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OCCURRENCE of MESOPOSTNOTAL SETAE and SCALES in the FAMILY Culicidael

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OCCURRENCE of MESOPOSTNOTAL SETAE and SCALES in the FAMILY Culicidael SEPTEMBER1990 131 OCCURRENCE OF MESOPOSTNOTAL SETAE AND SCALES IN THE FAMILY CULICIDAEl BRUCE A. HARRISON~ AND WILLIAM E. BKKLEY~ ABSTRACT. A surveyof specimensand the literature wasconducted to determine the presence,distribution and possiblephylogenetic significance of mesopostnotalsetae and/or scaleson adultsthroughout the family Culicidae. The distributionin the family is tabulated with detailednotes for the speciesin eachtaxon having the character,and 4 species with the characterare illustrated. The presenceand frequencyof the characterin varioustaxa of the tribes Aedini, Culicini and Sabethini are discussedhighlighting differences in given taxa between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres. Phylogeneticconsiderations regarding the correlation of the character with the subtropics/tropics, phytotelmicimmature habitats,and the origin of the current distributionof the characterare discussed. INTRODUCTION He alsorecognized 10 generawhose species had or usually had setaeon the Mpn. To many mosquito taxonomistsand identifiers in the The mosquitotaxon usuallyassociated with the pres- Holarctic Region the mesopostnotumof mosquitoesis ence of Mpn setae is the tribe Sabethini, but not all usuallybare and not usedin taxonomicdecisions. On the sabethinespecies possess them. Some New World work- other hand,workers in the subtropicsand tropicsmust be ershave cometo rely on Mpn setaeor scalesas a constant alert for the presenceor absenceof scalesand/or setaeon characterin sabethines,e.g., Galindo et al. (1951) made thisstructure, as they canbe highlysignificant for separat- the followingstatement in the descriptionsof 2 new Wyeo- ing variousmosquito taxa. This structurehas been called myia species:“Postnotum bare exceptfor the usualtuft of the metathorax,metanotum or the postnotumby numer- hairspresent in all sabethines.”Belkin (1962) statedthat ous authorsover the years. Harbach and Knight (1980) the Mpn in sabethinesis often keeled and with setae or designatedthis structure “mesopostnotum”(Mpn), fol- scales,but frequentlymay be bare and smooth. Similarly, lowing Patton and Evans (1929). We are usingthe term speciesin the subfamilyCulicinae, particularly the tribes “mesopostnotum” instead of “postnotum” as used by Aedini and Culicini are generallyconsidered to lack Mpn Owen (1977) and McAlpine (1981) to conform with the setae,l?owever, there are exceptionsas noted below. terminologyused for the postnotumof the metathoraxof Actually, an appreciablenumber of speciesare known culicids,i.e., metapostnotum(Owen 1977, Harbach and to deviatefrom what mightbe considereda norm, i.e., that Knight 1980). Theobald (19Ola) found that the presence setae or scales on the Mpn is a sabethine character. of setaeon the mesopostnotum(as metanotum) was valu- Furthermore,the referencesnoting many of thesedeviates able in separating genera, and Theobald (19Olb: 95) are obscureor not generally known. Consequently,we mentioned that setae (as chetae) on this structurewere decided to undertake a survey of the specieswith and very importantfor characterizingthe genusWyeomyia and without Mpn setae and/or scalesto: (1) assembleand that setae and scaleswere important for recognizingthe reviewthe literature on this character;(2) determinehow genus Trichoprosopon. In the same paper, Theobald widespreadthis characteris in the family Culicidae;and classifiedthe genera Sabethes and Eretmapodites in the (3) seeif the charactermay be usefulin understandingthe sectionhaving the mesopostnotum(as metanotum)“ nude”. phylogenyof the Culicidae. This may have been an oversighton his part, or the Mpn structureswere rubbed off of the specimenshe studied. MATERIALS AND METHODS Edwards (1932) also recognizedthe value of Mpn setae, andin keysor descriptionshe referred to 15 generawhose Much of thissurvey involved a searchthrough published specieslacked Mpn setae, or nearly alwayslacked them. speciesdescriptions, particularly in those genera where the Mpn characteris variable. Although we have not exam- ined every speciesin taxa such as Wyeomyia, Aedes or 1Theviewsof the authorsdonotpurport to reflect thepositionof the Culex(Melanoconion), we tried to confirmthe presenceof Departmentof the Army or the Departmentof Defense (para 4-3), AR Mpn setaeand/or scaleson all of the speciesin the smaller 360-S. taxawhere the characterhas been listedas present. In this ‘Department of Entomology,Walter Reed Army Institute of Re- search,Washington, DC, 20307-5100.Address for reprints: Walter regard,we were fortunate to haveexamined many species Reed BiosystematicsUnit, MuseumSupport Center, Smithsonian Insti- of different taxa over the lastfew years,and to haveaccess tution, Washington,DC, 20560. to the mosquitocollection located at the NationalMuseum 3651640th Avenue, University Park, MD, 20782. 132 MOSQUITO SY$XJNATICS VOL. 22, No. 2 of Natural History, Museum Support Center, Smithsonian Mpn setae. Reinert (1974: 95) reported that the male Institution, Washington, DC. The classification and the holotype ofAe. (VerraZZina)viriZis (Leicester) has one long names of the taxa follow Knight and Stone (1977), Knight and one short setae on the Mpn. In addition we found one (1978), Ward (1984) and Gaffigan and Ward (1985). The male and one female of 13 specimens of viriZisfrom Sabah, numbers listed in the various tribes, genera and subgenera Malaysia, with a single short seta on the Mpn. The second are close estimates (usually underestimates) and not to be species, Marks sp. No. 171 of Lee et al. (1987: 253), is an construed as final numbers. We believe there are hun- undescribed member of the subgenus VerraZZinafrom the dreds of culicid species still to be discovered, particularly Australasian Region. We were unable to find other spe- among the sabethines and other groups utilizing natural cies ofAedes with this character. plant receptacles. In Table 1 the numbers appearing in (2) The genus Armigeres has only one species that has parentheses refer to numbered notes in the results section, Mpn setae and a small group of pale scales, i.e., fzavus and after each taxon one or more authorities are listed. In (Leicester), in the subgenusLeicestetia. Macdonald (1960) addition, one or both of us have examined specimens in all discussed this peculiarity and stated that the Mpn is bare of the genera and subgenera listed in this study, and for on all the other species in Leicestetia. We have examined most of the species mentioned. When we use the term 20 of the 46 species in the genus, including 13 of the 31 “bare” it means the absence of setae and scales. This strict species in the subgenusArmigeres, and found this charac- definition was not used by some earlier authors, e.g., Lane ter only onflavus. Thurman (1959) and Stone et al. (1959) (1953) used nude to mean the absence of setae, even when placed flavus in a separate subgenus, Leicesteriomyia, scales were present. using the Mpn character as a major portion of their justification. However, Macdonald (1960) synonymized RESULTS AND NOTES this subgenus under Leicestetia on the basis of his very detailed and comprehensive morphological and ecological Table 1 shows the distribution of the Mpn character in studies of this subgenus. Armigeresflavus has both setae the family Culicidae as determined by our survey. Of the and scales on the mesopostnotum. During this study we 3 subfamilies, Anophelinae, Culicinae and Toxorhynchiti- examined 12 specimens offlavus and noted a range of l-6 nae, only the culicine tribes, Aedini, Culicini and Sabethini setae (mode 3) and a range of O-3 scales (mode 0). include species with Mpn setae and/or scales. Tables 2-3 (3) Eretmapodites is a genus confined to the Afrotropi- provide the frequency of this character in the genera cal Region. According to Edwards (1941) this is the only included in these 3 tribes. To date, no reports have been taxon in Africa with species having Mpn setae. He noted found of Mpn setae and/or scales on members of the other the presence of a small tuft of bristles in chrysogaster 7 tribes of Culicinae, i.e., Aedeomyiini, Culisetini, Ficalbi- Graham, dracenae Edwards, forcipulatus Edwards, gra- ini, Hodgesiini, Mansoniini, Orthopodomyiini, and Ura- hami Edwards, inomatus Newstead, intermedius Edwards, notaeniini. Furthermore, we have not seen Mpn setae penicillatus Edwards, semisimplicipes Edwards, silvestris and/or scales on species in these tribes. Table 4 lists the Ingram and de Meillon, and subsimplicipes Edwards. On primary oviposition habitats of the taxa containing species the basis of Edwards’ statement we infer that the following with Mpn setae/scales. species also possessMpn setae: argynrus Edwards, Zeu- Nine genera are currently recognized in the tribe Aedini, copus Graham, melanopous Graham, oedipodeios Gra- and Mpn setae and/or scales have been found on only ham, and plioleucus Edwards. Additionally, Edwards certain species of the following 5 genera, Aedes (1941) noted that quinquevittatus Theobald, and tonsus (cosmopolitan), Armigeres (Oriental), Eretmapodites Edwards lack Mpn setae. (Afrotropical), Haemagogus (Neotropical) and Heizman- Our observations of a small number of specimens from nia (Oriental). All 3 genera in the tribe Culicini, i.e., Culex Cameroon, Sierra Leone, and Ivory Coast confirm the (cosmopolitan), Deinocerites (Neotropical and subtropi- presence of Mpn setae on chrysogaster,dracenae, grahami, cal) and Galindomyia (Neotropical), have representatives Zeucopus,oedipodeios, semisimplicipes, and silvestris. We with this character. Nine of the 12 genera in the Sabethini have seen
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