Connecting Africa: Role of Transport Infrastructure
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Future of Common and Sustainable Transportation in Libya
International Conference on Technical Sciences (ICST2019) 04 – 06 March 2019 Future of Common and Sustainable Transportation in Libya Aiman NOUH Electrical & Electronic Engineering Department Faculty of Engineering / Omar Al-Mukhtar University Al-Bayda, Libya [email protected] Abstract—The Transport sector in Libya heavily transport. Its sustainability is evident from its low levels depends on conventional vehicles, those that work with of atmospheric emissions compared to automotive, internal combustion engine. These vehicles burn the fuel maritime and air transport. It employs an electric traction and then inject a significant amount of pollutants into the with low energy consumption. It guarantees a air which negatively affect its quality. In an effort to comfortably and quickly moving large volumes of people promote public awareness, this paper firstly reviews and goods over short and long distances. Urban rail alternative fuel vehicles as a logic step towards sustainable, consumes of 0.12 kWh average per passenger-km, and efficient and environment friendly transportation. They realizes a factor of seven times more energy efficient than minimize fossil fuel dependency and reduce CO2 emissions a vehicle travel in cities [5]. We can say that the rail is that are responsible for the global warming. These already considered as the greenest form of mass transport. alternatives are the common transportation (railroads and bus networks) and the unconventional vehicles (battery High fuel economy and environmental friendly electric vehicle (BEV), fuel cell vehicle (FCV) and hybrid solutions, in the last decade, have seen a large growing electric vehicle (HEV)). Secondly, an implementation of leading to various configuration of vehicles. -
Railways of the MENA Region, Tools of National and Foreign Policy
DHEEI – Mediterranean Studies Railways of the MENA Region, tools of national and foreign policy Master’s Thesis submitted by GALLOY Théophile Academic year: 2018-2019 Thesis Supervisor: Dr. Silvia Colombo Acknowledgements I wish to express my appreciation to my family, my co-students and CIFE for their valuable support throughout this year. I am also very grateful for the advice given by my fantastic supervisor Dr. Silvia Colombo, who has kindly dedicated some time to read, correct and advise me on my work, whilst allowing me to remain creative in my approach and research. I would also like to extend my thanks to my previous manager, Mr. Stephane Downes, and my previous employer, Mr. Stephane Rambaud-Measson, for opening me the doors of the railway industry and for passing on to me their knowledge and passion for this fascinating sector. I would also like to thank Dr. Ayadi Soufiane, the surgeon who successfully removed my infected appendix in Tunis, which allowed me to continue my work unimpeded. 2 Acknowledgements_____________________________________________________2 Table of Contents_______________________________________________________3 Introduction___________________________________________________________4 Part I: Understanding the political benefits of railway infrastructures______________6 1) The economic and social benefits of rail_____________________________6 2) Rail as a nation building infrastructure, a tool of power________________12 3) Rail as a region building infrastructure, a tool of integration____________19 Part II: -
Libya, Energy, and the Mediterranean's New 'Great Game'
ARI 110/2020 23 September 2020 Libya, energy, and the Mediterranean’s new ‘Great Game’ Michaël Tanchum | Professor of International Relations of the Middle East and North Africa at the University of Navarra, Senior Fellow at the Austrian Institute for European and Security Policy (AIES) and Fellow at the Truman Research Institute for the Advancement of Peace, the Hebrew University, and at the Centre for Strategic Policy Implementation at Başkent University in Ankara (Başkent-SAM) | @michaeltanchum Theme Turkey’s growing military presence in Libya may prompt policymakers in Rome to shift away from Ankara and towards a deeper partnership with France in order to protect Italy’s extensive energy and economic interests in Libya itself and the rest of the southern and eastern Mediterranean basin. Such a Franco-Italian partnership, also taking in Egypt, would constitute a Mediterranean-wide realignment in the new ‘Great Game’ for the region’s energy and commercial connectivity. With Libya and its central Maghreb neighbours Algeria and Tunisia forming the main arena of this emerging geopolitical contest, Spain needs to recalibrate its regional policies to secure its economic and strategic interests in Libya and the wider Mediterranean region. Summary Turkey, Egypt, France, and Italy –the Mediterranean basin’s four largest countries– are engaged in a new ‘Great Game’ for the region’s energy resources and commercial transport routes. The geopolitical fault line between the four has featured a deepening partnership between France and Egypt to oppose Turkey while Italy, compartmentalising its eastern Mediterranean energy interests, has had a more distant alignment with Turkey based on a confluence of interests in Libya and the central Maghreb states of Algeria and Tunisia. -
1 Geography 243 Geography of Africa
Geography 243 Geography of Africa: Local Resources and Livelihoods in a Global Context 1 First Year Seminar Fall Semester, 2018 Class Time and Location : 1:20-2:50, Tuesdays & Thursdays, Rm 105, Carnegie Hall Instructor : Bill Moseley Office : Rm 104d, Carnegie Hall Office Hours : 1:30-2:30pm MW, 3-4pm on Thurs, or by appointment Phone : 651-696-6126. Email : [email protected] Writing Assistant: Rosie Chittick ([email protected] ). Office hrs: 6:30-8pm MW, Dupre, Geography Dept Office Lounge, Carnegie 104 Course Description and Objectives From the positive images in the film Black Panther , to the derogatory remarks of President Trump, the African continent often figures prominently in our collective imagination. This class goes beyond the superficial media interpretations of the world’s second largest region to complicate and ground our understanding of this fascinating continent. Africa South of the Sahara has long been depicted in the media as a place of crisis – a region of the world often known for civil strife, disease, corruption, hunger and environmental destruction. This perception is not entirely unfounded, after all, Ebola in west and central Africa, the kidnapping of school girls in northern Nigeria, or civil war and hunger in Somalia are known problems. Yet Africa is a place of extraordinarily diverse, vibrant, and dynamic cultures. Many Africans also expertly manage their natural resources, are brilliant agriculturalists and have traditions of democratic governance at the local level. As such, the African story is extremely diverse and varied. The thoughtful student must work hard to go beyond the superficial media interpretations of the vast African continent and appreciate its many realities without succumbing to a romanticized view. -
African Development Report 2015 Growth, Poverty and Inequality Nexus
African Development Report 2015 African Despite earlier periods of limited growth, African economies Sustaining recent growth successes while making future growth have grown substantially over the past decade. However, poverty more inclusive requires smart policies to diversify the sources African Development and inequality reduction has remained less responsive to growth of growth and to ensure broad-based participation across successes across the continent. How does growth affect poverty segments of society. Africa needs to adopt a new development and inequality? How can Africa overcome contemporary and trajectory that focuses on effective structural transformation. Report 2015 future sustainable development challenges? This 2015 edition Workers need to move from low productivity sectors to those of the African Development Report (ADR) offers analysis, where both productivity and earnings are higher. Key poverty- Growth, Poverty and Inequality Nexus: synthesis and recommendations that are relevant to these reducing sectors, such as agriculture and manufacturing, should Overcoming Barriers to Sustainable Development questions. The objective of this Report is to guide policy be targeted and accorded high priority for public and private Growth, Poverty Growth, Development and Inequality Sustainable to Nexus: Overcoming Barriers processes by contributing to the debate analysing what has investment. Adding value to many of Africa’s primary exports happened during recent years, what has worked well, what may earn the continent a competitive margin in international hasn’t worked well, and what needs to be done to address markets, while also meeting domestic market needs, especially further barriers to sustainable development in Africa? Africa’s with regard to food security. Apart from the need to prioritise recent economic growth has not been accompanied by a real certain sectors, other policy recommendations emanating from structural transformation. -
Resume of Chief Examiners' Report for the General
RESUME OF CHIEF EXAMINERS’ REPORT FOR THE GENERAL SUBJECTS SECTION 1. STANDARD OF PAPERS All the Chief Examiners reported that the standard of the papers compared favourably with that of previous years. 2. PERFORMANCE OF CANDIDATES The Chief Examiners expressed varied opinions about candidates’ performance. An improved performance was reported by the Chief Examiners of History, Economics, Geography 1B, Christian Religious Studies, Islamic Studies, Government and Social Studies. However the Chief Examiner for Geography 2 reported a slight decline in the performance of candidates. 3. A SUMMARY OF CANDIDATES’ STRENGTHS The Chief Examiners noted the following commendable features in the candidates’ scripts. (1) Orderly Presentation of material and good expression The subjects for which candidates were commended for orderly presentation of material and clarity of expression include Christian Religious Studies, Economics, History, Islamic Studies , Government and Social Studies . (2) Relevant examples and illustrations An appreciable number of candidates in Geography 1, Social Studies, History and Government were commended by the Chief Examiners for buttressing their points with relevant examples. (3) Compliance with the rubrics Candidates of History, Christian Religious Studies, Government , Geography 1 and 2 were reported to have adhered to the rubrics of the paper very strictly. (4) Legible Handwriting The Chief Examiners for Christian Religious Studies, Economics , History, Islamic Studies, Government and Social Studies commended candidates for good handwriting. 4. A SUMMARY OF CANDIDATES’WEAKNESSES The Chief examiners reported the following as weaknesses of most of the candidates: (1) Inability to draw diagrams properly The Chief Examiner for Geography 1B reported that the candidates failed to draw well-labelled diagrams and could not interpret graph and other statistical data. -
Infrastructure for Economic Development and Poverty Reduction in Africa
THE GLOBAL URBAN ECONOMIC DIALOGUE SERIES Despite the perceived role of efficient infrastructure as a critical element for economic growth,poverty reduction and the attainment of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), there is abundant evidence that Africa’s infrastructure is much below international standards in terms of quantity and quality. This paper is an appraisal of the role of infrastructure in economic development and poverty eradication in Africa. The relevance of infrastructure to growth and poverty alleviation in Africa is empirically robust. In addition to overt neglect of the sector by African governments since attaining independence, there has been a “policy mistake” founded on the dogma of the 1980s/90s that infrastructure would be financed by the private sector. This has not materialized and INFRASTRUCTURE FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND REDUCTION IN AFRICA POVERTY the results have been rather disappointing, especially in water and transport, two extremely important sectors. Poverty was not carefully addressed as part of the regulatory and other reform packages implemented during the 1990s. Not surprisingly, the infrastructure needs of the poor, the majority of who reside in rural and peri-urban areas have not been met. They continue to rely on unsafe, unreliable and often overpriced alternatives to compensate for the policy failures. Access, affordability and quality of service continue to be key INFRASTRUCTURE issues in all infrastructure sectors. There is now a significant base of experience during much of the last 25 years from which useful FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT lessons can be learned.The choice is no longer simply a dichotomy between public and private provision but mutual collaboration AND POVERTY REDUCTION and pragmatism between the two sectors. -
About the Geography of Africa
CK_4_TH_HG_P087_242.QXD 10/6/05 9:02 AM Page 146 IV. Early and Medieval African Kingdoms Teaching Idea Create an overhead of Instructional What Teachers Need to Know Master 21, The African Continent, and A. Geography of Africa use it to orient students to the physical Background features discussed in this section. Have them use the distance scale to Africa is the second-largest continent. Its shores are the Mediterranean compute distances, for example, the Sea on the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Red Sea and Indian Ocean length and width of the Sahara. to the east, and the Indian Ocean to the south. The area south of the Sahara is Students might be interested to learn often called sub-Saharan Africa and is the focus of Section C, “Medieval that the entire continental United Kingdoms of the Sudan,” (see pp. 149–152). States could fit inside the Sahara. Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea The Red Sea separates Africa from the Arabian Peninsula. Except for the small piece of land north of the Red Sea, Africa does not touch any other land- Name Date mass. Beginning in 1859, a French company dug the Suez Canal through this nar- The African Continent row strip of Egypt between the Mediterranean and the Red Seas. The new route, Study the map. Use it to answer the questions below. completed in 1869, cut 4,000 miles off the trip from western Europe to India. Atlantic and Indian Oceans The Atlantic Ocean borders the African continent on the west. The first explorations by Europeans trying to find a sea route to Asia were along the Atlantic coast of Africa. -
Cartography and the Conception, Conquest and Control of Eastern Africa, 1844-1914
Delineating Dominion: Cartography and the Conception, Conquest and Control of Eastern Africa, 1844-1914 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Robert H. Clemm Graduate Program in History The Ohio State University 2012 Dissertation Committee: John F. Guilmartin, Advisor Alan Beyerchen Ousman Kobo Copyright by Robert H Clemm 2012 Abstract This dissertation documents the ways in which cartography was used during the Scramble for Africa to conceptualize, conquer and administer newly-won European colonies. By comparing the actions of two colonial powers, Germany and Britain, this study exposes how cartography was a constant in the colonial process. Using a three-tiered model of “gazes” (Discoverer, Despot, and Developer) maps are analyzed to show both the different purposes they were used for as well as the common appropriative power of the map. In doing so this study traces how cartography facilitated the colonial process of empire building from the beginnings of exploration to the administration of the colonies of German and British East Africa. During the period of exploration maps served to make the territory of Africa, previously unknown, legible to European audiences. Under the gaze of the Despot the map was used to legitimize the conquest of territory and add a permanence to the European colonies. Lastly, maps aided the capitalist development of the colonies as they were harnessed to make the land, and people, “useful.” Of special highlight is the ways in which maps were used in a similar manner by both private and state entities, suggesting a common understanding of the power of the map. -
AFRICAN INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT: What Should Be Done to Win the Next Decade?
AFRICAN INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT: What should be done to win the next decade? Mahmoud Arbouch & Oumayma Bourhriba 1 INTRODUCTION Africa is experiencing economic growth deceleration that reached 2.9% on average between 2010 and 2018, against 5.4% between 2000 and 2010. The sectoral performance of African economies depends critically on the stock and quality of infrastructure, directly as an essential input (for example, energy and transport) and indirectly by increasing total factor productivity. African economic integration, and the hoped-for emergence, can never be fully achieved with poor infrastructure, both in terms of quantity, quality, and access. Africa’s changing demogra- phics will eventually strain the existing infrastructure, particularly the health and education infrastructure, and thus have a detrimental effect on the human capital that forms the backbone of economic growth and development. The current COVID-19 health and economic crisis comes as a reminder of the necessity of protecting and inves- ting in the individual first of all, as human labour and demand are cornerstones of economic growth. One key message is that a two-fold approach, aiming to address Africa’s infrastructure funding and efficiency gaps, is necessary to develop the continent’s total infrastructure to spur productivity and output, and allow signi- ficant economic and social development for the continent. CURRENT STATE, MAJOR FAILINGS AND CONSEQUENCES: AFRICA’S INFRASTRUCTURE PERFORMANCE LAGS BEHIND THAT OF THE REST OF THE WORLD: In Africa, underdeveloped infrastructure continues to be a binding constraint to economic growth. Unreliable and costly infrastructure is stalling growth by 2 percentage points each year (Foster and Briceno-Garmendia, 2010). -
Africa Unveiled
MERENGKY-CIOM'^TrrrKi u::iVEn£iTE:T AFRICA UNVEILED. Digitized by the internet Archive in 2014 https://archive.org/details/africaunveiledOOrevh : ; AFRICA UNVEILED. BY THE REV. HENRY ROWLEY, Formerly of the Unmersifies' Mission to Central Africa. "AFRICA SEMPER ALIQUID NOV! REFERT." WITH MAP AND ILLUSTRATIONS. PUBLISHID UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE COMMITTEE OF GENERAL LITERATURE AND EDUCATION, APPOINTED BY THE SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING CHRISTIAN KNOWLEDGE. LONDON SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING CHRISTIAN KNOWLEDGE SOLD AT THE DEPOSITORIES : FIELDS 77, GREAT QUEEN STREET, LINCOLN'S INN J PICCADILLY 4, ROYAL EXCHANGE J 48, J AND BY ALL BOOKSELLERS. New York : Pott, Young & Co. 1S76. silenced, but not satisfied. And my dissatisfaction was justified, for in course of time the interior of Africa, south of the Sahara, was found to be not LONDON: Printed by Jas. Tniscott & Son, Suffolk Lane, City. CONTENTS. —— PAGB Geographical Features of Africa i The"Different Races of Africa—^The Nilotic Family . 29 The Different Races of Africa—^The Nigritian Family . 55 Different Forms of Government in Africa ... 80 Religious Beliefs and Customs of the Africans . n i Domestic and Social Customs of the Africans . 144 African Slavery and Slave Trade 171 Christianity in Africa . 211 — AFRICA UNVEILED. — CHAPTER I. GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES OF AFRICA. Many years ago, when I was a small boy, I recollect pondering over a map of Africa, and being greatly perplexed thereby. My difficult)^ was this. South of Barbary, and west of the valley of the Nile, the map described a desert which extended right across the continent to the Atlantic Ocean, and southwards to the Mountains of the Moon, below which mysterious range of hills was a blank space, reaching to the region of the Cape, which, I was told, was also a barren region. -
The Political Economy of Africa's Natural Resources And
Theme On The Environment, Macroeconomics, Trade And Investment (TEMTI) Economic Perspectives on Global Sustainability TEMTI Series EP 02/2015 The Political Economy of Africa’s natural resources and the ‘Great Financial Crisis’ Bram Büscher Sociology of Development and Change, Wageningen University, the Netherlands; Department of Geography, Environmental Management and Energy Studies, University of Johannesburg and Department of Sociology and Social Anthropology, University of Stellenbosch in South Africa Recommended Citation Büscher, B. (2015), The political economy of Africa’s natural resources and the ‘Great Financial Crisis,’ TEMTI Series of Economic Perspectives on Global Sustainability, EP 02- 2014, TEMTI –CEESP / IUCN. Available at: http://www.iucn.org/about/union/commissions/ceesp/what_we_do/wg/temti.cfm Original publication: Büscher, B. (2012), The political economy of Africa’s natural resources and the ‘Great Financial Crisis,’ in Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie – 2012, Vol. 103, No. 2, pp. 136–149. Original article available at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467- 9663.2012.00708.x/ International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Commission on Environmental, Economic and Social Policies (CEESP) THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF AFRICA’S NATURAL RESOURCES AND THE ‘GREAT FINANCIAL CRISIS’tesg_708 136..149 Bram Büscher1 ABSTRACT Over the last decade, Africa’s natural resources have seen another rapid rise in political- economic importance. The continent’s abundant biodiversity underpins the fast-growing (eco)tourism industry, while its rich energy resources have seen renewed attention from global powers. Obviously, these boom-and-bust cycles of interest in African natural resources have signified the continent’s place in the capitalist world order for a long time.