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Bulgarian Passports, Macedonian Identity the Invention of EU Citizenship in the Republic of Macedonia

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Bulgarian Passports, Macedonian Identity the Invention of EU Citizenship in the Republic of Macedonia Bulgarian passports, Macedonian identity The invention of EU citizenship in the Republic of Macedonia Vasiliki P. Neofotistos such an action as undermining Macedonian national iden- Vasiliki P. Neofotistos is tity and territorial integrity, and facilitating Bulgarian an Assistant Professor of Anthropology at the State cultural and political dominance in Macedonia. Fears that University of New York applications for Bulgarian passports constitute a national at Buffalo. Her research security risk emerge against the historical background of focuses on identity politics in BULGARIAN CITIZENSHIP Bulgaria’s efforts to ‘Bulgarize’ Macedonia in the late 19th Eastern Europe. Her email is: [email protected]. complete legal processing service and early 20th centuries (Andonov-Poljanski 1985, Hoppe with naturalization number for ID card and passport 1986, Perry 1998, Tomasevich 2001) and the ongoing dis- (advertisement in Dnevnik newspaper, 29 July 2008) pute over the existence of Macedonian language (Friedman Fig. 1. Above: Newspaper 1999, Mahon 2004, Shea 1997), which the Bulgarian advertisement for Bulgarian state still views as a dialect of Bulgarian. The case of passport service. Advertisements for Bulgarian citizenship, such as the one Bulgarophile Macedonians who apply for Bulgarian pass- Fig. 2. Below: A Bulgarian above, appear regularly in the daily newspaper Dnevnik, ports also lies outside the scope of this article. passport. which has the largest circulation1 and is one of the most My concern here is with ethnic Macedonians, espe- widely read newspapers in the Republic of Macedonia. A cially youth, who claim not to be interested in whether it country that emerged as an independent nation-state after is ideologically appropriate or inappropriate to apply for Research for this article the collapse of Yugoslavia in 1991 and aspires to mem- Bulgarian passports, but rather point to the practical and was supported in part by an bership of the European Union (EU), Macedonia has a economic benefits that Bulgarian passports carry for their ACLS (American Council of Learned Societies) Early- population of about two million people. According to esti- holders – mainly freedom to travel without a visa within 2 Career Postdoctoral Fellowship mates given by the Bulgarian ambassador to Macedonia, the EU and access to a greater number of choices in their in East European Studies, 60,000 Macedonians were on the lives. and a Fellowship from IREX waiting list for Bulgarian citizenship at The case of Macedonians who (International Research & Exchanges Board) with funds the end of 2007, the year when Bulgaria instrumentalize Bulgarian claims on provided by the United States became a member of the EU, while their Macedonian identity and apply Department of State through over 10,000 Macedonians had already for Bulgarian passports to achieve the Title VIII Program and the IREX Scholar Support Fund. been granted Bulgarian passports their own ends broadens the scope I would also like to thank two prior to that date. Different estimates of scholarly work on ID documents, anonymous reviewers for useful put the number of Macedonians who which tends to link forms of personal suggestions. have applied for Bulgarian passports at identification with state surveillance 1. The circulation of Dnevnik ranges between 50,000 and around 100,000 (Pond 2006), or about and control. For example, a number 70,000 copies per day. Total 7.6 per cent of the Macedonian popula- of scholars (among others, Appadurai daily newspaper circulation tion,3 though some of my interlocutors 1996, Caplan and Torpey 2001, Cohn in the country is between 90,000 and 120,000 copies in the field have suggested that the per- and Dirks 1988, Scott 1998, Torpey (see http://star.dnevnik.com. centage might be even higher. 2000, Trouillot 2003) have examined mk/?section=infoen). On the basis of 20 interviews con- how by issuing ID papers, and written 2. Utrinski Vesnik, 18 ducted in the summer of 2008 with documentation more generally, the December 2007, www. utrinski.com.mk/?ItemID= ethnic Macedonian men and women state determines citizen-subjects 08E6758A4AF149429 aged 25-35 in the capital city of Skopje whose activities and whereabouts it A61D93CEC5742F5 and the southeastern town of Strumica, can then trace and observe closely. 3. According to the 2002 population census, ethnic I examine here some of the social effects that Bulgaria’s As I argue here, the case of Macedonia helps us to under- Macedonians make up EU membership has for Macedonia and the meanings that stand the ways in which social actors use forms of personal 1,297,981, or 64.18% of the identification (ID) documents have for ethnic Macedonians documentation to challenge the state’s production of deter- country’s total population of who declare that they are Bulgarian. mined identities and its grip on citizens’ daily lives, and 2,022,547. Albanians make up 25.17% (509,083) Turks 3.85% I chose to do research in the capital because Skopje is at the same time invent new identities for themselves as (77,959), Roma 2.66% (53,879), the location of the Bulgarian embassy in Macedonia. The citizens of the EU. Serbs 1.78% (35,939), Bosniaks reason for choosing Strumica is that the Strumica valley 0.84% (17,018), Vlachs 0.48% (9695), and 1.04% (20,993) of was the only part of today’s Republic of Macedonia ceded ID documents and the failed state the population are classified to Bulgaria under the Treaty of Bucharest and was thus Only ethnic Macedonians (and not Albanians, Serbs under ‘other’ groups (see State part of Bulgaria between 1913 and 1919.4 My interlocu- or members of other ethno-national communities in Statistical Office, Republic of tors were recruited by word of mouth; I also approached Macedonia) are eligible to apply for Bulgarian citizen- Macedonia: http://www.stat. 5 gov.mk/pdf/kniga_13.pdf) passport applicants waiting in the long queues outside the ship. Additionally, the Bulgarian government claims as 4. On the Bulgarian Bulgarian embassy in Skopje. Those who agreed to speak Bulgarians many thousands of Macedonians who live in occupation of Macedonia, see with me generally thought fit to let me know they were ‘not Albania, and also the Gorans6 of Kosovo and Albania. Miller 1975. 7 5. Some Bulgarian ashamed’ (ne se sramam) to have applied for Bulgarian According to the Bulgarian Ministry of Justice, appli- anthropologists use their passports. Such statements are a telling indication of the cation requirements for those who inhabit Macedonia disciplinary qualifications to affects that documents can generate among their users (see include submission of the following documentation to the pursue the Bulgarian state’s Navaro-Yashin 2007), the harsh reactions that the practice Bulgarian embassy in Skopje or the Bulgarian consulate in agenda of claiming ethnic Macedonians as Bulgarians, of applying for Bulgarian ID documents can provoke, and the town of Bitola: a health certificate, a certificate proving while others criticize the the sharp divisions over whether or not Macedonian citi- that the applicant has no criminal record, and a document, practice. See, for example, zens should also hold Bulgarian citizenship. such as a birth certificate or passport, attesting that s/he has Čavdar Marinov in the journal Kultura: http://www.kultura. It is thus important to note that I am not interested here at least one parent of Bulgarian origin. Alternatively, the 8 bg/print.php?id=15149. I am in the case of ethnic Macedonians who oppose applying State Agency for Bulgarians Abroad can issue a certifi- grateful to an anonymous for Bulgarian passports on principle because they view cate of Bulgarian nationality on request; the presumption ANTHROPOLOGY TODAY VOL 25 NO 4, AUGUST 2009 19 Fig. 3. Map of the Republic of Macedonia and its neighbours. reviewer for this point. I am also grateful to Maria Koinova for sharing with me her own insights into the debate in the pages of the journal Kultura. 6.The Gorans are Slavic Muslims who speak a mixture of Macedonian, Serbian, Croatian and Arabic, and live in some of the mountainous regions of Kosovo and Albania over the Šar Planina mountain range in western Macedonia (see Poulton 1995). 7. www.justice.government. bg/new/Pages/Structure/ Default.aspx?evntid= VfQoGGFqeGc%3d 8. See also www.iwpr. net/?p=bcr&s=f&o= 242497&apc_state=henibcr2005 9. For a discussion of the cliché ‘politics is a whore’ in Macedonia, see Neofotistos 2009; for comparisons with Bosnia, see Helms 2007, Grandits 2007. 10. Biljana makes reference to Ljupčo Georgievski, former leader of the political party VMRO-DPMNE and Macedonian Prime Minister ONLINE ONE WORLD - NATIONS WWW.NATIONSONLINE.ORG between 1998 and 2002 (note that Georgievski uses a hachek over the ‘c’ to spell his first name, here is that ‘ethnic Macedonian’ really means ‘ethnic standard of living between the haves and have-nots play which is the Bulgarian, not the Bulgarian’. Applicants are also required to sign a state- a significant role in producing a widespread discourse on Macedonian, spelling). ment certifying that they are Bulgarian. corruption. In the words of Gordana, a single 26-year-old 11. On anthropology as ‘the study of common sense’, see In practice, however, the procedure is a lot more lax, woman who worked as a babysitter in Skopje: Herzfeld 2001. and hence encourages a large number of applications. You see how it is in Macedonia, you either have money or 12. Efforts to promote the According to my interlocutors who had no documentation you don’t, there is no middle [ground]. Have you seen the image of Macedonia as a modern huge houses in [the suburb of] Bardovci? These are houses of and quintessentially European to prove the Bulgarian origin of one of their parents (or any state that should be treated as an other close relatives), some of the Macedonian notaries Macedonians.
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