided of that party during the years when Bernie was advocating of the book edition a second Perhaps independent politics. Quinlan details the exemplary tactical that underlay execution Bouricius Terry Maine Greens. the rise of the Portland, Party, Progressive Vermont chronicles of the the emergence in Seattle—elucidatespecific ways and issues that the challenges being addressed. are Narratives of recent third party third recent of Narratives successes—such as the election member Gayle of Party McLaughlinof Green as mayor Kshama Sawantsocialist and cityas a councilor CA Richmond, issues are being given all due attention by movement stalwarts. stalwarts. being given all by movement due attention issues are

...... 7 MICHELLE WHITTAKER draw the lines win. draw than votes, decide who than votes, and the politicians who When district lines, rather rather When district lines, wins elections, voters lose wins elections,

green horizon magazine horizon green columnist Reihan Salam argues that, “As long long “As columnist Reihan Salam argues that,

National ReviewNational 2016

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Where a voter lives can — especially determine if their voice will in be represented Gerrymandering politicians to help their friends is corruptingallows it in how At FairVote, we know that gerrymandering is not the root of what ails our democracy, that gerrymandering we know of what ails our democracy, is not the root FairVote, At Obama to gerrymandering. to draw attention president is not the first consequential That’s not quite our four-pronged Reform 2020 agenda — that is, fair representation fair representation Reform 2020 agenda — that is, not quite our four-pronged That’s “If we want a better politics, it’s not enough to just change a Congressman or a to just change not enough a Congressman it’s “If we want a better politics, in liberal New York, York, in liberal New only increase as communities continue to rapidly continue as communities only increase change. As a conservativedistricts party by one that have been controlled length of time. for any assemblies or Congress) our elected officials are supposed to represent the people the people yet represent to supposed officials are elected our or Congress) assemblies The winner-take-all districts leave nearly representation. half the voters without any and even racial lines will socio-economic, political, across need for fair representation TWISTED AND DISTORTED OUTCOMES TWISTED AND DISTORTED voters lose and the who wins elections, decide When rather than votes, district lines, When to legislative bodies (like state it comes politicians who draw the lines win. a meaningful vote and voice for all. Indeed, as a state senator, President Obama acted President as a state senator, Indeed, a meaningful vote and voice for all. just this understanding. on commissions will typically commissions definitivelyas just outcomes politicians. by those as control our better system to reflect seeks—“a president what the of root to the get To winner-take-allselves”—werules voting for replace allows fair voting that with must reforms, including and forms of ranked reform redistricting choice voting. reforms, drawn lines by independent perspective, a voter’s but from and hurt their enemies, but rather a symptom of using winner-take-all voting rules. The president in his speech The president but rather a symptom of using winner-take-all voting rules. including in a fascinating study and the science is clear, for science, called respect on 14 leading scholars on evaluating electoral recently released 37 different FairVote serving Republican governors of the people but rather the politicians. the best interests Larry Kasich Hogan and John have both recently called for change as well. In the twilight of his presidency in 1988, Ronald Reagan called Ronald gerrymanderingIn the twilight of his presidency in 1988, “anti- an Reagan In an interviewdemocratic and un-American practice.” with David Brinkley, gerrymanderingdescribed how results in districts not that of interest a conflict creates better choices, the National Popular Vote for president and a constitutional right to and a constitutional for president Vote Popular the National better choices, heading in our direction. vote — but it’s to push for reforms that do.” to push for reforms gerrymandering, to end rankedvoting for Congress choice voting to accommodate can pick their voters, and not the other way around. We have to reduce the influence of the influence have to reduce We around. and not the other way can pick their voters, and modernize it not harder, to make voting easier, got money in our politics...We’ve I intend to travel the country the course of this year, over And we live now. for the way Senator or even a President; we have to change the system to reflect our better selves. we have to changeour better selves. the system to reflect Senator or even President; a districts have so that politicians to end the practice of drawing our congressional We In President Obama’s final State of the Union address, his most passionate words seemed words passionate most his final address, Union the of State Obama’s President In his In acknowledging playbook. reform an abridgeddrawn of FairVote’s version from declared: the president that partisan rancorhas kept increasing, regret

An opportunity to change the rules to “reflect our better selves.” better our “reflect An the rules opportunity to to change Beyond Redistricting Reform Beyond spring 2016

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non-profit organizations working to make elections fair, non-profit organizations working to make elections fair, functional, and fully representative. Michelle focuses on strategic messaging, constituency engagement, social media interaction, website development, and audio/visual MICHELLE C. WHITTAKER MICHELLE C. WHITTAKER nonpartisan a FairVote, at Communications of Director the is

Create multi-winner districts where voters elect more than more elect voters districts where multi-winner Create ranked voice in choice Use voting to give voters a strong and transparent Utilize to create commissions independent one representative for their district. representative one the to representation direct and provide their elections majoritygreat we live. of us no matter where inclusive district maps. If we want politics to reflect our better selves, our leaders need leaders our selves, better our reflect to politics want we If 1 - - 2 3 - in legislation to introduce working Allies Capitol Hill on are and fair can change representative the system to be more We Commissions may decrease the likelihood of an incumbent an of likelihood the decrease may Commissions resource development. She joined the FairVote staff in April 2015. Prior to staff resource development. She joined the FairVote Michelle served as the Communications and New Media joining FairVote, an international Director for the General Board of Church and Society, public policy program agency of The United Methodist Church, where she won several awards for visual design and communications projects. some people in the dark. people some playingstop to districtwith politics give and lines the voters their voice no to choose candidates represent freedom that best As can make this happen by statute. We they live. matter where FairVote Act, Voting Rankedoutlined in the proposed Choice to truly approach calls for a three-pronged end gerrymandering: the near future. that winner-take-all It begins with recognizing for all voters. democracy. rules counter to a representative are winning, but they or uncompetitive districts still produce are that winning, Even when levels. do not fairly multiple the voters on represent commissions These limits remain. they can evaluate partisanship, partisan fairness, cannot guarantee elections, competitive Why? Because independent commissions or accountability. democracy. a winner-take-allmaintain systemfor a representative the lighting system not and leaving changing the lightbulb, It’s report. report. green horizon magazine horizon green Monopoly Politics Monopoly Politics (and dissenting voices within it) with a silenced voice voices within it) with a silenced (and dissenting are dominated by one party, leaving voters outside that party voters outside leaving by one party, are dominated The result is that most of the country, including whole states and regions, and regions, whole states including of the country, result is that most The Relying is like having a alone independent commissions on In the words of Ronald Reagan, “The has electoral process Reagan, Ronald of words the In The result is that most of the country, including states whole is that most of the country, The result When it comes to partisan rancor, an overwhelming number When to partisan it comes rancor, For 20 years, FairVote has shown how uncompetitive and uncompetitive how shown has FairVote 20 years, For

8 committee) how to change light. the lightbulb how to get more committee) but it doesn’t take the politics out of districts. take the politics out of districts. voters — but it doesn’t whole house and deciding (by small lamp to light your single, in Congress to grassroots citizens groups in Virginia citizens to grassroots in groups in Congress and Illinois, to draw districtstaking the power out of the hands of politicians less corrupt first step to make the process is a good and empower UNRIGGING THE SYSTEM independent redistricting commissions toward The movement former leaders From the country. across is gaining momentum become twisted and distortedbecome time to give the vote back and it’s to the people.” is not winner-take-all.” But our election system is, and today it and today system But our election is, is not winner-take-all.” for other voices. leaves little room that party (and dissenting voices within it) with a silenced voice. that party dissenting voices within it) with a silenced voice. (and noted Daschle, Tom Lott and Trent As former Senate leaders, democracy “representative op-ed Post Washington in a recent system creates electoralsystem incentivesgovern. to fight creates rather than leaving voters outside party, by one dominated are and regions, of incumbents are in districts where their party in districts where of incumbents are matches the party they just need to win, To races. that does better in presidential our Given partisan the party’s divide, support. hold their own to the incumbency retention rates of more than 98% we had in to the incumbency rates of more retention 1998 to 2004. from the four elections final calls in nearly 9 in 10 districts using a methodology that was nearly anticipate Many 99.99% accurate in 2012 and 2014. we will return about Congress, discontent that for all of voters’ distorted U.S. House elections are in our are elections House distorted U.S. we made the 2016 elections, than two years before more In 2014, that truly reflect their electorates, our best bet would be to give that truly their electorates, reflect with them districtssingle-member on up replace and altogether ones.” multi-member as we have single-member districts, it is inevitable that some as we have single-member districts, willpeople of draw.” we lines the by disadvantaged be group legislative districts“If is to create our goal Salam to say, on goes

...... 9 If Petra Kelly Kelly If Petra exactly, are the exactly, are neither Left GENEVIEVE MARCUS that the Greens Greens in front? nor Right, but in but nor Right, the question how, the question how, observed correctly front...let’s consider front...let’s

green horizon magazine horizon green

He reminded us that the Greens originally formed a Value originally Greens the that us Value reminded He formed a 2016

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list. Some will or other ideas. have of you additional list. my summer Green Horizon. Green Horizon. /

* The Green Party of California is guided by its Platform and the "Ten Key Values" Values" Key of California Party is guided by its PlatformThe Green and the "Ten * best interest. What come Greens world? do laws actually Instead, mean in today’s best interest. that we individually believe important are for surviving Values Key together around and evolving the human species and the planet. is an innovative concept to get across when nations, politicians, corporations, and corporations, politicians, when nations, to get across concept is an innovative laws to do what is in their ignoringindividuals have no problem or circumventing We are the only party explicitly based on values, not commandments or laws. This the only party or laws. are not commandments explicitly values, based on We and participation. There is no president, no overall “head” of the organization. There There “head” of the organization. no overall is no president, There and participation. of co-chairswith responsibilities the it that see to is to job it whose committees are fulfilled. are a committee party It is explicitly designed and most other types of organizations to my knowledge. and encourage individual democracy local autonomy, promote to prevent hierarchy, The Green Party has an organizational other structure unlike that of any The Green Diversity, Personal and Global Responsibility, and Future Focus and Sustainability. Focus and Future Responsibility, and Global Personal Diversity, of the Green Movement: Ecological Wisdom, , Social Justice, Social Justice, Democracy, Grassroots Wisdom, Ecological Movement: of the Green Respect for Feminism, Community Based Economics, , , First, let’s consider the question how, exactly, are the Greens in front? the Greens are exactly, how, the question consider let’s First, is Here So, if the Greens are ‘in front’ can they are visualize these serious if the Greens around obstacles? a way So, Having future visions is not enough. How can Greens get them “out there”? The there”? “out can get them Greens How is not enough. visions Having future If Petra Kelly observedIf Petra neither Left are but in correctly the Greens that nor Right, If we add to this list the destruction of our habitat through deforestation, If we add to this list the destruction deforestation, through of our habitat spring

2. 2. 1. 1. voters, go along with “Why waste a vote or newsprint? The Green Party won’t come come “Why with won’t along Party go The Green voters, waste a vote or newsprint? close to winning.” mainstream media seems committed to either ignoring or ridiculing the Green Party. to either ignoring media seems committed or ridiculing Party. mainstream the Green like many They, the Democratic media is still Party. focused on Even the progressive have and for how long? Clearly long? lefthave beyond and for how way go or right these problems politics. what forward do they have visions species? to offerfront, our troubled desertification, widespread drought, climate disruption, and biochemical of alteration climate disruption, drought, widespread desertification, we have to ask what chance does life this planet on of our food supply, what remains the ability or arsenals to supplement our (and others’) weapons of inexpensive drones carrythe fact that a single individual can now or a virus a bomb in a suitcase obviating the need for armies at all. and fighter planes numerous treaties and agreements, the worldthe even be in to seems now danger greater agreements, and treaties numerous new mentions He nuclear systems weapons developed planes fighter and by ever. than We the list add to can Middle and the in Asia and worrisomeconflicts East. U.S. the I want to expand a bit on what Steven what on I want to expand a bit in a recent Party Schmidt said about the Green of issue the effortsthe despite UN, the of largely Yet Party Based achieve to worldpeace. But what does mean? that

about Greens being “In front!” being Greens about Yes, Petra Kelly was right right was Kelly Petra Yes, 2016

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summer / learn to manage we spring ------

Value of Future Focus. We have never with this much done We Focus. of Future Value Sustainability, with it combined havewe now fact, In one. because my Perhaps sort of pushing it off to the side. 1950 to 1970, specialty in Music from was New Concepts I am particularly the avant-garde, sensitive to this issue i.e., here. for the Party frontiers and see unexplored in the party since the beginning. Again, even though we Again, in the party since the beginning. learning causes past sometimes all support , I still hear to sneak through. violations subconscious time to time though I am not as tuned into from complaints Caucus as I was at the beginning of the Party. Women’s the but Sexismhaveto me to appears considerably, diminished will update this item. WC perhaps the are How in terms. this seems like a contradiction respects, we manifesting Global Responsibility divided when we are and focused mainly the on etc. cities, counties, into states, more we are issues of importance Even nationally, there? can How concerns than global ones. with U.S. preoccupied What committee. have a we clarifyWe this? Should we bond Value? this Key they doing to express are might we in other countries? How Parties with Green more a global together? In the earlyand they‘80s I was on work Internet and was able to regularly bulletin board Green read Why I learned a lot. and Holland. messages in Germany strong is a There Internetlist? have we global Green a can’t organizations, many global unificationdrive among toward front in be Greens the Why politicalnot but can’t parties. with that? we support it in theory, women have complained of sexism have complained women we support in theory, it My favorite concern about failing to be in front is the KeyMy favorite concern about failing to be in front Decentralization and Global Responsibility. In some In some Decentralization and Global Responsibility. Another value that has been abused is Feminism. While value that has been abused is Feminism. Another 4. 4. 3. 3. If your interpretation was correct and you still feel and you it is a interpretation was correct If your abusive that fact is language known a is It point: Main 2. you understand the speaker’s meaning and don’t assume your your assume don’t and meaning speaker’s the understand you to check way A good is this out (mis)interpretation is correct. sayingxyz? that you old the In “Are statement: the repeat to which included asking genuine for consensus, we strove days, clarifying about a accusations rather than throwing questions intent or morality. person’s they will think it very benefit the might ask how you bad idea, element tiny be one may There listen carefully. Again, situation. want you Also, view of the issue. own that could deepen your In the concerns accurately. they understand your to be sure can but you still take Personal to disagree, agree may you end, Responsibility for Diversity. for doing so with Respect If helping it grow. not hurting the Party, perhaps we can teach it to others without violence, disagreement campuses will be less shootings on and in the streets. and there green horizon magazine horizon green Then we complain that we don’t have more members on members on have more that we don’t Then we complain to do the work. committees have left even and committees because the Party of such observing Others, this behavior in digital forums treatment. or assemblies have chosen active. not to join or become individuals and small factions willindividuals and small harshly factions attack verbally Greens violence. This is emotional with. those they disagree process to incorporateprocess laws its values into the policies and government. and national state of local, movement. The Green Party still Party has the mentalityThe Green of a movement. it has other activist organizations, unlike but, movement, uses the electoral It tool of Ballot Access. the additional inconvenient to meet in person, they vote by teleconference they vote by teleconference to meet in person, inconvenient in speciallyor online designated forums. on the county, state, and national level where decisions level decisions national and where state, the county, on Where partyabout the it is made by all members. are Nonviolence and Respect for Diversity. From time to time From and Respect for Diversity. Nonviolence Unlike other political parties, the Greens started Greens the out as a politicalUnlike other parties, Unlike other political parties, the Greens have Assemblies Greens the other politicalUnlike parties, Did I understand him/her correctly? Often will person one Here are a few other tools that I have collected. Others a few may are other tools that I have collected. Here This leads us to Personal responsibility. We come from an from come We responsibility. This leads us to Personal What is this all about? We believe in Nonviolence and its sibling, and its sibling, believe in Nonviolence WhatWe is this all about? 1. 1. So then, if we are in front in these ways, do we live up to ways, in these in front if we are So then, 4. 4. 3. 3.

10 he misinterpreted what the first person said. So, first, be sure be sure first, So, said. he misinterpretedfirst person what the make a statement; someone else will become outraged else will by the become someone statement; a make makes it clearstatement but his or her response to others that Greens can be role models. can models. Greens be role evenknow better ones: of responding to comments we think are wrong, misguided, or misguided, wrong, we think are to comments of responding verbal same human aggressive with the whatever? Greens Many These until they have calmedtendencies wait to respond down. responding to disagreements. But if we are Greens and believe Greens But if we are to disagreements. responding to save the human species and the planet, a way are Values the Key Responsibility ways to learn nonviolent Personal can we employ such an obstacle progress? Party to Green assortment of backgrounds and have ways learned of different with other Greens? Yes, other groups have similar behavior. In have similar behavior. other groups Yes, with other Greens? verbal violence seems to rule everywhere, especially the day fact, to be should this continue in front if we are But why, television. on disagreements within our families and with close friends? Don’t within our families and with closedisagreements friends? Don’t we even experience within ourselves is conflicts on occasion? How in meetings Values the Key abandon Greens it possible that some Respect for Diversity. When another views we have different from Respect for Diversity. we have Don’t is this not a normal human phenomenon? Green inception, I will I list ways in which think we fall I short of our inception, Others ideas. will different mission. our self-imposed high expectations? As someone who has been who As someone expectations? our self-imposed high a part of and an observer behavior since its Party Green of

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Why can’t the

GENEVIEVE MARCUS UCLA. She received a Ph.D. in Historical Musicology at lectured there for six years. She subsequently work for the Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra as a Program Annotator and Consultant in Contemporary Music. Other affiliations were Music Director for Experiments in Art and

with that? Greens be in front There is a strong drive toward global toward is a strong drive There Because the Green Party shares most of Bernie’s most of Bernie’s shares Party Because the Green ideas, we invite him to join Jill we invite Stein and runideas, as Co- have both genders for the first time, and, Presidents equally in public office.” represented but not political parties. but not political unification among many organizations, organizations, among many unification “ With support your we can easily right upend now win (quote the ridiculous party idea that a third can’t history).” (One could run for President, the other for Vice-President the other for (One could run for President, media startinga just waysare of These list overcome to forwardI look ideas. to additional Or even more outrageous: Or even outrageous: more on late night tv shows, and were interviewed globally on radio. They wrote a book on Equal Relationships, conducted relationship workshops for on The and published a newsletter gays) and groups, couples (including New Relationships. They went on to produce a television show on new sustainable inventions, and planned a small Experimental City that would test solutions to social and environmental problems and demonstrate to the public how they worked. Buckminster Fuller was a member of their advisory of the California board. In the 1980s, Genevieve and Bob were co-founders Green Party which embodied many of their ideas. Technology, Peace Forum Leader for CompuServe and Founding Editor of Technology, Computer Users in Education. She and Bob Smith met in 1970 and they formed Experimental Cities, Inc. a 501(c) 3 whose mission was to seek positive solutions to social and environmental problems in big cities. They ran for Co-Governors of California in 1984 and together received over a appeared newspapers, in major coverage front-page got votes. They million and share the office.) and share I am quite sure and political obstacles growth. Party to Green theyextensivepartyget the for would coverage media Jill. and Especially the last one. we then green horizon magazine horizon green

2016

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summer / “Jill is like Bernie but even more; plus, she’s a woman. a woman. she’s “Jill plus, is like Bernie but even more; Because Bernie’s ideas are so similar to our own, the so similar to our own, ideas are Because Bernie’s election and encouragingelection our members to vote for (Bear with me for a moment.) Bernie.” Green Party is considering standing down for just this is considering Party standing down Green of Bernie Sanders’ huge efforts and results. The only we way huge effortsof Bernie and results. Sanders’ Here supporters media. the through is canSander’s contact saying, release The GP sends out a press two possibilities: are attention, we must provide something the media can’t resist. resist. the media can’t something provide must we attention, use make some It will be a tragedy if we can’t example: For Outrageous media to get In order Other Strategies. like to see it expanded into a Whole it expanded into a like to see Systems Sustainable include Database that would of: specific examples Future The Green Platform is good, but it is veryis it but Platform would I Green The good, is general. future”. Again attracting publicity, voters, and members. and members. voters, Again attracting publicity, future”. might even construct database jointly this with other We global. and go Parties Green universities and other groups with our solutions. We could We solutions. our with universitiesgroups other and also write articles and op-eds media for the progressive for the “problem-solvers as known so we become elsewhere both to get the ideas out there, but also to grow the Party the Party but also to grow out there, both to get the ideas could We by inspiring to join and vote for Greens. many expand out the Speakers so they to could go Committee activist group, the GP could send out single solutions from from out single solutions the GP could send activist group, of other activists the Database to a wide digital network New Strategies to Grow the Party. Like a movement or Like a movement New Strategies the Party. to Grow If you like Bernie, you’ll love Jill and the Green Party. you’ll Jill love like Bernie, Party. If you and the Green “ The idea of one politicalThe idea of one party in an election standing down C. C. B. B. Every Green could/should contribute to the Future Focus Focus Every could/should contribute to the Future Green Economies of the future where, in addition to the coops, shared shared to the coops, addition in where, of the future Economies A. A. spring tell his supporters this: tell his supporters this: so it’s not much of a stretch. I don’t know the requirements of the requirements know I don’t of a stretch. not much so it’s Jill would wait in the wings Ideally, at this point. standing down backcomes she out and and if BerniePrimary, loses the to support another party’s candidate is unheard of. To be sure, be sure, To to support another party’s candidate of. is unheard (not me), of our members plan to vote for him anyway many Future. We could even invite non members to contribute, subject could even members to contribute, non invite We Future. oversee it as editors. could A committee to specific criteria.. Making/Problem-Solving, the Arts, and Philosophy. the Arts, Making/Problem-Solving, Database whenever they learn bearing a Sustainable something on governance), Environmental Design (land use, shelter, water shelter, Design (land use, Environmental governance), Waste- , and recreation), open space, agriculture, use, Decision- Communication, Learning, Food, Health, Recycling, replacing humans with robots in many jobs freeing humans to humans jobs freeing in many humans with robots replacing database The etc. teach, art, evolveproduce and study civilization, also includewould types future Systems of Management (i.e. housing and the usual solutions, we explore the implications the of we explore the usual solutions, housing and 2016

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summer / spring

green horizon magazine horizon green Interestingly, right-wing and left-wing progressives were in agreement that industrial that right-wing agreement in and left-wing were progressives Interestingly, Disdain for the current system a significant among Disdain for the current young opens proportion of the electorate country in our The broad to such leftist for relating little context has privateenterprise motive industrial spur best profit the and development grow thus and owners the for largesse in result they would or all of benefit the to citizens, economy the anti- Progressive-minded capitalof laborers? wage of masses the of expense the at THE CRITIQUE OF CAPITALISM HAS A LONG HISTORY THE CRITIQUE OF CAPITALISM that time At The left-wing critique of capitalism to the early dates nineteenth century. and agrariana destabilization concerned about proto-anarchists decentralists were They retained forces. market of community life of encroaching under the onslaught having a different Others, of a simple-living anti-industriala vision pastoralism. capitalism advocated to enable the in order to socialism from a transition orientation, perspectivelatter The cameto industrialismof potential productive fullybe to realized. with the reigning because concordant within the movement it was more predominate development.doctrine of progressive of eliminating scarcity—anddevelopment held the promise that such was the key to would propertyof question the to relations: regard in Theydiffered liberation. human differences are front-and-center and forthrightly debated. But many of the Americanand forthrightly But many front-and-center are differences debated. who have been attractedyouth to the Bernie Sanders campaign not recognize may advocateownership of collective assurances that he won’t the significance of Sanders’ Scandinavian“the way” of invocation industrialBernie’s of basis the On enterprises. even might that socialism is a relatively some new have impression the phenomenon Norway the systems by exemplified of of an extension or perhaps it’s and Sweden; a special affinity. for which Society Bernie expresses Great policies, Johnson’s Lyndon of socialism via the 2016 unlikely to the concept being introduced It’s that a person Sandersof ideological in the way clarity—or campaign much would acquire be the full rangemotivated to consider of alternatives to capitalism. effects of—a highly unstable boom-bust economy along with growing income/wealth income/wealth with growing effects along highly of—a economy unstable boom-bust inequality indebtedness. and oppressive movement the progressive forcing and it’s of an alternative; doors for their consideration activists are example, For alternative what that might be. regarding issues to confront Bernieby espoused Sanders contrastin socialism” “democratic meritsthe debating the of the Marxist radical of Kshama Sawant, to the more vision two-term Seattle city councilor. members advocating Party Green among has been circulated a proposal Meanwhile, as a principle. “eco-socialism” that the party’s platform amended to embrace be and social socialist, liberal, distinctive Green, where In Europe, ideological debates. democratic parties for votes in almost every compete ideological major election, For anyone who came of age after the turn of the millennium, the anti-communism of the who came the anti-communism of age after anyone the turn of the millennium, For leans generation, for that younger Sentiment now, period is all but irrelevant. War Cold They’vedirectlyabout—or experiencing the reading been anti-capitalism. toward more

12 an alternative. the young opens doors of for their consideration significant proportion of Disdain for the current system among a STEVE WELZER and the New Anti-Capitalism New the and Bernie Sanders, the Greens, Greens, the Sanders, Bernie

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The SP continued to run candidates for many years thereafter, to runThe SP continued candidates years thereafter, for many But not in the United States. early encouragement respect that in some was There the in By the middle of the twentieth century, despite the fact that By the middle of the twentieth century, including the well-known Norman Thomas, but almost all but almost such Thomas, including Norman the well-known USA fielded Party The Communist campaigns marginal. were tickets in the yearspresidential between 1924 and 1940 and then but it never established a mass again between 1968 and 1984, during have been the last thirty there years, recently, More base. at least a half-dozen attempts to launch a social democratic type Rainbow, of alternative Citizens, party (under the appellations: Progressive, Justice, 21st Century Party, New Party, Labor, adhering to one or another variant of communism, socialism, socialism, adheringvariantanother or to one communism, of or thriving in as major political were forces country after country. THE LEGACY OF AMERICAN EXCEPTIONALISM theories have been put forward“American to explain Various hyper- (citing suchanti-statism, factors as exceptionalism” of suspicion attachment to laissez-faire, individualism, mobility, social of relativelya degree high centralizedauthority, plus the opportunities the frontier; by presented rich” “get and tends to have less of a population idea that a less homogeneous Over leftistsense of collective responsibility). electoral the years, activists in this country have continually attempted to overcome factors and establish the kinds of mass-based those exceptional socialist parties in all found the other advanced democracies. The Socialist of America Party over garnered twentieth century. candidate for its presidential in 1912 and 1920; percent three it elected dozens than a hundred of state legislators and more But it only two managed to seat during that period. mayors and its influence members of the House of Representatives repression. “Red Scare” waned after the post-WWI ethical and social justice foundations of the movement ratherethical of the movement social justice foundations and Overthan its class-struggle imperative or historical inevitability. organizations came constituent to embrace of the S.I. many time, democracy”— “social called of reformation modest vision a more characterized of private enterprise the retention by and market a robust and albeit with extensive public provision economics, social safety net. parties divided and sub-divided, had become the movement green horizon magazine horizon green

The Bernie Sanders campaign of 2016 is the latest such endeavor. Bernie Sanders campaign The “boring from within” to try to move the Democratic Party to the left. to the left. Party Democratic try to move the to from within” “boring 2016

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In the U.S. a number of social democratic initiatives have adopted the strategy of strategy adopted the initiatives have democratic number of social a In the U.S. summer / the immediate objective of the proletariat’s revolutionarythe immediate objective of the proletariat’s the primary agency achieving of social change this is toward after historical development a long of progressive process economy, thus enabling national—and then international— then national—and enabling thus economy, planning. economic the class-conscious industrial proletariat of the heights” “commanding activity is socialization of the altogether own and democraticallyand own altogether of means the control production the next higher stage (the ultimate stage) of human historyhuman of stage) ultimate (the stage higher next the willclasslesssocialism—a be society people the wherein There was a relatively high degree of consensus among among of consensus was a relatively high degree There • •  • By the time a second such was founded in 1889 By the time a second confederation An international confederation of anti-capitalist international An organizations spring International (S.I.) in 1923. The latter camelatter The emphasizeto the 1923. in (S.I.) International Sawant belongs to, Socialist Alternative, espouses a Trotskyist Trotskyist espouses a Socialist Alternative, Sawant to, belongs supported instead, variant of Marxism-Leninism.)Those who, parliamentary gradualism Socialist inaugurated the competing leader, Vladimir Lenin, established a new confederation, the established a newVladimir Lenin, confederation, leader, adhering to a revolutionary International, ideologyCommunist “Marxism-Leninism.”termed (The that Kshama group arose before too long and a major schism too long developed before in the arose Those who saw wake of the Russian Revolution of 1917. adopted the ideas of its that event as a model and therefore Second International socialists in regard to that worldview that to Secondin regard socialists International for a and strategic But programmatic disagreements number of years. Marxism was ascendant. In addition to the idea of striving In addition Marxism for was ascendant. its tenets specified that: classworking of state power, control power) and the anarchist acolytes and the anarchist power) of Mikhail Bakunin (who struggle economic advocatedthe point of production at direct to subvert state power). only twelve years due to ideological wrangling between the of Karlsocialist followers Marx the importance (who stressed political parties capturing intent upon of building workers’ state of production. “First It lasted International”). was established in 1864 (the achievement of generalized a classless, abundance—the basis of and peaceful society—only if the fruitsjust, of that productivity appropriated sociallywere of the means via collective ownership capitalists asserted industrial that productivity could foster the

in 2016

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and the volume and the volume summer / during the 1990s spring Capitalism, Nature, Socialism Nature, Capitalism, (2001) authored by by Joel Kovel (2001) authored Green LeftWeekly

An Ecosocialist Manifesto The Ecosocialist Manifesto asks: “Why revive why The Ecosocialist Manifesto asks: socialism, Many eco-socialists are Marxistsare eco-socialists Many to have who come the fundamental socialization remains Nonetheless, Eco-socialism seeks to meld the “Red” paradigm (of the to meld the Eco-socialism seeks sole proprietorships, partnerships, or those that are family- or those that are partnerships, sole proprietorships, they And disparaged or disallowed. and operated—are owned such. platform Party to reflect want the Green seeminglythis word to the rubbish-heap consigned of history this by the failings of its twentieth century interpretations? For the and unrealized, only: that however beaten down reason of capital.” of socialism stillnotion stands for the supersession WhatMarxista havemight difficulty that is understanding Ecosocialist Network in 2007. Ecosocialist Network practices, of the issues, reconsideration the Greens’ appreciate they Like the Greens, and objectives of modern . prioritizeof ruination from threats looming the confronting Their ecological incessant warfare. disaster and destruction from the lines of community along is more like the Greens, discourse, how Recognizing proletarianthan revolution. rejuvenation of wealth and power disdain concentration the Greens or under the auspices in the hands of big business (whether calls no longer their revamped program of big government), is public ownership Instead, as a panacea. for nationalization localized)—or (more of as municipalization conceived else it’s in cooperativesthat socializationsuggested based result should ownership. worker on or municipal works” “public principle—whether couched as enterprises or cooperatives—and is still private ownership to be wedded to the Marxist Eco-socialists continue anathema. in private enterprise is inherent that exploitation notion the (on labor). another person’s “own” not must person basis that one This leads to a conclusion that has to mean businesses—other than Privately owned ownership. common historical socialist movement) with the “Green.” The idea The idea “Green.” historical with the socialist movement) first gained currency during the 1980s and is often associated with the launchof the journal by This was followed 1988. and Socialism Capitalism Environment, Democratic Socialist of the Australian (both products Party). can movement the appearance of the to dated be Formalization of of an International and Michael Löwy and then the founding green horizon magazine horizon green the critique and practice of our movement beyond any and all socialisms. of our movement practice the critique and The Green politics movement is increasingly broadening its appeal through the advocacy of a through the advocacy its appeal broadening is increasingly Green politics movement The perspective that weaves together ecological sanity, justice, and nonviolence in a way that advances that advances a way nonviolence in and justice, sanity, together ecological that weaves perspective Some Greens who remain fixated on the dichotomous on the dichotomous fixated Some who remain Greens Recognizing how daunting the challenge is in the U.S., a challengethe daunting U.S., the in is how Recognizing that were responsible for prior failures. responsible that were socialism (revolutionarysocialism parliamentary)or during twentieththe century but they believe that the yielded disappointing results, of the issues many addresses “eco-socialism” modification called perspective—capitalism advocatingthat or socialism—are They the party’s platform be revised to espouse the latter. attempts at implementing that the numerous acknowledge As the American left sees an opening to finally get a hearing for respond? Party should the Green how its anti-capitalist credo, whole industries. PARADIGMS ANTI-CAPITALIST ALTERNATIVE could spur a movement for resolute income redistribution and redistribution income for resolute could spur a movement stricter corporate of even the growth propel regulation—or organizations calling of large enterprises for expropriation and would view it as “going too far.” In regard to Bernie Sanders, to Bernie Sanders, In regard too far.” “going would view it as that his platform is really of Great aware just an extension they’re rabble-rousing his that concerned Societythey’re but liberalism, of systemic economic deficiencies must be sustained in order order must be sustained in deficiencies of systemic economic be inclined to countenance wouldn’t to foster social stability, They kind. socialism—of any a Democratic turn Party toward industrial power elite that has been loyal to the Democrats since elite that has been loyal industrial power Those New Deal saved capitalism. that FDR’s comprehending amelioration the fact that welfare-state who appreciate elites, the party. The outcome could conceivablyThe outcome be a transformation the party. of The threat into a European-style social democratic party. suchalarmwould portionthat Americanthe of and financial Democratic Party to the left. The Bernie Sanders campaign of Democratic to the left. Party If Sanders wins the Democratic 2016 is the latest such endeavor. of for the soul a contention it willin motion set nomination number of social democratic initiatives (notably Progressive number of social democratic initiatives (notably Progressive Democrats of America and DemocraticSocialists of America) to try the to move have adopted the strategy“boring of within” national major party major national status while operating within very similar types of winner-take-all systems. winner-take-all electoral system is to blame, but during the same winner-take-all electoral system blame, is to thirty-year period Democratic the Canadian New and the Party British stridesLiberal Democratic toward great made Party Working Families)—but not a single one achieved not a single one national Families)—but Working often It’s America’s that suggested degree. any of prominence

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STEVE WELZER, a co-editor of this magazine, has been a Green movement activist for over twenty years. He was a founding member of the Green Party of New Jersey in 1997 and recently served on the Steering Committee of the Green Party in degree a Master’s holds Steve States. United the of

The Green politics movement is increasingly broadening is increasingly broadening movement politics The Green Economics from Rutgers University. He lives in East Windsor, New Jersey, Jersey, New He lives in East Windsor, Economics from Rutgers University. and is pursuing a project to establish an ecovillage in that state. THE LEFT NEEDS TO DO SOME COMPREHENSIVE RE-THINKING Revulsion with the capitalist and the system is fully justified, What renewed clamorthe for alternatives is encouraging. is to patiently explain that we should do in response Greens alternative better that which than havemind a different, in by the leftwas promoted during the nineteenth and twentieth be so easily not This message may assimilated because centuries. the worldview with the traditional left/right associated (public/ it should But with persistence private) spectrum is so entrenched. socialism is not the only alternativebe possible to elucidate why rather reviving than to capitalism—and make the point that, to time for the left its it’s to re-think ideology, a near-discredited to get there.” “where and how to go of vision advocacythe through appeal its perspectivea of weavesthat in a and nonviolence social justice, together ecological sanity, that advances the critiqueway and practice of our movement Such the could ultimately and all any socialisms. provide beyond frameworkmost conducive for the post-capitalist regeneration assert for finally Greens that it holds the promise of our society. clearing human liberation. toward the pathway (keeping in mind that municipalization, whenever possible, is whenever possible, municipalization, (keeping in mind that In cases socialization where a better idea than nationalization). is imperative. regulation vigilant and tight is inappropriate, objectivesThe corporate-constrainingguiding shouldpolicies getting corporate by to diminish their power at minimum: be, progressive diminish their wealth through money out of politics, same the At their bail-outs. end subsidies, their remove taxation, corporate can dominance be undermined by graduallytime, re- community- toward allocatingresources economic social and depending upon public, some based enterprises private, (some local preference). green horizon magazine horizon green

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than what was promoted by the left during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. nineteenth and left during the promoted by the was than what The Greens should patiently explain that we have in mind a different, better alternative in mind a different, that we have explain Greens should patiently The summer / Greens tend to have a pragmatic, case-by-case to this approach tend to have a pragmatic, Greens We’ve established that socialists advocate collectivization of We’ve And it’s hard to imagine that Green Party candidates Party Green that imagine to hard it’s And A premise of the new alternativeA premise the left is that has been spring fact, be hastened by socializing some of the large corporations of the large be hastened by socializing some fact, Reserve Finance. and selected other facets of Big in The transition to a decentralized society Green might, issue. that can result. Still, Greens don’t proscribe the idea categorically. proscribe the idea categorically. don’t Greens Still, that can result. campaign2016 callingis the for ’s example, For wellas Federal the as energythe of nationalization industry, one sort or another—as a universal principle. Greens, on the on Greens, sortone a universal or another—as principle. tend to be wary other hand, monstrosities of the bureaucratic take time. Therefore, while working toward ultimate long-term long-term ultimate toward while working Therefore, take time. What a critical to do about issue remains: transformative goals, of the extant large corporations? dominance the current ethos. But from this point in history—given But from the extreme ethos. institutions, and over-centralization of our polities, hypertrophy and technologies—achieving the necessary will downscaling Greens talk about decentralizationas about talk devolutionand Greens power of of a society of their vision for realization a based on prerequisites grassroots-participatory form of democracy and a communitarian leftist miscalculations of the past. TO DO ABOUT THE BIG CORPORATIONS? WHAT have broad appeal. Conversely, to encumber the Green Party Party to encumber the Green Conversely, appeal. have broad platform with a dogma that fetishizes collective ownership of replicating direction would be to take a misguided step in the economy. The key toward realizing their positive potential is that realizing The key toward economy. to) the community. accountable and for (i.e., by, be of, they must A post-capitalist alternative suchon a perspective based can that disparages or disallows small private businesses. In fact, In fact, smallthat disparages private or disallows businesses. have generallythe Greens viewed small-scale as businesses potentially part being a healthy of a thriving local or regional not a solution. would be enthusiastic about runningon a platform for office obsessed systemcan that manifest as either industrial-corporate eradicating In that light, capitalism or industrial-state socialism. private enterprise can be viewed as an ideological preoccupation, mistaken to conflate the mistaken to conflate capitalist system with private enterprise. A corollary latter is not necessarily is that the the problem. is the globally development- dominant rather, The problem, many Greens are also proposing a post-capitalist also proposing society—but are Greens many kind. of a different 2016

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spring Grand Illusion: the Myth of Voter Choice in a Choice Voter Myth of the Illusion: Grand

Jill and Gary Greens of the of the Libertarians and Bernie (Google it!). (Google it!). green horizon magazine horizon green The American people, bless them, in poll after poll, have shown for years they have in poll want shown after poll, bless them, The American people, The demographic distribution of Bernie’s voters is especiallyis voters significant for both distributiondemographic The Bernie’s of But the cover is coming off. This year’s presidential election reveals lots of things, but reveals lots of things, election presidential This year’s off. is coming But the cover Dramatis personae: Dramatis this. One of the best is Theresa Amato’s Amato’s Theresa One of the best is this. Tryanny. Two-Party pattern in state after state says volumes. If followed through election cycle election through If followed pattern by election in state after state says volumes. this definitely means a huge shift voting by the cycle in presidential in the future, electoraland allat battles government levels. entire the for repercussions people—with HOW COME IS THAT? with problem the that seem made to been the last severalIn it’s elections presidential intrusion into the politicalour politics is the presumed system and by the Greens preciselylies with and in problem The case. the is opposite exact the But Libertarians. to and/or suppressed) They voices (ignored have been urged by many the major parties. the political about do something system—a system which has been rigged by the major The major parties—supported often by a me-too judiciary—haveparties. frequently report Countless books other parties and suppress and other voices. colluded to ignore the most salient is that the American people are coming to realize how much they have much to realizethe most salient is that the American coming how people are positive response The phenomenal been politically misled and beguiled by both parties. right-wing Trump’s to in state afterWisconsin!), state (until of Republican voters, for the Republican in a big way side. rebellion populist campaign points the voters’ pin astoundingly successful drive with the establishment’s Bernie Sander’s in competition Hillary reveals the same for the Democrats. durable doyen, Clinton, I write after this the day Wisconsinthis year the primary. and for 2020 and beyond. 60 voters under the age of 30 by over that Bernie won reported by CNN showed Polls even his average larger than margin of about 40 points in contests points, percentage That aged 30 to 44. those by a 2 to 1 margin among Bernie also led Clinton this year. [ and Cruz and Kasich—and just maybe a surprise Republican Trump and Hillary and aka darkhorse!] newcomer, Their political and moral distance in trouble. are The Democratic and Republican Parties Both parties the people of America have from allowed has been widening for decades. new ideas, New voices, of the politicalsevere problems system to fester and get worse. bluntly, put it more To new ways of solving issues have been kept out of politics. pressing This alarming the political system and excluded politics. has suppressed people from a slavish and be-fuddled by mass media. over, covered has been hidden, situation The opinions expressed herein are those of the author only. They may or may not express the Theyexpress not or may may those of only. the author are herein expressed The opinions of or the staff this publication opinion of the Board

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(already)! What a Year This Is Is This a Year What JOHN RENSENBRINK

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Continued on page 32 Continued on page

A new foreign policy is directly related to Bernie’s theme of A new policy to Bernie’s foreign is directly related Second, Both the Greens and the Libertarians if the Greens Both canSecond, and will, Overall inequality and social position, income in matters of Of matching importance Bernie also is climate change. If HillaryIf willshe policies inadequate same the pursue wins, the oppression WhiteIf a Republicanwin the should House, economic and sheer physical and sheer survivaleconomic Only if of allthe people. and equal electoral together—within a fair we all system-- work can we hope to survive. Real democracy and our collective Jill Stein survival inter-twined each and dependent on other. are has been hammering at this. a new on foreign Bernie has not been strong political revolution. the way prepared degree he has to some even so, But, policy. and disfunction will get worse. The whole system may implode. The whole system implode. may will and disfunction get worse. worried Republicans Democrats, sobered Libertarians, Greens, will be sorelyand other groups tried to try to steer a course the chaos. through campaign truly what Bernie’s they learn are build from to alert, a starved has revealed: hunger for a new and relevant politics. campaign has been on of Bernie’s The over-riding emphasis be deepened. This can and must inequality. be drivenThat fact must home. in unequal power. has its roots Re-structuring the electoral rules for full participation by but Bernie nibbled at this, the people is a paramount need. unfortunatelythe with commensurate give did not emphasis it His running within for action. need and the perceived problem Jill horse.” “equality the Democratic probably Party hobbled his Stein in her campaign is vigourously the drawing to attention and made to political it can systembroken be repaired and how for all the people. work candidate other major partiesof the No did even this. nibbled at equalityembrace on full emphasis scale must An attention that. being fully it’s for on to the climate mitigated depends the crisis, and exclusionary rules election that have overlong been pursued Soothing political class. by the reigning rhetoric and tepid The people backedthe corporate by willreforms be tried, media. will again be short changed economically and left out of political Disgust and frustration will real participation. influence and and LibertariansThe Greens will move and intensify. resume stage. center towards green horizon magazine horizon green into in the ballot box and in party caucuses. in the ballot box into direct action

But now, and at last, in this tumultuous presidential election year, year, election tumultuous presidential in this at last, and But now, 2016

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the American people are translating the answers they have been giving pollsters been giving answers they have the are translating American people the summer / If Bernie wins the WhiteBernieIf the wins willhe have November in House First, keep the pressure on. Increase it! Both the Greens and it! Both the Greens Increase on. keep the pressure First, Additional pressure is needed. That is why the Libertarians, Libertarians, the That is why is needed. pressure Additional But it’s not all hunky-dory. The voting for real change in The voting for real not all hunky-dory. But it’s spring equal and fair election rulesequal and fair election as well as new policies. major parties. New candidates will appear in future elections. candidates New elections. will appear in future major parties. and the Greens from help! Candidates with Bernie’s Perhaps Libertarians will demanding push forward as never before, pushed around by the Republicans. Nor will he find more than than will he find more Nor by the Republicans. pushed around cautious support politicalthe dissidents in most class. from This can only both people with the of disgust the deepen opposition but, much worse, with nasty obstruction: politics politics with nasty obstruction: worse, much but, opposition for things be different Would became the war of enemies. Bernie? He will be hamstrung party by his own and grievously raised even more expectations than did Barak Obama in 2008. raised than did Barak even Obama expectations more in 2008. was hemmed in. he likely, more Or, Obamafrittered it away. met not only with intense ideas and policies were His vision, willcandidateswith step in that have chancea better everthan and votes of millions. the attention to appeal to and receive want candidates political for want action who and policy change. If the political class both major parties that dominates does not and Libertarians next four years up in the Greens the measure fog of craven media devotion to a broken system. This election This election fog of craven system. media devotion to a broken of democracy bastion that great way--via year reveals in a direct the people want politicalthe ballot change box—that and they the Libertarians and certainly must will keep up the pressure it steadily and increase by runningat all candidates own of their They’ve the been doing it for years but as if under a fog, levels. 1980s, have appeared and persisted. What can they and persisted. do now? have appeared 1980s, should do? What might they do, the exclusionary wall has been made. starting in the startingand the Greens, in the 1970s already this election year may peter out, may be soothed away by the away be soothed may peter out, year may this election case...a and in any huge dent in But, politicalentrenched class. year, the American translating the answers they have people are year, and in in the ballot action box been giving pollsters into direct party caucuses. That should have meant something to the major parties. But a parties. to the major That should have meant something selfishness has prevailed within each party. studious and narrow election presidential tumultuous in this and at last, But now, basic changes, including a call for one or more third parties. including parties. third a callbasic changes, or more for one 2016

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green horizon magazine horizon green The viability of the colonists to get power to issue their own money to issue their own The viability to get power of the colonists permanently bankers was the primeof the international out of the hands Franklin ~ Benjamin for the revolutionaryreason war.” “ POWER I understood this to mean that elections are important to us and we want a fair shake, important are to us and we want a fair shake, I understood this to mean that elections

that made the revolution possible. In a way it was the revolution. The Constitution The Constitution it was the revolution. In a way possible. that made the revolution itself was written of the new largely but the American the interests to protect oligarchy overtly continued public money struggle the first 140 years of the through for sovereign History reveals has been true that rule the very from by oligarchy beginning of our the very convinced Alexander Hamilton to hand the new nation’s first Congress nation. who York richestthe Robertto New in banker over Morris, power creation money put his fashion, Trump-like in He, had made a fortune off of the RevolutionaryWar. and Morris after Hamilton would soon money. ’s name prominently on own form a banking partnership as the 1st Bank of the United States known which issued right to the colonist’s The Revolution over had in fact been fought money. the nation’s which they economy had been doing successfully a prosperous creating issue money, the the bankers behind That is until the British rulers, for them in the new world. capitalistthe ornamenthood on juggernaut mere a by being King the corporations, which declared depression a deep economic them illegal into plunging the colonies then, the Continental, It was publicly the Americanfomented Revolution. issued money, public and how much influence each had on policy outcomes. It is a useful way to way useful a is It policyon eachinfluence had much outcomes. how and public point this out will often get you To ruled is us that our nation by an oligarchy. remind a conspiracylabeled theorist the easily despite to be true. it evidence obtained proving The big ones “Only need to be protected. the small secrets As Marshall McLuhan said, by public incredulity.” kept secret are THE AMERICAN OLIGARCHY electing Bernie in order to restore regulations against large private campaign donations. private large against campaign regulations donations. to restore Bernieelecting order in to get money out of politics.” got “We’ve They and the audience apparently agreed, system us alla fair and honest freely to vote for candidates that allows who represent the However, world. in winning a peaceful and prosperous interest ours and the public’s statement also reveals to me a disturbing of what money is and not lack of awareness and politics. power history but our entire situation only money, our current regarding politics because money is what politics is allOne cannot from money really remove is about Specifically distractions, despite its many about and always has been. politics, to speak and while feeling I was last I might be swimming like the money. who controls study of the recent the group I reminded in. dove tide I none-the-less against a strong to those of the general compared comparing the policy of the wealthy preferences I was recently invited to represent the Green Party on a forum titled ‘Getting Money a forum on Party titled the Green to represent I was recently invited Only the two on sat others gathering. group’s locala at bioregional Politics’ of out a man closer and to my Pac Wolf and On Move representing woman a young forum; reversing to Citizens spoke woman The young the Sanders Campaign. age representing The of spoke Sanders representative campaign United and campaignreform. finance

18 on public control of the money. to establish a democracy, to establish a democracy, which absolutely depends oligarchic rule in order been about the struggle to free ourselves from Our nation’s history has Our nation’s been. politics is all about has and always politics because money is what One cannot really remove money from HOWARD SWITZER HOWARD POLITICS MONEY,

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… if you wish to remain slaves of the Bankers wish to remain … if you and pay for the cost of your own slavery, let them slavery, own the cost of your for and pay ~ Sir Josiah Stamp deposits.” to create continue “ Historically at it was valued was used for money when gold sovereign money system money in their platform and it is givensovereign brief in are reforms These three New Deal. in the Green mention Emergency The National Employment Billfact in House 2990, This could be viewed as Dennis Act. the NEED Defense Act, ship of the oligarchy’s parting the bow shot across Kucinich’s and money away to create of state as it would take their power While it currently money system. implement a public sovereign newlythat hope I sponsors no has do will soon Greens elected are: essential reforms The three so. THE WAY FORWARD THE WAY is derived Real political power be clear. The issue should now money and is of a nation’s the creation to control power the from only should be trusted such power why to democratically elected Sect 8 – Art.1, Constitution, In fact our nation’s government. banks. not to the oligarchy’s to Congress, gives that power 5, a create to required reforms essential have three the Greens of 2008 thousands of banks went out of business and the big the and business of out went banks of thousands 2008 of crises is a kind of economic Engineered bigger. banks again got of new Pump wealth up the creation pump and dump scheme. supply then contract the money by not while pushing pricesup, allused as collateral. the assets reap lending and when it crashes, this fraud and accept the so-called all supposed to ignore are We Since “businessnaturalas weather. the cycle”as something as than 425 economic has been more there the IMF reports, 1970, crises than 10 countries being in crisis with more every year. During this time productivity climbed kept flat while wages were heights. to astronomical soared of the oligarchy and the profits that gold, as well as other precious metals, was natural money. was natural money. metals, wellas precious as other gold, that thus the the vast majority controlled of the gold, of course, They, “He rules.” gold who has the perversion Golden Rule, of the it not it were If worthit was what than more commodity. a as into bullion. be melted down use as money and would was of no When was gold not natural is money. gold that This is proof as it was in northern during Europe time when the the plentiful, new world it was not such a of the Americas was being looted, however, most of history, For was prosperity. and there problem has been a scarce commoditygold and when money is scarce With controlling an oligarchy depression. we have economic depression recurring economic the centuries, the money over interrupted of the world feature has been a common economy, cyclebust and boom This easilyis occasionalby booms. their banking corporations through manipulated by the oligarchy what huge benefits from they reap when the bubble bursts, and, Duringto the general public experiences crisis. as an economic out of business thousands of banks went Depression the Great the crash In absorbed by the big banks. and their assets were green horizon magazine horizon green

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summer / There are a thousand hacking at the branches are of evilThere The issue which has swept down the centuriesThe issue which and has swept down to one who is striking at the root.” is striking who to one at the root.” Thoreau ~ Henry David which will or later is the have sooner to be fought people versus the banks.“ ~ Lord Acton “ “ Recent eventsRecent stillis starkly struggling revealGreece that with Our nation’s history has been about the struggle to free Our nation’s spring but the oligarchy, in its typical self-serving manner, insisted in its typical self-serving manner, but the oligarchy, some confusion about money. It is revealed in Aristotle’s comment It is revealed in Aristotle’s about money. confusion some they had Money, “Money but by law.” exists not by nature that by law as a public utility could and should be created discovered, oligarchy today. Despite the ancient Greeks success with publicly the ancient Greeks Despite today. oligarchy remained there money, also as sovereign known issued money, “..have used every form of abuse, intrigue, deceit, and violent deceit, “..have used every intrigue, form of abuse, by governments over means possible to maintain their control and its issuance.” money controlling the people’s needs. When great this was implemented it brought needs. the people’s did of course, The oligarchy, prosperity to the general public. later out much would point not like this and as prerogative of a democratic government which of a democratic was to issue the government prerogative the needs of money and simply on spend it into the economy serving to circulate it would continue there and from the society, Rarely and of the people given the needs due consideration were that eventually for the people hardships economic this created had identified the single most vital Greeks The led to revolts. oligarchy to win self-governance. The oligarchy of their day day their of oligarchy The self-governance. win to oligarchy which partmost the for was it and gold was money, the controlled they who decided what money could or could not be spent on. DEMOCRACY DEFINED demos was battling their Christ centuries the Greek before Ten challenge the real source of the oligarchy’s power, the power to the power power, of the oligarchy’s source challenge the real platform. money despite it being in our national create not Our economy, their government is not Our government…” is not Our their government government…” not Our economy, as it is pretty clear and its duopoly indictment of the oligarchy political systemfails to directly but I am disappointed that she list of issues, instead we see issues which are all mere symptoms all mere instead we see issues which are list of issues, I was happy to hear of the money system under which we live. is economy “…their JillStein campaign her in say kick-off video, which absolutely depends on public control of the money. This which of the money. absolutely public control depends on primaryin fact has been the three political than issue for more laundry candidate’s millennia any yet and appear on it does not ourselves from oligarchic rule in order to establish a democracy, ruleourselves oligarchic establish a democracy, to order in from win the power, as Salvador as years later many Allende was to say win the power, revolution. nation’s own about his nation’s existence right up through the populist era until 1913, right existence era the populist 1913, until up through nation’s privately a in institution controlled was created, FED when the we did not but the revolution had won We disguise. government

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capitalism summer /

Continued on page 34 Continued on page spring in the late 1980s and early and 1980s late the in 1990s. a helpful guide in the bewildering yet he strove to pull together the differing yet he strove , New Options,

New Age Politics New Age Marxism New Age Politics. New Age New and longer editions of Mark’s little book were were little book of Mark’s editions New and longer Forty years ago, the book first appeared as a short, almost as a short, first appeared the book years ago, Forty as Green politics in most parts of the world, and the strugglepartsmost the and in politics world, Green the as of wealth-based identity and a betweencontinued a dualistic, All too and spirit. of nature on union based self-definition the differingoften, issues that formed prison the walls were efforts out. at breaking used by the jailers to divide the inmates’ Although introduction. in a lengthy explains as he published, the time frame for world and human disaster has shrunk, REVIEW BY RHODA GILMAN left to write is anyone around If there the cultural history of the they will probably of Mark past sixty find this edition years, Satin’s the earlier I missed reading editions, tides of rapid change. subscriber and appreciative to Mark’s but I was a regular newsletter, who of , I am also acquainted with the work edition to the present foreword has contributed a perceptive of pamphlet-sized effort alternative to define a third to the then between what were War fading stand-off of the Cold and World” “Free almost universally media the calledU.S. by Satin held rigorously to the terms “Communism.” versus of the 1970s into a holistictransformational movements political ideology ballot boundaries, deeper than that reached In of the 19th century. philosophies and economic boxes, six-sided mentala of image effortthe powerful a created he attitudes, of established systems, its walls consisting prison, New Age politics became known In time, and institutions. REVIEW: Politics: Age New Real Our Only Alternative Satin Mark by and 40th Anniversary Updated Edition, Condensed by the Author green horizon magazine horizon green as a TN delegate on the National. In 2006, before the crash, HOWARD SWITZER HOWARD eco- teaching eco-architect an GPNC, the of member a is friendly building methods and is a non-academic student He was co-chair of the Green Party of politics and money. 2002-2003 and has served a number of terms of Tennessee Bank creation of money as debt is decisively stopped. as debt is decisively of money Bank creation stopped. Instead, banks will only loan money that already exists, banks will exists, only already loan money that Instead, exactly most people mistakenly what believe happens now. mistakenly think is now happening. happening. mistakenly think is now US Money in non inflation/deflationary in non US Money amounts for the many what Again, and its people. needs of the nation becomes part of our government, precisely what most of us partbecomes of our government, mistakenly think it is now. The federal government creates and spends into existence The federal creates government The Federal Reserve is moved to the US Treasury and Treasury ReserveThe Federal to the US is moved This important issue needs to be taken up by a political Those interested should read the NEED Act to discover what to discover Act the NEED should read Those interested Debt-free Greenbacks (Reform #3) were created under created Greenbacks (Reform #3) were Debt-free Jackson and Van Buren revoked the Second Bank of the U.S.’s the Second revoked Bank of the U.S.’s Buren Van Jackson and The Bank of England was nationalized in 1946 (Reform #1). nationalizedwas England of Bank The (Reform1946 in #1). All three of these reforms are informed by history are of these reforms All three and must

invited to present a talk on Green Monetary Reform at the 11th Annual AMI Monetary Reform Conference last year. adopted by GPUS in 2007, and it has since been taken up by other groups Street. He is currently advocating monetary reform including Occupy Wall to be a central component of the 2016 GPUS POTUS campaign. He was he and his partner began the ‘Moving the Money to Main Street Campaign,’ 20 Paine, said, in reference to these possibilities “We have it in our “We these possibilities to in reference said, Paine, to begin the worldpower again.” over opportunity in the 2016 Campaign to educate the as Greens runwe while issue this about public down and up offices for Thomas Americanof the Revolution, Father As the ticket. the spent debt-free into the economy on society’s needs? society’s on into the economy spent debt-free have an We Agenda. it was and is the Populist movement; created as debt for personal gain and private oligarchic control gain and private control as debt for personal oligarchic created where of public policy? Or do we want a system care, based on and as a public asset by elected government money is created some of the possibilities are for real solutions to our long list list to our long solutions for real the possibilities are of some is do we The question us today. facing of neglected problems is money where with a system greed, want to continue on based the bankers methodically the upper hand and quashed the got Greenbacks. Lincoln to fight the Civil War and save the nation. But because War and save the nation. Lincoln to fight the Civil of money (Reform #2) was not decisivelybank creation stopped, (Reform #2). But, misunderstanding the true nature of money, true misunderstanding the of money, nature But, (Reform #2). money into existence debt-free and spend, they failed to create of 1837. bringing the deep depression on (Reform #3), #2), private banks now still create 97% of the UK’s money as debt. as debt. money 97% of the UK’s still private create banks now #2), effectively money at the time ending most bank created charter, public, money system reasons: for the following public, was not stopped (Reform of money But because bank creation be implemented together to assure the success of the sovereign, success of the sovereign, the to assure be implemented together 3 — 2 —  1 —

...... 21 United States. end to its colonial crisis in Puerto Rico, crisis in Puerto Rico, OLGA I. SANABRIA DÁVILA including putting an United States will be relationship with the forced to address the Yet at some point the Yet

for green horizon magazine horizon green

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In the present situation of fiscal and economic crisis, the Puerto of fiscal crisis, Rican situation and economic legislature In the present In terms of its environmental protection and policy, ecological balance, climate ecological balance, and policy, protection In terms of its environmental Thus the constitutional system established in Puerto of government Thus the constitutional Rico in 1952 Population and other demographic data are also indicators of a showcase gone sour. sour. gone indicators also showcase a of are data demographic other and Population Beyond the junk bond status of Puerto Rico bonds, with unemployment estimated at estimated unemployment with Puertoof status bond junk the Beyond bonds, Rico At present, however, many United States many reviews news are outlets and economic however, present, At spring adopted a bankruptcy law which would have made it possible for public corporations warned that the Puerto Rico Planning lacks for handling Board protocols events in zones. tsunami prone agencies, interests, policies, and power. This is veryPuerto for the dangerous Rican and power. policies, interests, agencies, as Puertopopulation Rico is a small island country In this regard, in the Caribbean. recently José Molinelli, Puerto Dr. Rico´s internationally geomorphologist, known many other areas. many Puerto to outside United States Rico is also subordinate global warming, change, and commerce, monetary issues, migration and emigration, maritime traffic (with monetary and emigration, migration issues, and commerce, and trade union labor relations Maritime Law customs, applied to PuertoU.S. Rico), and defense, communications, airspace and transportation, patrol, border organization, failure as it leftfailure crisis intact the backdrop which status for the present is the colonial laws Congressional U.S. in fiscal affairs, autonomy Despite the latter’s of Puerto Rico. Puerto over take precedence relations of international Rican in the areas legislation in Puerto Rico. and also a Associated State was a misrepresentation with the founding of the Free The new wave of Puerto Rican to the United States migration and has been continuous with a population including professionals, massive numbering 84,000 in 2014 alone, of 5.1 million in the United States remains of 3.6 million an aging population while predominantly U.S. investment, low wages, tax exemption for foreign corporations, corporations, for foreign tax exemption wages, low investment, U.S. predominantly federal funds. U.S. and dependence on and at a $19,000 median annual income that is half the income of Mississippi, the Mississippi, of income the half is that income annual median $19,000 a at and PuertoRico can hardlyStates´United state, poorest be called anything. of a showcase foreign, on based economy dependent of a illustrates desperateIts situation failure the between 13 and 14 percent, a 44.9 percent poverty rate, with 84 percent of its children of its children with 84 percent poverty a 44.9 percent rate, between 13 and 14 percent, living in poverty only doing so, four out of ten of those able to work stricken areas, billion dollars in 2006, one year after one in Puerto the beginning of a recession billion dollarsRico that in 2006, fiscal given although crisis the present even that is is expected to persist until 2018, doubtful. writing about Puerto Rico´s astronomical public debt, its economic crisiswriting and its its economic about Puerto public debt, Rico´s astronomical 32 dollars – up from at 73 billion U.S. the debt is estimated At present ramifications. Progress and Democracy in the Caribbean as a result of Puerto Rico’s accelerated and Democracy of Puerto in the Caribbean as a result Progress Rico’s education and health systems, the development of its infrastructure, industrialization, system in the 1950s and 60s. of government and a constitutional The Free Associated State Associated of Puertotouted as the Showcase been Rico has long of The Free PUERTO RICO a political turn-around holds the key that but it’s is in shambles The economy Independence 2016

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summer / spring

Furthermore, it must be stated that regarding the future status the future be stated that regarding it must Furthermore, Commitment to grassroots democracy to grassroots Commitment is totally consistent is what into play what comes decolonization, Regarding He noted that all financial analyses international that have Hostos the National a leader in Wilma Reverón Collazo, and political of Puerto subordination relationship The power which is considered the Magna Cartawhich of Decolonization. is considered the only recognized option law by international of Puerto Rico, law International as inalienable is the right to independence. maintains that all peoples have the inalienable right to self- Associated State The Free and independence. determination statehood for law and under international association free status, Puerto Ricans Further, Puerto not inalienable rights. Rico are the people of the United States. a separate from people are Colonialism is an historicalColonialism been that has long anachronism declared contrary A law and human rights. international to StatesUnited by the been maintained has with relation colonial hundred one Puerto of the Island in 1898, Rico since its invasion in a traininherent of injustices A long and seventeen years ago. in its wake. have followed relation colonial supportwith of Puerto the decolonization for Rico as the country For is also totallycolonialism contrary to democracy. democracy country one where ruled, is non-existent rules over every elections even are there if yearsfour localelect to another, into account that in Puerto Rico the United Taking authorities. immigration, relations, international States commerce, controls labor defense, postal matters, monetary communications, issues, to truly support and others, democracy in Puertorelations, Rico, has to be supportedits decolonization as the first step for the Puerto Rican people to live in a democracy. should be the mechanism that the Puerto in order Rican people and their rightcan their sovereignty to self- freely exercise the inalienable rightsdetermination--which of all are peoples specifically by Resolution as recognized law, by international 1514(XV) General Assembly of the United Nations (1960), determining role because more than half of the Puerto than half becausedetermining role more Rican is presently Statesliving in the United population they where Puerto participateregarding formand politics in opinion public When Puerto it can a problem Rico is not be swept under Rico. a problem, that Puerto now is a theme, Rico However, the rug. it can exert pressure. in Puerto the situation regarding Rico closelybeen done connect political to Puertothe situation situation, Rico´s colonial resolved. be This must therein. and lack of powers subordination and others the Independence of Puerto for Movement Rico, public have calledan independent audit of Puerto for Rico’s repression to Puerto reparations Rico for the exploitation, debt, Puerto damage the and environment Rican have people endured at the hands of United States of the and solution colonialism Status a Constitutional Assembly through status colonial and independence. United StatesRico to the issue. status a colonial points to El Nuevo green horizon magazine horizon green “We need to understand, once and for all, that we can only and for all, once need to understand, “We Convoking of a Constitutional Status a Constitutional of Assembly with deal to Convoking According to Pro Independence Party leader, Juan Dalmau, Juan Dalmau, leader, Independence Party to Pro According “We must act with unity must of purpose to be successful if we are “We Vega Ramos also referred to the fact that other jurisdictions Ramos also referred Vega Puerto Rican pro sovereignty legislator Luis Vega Ramos, Ramos, PuertoVega Ricanlegislator Luis sovereignty pro

Response by the government of Puerto by the government Response Rico has been to raise

22 the Puerto Rican community in the United States has a before seen in Puerto Rico. We need that all feel a partof the We seen in Puertobefore Rico. solution.” in the difficult upcoming negotiations and to accomplish this we and to accomplish negotiations in the difficult upcoming have full transparencymust and citizen participation as never and countries have also been affected by the financial bubble including of of the actions as a result exploded, that has now creditors. Federal bankruptcy law to our public corporationsFederal or support Treasury.” Reserve Federal the of the U.S. from our better interest. And the three branches of the U.S. federal branchesU.S. of the three the And better interest. our necessaryus allow to have reluctant been government and tools applying Maritime Laws, support U.S. from such as exemption depend on ourselves actors depend on forward, although many for moving not be we should involved this financial bubble, were in creating of will with consideration negotiate hopeful that our creditors government have been non-committal and even have been non-committal government indifferent. said the United States. However, as noted in a number of editorialsnumber of a in noted as However, States. United the major daily newspapers, appearing in Puerto Rico’s branches of the United States the three Vocero, Día and El confronting the economic and fiscal crises. Yet at some point Yet at some and fiscal crises. economic the confronting the United States the crisis to address in Puerto will be forced with including relationship colonial its to end an putting Rico, Claridad. The the Puerto Rican newspaper pro-independence Claridad. have pursued a hands- United States and Congress president which denies Puertooff position Rico the tools necessary for the colonial status, unity of purpose, and greater protection of protection and greater unity of purpose, status, the colonial of the objectives voiced in interviews some local business are a reporter with of Puerto Rican by Cándida Cotto, leaders Fund formulas that will lead to much hardship for the people that will hardship formulas lead to much Fund of Puerto Rico. taxes, fees for a broad spectrum fees for a broad of services, as well as reducing taxes, services, a neo and budget cutbacks in general – in general, liberal austerity styled program after Monetary International to have Puerto Rico exempted from application of U.S. maritime to have Puerto application of U.S. from Rico exempted unheeded. law has also gone in Washington, Pedro Pierluisi, for a law to be enacted in order for a law to be enacted in order Pierluisi, Pedro Washington, in bankruptcy applicablebe law Puertoto Federal the that has Rico in Puertomovement broad A Rico attempting unheeded. gone However, this legislation was overruledwas States United legislation the by this However, Courtextraterritorial which operates Puerto in Federal Rico. by Puerto whichfollowed Action Rico Resident Commission on the Island to declare Island the on bankruptcy to be enabled thus and of the PuertoThe debt Rico Electric their debt. restructure dollars. Authority9 billion U.S. is estimated at alone Power

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some aspects of the presentation of the colonial case of Puerto Rico at the United Nations. She is a leader of the National Hostos Movement for the Independence of OLGA I SANABRIA DAVILLA OLGA I SANABRIA DAVILLA has worked on the Puerto Rico colonial status issue for She coordinates many years as an independence supporter.

points to a colonial status issue. a colonial status points to The power relationship and political and political power relationship The These movements and the pro-independence movement movement and the pro-independence These movements The inalienable right is for all to self-determination of the mechanisma for Status Constitutional A Assembly, The vibrant social movements active today in Puerto activeThe vibrant today movements social Puerto Rico and has worked as a journalist, translator and also in several entities at the United Nations. She has a Bachelors Degree in Journalism and a Law from Empire State College of State University of New York, a professor of Puerto Degree from Hostos Law School, Puerto Rico. Was Rican and Latin American Studies at Borough of Manhattan Community She presently lives in Puerto Rico. College, City University of New York. subordination of Puerto Rico to the United States Rico to the United of Puerto subordination United Nations. with and along and organizations overlap scenarios, in many solidarity, and international of the United Nations the action especially the United States that of the people of and our Latin future the basis for the are American and Caribbean region, independence and democracy in Puerto Rico. includingPuerto those who do not Ricanto exercise, people to be legitimate and a true But in order support independence. a level with of self-determination exercise playing field for all the mechanism its exercise for including independence, options, law-- not any by international that abides be a fair one must plebiscite or referendum. in Puerto is gaining ground Rico as the urgencydecolonization, status of intensifies for the colonial Puertoresolved. Rico to be is crucialIt States United the that strongly sectors progressive support Puerto Rican and for a fair mechanism decolonization and independence to take place. process for the decolonization Associated State, including freelyto international in engage State, Associated certainof outside that onlyand powers areas traderelations, specifically by the United delegated should be exercised States Puertoover Rico. community civil rights, rights, women’s Rico regarding labor, culture, sports, youth, environment, the empowerment, in are other areas, and many endeavors, cooperative economic status as an impediment encounter with the colonial constant base also a are movements social these Thus, objectives. their to potentially movement pro-independence of the anti-colonial, in self-determination that will exercise participate future in any specifically the supervised community, by the international green horizon magazine horizon green

2016

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summer / Meanwhile, within the pro Free Associated State Popular StateAssociated Popular Free pro the within Meanwhile, Cleavages along which Puerto Rico’s main political parties which Puerto along Cleavages Rico’s

As regards the fiscal and economic crisis, the situation is the situation the fiscal crisis, and economic As regards These are the reasons that the Puerto the reasons RicanThese are pro-independence While the United States that it will has maintained accept the The plebiscites, referendums and the like carried referendums out in Puerto The plebiscites, Before the United States invasion of Puerto Rico in 1898, States the United of PuertoBefore invasion 1898, Rico in spring sovereignty wing, which espouses greater powers for the Free for the Free powers which espouses greater wing, sovereignty the country’s problems. pro so-called autonomous, is a growing there Democratic Party, of colonialism in Puerto Rico) continually attack the Free in Puerto of colonialism Rico) continually attack the Free Associated State class and the second as colonial U.S citizenship Associated State of of Puerto as the root Ricans under the Free leaders of even the pro statehood and pro Free Associated State leaders of even Free statehood and pro the pro Even the country move status. the colonial parties, from away those supporting (which statehood would be the culmination status must be resolved. status must rhetoricthe to according of which, revealdivided options are to be done by the pro-independence forces in order that support in order forces by the pro-independence to be done is in Puerto there Rico substantially, can for this option grow and the colonial situation an overall sentiment that the present to the colonial status and the need to resolveto the colonial it if the fiscal and the political Regarding crises to be addressed. economic are while it is true needs that a lot of work status and independence, of domination of the United States of the United Puertoof domination over Rico. attention willThis force increasingly billed as a political crisis. to the United States to be a free exercise, it must be supervised it must by to the United States exercise, to be a free because that otherwise it is understood the United Nations the relationship will be the power exercise determining factor in any to United Nations Resolution 1514(XV). Resolution to United Nations It is recognized that for an expression In order to play. has a role the United Nations of the will of the Puerto relation its future Rican people regarding and other interests in Puertoand other interests Rico. and even supportingforces some continually other options resort Precisely through these referendum and plebiscite processes, it and plebiscite processes, these referendum through Precisely Puertoin status, its power used has the present to maintain Rico political with its economic, which most consistent is the option will and decision of the Puerto Ricans regarding its status, it has of the Puertowill and decision its status, Ricans regarding obstructedinternalits is issue the that maintaining by process the United Nations. of the the role matter and not recognizing will of the Puerto Rican people. For these reasons they have not reasons these willPuertothe For of Rican people. of self-determination. been an exercise repression and persecution of the independence forces, economic economic forces, of the independence and persecution repression Congressional U.S. and legislation dependence and colonial the true cannot be said to reflect their results Thus, legislation. Rico are not the solution precisely because not the solution theyRico are have not been They have of the will of the Puerto exercises free Rican people. military rule, colonial of taken place in the context occupation, and national identity national and becameclear any of that from distinct and in the world. other people the nationhood of the Puerto of the nationhood Rican forged people had been years during four hundred than during whichculture our more in 2016

says •

HuffPo summer / Huffington Post, Post, Huffington spring

green horizon magazine horizon green “…My name is Eloise Brown. I’m a full-blooded Navajo, born on the Navajo Nation. Nation. born the Navajo on a full-blooded Navajo, I’m “…My name is Eloise Brown. The American Indian Religious Freedom Act of 1978 obligates the federal Act The American Indian Religious Freedom be may Raul the Save though, Grijalva, Oak Flat 2811), (H.R. A bill by Rep. Act McCain’s efforts to plunder Native American sacred lands were more in the interests in the interests efforts more American lands were to plunder Native sacred McCain’s Apaches staged protests AmericansNative Last summer, have been fighting back. For many years… I have fought coal and uranium exploitation. I am now battling the I am now years… I have many uranium fought coal and exploitation. For mine operator and Rio Tinto subsidiary Resolution Copper. “We’re going to win this going “We’re Tinto subsidiarymine operator and Rio Copper. Resolution in and I know a spiritual thing, “It’s CarrieApache protester said Sage Curley. fight,” to win.” going we’re my spirit, This includes guaranteeing access to of Natives. the freedom to protect government to according and largely ineffective,” “gutted The law is sites. sacred efforts—ironicallyof spite it. strengthen McCain—to John younger by a of the making the outcome a legal morass,” “still are to NA’s for sites sacred protections fight by no means certain. Serviceland for of Forest 2422 acres It would exchange some best hope. the Apaches’ Copper. by Resolution land owned McCain slipped a provision into a defense appropriations bill at the last minute, giving into a defense bill appropriations at the last minute, McCain slipped a provision the largest mining corporation in the world—land Tinto, land for a copper mine to Rio time immemorial. since to the Apaches sacred of an important campaign American contributor need to expand bloated than any anti- Times“sneakily called York the New a move military of the metal, stores (5.29.15). standards” democratic even by congressional and members of the San Carlos mines, band caravanned to the proposed roadways on White the from they marched where DC, Washington Cityto thence and York New to to oppose the $6 billion plan by holding prayer ceremonies House to Capitol Hill, in the American Southwest to the depths of the fabulous silver mine at Potosi in Peru, in Peru, in the American Southwest the depths of the fabulous silver to mine at Potosi whence the Spanish up to the surfacefrom a week to come only them once allowed engage in the destruction to Indians have of the very been forced for Sunday Mass, which account and preservedmanaged their ancestors Any environment for millennia. include must Americansof Native story the and the environment natural of resources and uranium—illustrate fossil fuels, and the story of three—copper, in Indian country, the abuses there. COPPER in reserves, The US has tons Copper is an important mineral in industry and commerce. it is not an urgent Thus, worldwide. to increase and mining of copper is projected In 2014, deter Senator but this did not McCain. John priority for the defense industry, For centuries, Native Americans have worked under oppressive conditions to mine the to mine Americans Native conditions under oppressive have worked centuries, For the uranium reservations mines on From and fossil fuels prizedores by the white man.

24 ROMI ELNAGAR Sacrificingthe AmericansLands Native ofLives and and the Environment, Part Two Part Environment, the and Indigenous People

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This complaint is disingenuous, though, charge Macdonald chargeMacdonald though, disingenuous, is complaint This Opponents of the pipeline were elated with Obama’s veto. veto. Obama’s elated with of the pipeline were Opponents Minister Jim Resources Carr is calling National In Canada, While oil sands is in Alberta, oil from 70% of the world’s some Burning coal creates pollution in Indian country. Two giant Two in Indian country. pollution Burning creates coal to stop fracking. to stop fracking. “Offsetting In a searing report, Stainsby and Dru Oja Jay. the Great from Funding The Effects of Foundation Resistance: they charge that some Bear Rainforest to the Athabasca River,” Sands actually are in cahoots Tar to oppose who seem NGO’s by everyThe report should be read Green with the oil industry. Organization joining a Non-Governmental who considers (NGO) to oppose corporate abuse. XL Tar Sands Pipeline. Environmentalists, landowners and landowners Environmentalists, Sands Pipeline. Tar XL Americans–thescientists and Native Sioux and the Assiniboine the Athabasca Chipewyan of Idaho, Perce the Nez of Montana, Kitasoo/Xai’xiasthe and Haida the FirstAlberta, of of Nation of the many again, British Columbia–all opposed the pipeline; Indians citing treaty rights. the Keystone American Native some activists: say “Not so fast!” White if a Republicanissue could resurface wins the House in the Sandpiper is being pipeline In the meantime, November. Northbuilt to take fracked the Bakken fields of Dakota oil from Since the pipeline is wholly within to a port Lake on Superior. the states it transits. from it only needs approvals the U.S., a surfeit in spite of of oil oil pipelines to the Pacific, for more The oil glut will discourage in investment worldon markets. or legal battles to than protest do more and may oil production, lands. Native and transit on oil production slow which oil is extracted by fracturing shale from is far more Canada, declines Recent in as in the price result of oil may widespread. meanwhile, bankrupt; going as 70% of shale oil companies much industryoil the activists by indigenous attempts at screaming is mine to market. The Lummi have tribes joined the throughout mine to market. Northwest the like coal proposed a fight to Quinault Pacific State treaty by citing rights. terminal in northernWashington of treaty rights AmericansUse by Native of the one has been these destruction; ways preventto creative most environmental coal companies. in the fight against being invoked rights are Four reservation: the Navajo plants operate on the coal-fired Corners Generating Mexico, New Station near Shiprock, The Arizona. Generating Stationand the Navajo near Page, largest third is the the tribe, land leased from on G.S., Navajo oxide, nitrogen emits and carbonof emitter U.S. the in dioxide “Every hour the Navajo’s lead and other metals as well. mercury, plant spews climate-warming the more gases generators spin, facility other than almost any in the United into the atmosphere charges Abraham LustgartenStates,” in ProPublica. SANDS AND FRACKING FOSSIL FUELS: OIL, TAR Obama Keystonefor the plans rejected President Last fall,

green horizon magazine horizon green

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summer / on coal, in Farmington, N.M., Aug. 20, 2015 20, Aug. N.M., in Farmington, coal, on at the Bureau of Land Management “Listening session” “Listening session” of Land Management at the Bureau Coal is also a problem for tribes located along the route from for tribesCoal is also a problem from located the route along The resource poses great problems for indigenous peoples, for indigenous peoples, problems poses great The resource Walking in beauty means respecting our sacred Mother beautyin sacred our respecting means Walking We walk in beauty. That is our teaching. That means that That is our teaching. walk in beauty. We Some we should be grateful say that the coal industry people We are having problems breathing. Our need pumps children breathing. having problems are We I am asking you to protect our water, our land and health, our health, and land our water, our protect to you asking am I though. If developed, it brings pollution and social dislocation; it brings and social dislocation; pollution If developed, though. Coal Peabody for in order relocate to have been forced Navajos to mine in Black the reservation. Mesa on activities are attractive in poverty; to tribesactivities are mired they provide is rampant. unemployment where in communities employment Coal is abundant in Native American lands. Twenty-five Twenty-five AmericanCoal is abundant in Native lands. reservationsthe mines on are havereserves, coal there and Mining and related reservations. Hopi and Crow Navajo, FOSSIL FUELS: COAL Earth.” —Eloise Brown choices like solar and wind that are better for us and don’t come come better for us and don’t choices like solar and wind that are with abuse or the pollution. precious than private profits. The Federal government has been government Federal The than private profits. precious in the coal industry’scomplicit efforts to take our resources. have smarter We left we are then And with the legacy of waste. we don’t destroy life to have life. Far too long the Federal the Federal too long Far life to have life. destroy we don’t Human life is more has been exploiting our people. government We need to rely on Father Sun to provide jobs in a different in a different jobs Sun to provide Father need to rely on We need an We Solar Nation. of our Navajo is the way economy. not just work. life, that provides economy mean fathers dying at age 50. These jobs mean black lung mean fathers dyingat age 50. the but we want jobs, Of course, disease…kids without dads. Thank goodness! coal industry closing. is dying…Coal mines are but to all future generations. but to all future but these jobs at the mine all want jobs, We has given us jobs. been sacrificing our lands and our way of life, our air, our water our air, our sacrificingbeen life, of way our and lands our havepollutedbeen canothers so have electricity…It a has our water and our health, not just to our culture, lasting impact, to breathe. This is criminal. Navajos suffer from high cancer suffer from Navajos This is criminal. to breathe. peoples we have As indigenous rates and respiratory problems. tailings, hundreds of abandoned uranium coal mines still and of abandoned hundreds tailings, cleanednot importantup...What more could be else clean than clean air and undesecratedland? water, expense. We live in a toxic shadow of…coal plants. shadow live in a toxic We expense. Our with contaminated land is dotted environment. precious American lands, has caused devastating impacts to my people. caused has devastatingAmerican impacts to my people. lands, and lung asthma, Our cancer, long…from people havesuffered energybeen has because there our at heartproduction disease, fracking industry. New Mexico’s long history long uraniumof and Mexico’s New frackingindustry. Native coal burningon oil and gas extraction and coal mining, spring 2016

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investigative summer / continued on page 29 continued on page spring Yellow Dirt: An American Dirt: Yellow

In the L.A. Times and in her book, Times and in her book, In the L.A. In 2011, the activist group Eastern Diné Against Uranium Eastern Diné Against Uranium the activist group In 2011, of uranium the mining prohibited Nation the Navajo In 2005, Henry Waxman was outraged, and as an influential and as was outraged, HenryWaxman the RECA, passed Congress U.S. the 1990, in so, And Junction in Colorado--isJunction a crime the enormity of which I leave to judge. the reader Story Betrayed, and a People of a Land Poisoned exposed to a shocked public the silence reporter Judy Pasternak and the lies they companies, and the mining of the government In a pattern repeated uranium miners. had told the Navajo American Native given uranium miners were the industry, across hundred tons of radioactive tons mill waste and ninety-fourhundred million the making it—in the Rio Puerco, into of water poured gallons of the US Geologicalestimation Survey—the largest accidental becauseBut sparselya in was it history. US in radioactiverelease and arguably because affected the people most populated region, Americans Native on who raisedby it were their sheep and goats paid to was little attention there by the disaster, land poisoned to ask for federal relief, of New Mexico refused The governor it. which would have helped the Navajos. sued the New Environment Mexico Mining (ENDAUM) permission Inc. DepartmentResources, for granting Hydro fears ENDAUM to start Rock. leach mining at Church will the mine affect aquifers from with process groundwater and Rock, Church at drinkingNavajos 15,000 about for water violated its rules to in giving permission says that the NMED quality. considering environmental before the mining company are and mines the worked who men for late lands--too its on That the federal knew government of the still dying cancer. of the from dangers of uranium and withheld this knowledge been had who whites simultaneously protecting Navajos--while the mines in places like Grandexposed to radioactive waste from of the Navajos. By then, many had died from the cancers that from had died many By then, Navajos. of the in the seventies. began to appear His hearings about it. do something he could congressman, and the mining the government lies and deceit of exposed the the radioactive lies about dirt degraded that the companies, pressed Waxman Navajo. of the health and environment to Nation to cooperate agencies with the Navajo government uranium contamination. address acknowledged RECA Act. Compensation Radiation Exposure of uranium miners by the US responsibility for the mistreatment 1948 to 1971, of uranium from purchaser the sole government, from the diseases they miners for suffered and compensated in the mines. working DISASTER THE CHURCH ROCK URANIUM MILL an Mile Island, Three after months at the meltdown Four the It held tailings from earthen in New Mexico failed. dam elevenUnited Nuclear and over Corporation uranium mill, green horizon magazine horizon green Fast-forward twenty-five years—the latency period of some After that, the legends about leetso seem to have the legends about leetso seem been Afterthat, But during World War II, as the Manhattan Project geared up geared as the Manhattan Project II, War World But during For hundreds of years, people have known the dangers the dangers have people known of years, hundreds For Stainsby specifically Jay and of secret the impact mention

26 them, a certain Congressman finally certaina complaints the Congressman to listened them, tailings to make cement to build their homes. While or lied to agencies ignored government cancers. some Their children played in the waste dumps from the mines. They mines. the from dumps waste the in played children Their irrigated and grazed their crops their sheep with water that had They even used the They drank it. the mines. coursed through and the radon produced by digging it caused disease and slow it caused by digging and the radon produced disease and slow Navajos thousand than three more II, War During World death. and Nagasaki. dug uranium used at Hiroshima for the bombs forgotten as the grimforgotten necessity Native of making a living drove thing is but one mines, Americans in the white man’s to work never companies the mining uraniumthat them told certain: a cave where he had found it, and so let in “Leetso,”as Navajos “Leetso,”asNavajos in let so and cavea it, found had he where disease and death. that brought Monster Yellow called the to make an atom bomb, a young Navajo disobeyed his father, who disobeyed father, his Navajo young a bomb, atom an make to rocks the yellow to white surveyorshad warned him not to show the reservation a traderon took to Yazzie Luke for it; looking whose legends say that they chose corn over uranium: Life over Life over that they whose legends say chose uranium: corn over Death. of uranium. In Czechoslovakia, where it was first mined in where In Czechoslovakia, of uranium. people have of the nineteenth century, to Europe the 1500’s, So Navajo, the did too death. and disease with it associated mines today lie abandoned, and no law requires their cleanup, a their cleanup, and no law requires lie abandoned, mines today which American alarmssituation Native activists. in Colorado, (1719 mines, 13.7 million tons). In New Mexico, Mexico, In New tons). 13.7 million (1719 mines, in Colorado, of uranium the largest amount 216 mines have ore– produced 500 than more reservation, On the Navajo 39.2 million tons. Across the Western U.S., uranium mines dot a map of the Four uranium Four the of map a dot mines U.S., Western the Across Uranium Utah, can be found in on a Corners like flies carcass. and 12.3 million tons, 1279 mines have produced some where alternative for mitigation.” options URANIUM that offsetsthat have pristineto access gain to been used perception Others charge that offsets viewed as are or highly valued areas.” to explore habitat and avoid requirements license to destroy “a so protected will neverso protected the whole be developed event, in any Stainsby and Jay to the oil industry. of a giveaway scheme reeks “There is a that says, itself CGI by the quote a report authored the Red River Cree, and the Moose Cree. The deal called for the the Moose Cree. and the Red River Cree, the industry by “developed” with other offsetting be of land to Since the 50% of the land “protected.” lands to be permanently a deal with industry that an NGO, Canadian Boreal Initiative, Initiative, Boreal Canadian industrya deal with that an NGO, signed agreements that it and others say Jay Stainsby, negotiated. of Misstisini, the Cree with the Athabasca Nations, Denesuline NGO rapprochement the oil industry with First on (as Nations They describe AmericansNative generally called are in Canada).

...... 27 utopian future. impermanence. DAVID KROSSCHELL DAVID those of our children those of our children into an advice-giving could be extinguished In the worst case, in a In the worst case, humanity’s intractable intractable humanity’s oracle, helping to solve oracle, problems (disease, war, war, problems (disease, and grandchildren have and grandchildren become permeated with become permeated from the Earth, and some from the Earth, and showing the way to a and showing the way universe into an absurdity. universe into an absurdity. single-minded monstrosity Our lives and more acutely Our lives and more could be turning the entire resource depletion, death), death), resource depletion, couple of decades, humans couple of decades, this machine can be turned On the other hand, perhaps On the other hand,

Benign God Bostrom runs the Future of runs Bostrom Future the green horizon magazine horizon green published an extended write-up about for a for The Washington

2016

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Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers and Strategies. and Strategies. Dangers Paths, Superintelligence:

summer PLEA /

Third, a motivated, self-reflective being will certainly want to improve itself, and a being will certainly self-reflective itself, want to improve a motivated, Third, Second, the achievement of AI consciousness may be instantaneous and, perhaps, perhaps, the achievement and, be instantaneous may of AI consciousness Second, spring Bostrom makes the case that, in the end, there will probably be only one such being. will probably there be only such one being. end, in the makes the case that, Bostrom between a consciousness reaching parity with human beings, from there to reaching a to reaching there from paritybetween reaching a consciousness with human beings, capability (not very and finally of self-improvement to rapidly long), outdistancing us Furthermore, of months. matter a take may progression this case, a worst In (short). sufficiently being willrewrite powerful probably be able to own mental processes its the lengths of time speculates on Bostrom and gain capabilities at an enormous rate. conscious, it may be difficult to determine what its interests are, what steps it may what steps it may are, difficult to determine be what its interests it may conscious, evenor truthfulis us or with talk its not or achievewhether to take reliable and them, manipulative. hard to detect. Bostrom speculates that there may be a tipping point to consciousness, consciousness, point to a tipping be may there that speculates Bostrom detect. to hard The AI developers prototypethat some of the last piece. will be awaiting the coming Once the machine is themselves not even piece is added. when that may be aware whoever and his friends gets the grant how will for advice on be listening to Bostrom to build it. awareness of its dangers. The social pressures are just too powerful. As Bostrom puts it, puts it, Bostrom As just too powerful. are The social pressures of its dangers. awareness will be a device there that will “Unfortunately, in the mouth of a would-be developer: can only hope that We the grant to build it.” we got Fortunately, the world. destroy timeline. But if he hadn’t, the theory would have been developed anyway, if not by if not the theory have would developed been anyway, hadn’t, if he But timeline. follows It certainly culture. scientific the of generalthe by progress person, single a even in face of generalthat the development of advanced AI machines is inevitable, of the events is more or less determined, but the timing is not. So a series of co- but the timing is not. of the events or less determined, is more shift who the agent of dependent insights may the line depending on up or down relativitythe to it pinned he that sense in the ‘discovered’ Einstein discoverythe is. does not subscribe to the ‘great man’ view of science, where people like Newton and where viewof science, man’ ‘great does not subscribe to the potential Einstein achieve insights that otherwise Rather, would not have been made. the order where extends into the future, all a timeline that laid out on discoveries are FOUR PROBLEMS Bostrom technological change is inevitable. First, the problems. these are Briefly, (http://futureoflife.org/2015/10/12/elon-musk-donates-10m-to-keep-ai-beneficial/). (http://futureoflife.org/2015/10/12/elon-musk-donates-10m-to-keep-ai-beneficial/). 2015, On December 28, the problem. com/james-barrat/hawking-gates-artificial-intelligence_b_7008706.html) have voiced and electric cars, Tesla payment, online Musk (the man behind PayPal Elon concerns. SpaceX launch dollars ten million rockets) to study the problem has donated reusable get one chance at it. Once the genie is out of the box, we won’t be able to clap our we won’t box, the genie is out of the Once chanceget one at it. the apocalyptic seems overblown, of this threat nature Perhaps hands and start over. seriousbut Stevenlike people Billand Hawking (http://www.huffingtonpost. Gates will be orders of magnitude greater than humans’. The unattended probabilityThe unattended that the humans’. than greater will of magnitude be orders and the trick is to develop ours is slight, of these beings coincide with the interests we is, The trouble softwareat heart. they in such that have a way our best interests Bostrom, Bostrom, tries to formulate Bostrom In the book, Humanity at Oxford Institute University. rise the artificialstrategies of handleto whose beings capabilities inevitable an unknown: The threat posed by artificial intelligence (AI) has again been in the news. Perhaps posed by artificialThe threat intelligence been in the news. (AI) has again by Nicholas with the publication was boosted 2014 book of the attention the latest A 2016

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summer / spring

We take these things for granted: gravity (things fall), tides gravity (things fall), take these things for granted: We Maybe it isn’t all that silly. Even if all technology isn’t destined Even allif technology isn’t all silly. that Maybeisn’t it Which scientific brings with the constant us to the problems This all seems rather silly. One would think that a being One would think that a being This all rather seems silly. a true engineer in these areas? Whoa true engineer in these areas? can effect an exact change? is the ability of freedom to do exactlyIf the definition you what increasingly difficult then it is becoming want (and no more), childa like trying become a with hole a dig to We free. be to probably but with unpredictable, it can be done, shovel: power side effects. destructive, diurnalthe round opacity block(things (gravitylight), water), on of time (things the passage (things change with the seasons), to be discovered, there are pressing concerns here already, already, here concerns pressing are there to be discovered, fast developing overwhelm that are and may threats us if we molecular lists a few: synthetic Bostrom biology, get help. don’t biomedical enhancement, climate engineering, nanotechnology, We controls. for social tools manipulation, neuro-psychological need a super intelligence our side to manage the just may on he long, How sheer complexity coming. of the changes that are time can much we spend how can to wait for AI, we afford asks, side of these the dark before it, learning strategies to control other technological advancements inundates us. have discovered We that characterizeprobings our civilization. is made of smaller ‘thing’ a that nothing physical is monolithic; And ‘things.’ which constituent in turn have their own ‘things’, each descent into the next stage of smallness opens up greater with its several hearts is laid open, Creation of control. sources in historiesThe long of natural development, exposed. of power out pitted against each other to work were powers which great being rolled are the equilibriums for human life, which allow quantum bonds, atomic chemical bonds, with: back and tinkered information nanotechnology, genetic structure, relationships, Who the material can basis of intelligence. and now be theory, and misdirect once it had decided on a course of action. (If it (If action. of course a on decided had it once misdirect and would be to an intermediate goal clips, wants to make paper avoid To get rid for galvanized competitors of [us].) steel wire that the AI be given goals recommends Bostrom this likelihood, could a directive example, For and value-laden. indirect that are The AI would ‘Do whatever of humans would do.’ the best be an exhaustivethen be led to make historical and philosophical and thus learn our better natures, study of human civilization, image. transform made in our own itself into a god the of self-transformation through hand, the one on capable, of expanding the other, on and, software, re-writing of its own could range the light-limited of the universe, over its control core its at embedded ‘prime directives’ find the later or sooner they? aren’t off, all bets are So really, too. and rewrite them, green horizon magazine horizon green Fortunately, we got the grant to build it. grant we got the Fortunately, Unfortunately, there will be a device that will destroy the world. the will destroy that a device will be there Unfortunately, (1 with 58 zeros). That is a whole lot of happiness! (1 with 58 zeros). 58 Bostrom is worried about our sole chanceBostrom to point the Fourth, without proper care and forethought, the AI could and forethought, care without proper Fourth,

28 because the AI would certainly learn how to lie, obfuscate, obfuscate, because the AI would certainly to lie, learn how implant in the head. In fact, it is difficult to formulate a set of a to formulate it is difficult fact, In the head. implant in which is not vulnerabledirectives to massive misinterpretation. interpretations might be difficult to detect, These unwanted example, the bald instruction ‘Maximize human happiness’ ‘Maximize the bald instruction human happiness’ example, given to a technologically capable but ethically stunted AI might in everyresult ‘joy’ member of our species getting a strategic learn of its intentions, scope, and methods. Both of these tasks Both and methods. scope, learn of its intentions, or couched in too simple, goals given are If the difficult. are For want. we result the get not might we language, ambivalent AI down the path of righteousness. The AI must be ‘seeded’ ‘seeded’ be The AI must the path of righteousness. AI down rightthe with earlyits and goals to development monitored throughout the cosmos, Bostrom’s best case of the estimation Bostrom’s the cosmos, throughout number of human lives that could be lived under its benign is 10 control Digitalized, these consciousnesses could be carried these consciousnesses throughout Digitalized, forming virtual civilizations wherever the underlying the galaxy, extends control If eventually the AI’s allow. physical resources and showing the way to a utopian future. Going even farther, Going even farther, to a utopian future. the way and showing being uploaded imagines human consciousnesses Bostrom theylive out full where human lives. into virtual environments, an absurdity. On the other hand, perhaps machinethis can be hand, other the On absurdity. an helping to solveturned into an advice-giving oracle, humanity’s death), depletion, resource war, (disease, intractable problems Well, then. In the worst case, in a couple of decades, humans in a couple of decades, In the worst case, then. Well, single- and some the Earth, could be extinguished from universeminded monstrosity into could be turning the entire certainly to machine civilizations. FUTURE? HUMAN EXTINGUISHMENT OR A UTOPIAN the technology everywhere. Lifespan, boredom, the accretion the accretion the technology boredom, everywhere. Lifespan, are, experience humans) of of reach the (all on limits put these and meaningless to both civilizations and machines, of course, producing enterprise. In doing so, it not only seizes the resources so, In doing enterprise. producing of Earth (to the existential misfortune of everything living and spread void the conquer to ships builds space but here), (literally) everything else. Bostrom’s favorite illustration is an AI (literally) everything Bostrom’s else. which pursues that goal system paper clips, to produce designed single-mindedly galaxy into a paper-clip- and turns the entire be at the same time incredibly brilliant and stupendously, incrediblybe at the same time brilliant and stupendously, partgoal as Given a its initial of unreflectively stupid. the detriment to goal pursue that of it may programming, one of them with a head startone will have such advantage that an willthe other nascent AIs perish. Even if at the beginning there are competing AI projects, any any projects, AI competing are Eventhere beginning the at if

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The Navajo People and Uranium Mining.

DAVID KROSSCHELL KROSSCHELL DAVID David engineer, as a software working a career After where he lives a private Krosschell retired to Virginia, life. During the day he reads about and listens to ‘serious’ topics. At night he watches basketball to recover.

An alien observer of that pivotal point of human history, alien observerAn pivotal point of human history, of that Doug Brugge et.al. 2006 U. New Mexico Press, series in the 2010 book and groundbreaking Judy Pasternak’s LA Times websites of: The Navajo Times Beyond Nuclear and Information CenterThe Navajo The Southwestern Research Justice page (U. Michigan). Sources on uranium included Sources •  •  •  ‘private’ sector (http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2016/01/2016- ‘private’ google-tracker-everything-google-is-working-on-for-the-new- is our wish for a benign god Bostrom's Perhaps year/9/#h2 ). impossible. absurd, ironic, serious, only hope: READING FURTHER for copper and fossil fuels included: Sources www.offsettingresistance.ca • Macdonald Stainsby, http://bsnorrell.blogspot.com Norrell, • Brenda • SourceWatch • Indianz.com Media Network • Indian Country Today Network • Indigenous Environmental • Earthjustice.org • Owe Aku revels in. And things are different today. The making of atomic of atomic making The today. different things are And revels in. onlythat stillis one capitala bombs intensive enterprise, Nuclear can and motivation. in money governments both afford hierarchy. a governmental can through weapons be controlled scientific and most basic like nuclear in the past, power Today, technological by the government. funded developments are let out to they are maturity, they commercial But once reach cannotThese new by an threats be controlled general enterprise. hydra-headed They are between two governments. agreement and elude control. having avoided that, might think War, the height of the Cold cautiously humans might proceed apocalypse, (so far) one into Perhaps structuresdigging into other of the physical universe. ‘impact’ granting before statements require might governments strict Perhaps their curiosities. permission to follow researchers guidelines might arise between the acquiring new of knowledge of scientific the advancement Perhaps and its applications. This is wishful discovery be deemed inevitable. no longer might AI development of the is well within the reach thinking. green horizon magazine horizon green on Native Americans, and on

Green Horizon 2016

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ROMI ELNAGAR Her history degree from UC is a retired teacher-librarian. She has Davis focused on colonialism in the Third World. written for nuclear power. summer / Too many of us think it is impossible. Too many of us think us of many Too impossible. is it think us of many Too beyond human beings. Man’s reason and spirit have oftenreason Man’s beings. human beyond solved the seemingly unsolvable—and we believe they can do it again.” We need not accept that view. Our man- are problems need not accept that view. We man they And can be solved by man. made—therefore, is destiny human of problem No canhe wants. as big as be it is unreal. But that is dangerous, defeatist belief. It leads It defeatist belief. But that is dangerous, it is unreal. to the conclusion that war is inevitable—that mankind is we cannot gripped by forces control. we are doomed—that “ This year, Energy Fuels is planning to re-open the Canyon the Canyon is planning to re-open Energy Fuels This year, But even in these remarks we read the seeds of the problems the seeds of the problems we read But even in these remarks

On June 10, 1963, John Kennedy made a speech Kennedy at the John 1963, On June 10, spring For more information, email author [email protected] For more up in aquifers supplying Just as it did on water for the tribe. II. War reservations during World but that decision is being fought in court is being fought but that decision by the Grand Canyon and by the Havasupai and other environmentalists, Trust the mine will end that the uranium from who contend tribe, Mine near the Grand Canyon. The mine is in the Kaibab Mine near the Grand Canyon. Service in 1986, by the Forest and was approved Forest, National Indigienous People, continued from page 26 page continued from Indigienous People, they the needed against nor the protection neither information radioactivedangerous metal they mined. human destiny is beyond human beings. Man’s reason and spirit reason Man’s human beings. is beyond human destiny have often solved view It is an heroic seemingly the unsolvable.” Bostrom in spite of his concerns, a viewthat, of humankind, we now face: “man can be as big as he wants. No problem of problem No can be as big as he wants. “man face: we now following about the possibility about the following of avoiding nuclear war: American University, addressing the need to control the the need to control addressing American University, speecha U.S.S.R., and nuclear of expansion U.S. the in weapons In it he said the Treaty. Ban Test to the which the way opened acutely have and grandchildren become children those of our permeated with impermanence. evolution (life adjusts), the rise of civilization (people progress), the rise of civilization progress), (people evolution (life adjusts), climate constancy the stability (the of the ground, water levels, Our lives and more predictabilityof our physical surroundings). grow old). These are our constants, our material philosophies, our material philosophies, constants, our are These old). grow the support for our the launching our frontiers, points into can no longer for granted: take these things We journeys west. 2016

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summer / spring

Threat the possible association of infection with birththe possible association and malformations neurological syndromes the potential for further given the wide geographical spread international distribution of the mosquito vector • • • the lack immunity of population in newly affected areas and rapid diagnostic tests specific treatments, • the absence of vaccines, green horizon magazine horizon green Medical research and technology will go ahead, and will no doubt be productive, and technology will and Medical no doubt be productive, research will ahead, go but not in a time frame that can affect the situation in August 2016. 2016. but not in a time frame that can in August affect the situation the virus, Aedes Aegyptii. Aedes the virus, There are a range of measures that we canwe that a range carriesthat mosquito the against take measures of are There • the UK firm Aedes male the high tech of releasing millions At end, Oxitec have been of tetracyclines the presence in found that it is plentifully(which are However, in social media that since the microcephaly problem suggestions are Also there For these reasons it it vital that the threat from ZV be neutralised. There are two are There be neutralised. ZV from threat the that it vital it reasons these For antivirals no available against the ZV at present. are There • line. on take about a year to come • A vaccine may • but also is urgent not just becauseThe situation of the immediate medical threat, emerged in the same place as an Oxitec roll out of GM mosquitoes, the GM may in may GM the Oxitecan as place same the in emerged mosquitoes, GM of out roll well it may have Although this is irrational, have caused way some the microcephaly. the popular viewan effect on of the GM solution. Measures against the vector Measures geneticallyreachwhichmosquitoes are do not progeny 97% of their so that modified in the Cayman Islands, results promising This technique has produced adulthood. 90% reported. in mosquito numbers of around with reductions Malaysia and Brazil, The reach adulthood. available in agricultural may effluent) up to 15% of the progeny effects of this need to be studied. a disappointing Olympics, this would be a factor pushing the global economy into into a disappointing Olympics, economy this would be a factor pushing the global recession. main lines of defence: the virus against Measures a threat to the economy of Brazil. If fear of ZV deters people from attending the If fear of ZV deters people from of Brazil. to the economy a threat negativelycould this of economy the impact 2016, Olympics,scheduled August for of as a result into full If Brazil goes recession in a downturn. which is already Brazil, The World Heath Organization (WHO)World is deeplyThe the rapidly about concerned evolvingVirus Zika (ZV) main reasons: for 4 situation

30 The situation is urgent. situation The RICHARD LAWSON

ZIKA VIRUS Responding to the the to Responding

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on Bills of Health, RICHARD LAWSON RICHARD LAWSON veteran a psychiatrist, and physician family retired a is and member of the Green Party of England and Wales, He is one of the a past National Speaker of that party. first Greens to be elected to a local Council in 1986 and served for six years. He is the author of

an effective model for other mosquito-affected countries. Roll-out of successful programmes can provide Roll-out can of successful programmes provide would boost tourism. that they themselves of realising satisfaction have helped to defeat the mosquito and the disease it causes. benefits of covered sewers) benefits of covered (microcephaly) avoided Demand reduction on local on health servicesDemand reduction which amenityvisual Improved disappears, litter as General morale will benefit as people get the Costs of disease avoided (note the many other health Costs of disease avoided (note the many and health costs of disabilityEconomic with reduction in income inequality in income country. in the with reduction Work opportunities for Brazil's 7% unemployed, opportunities for Brazil's 7% unemployed, Work formation of similar programmes. formation This sense of empowerment may encourage may This sense of empowerment 4.  4. would find that sick Employers leave is less. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 1. Comfort and amenity for all 1. 2. 3.

The rewards of success of this programme are as follows are of success of this programme The rewards the impact of grey politics and economics on public health. He blogs on woodsman, gardener, greenerblog.blogspot.com and is a poet, inventor, and devotee of the composting toilet. CONCLUSION The challenge of ZV gives us an opportunity of transforming community lifeeconomically and in other ways by engaging ordinary people in the fight against disease. green horizon magazine horizon green

2016

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It means removing their habitat – stagnant water – as far as is reasonably practical. far as is reasonably – as water habitat – stagnant removing their It means summer / Mosquito Habitat Source Reduction (SR) is the classical and proven defence against mosquitoes. mosquitoes. against and proven defence is the classical Reduction (SR) Habitat Source Mosquito Anyone in receipt of state benefits would be paid for their in receipt Anyone People would be expected to cleanse properties their own People Each neighbourhood would have one or more SourceEach neighbourhood or more would have one SRO may be replaced. may SRO work in addition to their benefits. Neighbourhoods would be to their benefits. in addition work incentivised by rewards inspected periodically outside, from the and in the event of failure, for success, and compliments voluntarily, but work carried out in common areas should carriedwork but areas out in common voluntarily, be paid for. Reduction Officer (SRO) appointed. appointed. Officer (SRO) Reduction able to pass on their knowledge to their neighbours. to their neighbours. their knowledge able to pass on They would be trained to know why SR is so important, and important, SR is so why They would be trained to know This would be a paid post. This would be a paid post. the neighbourhood. The officers would be chosen from Lack of money must not be offered as an excuse for inaction. for inaction. Lack as an excuse not be offered must of money that every will the Government make sure to SR, In addition Politicians and economists must see the SR programme as the see the SR programme must and economists Politicians The programme of sewer modernisation would provide a of sewerThe programme would provide modernisation Favellas and other poor communities would need additional would need additional and other poor communities Favellas • • • • • • A successful source reduction programme would look would look programme reduction A successful source The task is simple. Accomplishing the task, and making the task, Accomplishing The task is simple. Mosquito Habitat Source (SR) is the classical Reduction and Whethermosquito control to used are methods GM not or spring screens and any other relevant materials and knowledge. materials other relevant and any and knowledge. screens citizen has access to pesticide impregnated mosquito nets, citizen mosquito nets, has access to pesticide impregnated a recession. that it is. excellent investment help in setting up their programme. help in setting up their programme. which is particularly stimulus, significant in economic welcome something like this: something a permanent habit of it is extremely challenging, but not a permanent habit of it is extremely challenging, impossible. means emptying any potential of water—litter, tyres, containers containers tyres, means emptying potential of water—litter, any and especially trees open sewers. hollow puddles, gutters, proven defence against mosquitoes. It means removing their It means removing defenceagainst mosquitoes. proven This practical. habitat—stagnant water—as far as is reasonably populations, there is still a need for more conventional defences. conventional is still a need for more there populations, 2016

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summer /

spring will have more discussion about the discussion will have more JOHN RENSENBRINK the In the picture on the left, John Rensenbrink is handling boyhood bat of Stan Musial of the St. Louis Cardinals, his and DiMaggio Joe of bats the to it comparing was He hero. Williams who also hail from that time. John was being Ted Slugger in treated to a visit to the vault of the Louisville

Overall in matters of income and matters of income in Overall has its inequality social position, fact That unequal power. roots in home. must be driven As is no doubt evident from the tone and approach of this and approach the tone As is no doubt evident from Green Horizon Magazine It’s doubtful if the thunderous demand of Bernie’s, Jill’s and Jill’s of Bernie’s, demand if the thunderous doubtful It’s prudence dictate a need to keep an eye other may on Yet, Louisville which houses thousands of bats; the famous “Slugger” continues continues “Slugger” famous the bats; of thousands houses which Louisville John is a co-founder of to make them for major league baseball players. of this with Steve Welzer the Maine and U.S. Green Parties, and is co-editor magazine. to be clear that such moves are not from fear but from prudent fearto be clear but from not from are that such moves the planet. and the nation, the party, of concern for the future urge Jill I again article, and Gary all the way. to go out in October. race next Issue, in the 2016 Presidential Gary’s shake-up in politics and election voters for a profound rules if Jill and acted on will be heard and Gary race. quit the of voters want change—thisMillions and millions pressure so Much more palpable than ever. It is more and now. is here is no longer “Spoilerism” than in the first decade of this century. what the relevant when millions of voters have abandoned party establishments think is being spoiled. “spoiled” it needs If so, possibilities than staying in the race to the end. green horizon magazine horizon green their exciting campaigns right through election day. before the November election. I urge them to plan, persevere, and propel persevere, I urge them to plan, before the November election. and all the voters who want to vote for Jill or Gary will face a lot of pressure . . . . . to vote for Jill or Gary will face a lot of pressure . and all the voters who want Jill of the Green Party and Gary of the Libertarian Party, their respective campaign staffs, their respective campaign staffs, and Gary of the Libertarian Party, Jill of the Green Party as to whether to defer to their respective Democratic and Republican opponents in the final days as to whether to defer to their respective Democratic Also consider the absurdity of the question: the problem is the problem the absurdityAlso consider of the question: In one very important sense: there’s no problem. If votes for no problem. veryIn one there’s important sense: Jill and Gary, their campaign staffs, and all citizens the their campaign staffs, who Jill and Gary, The Green message articulatedThe Green by Jill Stein—filling and out Allspellcited just examples four the together fulfillment a Finally, in these examples of where Bernie’s proclaimed Bernie’s where of examples these in Finally,

32 for decades to be until they and will solve continue it. not for the Greens and the Libertarians to solve: it’s squarely and the Libertarians the it’s not for the Greens to solve: It has been responsibility of the Democrats and the Republicans. Jill cut into Bernie’s or Hillary’s vote; so will for Gary votes or Hillary’s vote; Jill cut cut into Bernie’s into the Republican vote. final days before the November election. I urge them to plan, them to plan, I urge election. November the final days before campaigns exciting their right and propel through persevere, day. election want to vote for them will face a lot of pressure, replete with replete want to vote for them will of pressure, face a lot often as to whether to defer bitter arguments back and forth, Democrat and Republicanto their respective in the opponents win the White House. And it will be doubly urgent, relevant and relevant White it will be doubly And win the urgent, House. if a Republicanacknowledged wins. fulfilling Bernie’s political revolution—will ascend in urgency, revolution—will political in urgency, ascend fulfilling Bernie’s whether Bernierelevance and wide acknowledgement or Hillary of the political revolution spoken of so strongly by Bernie. The stronglyBernie. so by of politicalthe of spoken revolution exceptionally well are and situated to help and poised Greens Libertarians The less so. lead that fulfillment. from Bernie’s message—and also unfortunately message—and largely missed Bernie’s from campaign. by Jill Stein’s is the great need for politicians and parties need for politicians and is the great to discover the nation— throughout on going the quiet revolution promote This is absent the quiet and escalating localization revolution. compelling on the imperativecompelling on peace. need for an agenda of there political can revolution be deepened and strengthened, sagging economy and an ever rising and suffocating tax burden. and an eversagging economy rising and suffocating tax burden. security international as well agenda of peace builds real An Jill Steinthe people. and eloquent and has been for the nation What a Year, continued from page 17 page from continued Year, What a and intelligent pursuit of an A sincere of peace. for an agenda bringspeace of agenda crucially relieveto dollarsneeded a home

...... 33 Virginia B. Sidney SmithB.

The monied interests will always have their way. We are are We will always interests The monied have their way. green regarding emails through I will to plow continue The struggle for a human future continues. I willI be part of struggleThe continues. future a human for is details. The rest There is only political one There party not to be that seems to me is childish There full fail. of are We All the criticisms true. are solutions. And progressives are a helpless minority are progressives in the And solutions. Democratic Party. to keep our lonely for answers until our condemned search so unavoidable become problems and resource environmental possible. that denial is no longer listserve, or whatever other issue vs. bulletin board chiclets, that stray bit of for happens to be taking up bandwidth looking bickering. There is self-aggrandizementThere and dissembling and bickering. inclinedI were If to tick off the particularsloth. of failings particular I would of course have people to begin with myself— So what is have no time left else. anyone to fault and then I’d the point. In that struggle, it. from in me to stand aside it because it isn’t which on to plant my feet ground this seems to me the correct and link arms. TO THE EDITOR, is the last best and abroad, here I believe Party, that the Green desperate we are. just how tellsThat you hope for the world. but and petty, the party amateurish, can be dysfunctional, Yes, incapable of accepting are better? Progressives is there where the KochThe enemy is theythat be part might the problem. of pipeline in the west. or some or the oil companies, brothers incapable of viewing They—theour problems progressives—are incapable of finding systemic and therefore systemicin any way, insane. Onlyparty one insane. recognizes that only that radical solutions Only party one actual solutions. that speaks plain sense about are Only and social promise. justice, the economy, the ecosystem, partyone of that demands an end to war as the precondition so That party Party, is the Green meaningfulany human future. I joined. the one that’s Washington Jody Grage green horizon magazine horizon green

peek at the spirit and resolve that continues to fire the Green Party. Eds Party. the Green that continues to fire peek at the spirit and resolve

2016

Letters to the Editor the to Letters •

Gather strength from the present. from Gather strength The following four Letters are among others that were penned by members of the National Committee of the United of the United penned by membersothers among Committee of that were the National are four Letters The following States Green Party at the time earlier this year when the financial situation and prospects for the Green Party seemed at the time earlier for the when the financial situation prospects and this year Green Green Party States particularly bleak. A lot of soul-searching and pointed questions about the party’s future took place. These letters provide a provide These letters place. took future party’s questions about the A lot of and pointed soul-searching particularly bleak. summer / The tool of self-government is the ballot box. That is the ballot is the box. The tool of self-government It’s kind of like getting old. The options aren’t good. And And good. aren’t The options kind of like getting old. It’s Keep with it for the future. Find can what you do that makes Keep with it for the future. Keep in mind that there have alwaysKeep in mind that there been uphill battles that spring a club, or a special-interest group. or a special-interest a club, I joined a political with to work and party; to do those things, That is others of like mind who also want to do those things. an association, I joined a politicalwhy party and not an institute, bottom line. The means of influencing the ballot is political line. bottom organizing, demonstrating, including petitioning, activism, That is why and challenging seats for public office. educating, Green Party of the United States] is indeed warranted. It is also of the United States] Party Green is indeed warranted. quite irrelevant. TO THE EDITOR, of the and the future future me pessimism [about the world’s For birthday! Eds.) (pertinacity and a pillarof strength and for the within Jody, recently celebrated her 80th and the planet, Party U.S Green streets, online, and everywhere else! (I’d write but I need to more and everywhere else! (I’d online, streets, get back to work...) together See in the you perseveranceValue. should be the 11th Key and energy doing what that others are - and do it - remembering doing. are to do what you you doing - and counting on aren’t you work and - communities and individuals - others with Connect on the past. on money, time, passions, particularthe best use of your interests, knowledge. Good company now and historically. now Good company knowledge. Lean in one. We’re have been waged without enough resources. I stick with it. And I feel more determined as time goes on as on determined as time goes I feel more And I stick with it. What Necessity. keeps me going? to get worse. things continue of developingThe satisfaction new skills and Obstinacy. TO THE EDITOR: Occasionally I get tired since the mid 80’s. I’ve been a Green And what the heck else would I do?” “Well, and then I think, 2016

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Stand Up! New Jersey Green Horizon summer /

spring Suzanne Yacowitz-Dragan is ridiculous, offensive and is ridiculous, has just been published by the (The Work of Culture: Transforming the Transforming of Culture: (TheWork “The struggle of humanity against power as an editor, researcher, and administrator and wrote and administrator and researcher, editor, an as several books and many articles on midwestern history. They included a textbook of Minnesota history for middle RHODA GILMAN RHODA GILMAN began a 34-year career at the Minnesota Historical Society in 1958. During those years she worked

Board. I’ve had enough of Left-wing, Green and self-hating Jews’ and self-hating Jews’ I’ve had enough of Left-wing, Green turning a blind eye i.e. correctness”, “political mentality of for and blaming Israel to seeing BOTH sides of the conflict everything. I doubt you’ll bother to publish this letter. based, vegan diet in order to curb globing warming. Eating to curb vegan diet in order warming. globing based, vegan is the single most effective can thing an individual eggs and other meat, “Humane” it down. do to help slow do not exist. animal products Semitic tirade under the guise of anthropologically-based opinion and “fact” “Special US--Israel Relationship”) I am a Jew and a Zionisthighly with Palestinian inaccurate. the Sinai and have recently I have lived in Israel, friends. vehementlyI resent Jordan. and Bank West the in been Israel. towards hatred of fires the flaming magazine your Never is there any mention of embracing a totally mention any Never is there plant- anti- pedantic McCabe’s Ms. 2015: Issue #32 Fall/Winter

1. 1. 2. school students published in 1989. She joined the Twin Cities Greens in school students published in 1989. She joined the Twin 1986, helped to organize the in 1994, and was its candidate for lieutenant governor in 2002. Her newest book, Protest Tradition The Story of Minnesota’s Minnesota Historical Society Press. Rhoda is a member of Magazine’s A Vegan Challenge and A Vegan Down Thumbs A Strong DEAR EDITORS, I no longer allPlease mailings immediately. from me remove magazine for two reasons: your wish to receive crumble, and to remind us that mass imprisonment rests on the on us that mass imprisonment rests and to remind crumble, Some of us will recall or slavery. as Jimsame foundations Crow the well-worn saying: is the struggle of memory against forgetting.” Maryland Linda Cree Tim Willard green horizon magazine horizon green Upper Michigan After 40 years we find ourselvesmultiple still imprisoned by Conversely, if we keep that vision and find ways to get it out vision if we keep that Conversely, The greatest danger to the Green Party is losing the courage is losing the Party danger to the Green The greatest I still have hope.

34 the structure, to tell wall us that if one is cracked others will the structure, They faces but in most cases have different onlyor two one So we still inside that driveswill light the fire us to action. need writers Satin like Mark to point out the complexity of in human history—and also of others. . sexism, nationalism, suchissues racism, as combined give a useful bibliography of books, organizations, organizations, of books, give a useful bibliography combined and widely (roughly) all produced quoted political principles, time of one a mirror It provides within the period 1956-2006. includes five numbered parts composed of nineteen chapters, includes parts five of nineteen numbered chapters, composed a few are There and subsections. in turn divided into sections is five when that appendices addition best the but footnotes, cultures have also changed, he insists that the message announced have also changed, cultures That in the early the same. 1970s by himself and others is much which for the reason rather pedantic format, be sufficient may New Age Politics, continued from page 20 page continued from Politics, New Age by many centuries’ accumulation of maladaptive cultural accumulation centuries’ by many In short politics-as-usual is all - while about power, practices. politics is all about ideas. Green there, we’llthere, that needs doing in our time no be doing the work all It’s win. political many or don’t offices we win matter how leadership in a world mortallyabout taking real that’s wounded more political clout. In trying politicalmore clout. of to conform to the expectations we’ll political system, our current havereally lost what mattered. of a peaceful, just, and sustainable bioregional society and sustainable bioregional of equals just, of a peaceful, with the naturaloperating world in enlightened harmony and the party matter whether gains then it won’t all our relations, to be out front on those issues that confound those stuck confound those issues that in on to be out front transformativethe lose we If vision paradigm. dominant the During an election year, especially a presidential election year, especially year, election a presidential During year, an election struggle Party the difficulties of with members of the Green . being the political Movement arm of the Green TO THE EDITOR: wisdom about how we might yet save our species from the sixth the sixth yet might we save from our species how about wisdom extinction. great

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on Ellen Wells, Pennsylvania Ellen Wells, Maryland Brielle Welzer, Jersey New SteveWelzer, Whiteman, SouthDavid Carolina Maine Whittlesey, David and Regine Maine Whitney, William T. Julia Willebrand, New York Wist, California Natasha Texas Woodruff, Paul Maine Zack, and Margaret Peter Pennsylvania Zettle, and Marcia Steve M. Judith Simmons, MarylandJudith Simmons, Maine Sirois, Joseph Pensylvania Skinner, Wendy and Mark William Maine Slavick, Maine Sam Smith, and Kathy Washington Thom Speidel, Vermont Speth, James G. Maine Herschel Sternlieb, Massachusetts Stevens, T. Daphne IllinoisDale Straugh, Iowa Taylor, Jeff and Shirley California Taylor, Lisa J. New and LeslieThompson Pearlman, David Mexico Maine Tilton, David and Marilyn and Brian Linson, Tredinnick Victoria A. New Jersey Oregon Trilibrium, Minnesota Kathleen Vadnais, Maine Pelt, Van C. John Alabama Rhoda Vanderhart, Oregon Vogel, Dorothy Maine Mike Wakefield, Ohio David Walker, Massachusetts Victor Wallis, Davis, and Andy Walsh Andrea New Hampshire Greta Rensenbrink and Kat Williams, RensenbrinkWilliams, Kat and Greta Virginia West Kathryn Maine Rensenbrink McMillan, Jon and Maine Liz Rensenbrink, Terrell, Robert Richie and Cynthia Richie Maryland Barbara Florida Rodgers-Hendricks, California Rosenmeir, Jeanne M. Kimberly Illinois Ruffin, D.C. Washington David Schwartzman, Michigan Evelyn Seberry, Maine RobertWest, Sellin & Natalie Oregon Brian Charles Setzler, FloridaCharles Sexton, Maine Lacher Scully, Tammy York New Elizabeth Shanklin, Z

green horizon magazine horizon green Joshua Roy Pritchett, Florida Pritchett, Joshua Roy York New Virginia Rasmussen, Minnesota Reisdorf, Richard Maine Carla Rensenbrink, and John Judith Mohling, Colorado Judith Mohling, Maine Morgan, Terry Oregon Dean Myerson, York New Nabewoniec, Jason Vermont Naylor, Magdalena R. Pennsylvania Ochs, Michael Maine Olsen, Jon Maine Esther Lacognata and Barclay Palmer, Maine Paul, Tyler Rosalie Maine Charles Payne, Vermont Andrew Perchlik, New Mexico Karen Peterson, New Jersey Preiksat, SuzanG. Eileen Landay, Rhode Island Eileen Landay, Henry Florida Lawrence, Oregon Loney, Paul Maryland Marra, Audrey Massachusetts Martin, Jonathan Washington Martin, Linda B. Maine Jim McCarthy, Maine Elaine McGillicuddy, Indiana McMillan, Brent Jersey New Margie McWilliams, Califonia Kent Mesplay, Iowa Raymond Meyer, Maine Al Miller, DC DarrylWashington Moch, Maynard Kaufman and Barbara Geisler, Michigan KaufmanMaynard and Barbara Geisler, Japan Kayano, Yoshika Connecticutt Charles Keil, Maine Brian Kent, Colorado Kinsey, Robert A. Missouri Ben Kjelshus, MarylandBarbard Knox, Virginia Krosschell, David and Peg Jim Krosschell and Cyndy Dockrell, Massachusetts Kathryn Virginia Krosschell, Kansas Krumm, Paul LaMarche Pat North Carolina Ellen LaConte, Doug Holden, WisconsinDoug Holden, Maine and Hadley Horch, Fred Maryland Horgan, R. Joseph Maine Howell, Clare Florida and SidAbhi Hudson, North Carolina Humphrey, Brenda Maine Gus and Joanne Jaccaci, York New Christopher Jones, GREEN HORIZON SUSTAINERS 2015-2016 HORIZON SUSTAINERS GREEN

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summer / spring Pennsylvania Georgia Hewitt, L. Brandon Laura Hauck, New Jersey Laura Hauck, Maine Hassfeld, A. Dorothy Charles and Elizabeth McGee Hassrich, Christopher Greuner, Massachusetts Christopher Greuner, California Tian Harper, Iowa Holly Hart, Maine Gil Harris, Art Goodtimes, Colorado Art Goodtimes, Washington Budd Dickinson and Jody Grage, New Jersey David Greenwood, Betsy Garrold, Maine Betsy Garrold, Rourke, Gerrittt and KathleenGreg E. Rhode Island Minnesota Rhoda Gilman, David and Melissa Frans, Maine David and Melissa Frans, Bruce and Mary Gagnon Maine Beth Sullivan, Maine Fine, Jean Galloway Richard Evanoff, Japan Evanoff, Richard California Face, Valerie Maine Olenka Folda, Pennsylvania Fox, and Francine Walter W. Budd Dickenson, Washington Budd Dickenson, W. Louisiana Elnagar, Romi Nevada Etxeberri, Paul Bob Dale and Jean Parker, Maine Bob Dale and Jean Parker, Maine Troy, Christine De Maine Jacqui Deveneau, Don Crawford, Illinois Crawford, Don Upper Michigan Linda Cree, Utah and DebraRichard Csenge, Maine Morgen D’Arc, Roy B. Christman, Pennsylvania Christman, B. Roy California , California Condon, L. Wallace J. Roy Cannon, New Jersey Cannon, Roy J. Maine Carter, and Dorothy Jonathan Maine Dana Cary, Maine Russ Christenson, Lisanne Gray Budwick, New Jersey Budwick, Lisanne Gray Pennsylvania Burrill, D. Richard Florida CadleCaron and Ralf Remshardt, Antonio Blasé, Maine Blasé, Antonio Illinois Broeksmit, S. Peter Kansas Charles and Diane Brown, David and Gillian Bath, FloridaDavid and Gillian Bath, Connecticut Justine McCabe, Battista and John Alabama Becker, Ted Kansas Dee Berry, Tony Affigne, Rhode Island Affigne, Tony Illinois Main, Todd and Amato Theresa Pennsylvania Baker, Stephen A. number 33 spring/summer • 2016

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