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ISSN 2308-7269 Medical-Biological 23087269 PEDAGOGICS Problems of Physical Training and Sports PSYCHOLOGY №03/2017

PSYCHOLOGY

2 308726 920175 0 3 2017 03

PEDAGOGICS medical-biological 2017 problems of physical PSYCHOLOGY training and sports © Iermakov S.S., 2017 03

Key title: Pedagogics, psychology, medical-biological Frequency – 6 numbers in a year. problems of physical training and sports Journal is ratified Ministry of Education Abbreviated key title: Pedagog. psychol. med.-biol. and Science of Ukraine: probl. phys. train. sports pedagogical sciences, online (07.10.2016 №1222); ISSN 2308-7269 (English ed. online) physical education and sport, online (13.03.2017 № 374 Founders: Iermakov Sergii Sidorovich (Ukraine); Address of editorial office: (doctor of pedagogical sciences, professor, Box 11135, Kharkov-68, 61068, Ukraine, Department of Physical Education, Kharkov National Pedagogical University). Tel. 38 099 430 69 22 Certificate to registration: KB 22063-11963P e-mail: [email protected] 16.05.2016. http://www.sportpedagogy.org.ua

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97 medical-biological PEDAGOGICS problems of physical PSYCHOLOGY training and sports

EDITORIAL BOARD

Editor-in-chief: Iermakov S.S., Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor: Kharkov National Pedagogical University (Kharkov, Ukraine); Kazimierz Wielki University (Bydgoszcz, Poland),

Scientific Editors: Sawczuk Marek, Doctor of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Health Promotion, University of Szczecin (Szczecin, Poland)., Chia Michael, PhD, Professor, Faculty of Phisical Education and Sports, National Institute of Education Nanyang Technological University (Singapore), Kalina Roman Maciej, Professor, Ph.D., D.Sc., University of Physical Education and Sports (Gdansk, Poland), Jagiello Wladyslaw, Doctor of Sciences in Physical Education and Sport, professor, Academy of Physical Education and Sport (Gdansk, Poland), Malinauskas Romualdas, Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor, Lithuanian Academy of Physical Education (Kaunas, Lithuania), Maciejewska-Karłowska Agnieszka, Doctor of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Health Promotion, University of Szczecin (Szczecin, Poland)., Prusik Krzysztof, Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor, Academy of Physical Education and Sport (Gdans’k, Poland), Tkachuk V.G., Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor, National Pedagogical Dragomanov University (Kiev, Ukraine), Yermakova T., Ph.D., Kharkov National Pedagogical University (Kharkov, Ukraine),

Editorial Board: Boraczyński Tomasz, Ph.D. Physical Education and Sport, Jozef Rusiecki Olsztyn University College (Olsztyn, Poland), Boychuk Y.D., Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor, Kharkov National Pedagogical University (Kharkov, Ukraine), Cieślicka Mirosława, Ph.D. Physical Education and Sport, Uniwersytet Kazimierza Wielkiego (Bydgoszcz, Poland)., Corona Felice, Doctor of Sciences (Ph. D), Associate Professor, University of Salerno (Salerno, Italy)., Fathloun Mourad, Ph.D. Physical Education and Sport, Research Unit Evaluation and Analysis of Factors Influencing Sport Performance (Kef, Tunisia), Giovanis Vasilios, Ph. D. (Physical Education and Sport), Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Athens, (Athens, Greece), Khudolii O.M., Doctor of Sciences in Physical Education and Sport, Professor, Kharkov National Pedagogical University (Kharkov, Ukraine), Ionova O.M., Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor, World Anthroposophical Society (Dornach, Switzerland), Kozina Z.L., Doctor of Sciences in Physical Education and Sport, Professor, Private University of Environmental Sciences (Radom, Poland), Kondakov V.L., Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor, Belgorod State National Research University (Belgorod, Russia), Korobeynikov G.V., Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor, National University of Physical Education and Sport of Ukraine (Kiev, Ukraine), Nosko N.A., Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor, National Pedagogical University (Chernigov, Ukraine), Potop V., Doctor of Sciences in Physical Education and Sport, Professor, Ecological University of Bucharest (Bucharest, Romania), Prusik Katarzyna, Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor, Academy of Physical Education and Sport (Gdans’k, Poland), Sobyanin F.I., Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor, Belgorod State National Research University (Belgorod, Russia), Yan Wan J., Doctor of Sciences, Professor, College of Physical Education and Sports Science of Hebei Normal University (Shijiazhuang, China), Abdelkrim Bensbaa, Ph.D. MSc. Physical Education and Sport, Military Center of Physical Education and Sport (Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates), Boychenko S.D., Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor, Byelorussian State Academy of Physical Culture (Minsk, Byelorussia), Dmitriev S.V., Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor, Nizhny Novgorod State Pedagogical University (Lower Novgorod, Russia), Gőrner Karol, Doctor of Sciences, Professor, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Matej Bel University (Banska Bystrica, Slovakia), Jorge Alberto Ramirez Torrealba, Ph. D. (Physical Education and Sport), Pedagogical University (Maracay, Venezuela), Leikin M.G., Doctor of Philosophy (Ph. D) in Technical Sciences, professor, centre «Gymnastics & Biomechanics» (Portland, USA),

98 2017 03 CONTENTS Baginska O.V. Correlation of factorial weights of separate motor coordination structure indicators, which characterize motor function level of different age groups’ schoolchildren ...... 100 Ivashchenko O.V. Special aspects of motor abilities development in 6-10 years’ age girls ...... 105 Kovalenko Y.O., Boloban V.N. Analysis of Olympic Games (Rio de Janeiro, 2016) participants’ individual competition compositions in calisthenics ...... 111 Podrigalo L.V., Iermakov S.S., Avdiievska O.G., Rovnaya O.A., Demochko H.L. Special aspects of Ukrainian schoolchildren’s eating behavior ...... 120 Pryshva O.B. Influence of mature men way of life on highly intensive physical activity ...... 126 Prystypa T., Stefaniak T., Rudenko R. Impact of athletic recovery parameters of hemodynamics in disabled powerlifters with cerebral palsy...... 131 Shuba V.V. Special aspects of Paralympic athletes’ sport activity in the process of self-education ...... 139 Vitomskiy V.V., Lazarіeva О.B., Imas E.V., Zhovnir V.A., Emets I.N. Dynamic of bio-geometric profile indicators of children’s with functionally one ventricle posture at stage of physical rehabilitation ...... 146 Information...... 152

99 medical-biological PEDAGOGICS problems of physical PSYCHOLOGY training and sports Correlation of factorial weights of separate motor coordination structure indicators, which characterize motor function level of different age groups’ schoolchildren Baginska O.V. Chernigov National Pedagogical University named T. G. Shevchenko

Abstract Purpose: to find out correlation of the most significant indicators’ factorial weights, which characterize motor coordination structure of different age groups’ schoolchildren. Material: in the research 901 schoolchildren of age from 6 to 15 years participated (466 boys and 435 girls). We used computer stabiloanalyzer with biological feedback. Results: we the received factorial loads of separate indicators of motor coordination structure. Correlation of the weights showed change of their significance in the process of effective motor behavior’s ensuring. We found body proportions changes’ substantial influence on formation of compensatory mechanisms in sustaining body vertical position as well as the most important indicators of motor coordination structure, which have noticeable specific weight for all age groups. Conclusions: the received data can be used for modeling the process of schoolchildren’s motor function’s development. Factorial weights and their correlations facilitate optimization of motor function’s development methodic in the process of physical culture and sports’ practicing. Keywords: coordination, stabilography, balance, movements, factors, schoolchild

Introduction1 with the help of bio-mechanical methods were proved The problem of physical education process’s perfection by different authors [2, 7, 13]. It is proved [19] that in compliance with modern educational demands has been application of computer stabiloanalyzer with biological becoming more and more relevant. As on to day we can feedback “Stabilan-01” permits to study and objectively observe steady tendency to humanization of education, to assess coordination abilities and coordination structure of its personality’s orientation. It updates the question about a movement. consideration of individual and individual typological In other works mean values of some motor aspects of motor control for children’s and adolescents’ coordination structure indicators were found [3, 5] as well effective motor behavior. Development of coordination as correlation between them and effectiveness of motor is of great significance in formation of motor function behavior [4, 24]. However, in different age groups these in the whole [11, 22]. It is known [6] that coordination dependences were different [4, 5]. In other works there is “control over excessive freedom of our motor organs was proved the purposefulness of motor coordination and their transformation into fully controlled systems”. structure’s modeling as the base of motor function’s Development of coordination abilities is realized in formation’s optimization [14, 15]. But in available heterochronic way [10, 20, 25]. Some parameters of literature we have not found models of motor functions’ motor coordination substantially influence on formation development with determination of their factorial weight of motor function in general [21, 26]. Consideration of for different age schoolchildren groups. Most of researches age specifics in formation of motor control mechanisms on this problem are devoted to sportsmen or students [7, in physical education and sport training processes will 15, 16]. There are some data, received in researching permit to optimize formation of human motor function primary school age children14]. Results of sportsmen’s in the whole [9, 10, 27]. It has been proved [17], studies reflect the aspects of motor behavior control. But that purposeful training methodic shall be based on they are conditioned by specific of kind of sports and are understanding of laws of motor function and movements’ not suitable for assessment of schoolchildren’s motor formation and development in ontogeny. It was found function. [16] that vertical position regulation mechanisms ensure Hypothesis: it was assumed that some bio-mechanical balance reliability in orthography stance and determine indicators of motor coordination structure are of different reliability of sportsmen’s control over free movements. In significance in effectiveness of motor behavior control in the researches [8] it is noted that knowledge of aspects different age groups. The study of factorial weights and of vertical position firmness formation in ontogeny is their correlations in 6-15 yrs. schoolchildren can facilitate a necessary condition for motor skills’ perfection and motor function’s optimization in physical culture and harmonious development of children and adolescents. The sport practicing processes. purposefulness of coordination abilities’ more profound The purpose of the work is to determine the most study is stressed on in other work [23]. High information significant motor coordination structure’s indicators, potential and objectiveness of motor function’s assessment which characterize 6-15 yrs schoolchildren’s motor © Baginska O.V., 2017 function level and find out factorial weights of each of doi:10.15561/18189172.2017.0301 them in every age group. 100 2017 03 Material and methods schoolchildren. We found correlations between Participants: in the research 901 schoolchildren of age effectiveness of motor control and stabilography from 6 to 15 years participated (primary school pupils: indicators: Q(x) – mean square deviation of pressure 176 girls and 146 boys; secondary school pupils: 200 girls center by x axis; Q(y) – mean square deviation of pressure and 270 boys and senior pupils: 59 girls and 50 boys). center by y axis; R – mean total range of body pressure Organization of the research: experiment was carried center’s oscillations; V – mean amplitude value of pupil’s out in bio-mechanical laboratory. We used computer BC movement; SV – velocity of static kinesiogram stabiloanalyzer with biological feedback “Stabilan-01” square’s change; QBF – quality of balance function; NSV and software StabMed 2.08. The test with visual feedback – normalized square of vector gram; STVV – percentage was fulfilled. Standing on stabilograph platform, of velocity vector’s sharp turns in respect to total quantity schoolchild shall fix marker in the center of target at big of vectors; MLV – mean linear velocity; AMV – mean scale of picture. Marker’s movements were regulated by angle velocity of direction changes of BC movement’s free movement of pupil’s body mass center (BMC). velocity vectors [4, 5]. But in different age groups these Statistical analysis: we fulfilled factorial analysis. The dependences were different [4]. It requires finding data were accumulated in Microsoft Excel exported to data factorial weights of motor coordination structure. base of SPSS. We received ten-dimensional space of the The first collective factor, which characterizes the tested group. The received data were taken for factorial ability to keep static balance, has the maximal weight. analysis according to criterion of adequacy of Kaiser – It total contribution to general dispersion was: in girls’ Meyer - Olkin (КМО = 0.82) and Bartlett’s criterion of group – from 31.61% to 49.81%; in boys’ group – from sphericity (p≤0.05). We also used varimax method of G. 35.94% to 48.76 % (depending on age group). Kaiser – one of methods of factors’ analytical processing, The first factor in all age groups includes such which permits to give a variable the highest weight indicators as; Q(x); Q(y); R; V; SV; QBF; NSV; MLV. within one factor. Varimax method is analysis of main Their significance in different girls’ age groups is shown components. in fig. 1; for boys – in fig. 2. The second factor included, mainly, the indicators, Results which characterize activity of keeping balance processes in In our previous research we found dependence all age groups. We found higher significance of this factor between ability for effective control over motor in boys and girls’ groups in periods of active increase of behavior and separate indicators, which characterize body total sizes and change of body proportions. Its total motor coordination structure of different age groups’ contribution in general dispersion was from 15.35% to

Fig.1. Correlations of significance of separate motor coordination structure’s indictors, which were included in the first collective factor of different age groups’ girls (a – 6 years; b –7 years; c – 8 years; d – 9 years; e – 10 years; f – 11 years; g – 12 years; h – 13 years; j – 14 years; k – 15 years). Indicators of motor coordination structure:

МО(y) – mean sagittal shift; (x)МО – mean frontal shift; OD – Assessment of movement; Q(x) – mean square deviation of pressure center by x axis; Q(y) – mean square deviation of pressure center by y axis; R – mean total range of body pressure center’s oscillations; V – mean amplitude value of pupil’s BC movement; SV – velocity of static kinesiogram square’s change; QBF – quality of balance function; NSV – normalized square of vector gram; MLV – mean linear velocity; Kriy – mean coefficient of curvature; KAss0(x) – asymmetry coefficient in respect to x-axis; KAss0(y) – asymmetry coefficient in respect to y-axis.

101 medical-biological PEDAGOGICS problems of physical PSYCHOLOGY training and sports

25.53% depending on age group. Discussion The third factor included indicators, which reflected The fulfilled study is a logical continuation of a number shift of histogram in definite direction; asymmetry of of other experimental researches on formation of school BC deviation and individual aspects of BC deviation’s age children’s motor function [3, 4, 5]. compensation. Its total contribution to general dispersion The experiment proved the data [8] about improvement was from 10.69% to 16.24%. of children’s before 7 age yrs. posture regulation and The received factorial weights permitted to mark out improvement of central mechanisms of 9-10 yrs. children’s the most significant indicators of motor coordination motor regulation. We proved the work [16] about worsening structure in every age group, as the base for modeling of of vertical position’s regulation, in case of problems with it motor function’s training. in 7 years children. In our research it reflected in reduction of first factor’s specific weight and increase of the second

Fig.2. Correlations of significance of separate motor coordination structure’s indictors, which were included in the first collective factor of different age groups’ boys (a – 6 years; b –7 years; c – 8 years; d – 9 years; e – 10 years; f – 11 years; g – 12 years; h – 13 years; j – 14 years; k – 15 years). Indicators of motor coordination structure: МО(y) – mean sagittal shift; МО(x) – mean frontal shift; OD – Assessment of movement; Q(x) – mean square deviation of pressure center by x axis; Q(y) – mean square deviation of pressure center by y axis; R – mean total range of body pressure center’s oscillations; V – mean amplitude value of pupil’s BC movement; SV – velocity of static kinesiogram square’s change; QBF – quality of balance function; NSV – normalized square of vector gram; MLV – mean linear velocity; Kriy – mean coefficient of curvature; KAss0(x) – asymmetry coefficient in respect to x-axis; KAss0(y) – asymmetry coefficient in respect to y-axis.

Fig. 3. Correlation of factorial weight of separate motor coordination structure’s indicators, which characterize different age groups’ schoolchildren’s motor function: (a – 6 years; b –7 years; c – 8 years; d – 9 years; e – 10 years; f – 11 years; g – 12 years; h – 13 years; j – 14 years; k – 15 years; 1-G – first factor, girls; 2-G – second factor, girls; 3-G – 3 factor girls; 1-B – first factor, boys; 2-B – second factor, boys; 3-B – third factor, boys).

102 2017 03 factor’s significance. It is a result of resilience’s worsening In contrast to other researches [12, 15] in the experiment and more effective task’s fulfillment in active sustaining of children with average level of motor activity were body vertical position. It coincides with research [16] and is involved. It permitted to use the obtained data for modeling connected with dynamic of sensor systems’ roles’ changing the development of schoolchildren’s motor function. Such in the process of 7-9 yrs. children’s mastering movements. models are suitable for application in comprehensive The received by us changes of schoolchildren’s factorial educational establishments for optimization of physical structure in the period of puberty coincide with other results culture teaching methodic. [12]. They are explained by morphological functional reconstructions of all systems of children’s organisms. It is Conclusions also confirmed by confident correlations between changes The received data about correlation of separate motor of motor coordination structure’s main indicators and coordination structure indicators’ factorial weight in changes of body total sizes. children of 6 – 15 yrs. age witness about change of their The received by us data prove the results of studies of significance in ensuring of motor behavior effectiveness, primary school pupils’ motor coordination structure [14], depending on age group. They can be used for modeling of as well as secondary and senior school age children дітей schoolchildren’s motor function’s development. They are [12, 15, 18]. However, determination of their significance components of organization of physical culture teaching in in effectiveness of motor behavior control, correlation of conditions of modern school. factorial weights, permitted to substantially supplement other researches. Conflict of interests The author declares that there is no conflict of interests.

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Information about the author: Baginska O.V.; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2856-8701; [email protected]; Chernigov National Pedagogical University named T. G. Shevchenko; Hetman Polubotka str., 53., Chernihiv, 14013, Ukraine.

Cite this article as: Baginska OV. Correlation of factorial weights of separate motor coordination structure indicators, which characterize motor function level of different age groups’ schoolchildren. Pedagogics, psychology, medical-biological problems of physical training and sports, 2017;21(3):100–104. doi:10.15561/18189172.2017.0301 The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.sportpedagogy.org.ua/index.php/PPS/issue/archive This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en). Received: 11.02.2017 Accepted: 25.02.2017; Published: 30.04.2017

104 2017 03 Special aspects of motor abilities development in 6-10 years’ age girls Ivashchenko O.V. H.S. Skovoroda Kharkiv National Pedagogical University

Abstract Purpose: To find structural model of motor fitness group dynamic in 6-10 years’ age girls. Material: in the research 6 years girls (n=36), 7 years’ age girls (n=48), 8 years girls (n=57), 9 years (n=38), and 10 years girls (n=46) participated. Results: analysis of motor fitness factorial model permitted to obtain information, required for taking decision in management of physical education and working out effective programs of girls’ physical training. We found opportunities for receiving metrical estimations of measurements’ reliability: stability, concordance and information value of control data for current diagnostic and prognostication of children’s physical potentials. In motor fitness factorial models of girls we marked out 6 the most important factors, complied with age: complex development of coordination; quickness, speed power and flexibility; flexibility; strength and motor coordination; coordination and quickness; quickness. Conclusions: in girls we observed multi-factorial structure of motor fitness. For every age we composed informative tests for motor fitness control. Keywords: girls, motor abilities, factorial analysis, health, control.

Introduction1 Material and methods The problem of motor activity and health strengthening Participants: in the research 6 years girls (n=36), is rather relevant in Ukraine and in Europe [9, 31]. Health 7 years’ age girls (n=48), 8 years girls (n=57), 9 years improvement and rising of children’s and teenagers’ (n=38), and 10 years girls (n=46) participated. workability depends on optimal motor activity, which is Organization of the research: for solution of our tasks ensured by physical education at school [5, 30]. we used the following methods of research: analysis of The main task of school age children’s physical scientific literature, pedagogic testing and methods of education is teaching to motor actions [4, 28, 33]. The mathematical statistic. Factorial analysis we used as the training process is regarded from the following positions: method of modeling. organization [7, 23, 30], motivation for motor functioning In testing program we included commonly known tests [10, 35], connection of training efficiency with motor [23]. For assessment the girls’ motor fitness we registered functioning [1, 2], cognitive and motor training [3, 6], the results of the following motor tests: static stance on one influence of motor fitness on training effectiveness [20, 22, foot (sec.); walking along segments of hexagon (steps); 27], influence of physical loads on training effectiveness combined movements of arms, torso and legs (errors); [16, 24]. walking along straight line after 5 rotations, deviations One of conditions of schoolchildren’s physical (cm); shuttle run 4×9 m (sec.); 30 m run (sec.); frequency education effectiveness is organization of pedagogic of arms’ movements (times); catching of falling Dietrich’s control at physical culture lessons [15, 21]. Effectiveness stick (cm); long jump from the spot (cm); 300 meters’ run of pedagogic control depends on the presence of object (sec.); arms’ bending and unbending in mixed hanging to be controlled and informative value of indicators, on rope (times); torso rising in sitting position during 1 which characterize the changes of his/her state [14, 17, minute (times); torso bending from sitting position (cm); 18]. It was found that modeling is an effective method index assessment of backbone mobility; index assessment of receiving new information for realization of current of shoulder joints’ mobility. and summarizing control on the base of children’s and Statistical analysis: for analyzing the structure of teenagers’ testing [13, 19, 26]. Factorial and discriminant motor abilities level we used factorial analysis – the analysis is one of methods of statistic modeling. method of principle factors. The determined factors were Effectiveness of their application is illustrated by processed by Varimax criterion. scientific data [12, 25, 34]. The mentioned works witness about demand in searching methodological approaches to Results solution motor fitness problem and motor fitness control The structural model of girls’ motor fitness dynamic in schoolchildren. we fulfilled factorial analysis by 15 indicators of testing. That is why it would be reasonable to analyze special The analysis permitted to determine five factors, aspects of 6-10 years girls’ motor fitness. On the base of explaining 82.824% of variation dispersion in 6 years’ motor abilities’ factorial structure analysis it is possible to girls. receive new information. The first factor (informative value 20.475%) correlates The purpose of the research is to find structural model to the largest extent with the following tests’ results: of motor fitness group dynamic in 6-10 years’ age girls. №13 “Torso bending from sitting position” (.893), №3 © Ivashchenko O.V., 2017 “Combined movements of arms, torso and legs” (.814), doi:10.15561/18189172.2017.0302 №1 “Static stance on one foot” (-.743), №14 “Index 105 medical-biological PEDAGOGICS problems of physical PSYCHOLOGY training and sports assessment of backbone mobility (bridge)” (.717). This “Catching of falling Dietrich’s stick (cm)” (.682). The factor characterizes flexibility and motor coordination. factor was named “quickness”. It characterizes motor The second factor (informative value 19.493%) has coordination and quickness. the highest correlation with the following tests’ results: № Fifth factor (informative value 9.696%) correlates with 10 “300 meters’ run” (.864), № 2 “Walking along hexagon results of tests: № 7 “Frequency of arms’ movements” segments” (.841), № 15 “Index assessment of shoulder (.767), № 2 “Walking along hexagon segments” (.653). joints’ mobility” (-.811). This factor characterizes Sixth factor (informative value 8.699%) correlates endurance and motor coordination. with tests: № 15 “Index assessment of shoulder joints’ The third factor, with informative value of 17.222% mobility” (.860). The factor characterizes flexibility. correlates to the highest extent with the tests: № 7 Thus, in factorial model of 7 years girls’ motor fitness “Frequency of arms’ movements” (.840), № 9 “Long we determined: complex development of motor abilities jump from the spot” (.816), № 5 “Shuttle run 4×9 m” (factor 1, 2); coordination (factors 3, 4, 5); flexibility (-.799). The factor was named “Complex development of (factor 6). Analysis of communities (h2) showed that the quickness, speed-power and general coordination”. most informative for assessment of 7 years girls’ motor The forth factor with informative value of 13.104% fitness are: test № 8 “Catching of falling Dietrich’s stick has the highest correlation with the tests’ results: № 11 (cm)” (.816), test №3 “Combined movements of arms’, “Arms’ bending and unbending in mixed hanging on torso and legs” (.792), test № 15 “Index assessment of rope” (.908), №4 “Walking along straight line after 5 backbone mobility” (.775), test № 13 “Torso bending rotations, deviations” (-0.896). The factor characterizes from sitting position” (.761). power fitness and vestibular stability. Analysis permitted to determine five factors, The fifth factor (informative value 12.530%) correlates explaining 70.665% of dispersion variants, in 8 years with test: № 12 “Torso rising in sitting position during 1 girls. minute” (.907) and characterizes power endurance. The First factor (informative value 18.051%) has the factor was named “Power endurance”. highest correlation with the following tests: № 6 “30 Thus, in factorial model of motor fitness the following meters’ run” (.831), № 5 “Shuttle run 4×9 m” (.806), parameters are marked out: complex development of № 12 “Torso rising in sitting position during 1 minute” flexibility and motor coordination (factor 1); endurance (-.698). The factor characterizes quickness, coordination and motor coordination (factor 2); quickness, speed-power and power endurance. and general coordination (factor 3); strength and vestibular Second factor (informative value 13.987%) has stability (factor 4) and power endurance (factors 5). the highest correlation with tests: № 2”Walking along Analysis of communities (h2) showed that for assessment hexagon segments” (.829), № 1 “Static stance on one of 6 years girls’ motor fitness the most informative are foot” (.817), № 3 “Combined movements of arms’ torso tests №2 “Walking along hexagon segments” (.961), №4 and legs” (.713). This factor characterizes development of “Walking along straight line after 5 rotations, deviations” coordination abilities. (-0.946), and № 15 “Index assessment of shoulder joints’ Third factor (informative value 10.491%) correlates mobility” (-.931). with the following tests: № 15 “Index assessment of In 7 years girls we found six factors, explaining shoulder joints’ mobility” (.686), № 8 “Catching of falling 68.111% of dispersion variants. Dietrich’s stick” (.683), № 13 “Torso bending from sitting First factor (informative value 16.253%) has the position” (-.647). This factor was named “Flexibility”. greatest correlation with the following tests results: №9 Forth factor (informative value 10.124%) correlates “Long jump from the spot” (-.786), №6 “30 meters’ with the following: № 10 “300 meters’ run” (.765), test run” (.727), №5 “Shuttle run 4×9 m” (.636). This factor № 14 “Index assessment of backbone mobility (bridge)” characterizes speed power, quickness and general motor (.672). The factor was named “Endurance”. coordination. This factor is complex and takes the place Fifth factor (informative value 9.285%) correlates to of priority. the largest extent with the following tests’ results: № 4 Second factor (informative value 12.576%) correlates “Walking along straight line after 5 rotations, deviations” to the highest extent with the following tests: № 13 “Torso (.761), №7 “Frequency of arms’ movements” (.683). The bending from sitting position” (.785), № 10 “300 meters’ factor was named “Motor coordination”. run” (.685), № 1 “Static stance on one foot (sec.)” (.569). Sixth factor (informative value 8.727%) correlates This factor characterizes flexibility, endurance and motor with the following tests: № 11 “Arms’ bending and coordination. unbending in mixed hanging on rope” (.847). The factor Third factor (informative value 11.060%) has the was named “Power endurance”. highest correlation with the following: № 4 “Walking Thus, in factorial model of 8 years girls’ motor fitness along straight line after 5 rotations, deviations” (.806), № we determined: complex development of quickness, 14 “Index assessment of backbone mobility” (.706). The coordination and power endurance (factor 1); coordination factor was named “Vestibular stability”. abilities (factors 2, 5); flexibility (factor 3); endurance Forth factor (informative value 9.825%) has the (factor 4); strength (factor 6). Analysis of communities highest correlation with the following: № 3 “Combined (h2) showed that for assessment of 8 years girls’ motor movements of arms’, torso and legs” (-.853), № 8 fitness the most informative are: test 11 “Arms’ bending

106 2017 03 and unbending in mixed hanging on rope” (.858), test № coordination fitness”. 8“Catching of falling Dietrich’s stick” (.818), test № 1 Fifth factor (informative value 11.821%) correlates “Static posture on one foot” (.754). with the following results: № 4 “Walking along straight line In 9 years girls analysis resulted in five factors, which after 5 rotations, deviations” (-.803), №7 “Frequency of explain 64.657% of dispersion variants. arms’ movements” (.732) and characterizes coordination First factor (informative value 16.610%) has the and quickness. highest correlation with the following tests results: № 9 Sixth factor (informative value 9.329%) correlates ‘Long jump from the spot” (.776), № 11 “Arms’ bending with test № 8 “Catching of falling Dietrich’s stick” (.842) and unbending in mixed hanging on rope” (.776), № 13 and characterizes quickness. “Torso bending from sitting position” (.739). This factor Thus, factorial model of 10 years girls’ motor fitness characterizes strength and flexibility. is characterized by the following parameters: complex Second factor (informative value 13.762%) has the development of coordination abilities (factor 1); quickness, highest correlation with the following; № 3 “Combined speed-power and flexibility (factor 2); flexibility (factor 3); movements of arms, torso and legs” (-.694), № 6 “30 strength and motor coordination (factor 4); coordination meters’ run” (.633). The factor characterizes motor and quickness (factor 5); quickness (factor 6). Analysis coordination and quickness. of communities (h2) showed that for 9 yrs girls’ motor Third factor (informative value 12.926%) correlates to fitness the most informative are: test № 2 “Walking along the greatest extent with the following tests: № 15 “Index hexagon segments” (.941), test № 11 “Arms’ bending assessment of shoulder joints’ mobility” (.747), № 4 and unbending in mixed hanging on rope” (.894), test № “Walking along straight line after 5 rotations, deviations” 15 “Index assessment of shoulder joints’ mobility” (.892), (.701). The factor characterizes flexibility and motor test № 3 “Combined movements of arm, torso and legs” coordination. (.887). Forth factor (informative value 11.699%) correlates with results of tests: № 2 “Walking along hexagon Discussion segments” (.848), № 5 “Shuttle run 4×9 m” (.661). This The received results supplement the data about factor was named “Motor coordination”. factorial and discriminate analysis’s application for Fifth factor (informative value 9.660%) correlates with determination of children’s and teenagers’ motor fitness № 1 “Static stance on one foot” (-.904) and characterizes structure [8, 11, 29]. In other works high prognostic coordination. The factor was named “Coordination”. value of factorial analysis in determination of model and Thus, factorial model of 9 years girls’ motor fitness is informative indicators of primary school age children characterized by the following parameters: strength and was studied [27, 28]. The received data arevery important flexibility (factor 1); motor coordination and quickness for assessment of primary schoolchildren’s readiness for (factor 2); flexibility and motor coordination (factor 3); motor actions’ training. They supplement the data about coordination (factors 4, 5). Analysis of communities development of motor abilities influence on effectiveness (h2) showed that for 9 yrs girls’ motor fitness the most of learning [32] and point at demand in strength’s training informative are: test № 1 “Static stance on one foot” [8, 11]. (.868), test №2 “Walking along hexagon segments” (.822) Our results prove the data of other study [36]. and test № 13 “Torso bending from sitting position” These authors note that such approach permits to obtain (.840). metrical results of measurements’ reliability: stability, Concerning 10 yrs girls, analysis permitted to find five concordance and informative value of control data for factors, which explain 77.158% of dispersion variants. current diagnostic and prognostication of children’s sport First factor (informative value 15.629%) correlates potentials. with the following tests: №3 “Combined movements of In other work discriminat analysis permitted to find arms, torso and legs” (.904), № 2 “Walking along hexagon informative tests for comprehensive control of primary segments” (.800). school boys’ motor fitness [24]. It confirms the correctness Second factor (informative value 15.016%) correlates of the chosen by us direction of research. with tests: № 6 “30 meters’ run” (.871), № 9 “Long The received by us results expand information jump from the spot” (.569), № 14 “Index assessment about special aspects of children’s and teenagers’ motor of backbone mobility (bridge)” (-.864). The factor abilities’ development and about possibility to obtain characterizes complex development of quickness, speed- new information with the help of modeling [21, 35]. power and flexibility. The results of our research witness that the received Third factor (informative value 13.162%) correlates information is required for taking decisions in managing with tests: № 15 “Index assessment of shoulder joints’ of physical education and for working out of effective mobility” (.928), № 13 “Torso bending from sitting physical training programs for 6-10 yrs girls. position” (-.673) and characterizes flexibility. Forth factor (informative value 12.200%) correlates Conclusions: with the following: № 11 “Arms’ bending and unbending Factorial analysis permitted to form the model of in mixed hanging on rope” (.897), № 1 “Static stance on motor fitness and specify informative tests for their one foot” (.486). The factor was named “Strength and pedagogic control in every age group.

107 medical-biological PEDAGOGICS problems of physical PSYCHOLOGY training and sports

In factorial model of girls’ motor fitness the highest Test № 8 “Catching of falling Dietrich’s stick” (.816), specific weight is in the following: test №3 “Combined movements of arms, torso and legs” 6 years – complex development of flexibility and (.792), test № 15 “Index assessment of shoulder joints’ motor coordination (factor 1), endurance and motor mobility” (.775), test № 13 “Torso bending from sitting coordination (factor 2); quickness, speed-power and position” (.761) (7 yrs girls); general coordination (factor 3); strength and vestibular Test № 11 “Arms’ bending and unbending in mixed stability (factor 4); power endurance (factor 5). hanging on rope” (.858), test № 8 “Catching of falling 7 years – complex development of motor abilities Dietrich’s stick” (.818), test № 1 “Static stance on one (factors 1, 2); coordination (factors 3, 4, 5), flexibility foot” (.754) (8 yrs girls); (factor 6). Test № 1 “Static stance on one foot” (.868), test №2 8 years – complex development of quickness, “Walking along hexagon segments” (.822), test № 13 coordination and power endurance (factor 1); coordination “Torso bending from sitting position” (.840) (9 yrs girls); abilities (factors 2, 5); flexibility (factor 3); endurance Test № 2 “Walking along hexagon segments” (.941), (factor 4); strength (factor 6). test № 11 “Arms’ bending and unbending in mixed 9 years – power abilities and flexibility (factor 1); hanging on rope” (.894), test № 15 “Index assessment motor coordination and flexibility (factor 2); flexibility of shoulder joints’ mobility” (.892), test № 3 “Combined and motor coordination (factor 3), coordination (factors movements of arms, torso and legs” (.887) (10 yrs. girls). 4, 5). 10 years – coordination abilities (factor 1); quickness, Acknowledgements speed-power and flexibility (factor 2); flexibility (factor 3); The study has been fulfilled in compliance with plan strength and motor coordination (factor 4); coordination of scientific-research works of Ministry education and and quickness (factor 5); quickness (factor 6). science, youth and sports of Ukraine by topic 13.04. The most informative tests for assessment of 6-10 yrs “Modeling of children’s and adolescents’ motor abilities’ girls’ motor fitness are: training and development” (2013–2014) (state registration Test №2 “Walking along hexagon segments” (.961), number 0113U002102). №4 “Walking along straight line after 5 rotations, deviations” (-0.946), № 15 “Index assessment of shoulder Conflict of interests joints’ mobility” (-.931) (6 yrs girls); The author declares that there is no conflict of interests.

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Information about the author: Ivashchenko O.V.; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2708-5636; [email protected]; H.S. Skovoroda Kharkiv National Pedagogical University; Alchevskyh str. 29, Kharkov, 61002, Ukraine.

Cite this article as: Ivashchenko OV. Special aspects of motor abilities development in 6-10 years’ age girls. Pedagogics, psychology, medical-biological problems of physical training and sports, 2017;21(3):105–110. doi:10.15561/18189172.2017.0302 The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.sportpedagogy.org.ua/index.php/PPS/issue/archive This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en). Received: 24.03.2017 Accepted: 10.04.2017; Published: 30.04.2017

110 2017 03 Analysis of Olympic Games (Rio de Janeiro, 2016) participants’ individual competition compositions in calisthenics Kovalenko Y.O., Boloban V.N. National University of Physical Education and Sport of Ukraine

Abstract Purpose: to show structural elements of individual competition compositions of female gymnasts – Olympic Games (Rio de Janeiro, 2016) finalists. Material: video-computer analysis of Olympic Games participants’ exercises; analysis of competition records. Results: it was found that female gymnasts’ individual fitness is characterized by the following: correlation of time for Body Difficulty elements’ fulfillment and Apparatus Difficulty elements. It is expressed in quickness of preparation to element’s fulfillment; in logical and technically accurate transition from element to element. Accent on static elements permitted for sportswomen to reduce movements’ area. With dynamic style of elements’ fulfillment movements’ area was larger. Conclusions: Most female gymnasts demonstrated natural elements’ distribution in compositions. Space movements opened the best views of static and dynamic elements’ fulfillment that was an evidence of female gymnasts’ high sportsmanship. Keywords: female gymnast, individual exercise, composition, apparatus, construction, coordination, space, time, result.

Introduction1 characteristics permit to evaluate gymnast’s ability Calisthenics competitions at Olympic Games (OG) to fulfill elements of competition compositions. Such have been becoming traditional recent time. During evaluation depends on quickness of preparation for Olympic cycle (2013-2016) competition rules were elements and directly time of elements’ fulfillment. substantially changed [16]. Requirements to composition, Analysis of structural elements of female gymnasts difficulty of exercises and performance skillfulness – Olympic Games participants’ individual competition came to the fore. Referees shall assess choreography, compositions is conditioned by need in determination of entertaining potential, exercises’ difficulty and space- key structural elements, owing to which female gymnasts time movements on site. With it, quantity of body became finalists. elements was shortened in favor of tracks and apparatus’s The purpose of the research is to show structural manipulation. Sportswomen, who harmoniously combine elements of individual competition compositions of technically correct fulfillment of Body Difficulty and female gymnasts – Olympic Games (Rio de Janeiro, Apparatus Difficulty elements with artistry of competition 2016) finalists. compositions, are assessed highly [11]. Artistry is motor The tasks of the research: functioning at high performance level and art taste [3, 7, 1. Basing on analysis of special literature to study 17-20]. In gymnastic artistry is understood as perfectness, theoretical base of competition compositions’ completeness, expressiveness, elegance, uniqueness of individual exercises in calisthenics. movements and exercise in the whole [1]. Mistakes of 2. To study space-time structural elements of individual artistry are: deficit of lightness, confidence, elegance; competition compositions of female gymnasts – awkward movements, incomplete, tensed performance. In Olympic Games (Rio de Janeiro, 2016) finalists. calisthenics artistry is an important element of performing mastery. It is a component of experts’ final evaluation of Material and methods female gymnasts’ competition compositions [4]. Participants: we fulfilled video-computer analysis In the researches, fulfilled two years, before Olympic of 5 female gymnasts’ performances. All they were the Games 2016 [5], there were registered technical mistakes finalists of calisthenics Olympic Games 2016 ( 4 kinds of in fulfillment space-time indicators of individual individual multiathlon). Competition compositions were exercises’ structural elements. It was found that space performed by female gymnasts from: Azerbaijan (AZE), time movements in the structure of the fulfilled individual Bulgaria (BUL), Byelorussia (BLR), Russian Federation exercises are the basis of competition compositions (RUS), Ukraine (UKR) (see table). [13]. Results of such researches proved validity of Organization of the research: video-computer analysis IFG (International Federation of Gymnastic) actions, of Olympic Games participants’ exercises and analysis directed at compositions’ perfection, based on increased of competition records were carried out. The purpose requirements to difficulty and performing mastery. of video-analysis was study of space-time structural Composition picture is created by the following: correct elements of individual compositions. and logical grouping of elements and their combinations In the process of analysis we considered the following on site; accurate space movements of a gymnast. Time structural elements: 1. Time, spent for body difficulty elements’ fulfillment; © Kovalenko Y.O., Boloban V.N., 2017 2. Time, spent for Apparatus Difficulty elements’ doi:10.15561/18189172.2017.0303 111 medical-biological PEDAGOGICS problems of physical PSYCHOLOGY training and sports

fulfillment: elements was spent by Bulgarian gymnast (BUL) - Dance tracks (S ); Neviana Vladinova. It was conditioned by fulfillment of - Elements of sportsmanship (M); jump combination, consisted first of single jump jete en - Elements of risk (R); tournant with torso backward arching and then of two 3. Space movements of female gymnasts on site. jumps jete en tournant. When fulfilling jete en tournant Statistical analysis: the materials of the research were in ringв the gymnast realized throw in static position and processed with the help of mathematical statistic methods waited for apparatus after throw (that was a technical (Excel, Statistika) [8]. mistake). In exercise with hoop Neviana Vladinova demonstrated interesting elements of sportsmanship and Results elements of risk. She accented on throwing of apparatus Analysis of video records of the strongest female by legs and other parts of body without visual control. gymnasts’ individual exercises permitted to specify It made composition more expressive and difficult. Yana duration of compositions. In average it was 1,30 ± 0,03″. Kudryavtseva, female gymnast from Russian Federation It witnesses about absence of rough technical mistakes, (RUS) showed the least time, spent for body difficulty connected with exceeding the time of competitions. Final elements. She demonstrated the varied use of apparatus. results see in table below. In her performance sportsmanship elements were integral It was found that the most time for body difficulty with dance tracks and risk elements. Fulfillment of body

Table. Final results of Olympic Games 2016 finalists (calisthenics individual multiathlon) (n=10)

№ Name and surname Kind of individual multiathlon of female gymnast, country, place and sum of points 1 Margarita Mamun D=9,55 E=9,5 D=9,65 E=9,5 D=9,55 E=9,5 D=9,7 E=9,55 RUS Place:1 (76,483) Sc=19,050(2) Sc=19,150(2) Sc=19,05(1) Sc=19,25(1) 2 Marina Durunda D=8,65 E=8,3 D=8,775 E=8,766 D=8,95 E=8,766 D=8,775 E=8,76 AZE Place:9 (69,748) Sc=16,95(10) Sc=17,541(9) Sc=17,716(6) Sc=17,541(6) 3 Yana Kudryavtseva D=9,7 E=9,525 D=9,65 E=9,6 D=8,7 E=9,183 D=9,65 E=9,6 RUS Place:2 (75,608) Sc=19,225(1) Sc=19,25(1) Sc=17,883(5) Sc=19,25(1) 4 Katsiaryna Halkina D=9,0 E=8,966 D=9,00 E=8,966 D=8,75 E=8,9 D=8,65 E=8,7 BLR Place:6 (70,932) Sc=17,966(6) Sc=17,966(6) Sc=17,65(8) Sc=17,35(7) 5 Kseniya Mousta- D=8,9 E=8,8 D=8,65 E=8,233 D=8,65 E=8,266 D=8,175 E=8,56 faeva FRA Sc=17,7(8) Sc=16,833(10) Sc=16,916(9) Sc=16,741(10) Place:10 (68,240) 6 Melitina Staniouta D=9,0 E=9,2 D=9,05 E=9,2 D=8,4 E=8,233 D=8,85 E=9,2 BLR Place:5 (71,133) Sc=18,2(4) Sc=18,25(5) Sc=16,633(10) Sc=18,05(5) 7 Carolina Rodriguez D=8,75 E=8,866 D=8,75 E=8,933 D=8,8 E=8,9 D=8,45 E=8,5 ESP Place:8 (69,949) Sc=17,616(9) Sc=17,683(8) Sc=17,7(7) Sc=16,95(9) 8 Son Yeon Jae D=9,15 E=9,066 D=9,2 E=9,066 D=9,2 E=9,1 D=9,15 E=8,96 KOR Place:4 (72,898) Sc=18,216(3) Sc=18,266(4) Sc=18,3(3) Sc=18,116(4) 9 Ganna Rizatdinova D=9,1 E=9,1 D=9,25 E=9,2 D=9,25 E=9,2 D=9,25 E=9,23 UKR Place:3 (73,583) Sc=18,2(4) Sc=18,45(3) Sc=18,45(2) Sc=18,483(3) 10 Neviana Vladinova D=9,05 E=8,833 D=9,05 E=8,7 D=9,15 E=8,9 D=8,55 E=8,5 BUL Place:7 (70,733) Sc=17,833(7) Sc=17,75(7) Sc=18,05(4) Sc=17,05(8) Notes: D – difficulty; E – performance; Sc – final points.

112 2017 03 difficulty elements and apparatus difficulty elements took The composition was completed by two sequential fractions of seconds. It witnesses about perfect technical elements of sportsmanship. Risk element was fulfilled fitness (see fig. 1). after rotating element – jump. This helped for gymnast to Effective space movements in hoop exercise were save time for additional throw of apparatus. registered in female gymnasts of Russian Federation Azerbaijan (AZE) gymnast, Marina Durunda, in (RUS) and Ukraine (UKR). Gymnasts covered the largest exercise with ball combined elements and kept balance moving area (distance, covered by female gymnast in not leaving support. Effective element of skillfulness fulfillment of exercise). Yana Kudryavtseva [silver prize (ball’s repulse by chest) was realized in element Stag leap. winner of OG 2016, Russian Federation (RUS)] started Besides, 14’’ were spent for fulfillment of two rotations’ exercise from fixed moment of balance. Then she fulfilled combinations: rotating 7 pirouettes she earned high points diagonal dance track, coming in central position for turn in elements of body difficulty (see fig. 3). in attitude. Covering 50% of site by semi-circumference In exercise with ball all female gymnasts shortened she fulfilled dance track. This track smoothly passed the time of space movements on site. Exclusion was into jump with rotation. These actions were preparatory only gymnast from Russian Federation (RUS) Yana for realization of the most important diagonal element: Kudryavtseva. In her exercise there are diagonal, semi- element of sportsmanship Dive Split Leap with high circumferential, vertical and horizontal movements in throw of apparatus and catching it (in rotation) behind the respect to referees’ group. The least space movements back in jump. were demonstrated by gymnast from Byelorussia (BLR) Ganna Rizatdinova, [silver prize winner of OG Melitina Staniouta. She covered site perimeter only 2016, Ukraine (UKR)] improved her space movements’ one time that was minimal indicator among the studied indicators, comparing with previous researches in compositions (see fig. 4). 2012-2015. She often moved on foreground in front of In exercises with clubs time indicators did not change. referees’ group and fulfilled elements of body difficulty To large extent it is characterized by technical and general at the highest technical level. Combination of three jete fitness of female gymnasts. It permits to fulfill element en tournant was fulfilled circumferentially, with high without durable preparation and combine skillfulness amplitude and lightness (see fig. 2). and risk elements with elements of apparatus difficulty. In exercise with ball the least time indicators were Azerbaijan (AZE) gymnast demonstrated very high level. registered in gymnast from Republic of Byelorussia She fulfilled elements of body difficulty longer them al (BLR) Melitina Staniouta. She showed the highest degree the rest. Many elements were completed by passing to of apparatus’s manipulation. All sportsmanship elements acrobatic element that gives bonus of 0.1 point. Ganna were built on use of rolls, repulses, passes of apparatus. Rizatdinova demonstrated maximal quantity of rotations

Fig. 1. Indicators of time, spent for fulfillment of individual compositions’ with hoop structural elements, by female gymnasts from countries: A – AZE (Azerbaijan); B – BUL (Bulgaria); C – BLR (Republic of Byelorussia); D – RUS (Russian Federation); E – UKR (Ukraine); Elements of body difficulty (BD); Elements of apparatus difficulty (AD): Dance tracks (S ); Elements of sportsmanship (M); Elements of risk (R);

113 medical-biological PEDAGOGICS problems of physical PSYCHOLOGY training and sports

Fig. 2. Kinds of female gymnasts’ movements on site in competition compositions with hoop: А – Hoop composition of Azerbaijan (AZE) gymnast; B – Hoop composition of Bulgaria (BUL) gymnast; (BUL); C – Hoop composition of gymnast from Republic of Byelorussia (BLR); D – Hoop composition of gymnast from Russian Federation (RUS); E – Hoop composition of gymnast from Ukraine (UKR); - Beginning of exercise; - End of exercise.

Fig. 3. Indicators of time, spent for fulfillment of individual compositions’ with ball structural elements, by female gymnasts from countries: A – AZE (Azerbaijan); B – BUL (Bulgaria); C – BLR (Republic of Byelorussia); D – RUS (Russian Federation); E – UKR (Ukraine); Elements of body difficulty (BD); Elements of apparatus difficulty (AD): Dance tracks (S ); Elements of sportsmanship (M); Elements of risk (R); in pirouettes attitude, penche. With long fulfillment of element: balance. In this exercise accent was made on exercise it brought positive effects: maximal assessment body difficulty elements as well as on dance tracks (3, of body difficulty elements, expressiveness and prevailing 8’’ each and 1 of 11’’). Competition rules dictate that over other gymnasts. In exercise one skillfulness element track shall be registered if fulfilled at 8’’ without technical was registered (2’’) in combination with body difficulty mistakes (see fig. 5).

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Fig. 4. Kinds of female gymnasts’ movements on site in competition compositions with ball: А –Ball composition of Azerbaijan (AZE) gymnast; B – Ball composition of Bulgaria (BUL) gymnast; (BUL); C – Ball composition of gymnast from Republic of Byelorussia (BLR); D – Ball composition of gymnast from Russian Federation (RUS); E – Ball composition of gymnast from Ukraine (UKR); - Beginning of exercise; - End of exercise.

Fig. 5. Indicators of time, spent for fulfillment of individual compositions’ with clubs structural elements, by female gymnasts from countries: A – AZE (Azerbaijan); B – BUL (Bulgaria); C – BLR (Republic of Byelorussia); D – RUS (Russian Federation); E – UKR (Ukraine); Elements of body difficulty (BD); Elements of apparatus difficulty (AD): Dance tracks (S ); Elements of sportsmanship (M); Elements of risk (R); In space moving on site, gymnast from Ukraine music. Exercise of Bulgarian (BUL) gymnast Neviana (UKR) (musical accompaniment in performance of Vladinova had all kinds of changeover: diagonal, semi- Michael Jackson) movement “zigzag” should be noted, circumference. Besides, the gymnast moved vertically which was possible to be watched in suite as well. Sharp and horizontally in respect to ground jury. When fulfilling turns and diagonal movements reflected the character of exercise with clubs, Neviana passed one circle of the 115 medical-biological PEDAGOGICS problems of physical PSYCHOLOGY training and sports

Fig. 6. Kinds of female gymnasts’ movements on site in competition compositions with clubs: А – Club composition of Azerbaijan (AZE) gymnast; B – Club composition of Bulgaria (BUL) gymnast; (BUL); C – Club composition of gymnast from Republic of Byelorussia (BLR); D – Club composition of gymnast from Russian Federation (RUS); E –Club composition of gymnast from Ukraine (UKR); - Beginning of exercise; - End of exercise.

Fig. 7. Indicators of time, spent for fulfillment of individual compositions’ with ribbon structural elements, by female gymnasts from countries: A – AZE (Azerbaijan); B – BUL (Bulgaria); C – BLR (Republic of Byelorussia); D – RUS (Russian Federation); E – UKR (Ukraine); Elements of body difficulty (BD); Elements of apparatus difficulty (AD): Dance tracks (S ); Elements of sportsmanship (M); Elements of risk (R); site, but with it, she came into angles very deeply. When characteristic for Brazil, as accompaniment. Visually, it fulfilling balance penche, she chose closed view in respect accelerated the temp of gymnasts’ movements. Ganna to referees’ group. It complicated watching of this element Rizatdinova fulfilled exercise under accompaniment by referees. of rhythmic drumming, exciting Brazil audience by her The final chord of female gymnasts on Olympic site was durable turns and amplitude jumps. Yana Kudryavtseva exercise with ribbon. 4 gymnasts chose rhythmic music, was exclusion. For her Olympic Games brought a little 116 2017 03 disappointment. The gymnast made mistake in club of countries, which cultivate calisthenics and are the exercise and lost her Olympic medal in favor of her team members of International Federation of gymnastic. The mate Margarita Mamun (Olympic champion in 2016). means of calisthenics are universal: composition, music, Final performance of Yana Kudryavtseva was under apparatuses, dance steps, jumps, turns, balance and waves. lyrical accompaniment. Exercise was fulfilled “on one These elements permit for female gymnasts to optimally breath”. The most beautiful passages from one element to and harmoniously demonstrate the highest coordination, another were smoothed by pictures of ribbon. The longest flexibility, jumping [2, 14]. Methodic of calisthenics time was spent to dance tracks. It opened all technical trainings is headily spread throughout the world. It is skillfulness and elegance of this female gymnast. Body facilitated by active and creative work of experienced elements were fulfilled with passing to acrobatic elements coaches from Ukraine (UKR), Russian Federation (RUS), and elements of dynamic balance (see fig. 7). Republic of Byelorussia (BLR); as well as of many In space moving on site Yana Kudryavtseva takes scientists [6, 10, 15]; specialists from federation and leading positions. She fulfilled diagonal and semi- managers. In final competitions of individual multiathlon circumference several times. It permitted for her to show at OG 2016 high level of sport-technical skillfulness all ideal sides of choreographic fitness. Female gymnast was demonstrated by leaders of world gymnastic: from Melitina Staniouta made mistake in club exercise and did Russian Federation (RUS), Ukraine (UKR), Republic of not become a prize-winner. Ambitious and original dance Byelorussia (BLR). Female gymnasts from Republic of tracks were fulfilled four times by diagonal and by straight Korea (KOR), Bulgaria (BUL), Azerbaijan (AZE), Spain line. The gymnast accented attention at referees’ jury and (ESP), France (FRA) were their worthy opponents. Below spectators. Gymnasts from Azerbaijan (AZE), Bulgaria finalists there were also strong gymnasts from USA (BUL) and Ukraine (UKR) improved the site moving in (USA), Kazakhstan (KAZ), Israel (ISR), Georgia (GEO), exercise with ribbon. According to rules, ribbon shall not Greece (GRE), Japan (JPN) and Uzbekistan (UZB). They be stopped and shall not touch the floor even for a moment. demonstrated rather qualified results, which separated That is why gymnasts moved without any stops. They them from final of competition by tenth, hundredth demonstrated movements by diagonal, circumference and thousandth of point. Such minimal gap illustrates and by straight line as well as jumps combinations, risk high contest in world calisthenics. To gain victory it is elements and dance tracks (see fig. 8). necessary: to demonstrate competition compositions at high sport-technical and artistic level; to have balance Discussion psychic state in all competition period [9]. Competition At present calisthenics is popularized throughout composition is an outcome of coach’s and female the world. It is witnessed by increasing of quantity gymnast’s mutual work. Such work shall be directed at

Fig. 8. Kinds of female gymnasts’ movements on site in competition compositions with ribbon: А – Ribbon composition of Azerbaijan (AZE) gymnast; B – Ribbon composition of Bulgaria (BUL) gymnast; (BUL); C – Ribbon composition of gymnast from Republic of Byelorussia (BLR); D – Ribbon composition of gymnast from Russian Federation (RUS); E – Club composition of gymnast from Ukraine (UKR); - Beginning of exercise; - End of exercise.

117 medical-biological PEDAGOGICS problems of physical PSYCHOLOGY training and sports opening sportswoman’s potential; her character. Besides, credibly assess competition composition and work out it is necessary to conceal motor actions, which are modern methodic of its perfection. difficult for a gymnast. For this purpose it is necessary to accentuate elements, which female gymnast fulfills in Conclusions the best manner. That is why it is important to consider 1. Competition composition of individual exercises structural elements in building composition: time, spent in calisthenics consists of body difficulty and apparatus for body difficulty elements and apparatus difficulty difficulty elements (dance tracks, elements of skillfulness elements; space movements on site. It is also proved by and elements of risk). Procedure of difficulties’ fulfillment other researches [5]. We have studied structural elements is free. Difficulties shall be organized and performed of 4 kinds of multiathlon in 5 elite female gymnasts logically, smoothly passing in to intermediate movements from: Azerbaijan (AZE,) Bulgaria (BUL), Republic and elements. Together with idea they shall create of Byelorussia (BLR), Russian Federation (RUS) and composition. It is more than series of difficulties. Ukraine (UKR). Our results show that time indicators 2. Analysis of female gymnasts’ individual exercises’ to large extent are characterized by gymnasts’ technical competition compositions proved their high fitness fitness. Ganna Rizatdinova demonstrated high level level. Sportswomen demonstrated high sportsmanship of space time structural elements. It permitted for the and its important component – performing mastery. gymnast to master excellent technique of rotations (5 OG champion Margarita Mamun, prize-winners Yana and more rotations). She received high pints for body Kudryavtseva and Ganna Rizatdinova demonstrated difficulty. Fulfillment of jumps jete en turnant also brought the best possible manipulation of apparatus and body. high points. Gymnast from Azerbaijan (AZE) Marina The transmitted musical accompaniment very sensually Durunda demonstrated practically equal indicators of and performed elements in the best views by diagonal, body difficulty and apparatus difficulty. She alternated semi-circumference and by straight line. Gymnast from elements by logical passages and emotional splashes of Byelorussia (BLR) Melitina Staniouta) performed musical accompaniment. The most masterful manipulation elements with apparatus at high technical fitness level and of apparatus was registered in gymnasts from BLR emotional reflection of music. and BUL. Reliable skill in apparatuses’ manipulation, 3. In staging competition compositions space-time perfect coordination of symmetric and asymmetric limbs’ indicators are accented; they open the best and conceal movements and beautiful regulation of body positions the worst sides of female gymnasts’ fitness. Most of are the basis of successful demonstration of individual female gymnasts demonstrated combination of body exercises by female gymnasts [2, 12]. In fulfillment difficulty and apparatus difficulty elements. It also of risk and skillfulness elements apparatus came from shortens the time of exercise’s fulfillment, eliminating different directions with minimal contact with hands. duplicated preparation for performance. Thus the time for Female gymnasts demonstrated apparatus’s manipulation preparation for element itself is also saved. In this case, without visual control. It added risk in exercise’s for 1’30’’ gymnast demonstrates more elements, in good fulfillment that is required by modern competition rules view for referees’ assessment. These elements combine [16]. Margarita Mamun – Olympic champion, 2016, and with amplitude semi-circumferential, diagonal, straight Yana Kudryavtseva – silver prize-winner in OG 2016 and polygonal movements. Thus, objective opportunity combined in their compositions masterful manipulation to visualize idea of competition composition in space is of apparatuses with perfect performance of body difficulty created. elements. Dance tracks opened all beauty, gracefulness and elegance of these female gymnasts. When building Acknowledgments competition composition it is important to consider The researches have been fulfilled in compliance with the chosen pattern and correct time for preparation for combined plan in the sphere of physical culture and sports elements’ fulfillment. Besides, it is necessary to choose for 2016-2020, by topic 2.11 (state registration number correct space view of the demonstrated static and dynamic 0116U002571). composition’s elements. Deep analysis of individual exercises’ space-time structural elements will permit to Conflict of interests The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests.

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Information about the authors: Kovalenko Y.O.; http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9417-501X; [email protected]; National University of Physical Education and Sport of Ukraine; Fizkultury str. 1, Kiev, 03680, Ukraine.

Boloban V.N.; http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9119-0695; [email protected]; National University of Physical Education and Sport of Ukraine; Fizkultury str. 1, Kiev, 03680, Ukraine. Cite this article as: Kovalenko YO, Boloban VN. Analysis of Olympic Games (Rio de Janeiro, 2016) participants’ individual competition compositions in calisthenics. Pedagogics, psychology, medical-biological problems of physical training and sports, 2017;21(3):111–119. doi:10.15561/18189172.2017.0303 The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.sportpedagogy.org.ua/index.php/PPS/issue/archive This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en). Received: 13.02.2017 Accepted: 25.02.2017; Published: 30.04.2017

119 medical-biological PEDAGOGICS problems of physical PSYCHOLOGY training and sports Special aspects of Ukrainian schoolchildren’s eating behavior Podrigalo L.V.1,2, Iermakov S.S.3, Avdiievska O.G.1, Rovnaya O.A.2, Demochko H.L. 4 1V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Ukraine 2Kharkiv State Academy of Physical Culture, Ukraine 3Kazimierz Wielki University, Bydgoszcz, Poland 4Kharkiv National Medical University, Ukraine

Abstract Purpose: analysis of school age children’s eating behavior. Material: in questioning 408 schoolchildren (15-16 and 17-18 years’ age) participated. Distribution by sex was practically equal: 56.62% were girls and 43.38% - boys. The questionnaire included questions about frequency of eating some food during recent 30 days. Separate block of questions was devoted to eating habits and presence of the so-called “food trash” in diet. The bent to alimentary diseases was assessed by incidence of excessive body mass in respondents’ families. Results: The determined food consumption permitted to assume the presence of certain eating stereotype: for boys it is directed at development o muscular mass and for girls – mainly of limiting character, connected with diets for correction of constitution. Analysis of some food eating frequency permitted to mark out alimentary risk factors, which require correction and prophylaxis. Conclusions: the found special aspects of eating behavior permit to assess children’s health state as pre-nosology of alimentary genesis, manifested in excessive body mass, deficit of essential vitamins, minerals and food fibers; functional disorders of digestion. Keywords: eating, schoolchildren, diet, eating behavior, physical activity.

Introduction1 primary school on children’s consuming habits [24]. The existing social-economic situation in Ukraine In opinion of Hummel and Hoffmann [16] eating facilitates increase of children’s pre-nosological states behavior is a complex phenomenon. With its assessment of health [34]. In the worked out prophylaxis programs it is necessary to consider cause-effect dependences optimization of eating takes important place. It permits to between food consumption and health. Population substantially raise children’s adaptation potential, ensure studies, conducted in different countries [10, 13, 38] organism with required biologically active substances [2, proved significance of eating behavior as mean of diet 40]. As on to-day eating is considered to be one of the optimization. most important life components, conditioning health [7]. The purpose of the research is analysis of school age Turconi et al. [41] studied eating habits and behavior children’s eating behavior. of Italian adolescents. Among the tested, persons with unhealthy eating and low knowledge in this field Material and methods prevailed. Scientists from Iran [27] found that increased Participants: as source material we used results of physical activity and consumption of milk food facilitate anonym questioning of 408 schoolchildren – pupils of reduction of body mass index. Influence of increased 9th (15-16 years’ age) and 11th (17-18th years’ age) form. motor functioning on body composition is noted also Distribution by sex was practically equal: 56.62% were in works of Polish authors [18, 20]. Rather wide scale girls and 43.38% - boys. research [6] was devoted to study risk factors of chronic The research was conducted in compliance with WMA diseases in USA secondary school pupils. Among them Declaration of Helsinki – Ethical Principles for Medical substantial place is taken by factors, connected with Research Involving Human Subjects, 2013 [44]. eating. In other works the parents’ role in formation of The design of the research implied questioning. The children’s eating habits, is underlined [21]. Important questionnaire included questions about frequency of factor is also environmental conditions, which influence eating some food during recent 30 days. Separate block on children’s and adolescents’ eating [19]. of questions was devoted to eating habits and presence of Eating habits are closely connected with body the so-called “food trash” in diet. The bent to alimentary mass and children’s way of life [4]. Disordered eating diseases was assessed by incidence of excessive body behavior and messy food influence on adolescents’ body mass in respondents’ families. The research was conducted composition [9, 23, 37]. Adolescents-girls are seriously in spring. It permitted to assume that in diet there was troubled and unsatisfied with their boy shapes. It isa variable assortment of food. potential mediator in changing their eating behavior [30]. Statistical analysis of the received data was fulfilled Especially dangerous is influence of food commercials in with the help of licensed Excel and SPSS programs. Statistical processing included application of variation © Podrigalo L.V., Iermakov S.S., Avdiievska O.G., Rovnaya statistic indicators as well as parametric and non- O.A., Demochko H.L., 2017 doi:10.15561/18189172.2017.0304 parametric parameters. 120 2017 03 Results (40.95±4.82%) against (53.60±4.48%), (p<0.05). In older Study of some food products’ eating frequency permits boys regular eating of smoked sausages is less expressed: to sufficiently exactly assess variability and completeness (12.24±4.73%) against (30.83±4.23%), (p<0.05). Besides, of diet. It also permits to prognosticate food influence on 11th form girls noted that they more regularly eat curd than functional state of the research participants [35]. younger schoolgirls, accordingly: (39.22±4.86%) against The fulfilled analysis showed some gender specific (26.19±3.93%), (p<0.05). At the same time consumption features of main food products’ eating. Meat is of fermented milk products in general is oftener in junior confidently (p<0.05) more frequent in daily diet of boys schoolgirls: (53.97±4.46%) against (36.19±4.71%), – 31.79±3.55% (girls- 21.78±2.91%). Though, girls eat (p<0.05). Though about regular consumption of such meat more frequently 2-3 times a week– 50.00±3.53% products senior schoolgirls informed: (41.90±4.84%) (boys – 36.99±3.68%). At the same time boys oftener against (22.22±3.72%), (p<0.05). Besides, in younger prefer everyday eating of cooked sausages and frankfurters group everyday ice cream consumption was more frequent: – 26.47±3.39% (girls – 17.83±2.53%). In respect to (44.44±4.44%) against (22.12±4.09%), (p<0.05). smoked sausages the situation is opposite: 83±2.53%). In Much more frequent eating of pastries and fancies respect to smoked sausages the situation is opposite: girls was in 9th form girls. In 11th form girls the frequency of informed that they do not eat them at all – 28.14±2.97% such products’ consumption was (27.42±4.02%) against of girls informed that they do not eat them at all (boys – (12.50±3.26%), (p<0.05). 18.34±2.99%). Separate block of questions was devoted to Fish is present in boys’ diet the most frequently. consumption of the so-called “Food trash”. The received 33.57±4.01% of boys (girls – 22.91±2.80) % said that they data permits to say that such products are rather popular eat it regularly. 17.18±2.51% of girl against 0.71±0.71 do among schoolchildren. Besides, the presence of certain not eat fish at all. gender specific features was found. Chips and baked Certain distinctness was found in analysis of milk breads are confidently more frequent in boys eating: and milk food consumption, which are irreplaceable in (22.67±3.20%) of them informed about regular eating children’s eating. With absence of noticeable distinctions such food; girls, on the contrary oftener informed about in frequency of everyday consumption, girls’ monthly diet full denial of such products (39.13±3.23%) against contained these products oftener: (10.43±2.02%) against (19.77±3.05%). (4.76±1.65%). At the same time they oftener eat fermented At the same time 9th form pupils consume chips and milk products: (45.89±3.29%) against (34.68±3.63%), baked breads everyday oftener then 11th form pupils (p<0.05). (9.76±2.69%) against (2.04±2.04%), (p<0.05). This assumption is proved by analysis of fresh Fast food products are confidently oftener consumed vegetables and fruits’ eating. Everyday consumption of by boys (11.18±2.42%) against (3.04±1.14%). Girls much fresh vegetables is oftener among girls: (76.52±2.80%) oftener note their full absence in diet. Concerning street against (63.58±3.57%). The same tendency was observed food eating (shawarma, hot-dogs, pies) situation also can in everyday consumption of fresh fruits: (76.75±2.80%) not be called favorable. Only 1-2% of schoolchildren against (64.71±3.68%). With it, boys much oftener noted informed about everyday consumption of such food. full absence of fresh vegetables and fruits in their diets. More than 50% noted that they do not consume such Considering the age of our respondents it was food at all. However, everyday consumption of such food interesting to compare frequency of confectionary is more frequent among boys: (15.20±2.75%) against consumption. It was found that boys’ eating of candies (3.91±1.28%). Girls much more frequently refuse street is confidently more frequent: (31.79±3.55%) against food at all: it was informed by (71.74±2.98%) of girls (21.78±2.91%). Girls eat these products regularly mainly against (47.37±3.83%) of boys. Results of fast food 2-3 times a week (50.00±3.53%) against (36.99±3.68%). consumption frequency confirm their higher popularity Concerning pastries and other fancies we did not find among boys. For example 11.24±2.44% of boys informed substantial differences by gender belonging. About 20% about their regular presence in diet. It is much higher than of respondents said about everyday eating and 40% - in girls (3.93±1.29%). about regular. In order to approximately assess possible disorders Analyzing consumption of ice-cream, mayonnaises, of alimentary status we analyzed prevalence of excessive ketchup and sauce we found practically no gender body mass in respondents’ families. It was found that in distinctions. But prevalence of these products in diets also pupils’ parents it is met more frequently: (28.65±3.27%) causes certain trouble. Nearly 30% of children informed informed about its presence in fathers and (22.40±3.02%) about everyday eating of ice-cream and 40% - about its – in mothers. Besides, 41.67±3.57% of the questioned regular presence in diet. proved excessive body mass in grandmothers and Only 16% of children informed about everyday grandfathers. consumption of sauces, ketchups and mayonnaises and 25-30% - about regular. Discussion Definite distinctions were determined in comparison Study of main food products consuming frequency of food consumption in respect to age. For example, shall be carried out, considering inter-connections in older girls pointed that they eat less meat everyday: system, “eating-health”. Special aspects of any diet are

121 medical-biological PEDAGOGICS problems of physical PSYCHOLOGY training and sports connected with specific characteristics of health and Hart M. [14] thinks that eating behavior disordering. depend on knowledge in this field. Analysis of primary It is the main reason of digestive problems, especially of school age children’s eating [32] showed the deficit of restrictive character. Its normalization ensures prophylaxis main food substances and average level of knowledge in of diseases. this field. The highest quantity of knowledge gaps was Comparative analysis of fresh vegetables and fruits found with assessment of role of different food groups. consumption also illustrates certain specific features of The applied method of assessment of food consumption eating. Earlier we have already assumed that orientation frequency is commonly accepted and sufficiently precise on healthy eating differs depending on sex. These facts that is rather important in studies of eating. For example, permit to assume great risk of vitamins’ deficit, as well Humphries L.L. и Gruber J.J. [17] used the method of and mineral substances and food fibers in boys. The 24 hours analysis of eating, studied eating behavior and results, received by us prove eating behavior data of other control of university students’ body mass. They found authors. For example, Oosthuizen D., Oldewage-Theron great specific weight of errors of situation by respondents. W., Napier C. [38] analyzed eating structure of primary and It requires correction of the received information. secondary school age children. They determined the most Pilot study of eating organization in Italian schools frequently consumed food products; assessed correlations [37] points at high incidence of diseases, connected with between knowledge in this field and food consumption. eating disorders. It requires realization of prophylaxis and The diets, they studied, had expressed carbon-hydrate educational programs. character, with high content of refined sugar and fats and The found by us more frequent consuming of insufficient consuming of beans vegetables and fruits. meat and fish products by boys illustrates increase of Feldman R. H. L., Mayhew P. C. [11] in their promising irreplaceable amino acids. Refusal of smoked food by work studied eating behavior, consumption of meat and girls is a manifestation of healthy orientation of eating sodium. Their regression analysis proved prognostic (considering great quantity of food ads in smoked food). significance of the studied factors and their contribution Such distribution of food consumption (as main source in health. of proteins) permits to assume the presence of certain Sharkey J. R., Haines P. S., Zohoori N. [39] proved eating stereotype: for boys – directed at development of the presence of correlations between peculiarities of muscular mass; for girls – mainly of restrictive character, eating and health disorders. The persons with high eating connected with demand and desire of body constitution’s risk have functional disorders 2.4 times more frequently. correction. About the presence of stereotype Martinchik They also made conclusion about eating characteristics’ A.N., Maev I.V., Ianushevich O.O. [26] informed, when importance as screening for required correction. they studied eating behavior of adolescents, influencing Bordi P. L., Cranage D. A., Lambert C., Smith J. on their health. [3] studied eating behavior of secondary school, age Similar results were received also in other works children. They assessed the quantity of food intakes, Chang Y.-J., Lin W., Wong Y. [5] The authors studied habits and proclivities, connected with eating. They found correlations of eating, eating behavior and health. In wrong eating regimes (the most often it was missing of 17.11% of Taiwan secondary schools disorders of eating breakfast). Eating habits were connected with preference behavior were proved. Especially frequent eating behavior of certain food. disorders are in adolescents, who follow limiting diets. The available information about confectionary They result in deficit of energy, proteins, carbohydrates, consumption can also be assessed as unfavorable in zinc, vitamins B6 and B12. Disorders of eating behavior respect to health: excess of sweets is a risk factor for were assessed as risk factor for digestion. digestion and caries. Consuming of pastries and other Visser J., Notelovitz T., Szabo C., Fredericks N. [42] fancies shall be assessed as alimentary risk factor. Their studied incidence of eating behavior disordering and excess can facilitate excessive body mass and in the future weight loss in Jude girls-adolescents. They found that can cause many chronic non-infectious diseases (obesity, every fifth participant had wrong eating behavior. Every diabetes, atherosclerosis and etc.). third girl considered her weight excessive. They also Analysis of confectionary and ice-cream consumption proved great incidence of restrictive diets. More than 60% permits to assume that diet is overloaded with of the participants used them and 19.1% applied extreme monosaccharide. Considering modern technologies, we weigh loss methodic. Close connection of eating behavior, can also speak about overloading by food ads. eating and knowledge in this field was proved by Dixit Rather frequent consumption of fat-containing sauces S. и др. [8]. These authors analyzed the state of girls- permits to assume latent increase of fats’ specific weight adolescents, living in India, in countryside. Insufficient in eating. It results in increase of overloading with food eating is a risk factor for health and can cause obstetric ads, which are widely used in their production as well as complications in the future. in strengthening of chemical irritating impact of food. All Certain eating stereotype, mentioned in our research, these shall be assessed as alimentary risk factor. is also proved by analysis of milk and milk products Thus, analysis of some food products’ consumption consumption. Increase of fermented milk share in diet frequency permitted to find a number of gender reflects orientation on healthy eating, connected with distinctions, which characterize eating stereotype of restriction of fats. modern schoolchildren, as well as to mark out alimentary

122 2017 03 risk factors, which require correction and prophylaxis. It style (independent or at eating places), consumption of should be pointed that sociological method of research is fast food, correlation with health indicators. rather subjective. That is why its addition with objective Concerning excessive body mass in respondents’ methods, permitting to prove assumptions, can be rather families, these indicators are also important for assessment promising. In context of health monitoring the preference of correlations in system “eating-health”. The received shall be given to screening assessment. data shall also be estimated as additional risk factor: Williams P. [43] carried out comparative analysis family and relatives greatly influence on schoolchildren’s of Australian children and adolescents’ breakfasts. He eating and eating behavior. If two generations of relatives found that typical breakfast of young Australians was have excessive body mass, its development in the third characterized by low content of fat, high content of carbon- generation has probability of 100%. hydrates and sufficient quantity of thiamine, riboflavin, McCaughtry N., Fahlman M., Martin J. J., Shen B. niacin, calcium and magnesium. If not to include cereals in [28] underline importance of educational programs in the breakfast the probability of the mentioned above elements’ field of eating for prophylaxis of obesity and preservation deficit increases. Regular breakfast is considered a sign of of health. Application of such program would facilitate healthy eating. The received data are proved by results of the change of secondary school children’s eating behavior. other works [1, 12, 31]. Hopper C. A., Gruber M. B., Munoz K. D., Herb, R. Analysis of the so-called “food trash” consuming A. [15] inform about significance of parents’ participation can serve as one more proof of earlier assumption in educational programs, devoted to healthy eating. about healthier eating of girls. Thus, analysis of “food Combination of school and family efforts permits to trash” products’ consumption brings us to the following raise the level of knowledge in this field and facilitates conclusions: optimization of schoolchildren’s physical condition and • These products are rather frequent in diet, and their physical fitness. regular consuming shall be assessed as risk factor for digestion; Conclusions • Hygienic literacy of girls is much higher than boys’; Thus, the received results prove validity of eating it is proved by prevailing of girls’ denials of such behavior studying in the frame of school age children products; health monitoring, considering its specific characteristics • Propaganda of healthy eating is insufficient that for creation of targeted prophylaxis programs. The conditions the demand in such measures’ including found peculiarities of eating behavior permit to assess in prophylaxis complex. respondents’ health as pre-nosological of alimentary Analysis of eating organization in schools of province genesis, which is reflected in excessive body mass, Bluefontane (South Africa) permitted for Meko L. et.al. deficit of essential vitamins, mineral substances and food [29] to conclude that its organization was unsatisfactory. fibers, functional disorders of digestion. All these require As one of important risk factors for health they assessed working out targeted measures, directed at eating and prevailing of sweets, fast food and chips in diets. alimentary status correction. Substantiation and working During three weeks they conducted educational out of eating behavior objective criteria for adding of program devoted to eating in secondary school [22]. information about health; establishing of “feedback” of Effectiveness of these classes reflected in improvement alimentary factor’s influence on it are rather important of eating assessment and in more frequent consuming and relevant tasks. healthy food. Loomes S., Croft A. [25] fulfilled analysis of Australian Conflict of interests students’ eating behavior. Besides, specificities of diet The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests. they studied the level of knowledge in this field, eating

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Information about the authors: Podrigalo L.V.; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7893-524X; [email protected]; Kharkov State Academy of Physical Culture; Klochkovskaya str. 99, Kharkov, 61022, Ukraine.

Iermakov S. S.; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5039-4517; [email protected]; Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz; Sport str. 2, of.209, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland.

Rovnaya O.A.; http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1519-5632; [email protected]; Kharkov State Academy of Physical Culture; Klochkovskaya str. 99, Kharkov, 61022, Ukraine.

Avdiievska O.G.; http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5764-5254; [email protected]; V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University; 4, Svobody Sq., 61022, Kharkiv, Ukraine.

Demochko H.L.; http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5744-5893; [email protected]; Kharkiv National Medical University; 4 Nauky Avenue, 61022, Kharkiv, Ukraine. Cite this article as: Podrigalo LV, Iermakov SS, Avdiievska OG, Rovnaya OA, Demochko HL. Special aspects of Ukrainian schoolchildren’s eating behavior. Pedagogics, psychology, medical-biological problems of physical training and sports, 2017;21(3):120–125. doi:10.15561/18189172.2017.0304 The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.sportpedagogy.org.ua/index.php/PPS/issue/archive This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en). Received: 12.02.2017 Accepted: 25.02.2017; Published: 30.04.2017

125 medical-biological PEDAGOGICS problems of physical PSYCHOLOGY training and sports

Influence of mature men way of life on highly intensive physical activity Pryshva O.B. Kherson State University

Abstract Purpose: Highly intensive physical activity is the most effective for men’s health protection. In modern life conditions its level is insufficient. It requires organism’s appropriate physical activity, which is determined by way of life. Especially important it is before trainings. To study special aspects of different intensity’s physical activity; of eating special food and sleeping regime of mature men before their highly intensive physical trainings. Material: in experiment men (n=26, age - 35-53years), who practice healthy life style and independent physical activity of high intensity, participated. We used bio-register Basis B1. Every day we registered: Peak – physical activity of different intensity; duration and quality of sleep; relative weight of consumed food. Besides, we calculated body mass index and physical condition. The study was conducted during 30 days in winter period. The following results were compared: indicators before not planned physical activity and average-monthly indicators. Results: Before arbitrary physical functioning we found in men: confident weakening of average intensity (by 9-11%) and low intensity (by 10%) physical activity; confident increase of consumed food’s relative weight (by 6.82%), vegetarian food (by 10.64%) and raw food (by 7.61%); confident reduction of animal origin food (by 8.7%). No changes were found in duration and quality of sleep before highly intensive physical functioning. Conclusions: specific features of mature men’s way of life before their not planned highly intensive physical functioning are as follows: reduction of general physical activity; increase of consumed food. These factors facilitate energy accumulation in organism for its realization in highly intensive physical functioning the next day. Keywords: way of life, physical activity (functioning), eating, sleeps, physical condition, men, mature age.

Introduction1 prove dependence of physical condition on PA, immobile Physical activity (PA) is one of required conditions way of life, rest regime [13, 16, 19]. of healthy full-fledged life. Human modern way of life Eating regime and consumed food products are the leaves still less and less space for realization of this most significant factors in formation of human physical important function of organism. From minimal required condition [12]. Besides, there is inter-dependence between daily distance mature men walk only half [20, 21]. For eating and physical activity [6]. The author found influence cardio-vascular system’s (CVS) and general physical of some food products on men’s PA [18]. Besides, it condition normalization physical activity of high and was found that some food products influence on human moderate intensity is the most effective [7]. But mature physical condition and improve sport results [5]. man’s organism is not always ready for such intensity. In Sleep plays important role in control of organism’s researches [2, 3] we found dependence of men’s highly metabolism. Sleep quality is directly connected with intensive physical activity (HIPA) on CVS current human life quality [4]. As per the data of many researches condition. It served as indicator of human general sleep of adult person shall take from 7 to 8 hours a day. physical condition at the beginning of training day, which, Sleep deficiency reduces PA level. At the same time sleep probably, is conditioned by life style the day before. The sufficiency facilitates increase of PA [8]. Night sleep most substantial physiological factors, influencing on can be regarded in day and night format as a source of human physical condition, are: physical functioning of energy accumulation before active phase. Besides, it can other intensity, eating and sleep [19], on which physical be regarded as result of day active phase. Organism shall condition and ability of healthy man to practice HIPA have enough energy for next day. In case of incomplete depend. Traditionally components of mature men’s life sleep organism can start the day with energy deficit. style are studied for prevention from widely spread age Human organism has to compensate this deficit from diseases. Recent years the quantity of works devoted to other sources and one of them can be excessive eating influences of life style components on human physical [9]. Besides, certain dependences between the set of condition has been increasing [8, 12, 18]. In other work consumed food products, their quality and sleep duration it was proved [17], that optimal HIPA planning for men were determined [11, 15], as well as between PA kinds is realized in days of increase of CVS tension (within and sleep quality [10]. standards) in respect to previous day. Other studies also Hypothesis: it was assumed that specific features of © Pryshva O.B., 2017 life style before HIPA will help to understand of stimuli doi:10.15561/18189172.2017.0305 emersion for HIPA in men and simulate these specificities 126 2017 03 for increase PA trainings’ quantity. where, x – is percentage value; a – previous indicator Purpose: to study special aspects of different intensity and b – next indicator of compared pair of numbers. physical activity; eating special food; sleeping regime Statistical processing was fulfilled with methods of non of mature men before their highly intensive physical parametrical statistics as far as results did not correspond trainings. to normal distribution. We found the following: 95% inter-quartile range (IR), median (Ме). Comparison of Material and methods indicators between days was fulfilled with the help of Participants: in experiment men (n=26, age - Wilcoxon’s criterion with level of confidence (p=0.05). 35-53years), who practice healthy life style and EXCEL and Statgraphics16 programs were applied. independent physical activity of high intensity in the forms of health related run, swimming and fitness, participated. Results All participants were instructed at medical-biological Physiological characteristic of mature men (see table 1) disciplines’ department of Kherson state university. In was based on BMI values (which was in average 27.83kg/ the research bio-registers BASIS B1, BASIS PEAK were m2) and API (average indicator – 1.61a.un.). Such data used. show normal condition of men’s cardio-vascular systems. Organization of the research: the studies were fulfilled Per one week men’s HIPA was 2.1 times with volume of at the south of Ukraine in winter period 2015. During 30 3604.71st/week and spent time – 21.53 min. The tested days we studied special aspects of men’s life style before average HBR during HIPA trainings was 143.31bpm. It not planned HIPA trainings and compared them with characterizes its high intensity. everyday indicators. The participants practiced usual life Comparative of average and low intensity daily PA style and every day registered their physical condition before HIPA trainings showed significant distinctions (see indicators in the morning: body weight, heart beats rate table 2). Quantity of steps in average intensity PA before (HBR) blood pressure (BP); general weight of consumed HIPA was 3072.42st/day. It is by 9.15% confidently less food products as per their origin: animal, vegetarian, raw. than everyday indicators (3353.50 st/day). Quantity of During day and night bio-registers registered physical low intensity PA steps before training was 5960.23st/day. activity: high (85% from maximal admissible for the It is by 10.41% confidently less than everyday quantity age– 145bpm and higher), average (from 70% to 84%, - (6682.19 st/day). Average intensity PA time before HIPA 121-145bpm) ad low (from 50% to 69%, - 88-120 bpm). was 30.46 min/day. It is by 11.13% confidently less We noted: daily PA – as quantity of steps (steps/day) than everyday indicators (33.85 min.). Day intensity of in each zone; PA time (min/day), except low intensity; average PA had no substantial distinctions: only 1.79% PA intensity (steps/min). Besides, we registered sleep with quantity of 80.87 st/min before HIPA and 82.32 st/ duration (min) and its quality in percents (%) per day and min. everyday. On the contrary, low daily intensity before in night time. HIPA was 5.72 st/min. and everyday – 6.31 st.min. It is by According to experimental requirements HIPA 10.4% confidently less. trainings shall not be planned beforehand. Men practiced Comparison of consumed food products before HIPA only if individual wish appeared. HIPA and everyday showed significant distinctions by Statistical analysis: basing on daily reports of the all indicators (see table 3). Relative weight of consumed participants and bio-registers’ indicators we calculated: food before HIPA was 30.65g. It is by 6.82% more than body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2); index of cardio-vascular every day (28.65g). Relative weight of animal origin food system’s adaptation potential by Bayevskiy (API) was before HIPA was 6.45g. It is by 8.7% less than everyday calculated in absolute units (a.un.) [1]; HBR during HIPA consumption (7.01 g). Relative weight of vegetation origin trainings. For general physiological characteristic of the food before HIPA was 2128g. It is by 10.64% more than participants PA results were calculated every week. For everyday (19.53g.). Relative weight of raw food before comparison of days before HIPA with average monthly HIPA was 16.26 g. It is by 7.61% more than everyday (without days with HIPA) results were rendered in day/ consumption (15.02 g). night format. Rest regime was studied by indicators of day/night Percents were calculated by formula sleep, night sleep and their quality (see table 4). We did х=(b-a):a*100% not find confidence differences between sleeping before

Table 1. Physiological indicators of mature men, who practice healthy life style (n=26)

№ Indicators Me (95%IR) BMI (kg/m2) 27.83 (25.08;30.58) API (a.un.) 1.61 (1.53;1.69) Quantity of HIPA per week(times/ week) 2.1 (1.08:3.12) HIPA (steps/week) 3604.71 (2816.43;4392.99) HIPA time(min/week) 21.53 (17.34;25.72) HBR during HIPA (bpm) 143.31 (134.28;152.34)

127 medical-biological PEDAGOGICS problems of physical PSYCHOLOGY training and sports

Table 2. Comparison of men’s average and low physical activity before HIPA with every day indicators

Everyday indicator Before HIPA (n=208) (n=780) Difference W № Indicator Me Me (%) (p) (95% IR) (95% IR) Average intensity PA 3072.42 3353.50 62476 9.15 (steps/day) (2451.27;3693.57) (2248.03;4458.97) <0.05 Low intensity PA (steps/ 2116.23 2336.54 61334 10.41 day) (1246.29;2986.17) (1372.34;3300.74) <0.05 Average intensity PA time 30.46 33.85 65440 11.13 (minutes/day) (21.90;39.02) (20.37;47.33) <0.05 Intensity of average PA 80.87 82.32 21097 1.79 (steps/min) (71.04;90.7) (70.98;93.67) >0.05 Intensity of low PA (steps/ 5.72 6.31 63849 10.4 min) (3.51;7.93) (2.75;9.87) <0.05

Table 3. Comparison of the consumed by men food products before highly intensive physical activity and every day

Before HIPA Every day (n=208) (n=780) Difference W № Indicator Me Me (%) (p) (95% IR) (95% IR) Relative weight of consumed food 30.65 28.56 57612 -6.82 (g/kg) (19.26;42.04) (14.48;42.64) <0.05 Relative weight of animal origin 6.45 7.01 60145 8.7 consumed food (g/kg) (3.29;9.61) (4.71;9.31) <0.05 Relative weight of consumed 21.28 19.53 62412 -10.64 vegetarian food (g/kg) (9.15;33.41) (7.88;31.18) <0.05 Relative weight of consumed 16,26 15.02 58472 -7.61 vegetarian raw food (g/kg) (6.38;26.14) (4.62;25.42) <0.05 Table 4. Comparison of sleeping regimes before highly intensive physical activity and every day

Before HIPA Every day (n=208) (n=780) Difference W № Indicator Me Me (%) (p) (95% IR) (95% IR) 505.24 497.57 32986 Day/night sleep (min) -1.52 (432.48.578) (425.34;569.8) >0.05 81.37 79.07 37854 Quality of day/night sleep (%) -2.83 (76.14;86.6) (71.67;86.47) >0.05 450.78 457.96 29351 Night sleep (min) 1.59 (392.26;509.3) (392.84;523.08) >0.05 79.76 78.94 31457 Quality of night sleep (%) -1.02 (74.23;85.29) (72.51;85.37) >0.05

HIPA and in everyday regime. Before HIPA sleep duration information [10, 12] about tendency to excessive weight was 505.24 minutes, with difference of 1.52%, comparing of men and insufficient HIPA level [9, 114]. In our study with everyday sleep (497.57 minutes). Sleep quality was BMI of men exceeds standard by 2.83 kg/m2. 81.37% before HIPA and 79.07 in every day regime With it, cardio-vascular system corresponds to API (difference – 2.83%). Night sleep duration was 450.78 requirements (1.80 a.un.) [1]. The daily quantity o walked minutes before HIPA and 457.96 everyday (difference – steps witnesses about mainly immobile lie style o most o 1.59%). Night sleep quality before HIPA was 79.76%, and urban population. The quantity of average intensity steps every day – 78.94% (difference – 1.02%). corresponds to standard indicators (3000 st/day) [21]. Weekly PA of high intensity is insufficient to meet the Discussion recommendations of World health protection organization Analysis of men’s physical condition supplemented and other researches [14]. This indicator is 1 minute/day 128 2017 03 more than average statistical [21]. The tested HBR and is a result of lack of sleeping or food quality is under quantity of steps per minute during HIPA trainings prove question. In our research permanence of sleep duration their high intensity for this age category of men [20]. and quality is explained by lower PA, which compensates Comparative analysis of men’s PA proved for the sleep duration’s reduction from the point of organism’s first time that before HIPA physical activity of other energetic balance. intensity was confidently lower: by quantity of daily General tendency of mature men life activity’s steps; by PA time; by quantity of steps per minute in physiological components is directed to accumulation of zone of low intensity. Such PA reduction witnesses about organism’s energy reserves in day preceding HIPA. It is accumulation of energy before HIPA. Exclusion was only also explained by CVS activation the next day [3, 17], quantity of steps per minute in PA of average intensity. It when API confidently grows. Such energy accumulation can be regarded as factor of men’s individuality, which results in natural demand in HIPA. does not depend on energy accumulation or consumption. Eating is the most substantial factor of life style. For Conclusions the first time we proved that consumed per day relative The research found increase of body weight and weight of food products in total, vegetarian food and insufficient physical activity of mature men, who have vegetarian raw food products was confidently higher no chronic diseases. We registered certain distinctions before HIPA than in other days. Relative weight of before not planned HIPA trainings, comparing with animal origin food was confidently less. Total quantity everyday regime. General physical activity, its volume and qualitative content of the consumed food products, and intensity were confidently lower. Relative weight of prevailing carbohydrates facilitate accumulation of consumed food, vegetarian food and raw vegetarian food energy in organism before HIPA. Confident reduction of was confidently higher. Relative weight of consumed animal origin food is conditioned by reduction of energy animal origin food was confidently less. There were found consuming for organism kind of food [5]. no confident distinctions in duration and quality of day/ Sleep is a result of life style in previous day. Sleep night and night sleep. The determined special features duration before HIPA and everyday corresponds to age of men’s life style are directed at energy accumulation standards [8]. There were no distinctions in duration and in organism for its further realization in highly intensive quality of sleep with confident PA reduction and increase physical activity the next day. of food consumption. It does not confirm the data of other works [10, 15] about reduction of sleep duration with Conflict of interests increase of consumed food. Increase of consumed food The author declares that there is no conflict of interests.

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Information about the author: Pryshva O.B.; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3727-5142; [email protected]; Kherson State University; Str. University, 27, Kherson, 73000, Ukraine.

Cite this article as: Pryshva OB. Influence of mature men way of life on highly intensive physical activity.Pedagogics, psychology, medical-biological problems of physical training and sports, 2017;21(3):126–130. doi:10.15561/18189172.2017.0305 The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.sportpedagogy.org.ua/index.php/PPS/issue/archive This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en). Received: 04.02.2017 Accepted: 25.02.2017; Published: 30.04.2017

130 2017 03

Impact of athletic recovery parameters of hemodynamics in disabled powerlifters with cerebral palsy Prystypa Tatiana1, Stefaniak Tadeusz2, Rudenko Romana3 1Department of Paralympic Sport , Wroclaw University of Physical Education, Poland 2Wroclaw University of Physical Education, Poland 3Health Department, Lvov State University of Physical Culture, Ukraine

Abstract Purpose: Sport as one of physical culture components renders extremely complex impact on various environments and is enormously popular. In Poland disabled powerlifting represents top world standards. Aim of work: aims at examination of impact of biological regeneration on blood pressure and pulse in CP class 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 disabled power-lifters with normal upper extremities function. Material: The research material comprised twenty 18-30 years old disabled power-lifters with cerebral palsy and normal function of upper extremities who are active members of “Start-Impel” sports club in Wroclaw. The research was carried out in 2 identical cycles on the same disabled sportsmen. Cycle I comprised primary research, while Cycle II, as secondary research, was carried out 5 months later. The micro-cycles were identical as regards training and biological regeneration schedules on particular weekdays, which guaranteed optimal research conditions. Results: Results of the research allowed formation of the following parameters of pressure and pulse dynamics: 1. Post-training systolic blood pressure shows increasing dynamics; 2. During training meso-cycle with biological regeneration in Group A systolic pressure parameters were considerably lower than during the meso-cycle without biological renovation; 3. Diastolic pressure measured before training in both groups remains at 70–80 mm Hg, while post-training pressure increases to 82–86 mm Hg; 4. Post-training pulse measures are always higher than starting measures. Conclusions: Combination of strength training and complex biological regeneration has positive impact on dynamics of blood pressure and pulse hemodynamic parameters, which in turn boosts training effectiveness. Keywords: hemodynamics, biological regeneration, Para-Olympic sports, powerlifting

Introduction1 Paralympic medicine must face also such problems Sport as one of physical culture components has an as communication difficulties, increased muscle tone, extremely complex impact on various environments convulsive disorders and fatigue from intense training and enjoys enormous popularity, both as regards active which may result in dehydration, thermoregulatory participation and passive observation of sports events [1- problems or induce seizures [5]. Therefore, not only 3]. Performing sports has a positive influence on many monitoring health condition and hemodynamic parameters aspects of life. People with disabilities are prone to lead during exercise but also the proper recovery after training sedentary lifestyles which increase the risk of various seems to be very important. Moreover, proper planning chronic diseases. Diminished activity may contribute to of athletic training and complex recovery treatment is a reduced health-related quality of life. Cerebral palsy (CP) vital issue for athletes in general as well as those with is one of the reasons of disability which limits activity disabilities [6-11] with all its consequences. For this reason health care There is still not enough data regarding the effectives providers implement programs of trainings and encourage of training in comparison to the impact on the body people with CP to participate in sports programs. Groff physiology. Scoon GS. (2006) and Dec (1979) claim and coworkers [4] conducted a survey among athletes that no research on bodily reactions as regards cardiac with CP competing in the 2005 CP World Championships capacity of powerlifters with disability has been carried to examine the effect of adaptive sports participation on out, and use of the outcome of research on able-bodied influence on quality of life. The results indicate that sport sportsmen diminishes efficacy of their application in the positively influenced their overall health (84.9%), quality training of sportsmen with disability [7,12] This study of life (80.8%), quality of family life (53.4%), and quality was performed to shed more light on training athletes with of social life (56.1%). CP. The aim of the work was to examine of the impact of The participation in sports for disabled persons athletic recovery treatment on blood pressure and heart continues to expand. The reasons of growing interest in rate of disabled power-lifters with CP in sport-medical sports vary from rehabilitation and recreational purposes to classes CP 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 with normal function of the upper elite competitions such as Paralympic athletes. CP became extremities. one of the six impairment group in which athletes with disabilities may compete. Disorders occurring in cerebral Material and Methods palsy are not limited to the movement-related disorders. Subjects The study group consisted of twenty 18-30 year old © Ermak, 2017 doi:10.15561/18189172.2017.0306 disabled athletes with CP with normal function of their 131 medical-biological PEDAGOGICS problems of physical PSYCHOLOGY training and sports upper extremities that are active members of Start-Impel each day for 15 minutes directly after training; sports club in Wroclaw. It is the only sports center in 2) once a week (Wednesday) two full cycles of Wroclaw where disabled power-lifters with CP may train, Finnish sauna; and it is also the only so numerous section of powerlifters 3) twice a week (Tuesday and Thursday) underwater with disability in Poland. All athletes were classified in massage of both upper extremities and shoulder accordance with the “General Medical Classification girdle with a manually controlled water-jet; in Disabled Sport”[13], and study groups were formed 4) twice a week (Monday and Friday) alternating accordingly. Swiss shower. Athletes with disability are classified into medical The study was approved by the Committee of Senate groups and classes, in accordance with international for Research Ethics at University of Physical Education regulations. CP is classified as medical group 4. In 1982, in Wroclaw. Written informed consent was obtained prior at the meeting of the Presidium of the Cerebral Palsy to the patient entering the study. The study was conducted International Sport and Recreation Association within in compliance with the ethical principles originating in or the group 8 CP medical classes were distinguished [13- derived from the Declaration of Helsinki. 14] Athletes in Group A had spastic paresis in lower Statistics extremities, which substantially impaired their mobility. The analyses were performed using the Statistica This group was comprised of ten athletes that required package software (version 9, StatSoft). The following orthopaedic appliances, including two athletes in CP class variables were calculated: arithmetic mean, standard 4 and eight athletes in CP class 5. The main impairment deviation (s), and variation coefficient (v). Assessment of athletes in Group B was minimal spastic paresis, which of statistical significance between means for two groups substantially affected their mobility. It consisted of ten was performed with use of a t-Student test, and in case of athletes suffering from slight or trace spastic paresis that bigger amount of comparable means one-way analysis of could walk without help of any appliances, including four variance (ANOVA test) was applied, with comparison of athletes in CP class 6, one athlete in CP class 7 and five least significant difference in LSD test. A p value less than athletes in CP class 8. 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Methods The entire research was carried out in two identical Results cycles performed on the same study groups. One cycle Blood pressure and heart rate in Cycle I lasted eight weeks. Blood pressure and heart rate were Comparative analysis of hemodynamic parameters measured and analyzed. The measurements were taken in the Cycle I encompassing training without recovery before and after training as well as before and after treatment proved that no significant differences observed recovery treatment. in adaptive reactions to weight trainings between Groups The first cycle is referred in this paper as the primary A and B. research (Cycle I), while the second – as the secondary The most interesting findings are as follows. Statistically research (Cycle II). The Cycle II was carried out 5 significant differences in systolic blood pressure were months after the end of Cycle I. Each cycle comprised recorded on the 4th day of the second microcycle after two separate meso-cycles – the first one was based only training (p=0.011) and on the last day of the fourth on trainings and the second one on trainings followed microcycle (p=0.016), which was not significant for 40 by recovery treatment. Each mesocycle comprised four measurements taken. Statistically significant differences weekly micro-cycles. in diastolic blood pressure in Groups A and B were Each training took place on five consecutive days recorded in two cases before training (on the second and in each week, Monday through Friday, for about 90 fourth day of the third microcycle: p=0.023 and p=0.041 minutes a day, in the afternoons from 4.00 to 5.30 p.m., respectively) and in two cases after training (on the third and in the second mesocycle it was followed by athletic day of the first microcycle p=0.017 and on the fourth recovery treatment. All micro-cycles encompassed day of the fourth microcycle p=0.016). Reduced systolic identical training and recovery treatment on particular blood pressure was recorded after the training (136±8.06 weekdays, which ensured optimal research conditions. mm Hg) as compared to pre-training measurement The training schedule is presented in Figure 1. (140±8.31 mm Hg) only in one case (on the fourth day of Training meso-cycle comprised only a set of weight the third microcycle) and was not statistically significant. exercises for shoulder girdle muscles and special barbell Pre-training diastolic blood pressure parameters in both exercises. The set of exercises was developed by a coach groups ranged from 70 to 80 mm Hg, but after training for each athlete on an individual basis taking into account they slightly increased to 82–86 mm Hg, however the his condition, age, years of practicing competitive sports change was not statistically significant. Post-training heart and weight category. Based on those factors daily training rate occurred to be always higher than pre-training heart load for each athlete was scheduled. rate. Heart rate significantly differed only in two cases: Training mesocycle with recovery treatment comprised on the fifth day of the third microcycle and on the fourth the same set of exercises as in the training mesocycle day of the fourth microcycle). Identical processes were followed by the athletic recovery treatment accordingly: observed in Group B as well, which means that in the 1) classical dry upper extremities massage delivered first mesocycle no case post-training reduction of systolic

132 2017 03 blood pressure was recorded. It is worth pointing out that parameters in Group A were higher than before the out of 20 measures of pre- and post-training systolic blood training cycle. Statistically significant increase in heart pressure taken in Group B only in 6 cases a significant rate was observed in 15 cases, whereas in the remaining increase was noted. five cases it was statistically insignificant. In GroupB Comparative analysis of pre- and post-training during the first training mesocycle no decrease in heart diastolic blood pressure parameters in the first mesocycle rate was recorded, while in 17 cases the heart rate increase without recovery treatment showed two patterns. Selected was statistically significant, and in 3 cases the changes did results of analysis of variance and post-hoc test are not qualify as statistically significant. presented in Table 1. In the second mesocycle with recovery treatment After 15 trainings diastolic blood pressure rate in systolic blood pressure demonstrated an increasing Group A demonstrated an increasing tendency, whereas tendency in both groups. In Group A only one case in five cases a decreasing tendency was observed. Only of reduced systolic blood pressure value by the end in 4 cases the said changes were statistically significant. of training was reported. On the first day of the first In Group B a decreasing tendency was observed in microcycle pre-training systolic blood pressure reading 3 cases, whereas in 17 cases diastolic blood pressure in Group A was at a level of 131.60±8.72 mm Hg, while rate increased, including 7 cases in which they were at the end of the training it dropped to 131.30±8.71 mm statistically significant. Hg, hence the difference was not significant (p=0.0905). After 20 trainings of the first mesocycle heart rate Statistically significant changes in post-training systolic

Figure 1. Diagram of the study schedule.

Table 1. Evaluation of means of blood pressure and heart rate in selected days of training during Cycle I and II – first meso-cycle without athletic recovery – variance analysis and LSD.

I mesocycle, post- I mesocycle, pre-training training F-Snedecor 5 day, micro- 1 day, 1 mesocycle 5 day, 4 microcycle 1 day, microcycle 1 cycle 4

Parameter Cycle Group F p 5W14 1K11 5K14 1W21 5W24 1K21 5K24 5K14 5W24 5K24 5K14 1K21 5K24 5K24 A 4,07 0,000 0,973 0,151 0,631 0,631 0,391 0,706 0,142 0,655 0,411 0,151 0,337 0,288 0,973 0,320 I B 3,12 0,001 0,004 0,004 0,000 0,138 0,010 0,047 0,001 0,173 0,761 0,544 0,183 0,347 0,564 0,448 A 3,75 0,000 0,682 0,056 0,002 0,512 0,838 0,838 0,026 0,007 0,838 0,067 0,220 0,087 0,743 0,368 II

Systolic B 6,75 0,000 0,018 0,011 0,000 0,683 0,014 0,000 0,000 0,020 0,928 0,001 0,031 0,318 0,001 0,257 A 2,22 0,019 0,622 0,067 0,198 0,951 0,076 0,356 0,296 0,076 0,198 0,126 0,002 0,007 0,005 0,805 I B 3,42 0,000 0,529 0,010 0,010 0,875 0,118 0,010 0,000 0,048 0,346 0,003 1,000 1,000 0,320 0,320 A 7,70 0,000 0,043 0,002 0,000 0,798 0,670 0,023 0,000 0,015 0,015 0,076 0,203 0,349 0,551 0,496 II

Blood pressure Diastolic B 15,11 0,000 0,107 0,001 0,000 0,000 0,002 0,158 0,736 0,004 0,000 0,052 0,252 0,000 0,000 0,000 A 3,56 0,000 0,028 0,291 0,036 0,880 0,046 0,132 0,762 0,000 0,840 0,013 0,291 0,650 0,450 0,072 I B 4,58 0,000 0,558 0,021 0,103 0,179 0,320 0,002 0,179 0,028 0,115 0,055 0,482 0,380 0,320 0,769 A 7,92 0,000 0,513 0,000 0,000 0,414 0,369 0,000 0,000 0,001 0,806 0,000 0,870 0,806 0,414 0,513 II

Heart rate B 15,99 0,000 0,258 0,000 0,000 0,007 0,091 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,571 0,000 0,010 0,003 0,000 0,214 * F-Snedecor – F-distribution; F – test function value; p - probability values less than 0.05 denote statistically significant - marked in bold; LSD - least significant difference; symbols indicating the day of the study are designed as follows (e.g. 5W14): first number indicates micro-cycle day, second capital letter indicates type of measurement (W-pre-training; K-post-training); third number indicates mesocycle (1-first; 2-second); fourth number indicates microcycle number (from 1 to 4).

133 medical-biological PEDAGOGICS problems of physical PSYCHOLOGY training and sports blood pressure were reported in 7 cases. In group B only cases, 13 of which were statistically significant. Analysis one case of reduced systolic blood pressure was recorded of parameters of diastolic blood pressure after delivery of for 20 measurements taken. On the first day of the fourth local massage treatment in Group A showed an increase microcycle pre-training average value of systolic blood in 14 cases, while in six a decreasing tendency was pressure was 134.20±11.61 mm Hg, and before the end observed. In 6 out of 20 cases changes in diastolic blood of the training it demonstrated insignificant decrease pressure dynamics after delivery of local massage were dropping to 131.80±7.42 mm Hg (p=0.463). Out of all statistically significant. In Group B there were 18 cases 20 measurements taken six were statistically significant, of reduced diastolic blood pressure values and two cases which means that normotonic hemodynamic adaptive of increased diastolic blood pressure values after delivery reactions to high-intensity weight training dominated. of local massage treatment. In 6 out of 20 cases changes Comparative analysis of the dynamics of post- in diastolic blood pressure after delivery of local massage training diastolic blood pressure values in Group A in the were statistically significant. second mesocycle showed an increase in fifteen cases, Heart rate dynamics after delivery of local massage and a decrease in five, where in 4 cases the change was treatment in Group A proved that the restoration statistically significant. While in Group B, in the same mechanism in all 20 cases contributed to a decreasing time in 17 cases diastolic blood pressure increased but tendency. Statistic analysis of post-massage heart rate only in 3 cases it decreased. In 7 cases the change was showed that in 13 cases it significantly decreased, while in statistically significant. Statistical analysis of pre- and 7 cases the decrease was statistically insignificant. Heart post-training heart rate parameters in Group A during rate dynamics in Group B followed a similar pattern. In the mesocycle with recovery treatment showed increase Group B in 19 cases post-massage heart rate dropped and in all cases, but in 13 cases the change was statistically only in one a significantly insignificant increase in heart significant. Whereas in Group B, 19 cases of post-training rate from 79.40±1.48 beats/min. to 79.80±1.48 beats/min. increased heart rate were recorded, 8 of which qualify as was observed. Statistical analysis showed that in 12 cases statistically significant. heart rate reduction after local massage treatment was In the Group A, after massage treatment a constantly statistically significant. Heart rate parameters measured decreasing values of systolic blood pressure was observed. after the treatment in Groups A and B fluctuated about the Reduction in systolic blood pressure after delivery of pre-training heart rate range. In the Group A, pre-training local massage treatment was recorded in all 20 cases, 14 and after-massage heart rate varied from 75 to 85 beats of which were statistically significant. Similar changes per minute. The tendency in Group B was similar. were observed in systolic blood pressure behavior in the Comparative analysis of systolic blood pressure Group B. The decrease in systolic blood pressure after parameters measured after massage and hydrotherapy delivery of local massage treatment was recorded in all 20 treatments showed an increase in all cases. In the Group

Table 2. Evaluation of means of blood pressure and heart rate in selected days of training during Cycle I and II – second meso-cycle pre-training measurements – variance analysis and LSD.

II meso-cycle, pre-training 1 day 1 micro-cycle 5 day 4 micro-cycle

5W24 1K21 5K24 1M21 5M24 1D21 5D24 5K24 5M24 5D24 Parameter Cycle Group A 0,706 0,918 0,320 0,000 0,124 0,133 0,304 0,537 0,057 0,515 I B 0,262 0,605 0,044 0,693 0,303 0,584 0,317 0,363 0,033 0,903 A 0,390 0,390 0,004 0,967 0,042 0,006 0,000 0,042 0,236 0,006 II

Systolic B 0,039 0,002 0,000 0,468 0,005 0,031 0,000 0,001 0,440 0,007 A 0,087 0,325 0,269 0,758 0,498 0,389 0,498 0,005 0,296 0,018 I B 0,086 0,006 0,000 0,023 0,144 0,000 0,001 0,043 0,793 0,106 A 0,496 0,043 0,001 0,349 0,149 0,001 0,000 0,000 0,035 0,000 II

Blood pressure Diastolic B 0,201 0,002 0,000 0,252 0,005 0,000 0,000 0,004 0,122 0,000 A 0,064 0,098 0,650 0,268 0,801 0,339 0,762 0,022 0,109 0,032 I B 0,725 0,063 1,000 0,145 0,007 0,063 0,199 0,725 0,018 0,103 A 0,935 0,001 0,000 0,193 0,029 0,001 0,000 0,000 0,036 0,000 II

Heart rate B 0,308 0,000 0,000 0,571 0,734 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,175 0,000 * probability values less than 0.05 denote statistically significant - marked in bold; LSD - least significant difference; symbols indicating the day of the study are designed as follows (e.g. 5W24): first number indicates micro-cycle day, second capital letter indicates type of measurement (W-pre-training; K-post-training; M-after massage; D-after athlete recovery); third number indicates mesocycle (1-first; 2-second); fourth number indicates microcycle number (from 1 to 4). 134 2017 03 A, in 14 cases systolic blood pressure significantly delivery of hydrotherapy treatment in the Group A showed increased after the treatments. The adaptive responses to that heart rate parameters in 19 cases were higher than hydrotherapy treatment were similar in the Group B. After parameters recorded after local massage. In 9 cases the hydrotherapy treatment, in 10 out of 20 cases an increase in change was statistically significant. In the Group B after systolic blood pressure was statistically significant, while hydrotherapy treatments heart rate in all cases was higher in the remaining 10 cases the increase was statistically as compared to the rate recorded after local massage. insignificant. It was also noted that systolic blood pressure Only in 4 cases the change was statistically insignificant. parameters had a tendency to increase after delivery of The results of analysis of variance and post-hoc test of hydrotherapy treatment. Comparative analysis of diastolic measurements performed during second mesocycle blood pressure dynamics after delivery of hydrotherapy before training are presented in Table 2. treatments in the Group A showed that in 17 out of 20 The results of measurement performed after training cases it increased, and in 3 cases decreased. In 9 chases and recovery treatment are presented in Table 3. the change was statistically significant. In the Group B Analysis of blood pressure and heart rate dynamics an increase in diastolic blood pressure after hydrotherapy in Cycle II treatments was reported in 19 cases, and only in one case Comparative analysis of blood pressure and heart diastolic blood pressure rate was reduced. 10 out of 20 rate parameters in Cycle II in both groups confirms most changes were statistically significant. characteristics observed in Cycle I. Comparative analysis of diastolic blood pressure dynamics after delivery of local massage and hydrotherapy Discussion treatments showed idiosyncratic characteristics. For The increased interest in sports among disabled instance, in Group A after delivery of local massage pose several challenges as regards intensive seeking treatment diastolic blood pressure parameters decreased for training support measures. One of the most vital in 14 cases out of 20, while in 6 cases were reduced. After methodological aspects of competitive sports is necessity delivery of hydrotherapy treatment only in 3 cases diastolic to include complex recovery treatment in training blood pressure decreased, while in as many as in 17 cases and contest program [2-3] Complex athletic recovery it increased. Similar tendency was observed in the Group treatment incorporated into trainings and competitions B, where in 18 cases diastolic blood pressure decreased cycle is recommended in contemporary studies as an after delivery of local massage treatment, and in 2 cases indispensable element of the entire preparation system it increased, whereas after delivery of hydrotherapy [10,15-16] Analysis of hemodynamic parameters aimed at treatments diastolic blood pressure increased in as many diagnosing athletes condition, their adaptability and form as 19 cases out of 20. find a broad application in competitive sports [17-21] Comparative analysis of heart rate dynamics after The present study included athletes with CP. The

Table 3. Evaluation of means of blood pressure and heart rate in selected days of training during Cycle I and II – second meso-cycle pre-training measurements – variance analysis and LSD.

II meso-cycle post II meso-cycle post II mesocycle post-training massage recovery 5 day, 5 day 1day 1 day 1 micro-cycle 1 day 1 micro-cycle 4 micro-cycle 4 micro 1 micro.

Parameter Cycle Group 5K24 1M21 5M24 1D21 5D24 5M24 5D24 5M24 1D21 5D24 5D24 5D24 A 0,273 0,000 0,151 0,161 0,259 0,012 0,973 0,016 0,015 0,000 0,011 0,012 I B 0,131 0,363 0,123 0,976 0,627 0,003 0,303 0,524 0,347 0,164 0,044 0,649 A 0,042 0,413 0,236 0,051 0,006 0,390 0,437 0,047 0,006 0,000 0,103 0,390 II

Systolic B 0,022 0,016 0,750 0,318 0,104 0,010 0,496 0,035 0,148 0,000 0,053 0,010 A 0,902 0,198 0,099 0,902 0,758 0,076 0,666 0,712 0,243 0,325 0,177 0,853 I B 0,320 0,637 0,192 0,374 0,564 0,023 0,675 0,402 0,175 0,296 0,061 0,753 A 0,127 0,003 0,551 0,203 0,012 0,035 0,307 0,019 0,000 0,000 0,002 0,203 II

Blood pressure Diastolic B 0,281 0,052 0,787 0,038 0,014 0,179 0,158 0,093 0,000 0,000 0,007 0,685 A 0,228 0,006 0,057 0,480 0,175 0,480 0,880 0,392 0,041 0,160 0,579 0,512 I B 0,063 0,001 0,000 1,000 0,558 0,007 0,199 0,199 0,001 0,007 0,000 0,558 A 0,567 0,052 0,289 0,935 0,019 0,104 0,074 0,369 0,043 0,000 0,001 0,024 II

Heart rate B 0,428 0,000 0,000 0,910 0,650 0,000 0,214 0,365 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,734 * probability values less than 0.05 denote statistically significant - marked in bold; LSD - least significant difference; symbols indicating the day of the study are designed as follows (e.g. 5W24): first number indicates microcycle day, second capital letter indicates type of measurement (K-post-training; M-after massage; D-after athlete recovery); third number indicates mesocycle (1-first; 2-second); fourth number indicates micro-cycle number (from 1 to 4).

135 medical-biological PEDAGOGICS problems of physical PSYCHOLOGY training and sports two identical research cycles were conducted twice considerably higher as compared to relevant parameters on the same athletes (Groups A and B) at a 5-month recorded after delivery of local massage treatment and interval, since it was impossible to match a control group they were within the range of post-training parameters, characterized by similar parameters to those study groups. which was also observed by Strack [28]. Local massage However, a 5-month interval can satisfy the conditions treatment had a recovering effect on diastolic blood for obtaining reliable research results. The obtained pressure lowering it to pre-training rates. The data results allow to come to conclusion that characteristics obtained in the study prove that local massage treatment of selected functions of the cardiovascular system in had a definitely greater normalizing effect on systolic the Cycle II do not differ substantially from outcomes than on diastolic blood pressure values. Local massage observed in the Cycle I. Therefore, those observations treatment in all cases had an effect on heart rate lowering on selected hemodynamic functions confirm a positive it to pre-training rates and the results were statistically impact of athletic recovery treatment on the increase of significant. However, the findings regarding influence training efficacy in power-lifters with CP that was drawn of local massage on haemodynamics are interesting, the in Cycle I. topic require further research. The overall changes in systolic and diastolic blood The results of the study indicate that systolic blood pressure as well as in heart rate observed in the Cycle I in pressure parameters had a tendency to increase after the Groups A and B proved that hemodynamic adaptive delivery of hydrotherapy treatment, which means that responses to high-intensity training without recovery were the hydrotherapy treatments have a significant impact in both Groups A and B identical. The research outcomes on athletes’ hemodynamics. The research proved that allowed for drawing up the characteristics of the blood hydrotherapy treatments are the source of significant load pressure and heart rate dynamics in powerlifters with CP. and therefore the methods of its application, especially In majority of the cases a stable increasing dynamics after high-intensity weight training require further in post-training systolic blood pressure readings was research. In the present study hydrotherapy treatments observed. Similar findings were reported also by other resulted in adaptive changes in diastolic blood pressure researchers [19;22;23]. Pre-training diastolic blood that are typical for post-training parameters. Therefore, it pressure parameters in both groups increased slightly can be assumed that diastolic blood pressure dynamics is after the training, however the change is not statistically multidirectional in nature, as opposed to systolic blood significant. Many researchers underline the multifactorial pressure dynamics, where a stable increasing tendency relations among hemodynamics components [14-27]. was observed. As reported in the study and by other The detailed analysis of systolic blood pressure researchers, hydrotherapy treatments increase heart rate to showed some characteristic behaviors. During training the post-training parameters [25,33-34]. Small heart rate micro-cycles systolic blood pressure demonstrated a dynamics prove that the cardiovascular system is healthy tendency to regular fluctuations within normotonic limits, and well regulated [33-34]. Hydrotherapy treatments while post-training it showed an increasing dynamics. In and local massage delivered after high-intensity training the Group A its values were considerably lower during have statistically significant impact on athletes heart rate the training mesocycle with athletic recovery treatment and blood pressure and significantly boost hemodynamic than without. During the training mesocycle followed processes. by athletic recovery treatment in the Group B the input systolic pressure parameters were within the limits typical Conclusions: for the mesocycle without athletic recovery treatment, 1. Combination of strength training with complex athletic however the limits were wider. Comparative analysis recovery treatment has positive impact on dynamics of the changes in the systolic blood pressure values of blood pressure and heart rate hemodynamic obtained in the Cycle I to the specialist literature allows parameters, which in turn boosts training effectiveness for a conclusion that systolic blood pressure adaptive in disabled powerlifters with CP. responses to high-intensity weight training in Groups A 2. The research proved that hydrotherapy treatment is a and B follow the pattern of normotonic changes [24,28- source of significant load and therefore the methods 30] The observed finding result from a multi-factor impact of its application, especially after intensive weight on athletes hemodynamics [22, 26-27, 31] training require thorough research. Local massage was delivered to muscles that were most loaded during training. After delivery of this Acknowledgments: This work was supported by the treatment during the second training mesocycle, a Department of Physical Culture and Disable Sports at the tendency to substantial decrease in systolic blood pressure University of Physical Education in Wroclaw. was observed as compared to relevant post-training parameters. Similar finding were presented in other Conflict of interests studies [28, 32] After delivery of hydrotherapy treatments The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests. systolic blood pressure parameters in both groups were

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137 medical-biological PEDAGOGICS problems of physical PSYCHOLOGY training and sports

Information about the authors: Prystupa Tetiana; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0219-8845; [email protected]; Department of Paralympic Sport, The University of Physical Education; al. I. J. Paderewskiego 35, 51 – 612 Wrocław, Poland.

Stefaniak Tadeusz; http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8306-9692; [email protected]; The University of Physical Education; al. I. J. Paderewskiego 35, 51 – 612 Wrocław, Poland.

Rudenko Romanna; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1994-228X; [email protected]; Lviv State University of Physical Culture; 11 Kostiushka Str., Lviv, Ukraine. Cite this article as: Prystypa T., Stefaniak T., Rudenko R. Impact of athletic recovery parameters of hemodynamics in disabled powerlifters with cerebral palsy. Pedagogics, psychology, medical-biological problems of physical training and sports, 2017;21(3):131–138. doi:10.15561/18189172.2017.0306 The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.sportpedagogy.org.ua/index.php/PPS/issue/archive This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en). Received: 04.02.2017 Accepted: 25.02.2017; Published: 30.04.2017

138 2017 03

Special aspects of Paralympic athletes’ sport activity in the process of self-education Shuba V.V. Dnipropetrovs’k State Institute of Physical Culture and Sport

Abstract Purpose: to determine and substantiate influence of self-education components of Paralympic athletes’ sport activity. Material: in the research 46 Paralympic athletes form three teams of game kinds of sports participated: combined football, basketball and volleyball teams of Ukraine. The program of self-education process’s organization was designed for 9 months and consisted of three stages. Pedagogic program consisted of 9 classes. Optimal time of one training session was 45 minutes a day (in total – 9 days). Results: we determined the need in consideration of athletes’ individual-personality features in organization the self- education process. We also substantiated and experimentally tested correlations, which facilitate: adequate organization of athletes’ self-education process; mastering of sport knowledge and skills of behavior in different extreme situations; realization of own potentials in sport and social life. Conclusions: the structure of athletes’ self –education is presented by combination of interconnected components: motivation-personal (motives, demands, settings, moral-will qualities and individual personal features); cognitive (system of knowledge about oneself and sport functioning); activity (formation of skills in self cognition, self-organization and self-control). Keywords: Paralympic athletes, self-education, sport activity, football, volleyball, basketball.

Introduction1 Bhambhani – influence of physical training on emotional Modern sport is the natural result of human cognitive state of disabled athletes [13]. activity. Achievements of sport sciences, methodic of Searching of means for raising effectiveness of elite athletes’ training, application of it results in other Paralympic athletes’ self-education process’s organization branches are a combination of sports’ spiritual values [20, is presented in the following works: Yu. Briskin – 25, 29, 31]. studies in the sphere of adaptive physical culture, which Involvement of disabled people in sport activity is of facilitates maximal development of vitality and effective great importance for such people and society in general. self-realization in society [3, 4]; V. Zhylenkova – Adaptive sports facilitate disabled people’s integration formation and development of physical culture and sports in social life. Adaptive sports facilitate full opening of for disabled people with muscular skeletal apparatus potentials for comprehensive development of physical disorders [6]; R. Chudnaya – aspects of physical education abilities and motor skills. Such activity permits to feel of people, having different heavy disorders of vitally happiness, completeness of life, control over body and important organism’s functions and restricted physical overcoming life difficulties as well as to expand social potentials, resulted from diseases or traumas [10]; V. contacts [15, 17, 23, 32]. Shuba – special aspects of psychological-pedagogic In sports disabled people have opportunity to self organization of Paralympic athletes’ (with muscular realize and self-perfect. Participation in sports movement skeletal apparatus disorders) training process [11]; M. facilitates activation of all organism’s systems, motor Braycich – influence of different level competitions on correction and formation of a number of required motor athletes’ psychological individual features [15]; G.R. compensations. It is an important factor of disabled Coudevylle et al. – application of specific strategy of people’s physical and social rehabilitation [21, 22, 26, 30]. overcoming personal anxiety before competitions [18]; Psychological-pedagogic aspect of Paralympic P. Laursen – special aspects of trainings with different trainings on all stages requires special attention. Success intensity levels [27]. depends to large extent on Paralympic athlete him/herself: That is why, one of new approaches to solution the his/her abilities to self-control at competitions, ability to problem of Paralympic athletes’ potentials realization independently cognate own potentials and resources, to can be analysis of self-education process and its plan own activity and distribute reasonably forces and interconnection with different components. time [14, 17, 19, 28]. The purpose of the research: is to determine and It should be noted that personality’s education in sports substantiate influence of self-education components of and ordinary life was paid attention to by the following Paralympic athletes’ sport activity. scientists: I. Bekh – education of personality and influence of medium on its formation [2]; V. Voronova – psychology Material and methods of sports and development of personality under influence Participants: in the research 46 Paralympic athletes of elite sports factors [5]; V. Shuba – psychological- form three teams of game kinds of sports participated pedagogic aspects of work with disabled people [12]; Y. (control group n=24 and experimental group – n=24): © Shuba V.V., 2017 combined football, basketball and volleyball teams of doi:10.15561/18189172.2017.0307 139 medical-biological PEDAGOGICS problems of physical PSYCHOLOGY training and sports

Ukraine. psychological-pedagogic conditions of self-education’s Organization of the research: control group was organization in life activity. This work was fulfilled at trained according to traditional training schedule. 1st-8th trainings. 9th training of the 3rd stage was devoted Trainings on organization of self-education process, to summarizing of all program of athletes’ self-education considering pedagogic conditions, were not conducted in process’s organization. this group. For assessment of self-education organization with the For experimental group we worked out and offered help of innovative program effectiveness and self-report the program of organization of Paralympic athletes’ self diary we formed a block of methods for psycho-emotional education. The main purpose of this program was to state diagnostic. facilitate athlete’s psychological adaptation in training Athletes’ psycho-emotional state; self-education’s activity and society; ability to open own potentials at organization and self control were checked by competitions of different level. psychological tests and questionnaires. It permitted to The program of self-education process’s organization find psycho-emotional state development, functioning and was designed for 9 months and consisted of three stages. correction in pre-competition and competition periods: Every participant was given approximately equal time 1. Method of modeling (consisted of three stages). and opportunity to participate in training process. The first stage: careful study of self-education and self- Pedagogic program consisted of 9 classes. Optimal perfection experience of Paralympic athletes; analysis time of one training session was 45 minutes a day (in and generalization of this experience and formation of total – 9 days). The program was implemented in training hypothesis which became the basis of innovative program camp period. of self education process’s organization, considering Every training consisted of three parts. It complied pedagogic conditions [1, 8]. with the structure of athletes’ training process. The second stage: formation of research program; Preparatory part took 10-20 % – introduction, organization of practical activity in compliance with warming up, passing to group work. This part was the worked out innovative program of self-education intended at athletes’ motivation and organization; their process’s organization; inserting of corrections to the familiarization with topic and preparation to main part. program; specifying of initial hypothesis, taken as the Besides, it facilitated discipline, which ensures safety base of model. measures’ observation at trainings. The third stage: formation of final variant of model Main part took 70-80% of training session: work of innovative program of self-education process’s in group, topical role-exercises, discussion of results. organization for Paralympic athletes. It depends on aims and tasks of training. The tasks can 2. Diagnostic talks: as the basis of these talks we be of different orientation. The most purposeful it is to took five-step model of psychological interview: making plan the trainings in definite sequence. The sequence and contacts with athletes; collection of information on the differentiation depend on the purpose of correction work problem; formulation of the desired result; working out of and stage of self-education process’s organization. alternative solutions; generalization [7]; Final part takes 10-20% – summarizing of training 3. Questionnaire for anxiety level was with closed results, setting tasks for the next training, relaxation or questions. I.e. answers were restricted by previously activation of athletes’ state, depending on the targets of determined quantity of answers’ variants. We used correction program and assessment of group work or standard questionnaire for athletes’ anxiety determination each athlete separately. Final part was conducted under [1, 9, 12]; musical accompaniment. 4. Socio-metric study implied the following: first we At first training session rules of group work are determined main criteria for assessment of one or another announced; they, further, positively influence on side of interpersonal interaction. For this purpose we correction work and mutual trust. All exercises were formulated the questions, relating to real situation [7]; strictly regulated by time. 5. Questionnaire of Spilberger-Khanin was used for Every stage of program had its own dynamic. It assessment of reactive and personal anxiety [1, 9]; depended on the purpose and tasks of every stage. 6. Scale of competition anxiety was used for The first training session of the first stage is devoted to quantitative measuring of athlete’s bent to emotionally familiarization, organizational questions and explanations react by different intensity anxiety to pre-competition and of expectations. At 2-8 trainings dynamic and active self- competition situations [1, 5, 7]; cognition work was practiced. 7. Questionnaire of Izank was used for diagnostic The first training of the 2nd stage was devoted to of neurotism, extraversion/introversion and psychotism. analysis of diaries and its re-structurizing. At 2nd-4th This questionnaire is a realization of psychological trainings athletes overcame critical life situations. At 5th approach to personality’s study [8, 9]; training exercise “Tree of resources” was practiced. At 8. Questionnaire for study self-development and 6th-8th trainings athletes overcame critical life situations ability to self-organization was used for finding of (this training was devoted to summarizing). abilities for self development and consisted of three main At 3rd stage athletes worked more independently blocks: 1st – “self-cognition”; 2nd- “self-achievement/self- and their work was directed at creation of optimal realization”; 3rd – “self-control” [12].

140 2017 03 Psycho-emotional state of athletes was studied in and social status in group; Sport age and social status in dynamic as well: in trainings during all stages. group; sport category and the type of temper personal Statistical analysis: we calculated the following: anxiety and situational anxiety; personal anxiety and mean arithmetic; mean square deviation; variation competition anxiety; communication with other people coefficient; standard error of mean arithmetic; correlation and planning future activity; communication with other coefficient. The receive data were processed with the help people and professional progress. of Microsoft Exсel program. Analysis of the received data showed the following: 1. The received significant correlations between Results of the research “sport age” and “sport degree” witness about increase of Paralympic athletes with muscular skeletal apparatus sportsmanship in compliance with sport experience (see problems relate to the most dynamic branch of Paralympic table 1). movement. It is witnessed by: increase of competitions’ This natural regularity is characteristic both for women quantity, strengthening of contest, emersion of new kinds and men. The accumulated in the process of many years’ of sports [3, 16, 34]. At present stage of Paralympic sports practicing experience brings its qualitative result. movement’s development Paralympic athletes’ activity is 2. The following received correlation between “sport regarded at the level of “healthy” athletes’ participation category” and “socio-metry” can also be considered quite [24, 33]. During year Paralympic athlete can participate in logical. Direct correlation points at positive influence of a number of competitions of different level. Their quantity sportsmanship on socio-metric indicators of athlete (see determines dynamic of training process. table 2). In the course of our study of Paralympic athletes For many years athlete gains higher results that causes we receive significant correlations between different respect from less experienced athletes and higher quantity parameters: sport age and sport category; sport category of choices by results of socio-metry. Table 1. Correlation between sport age and sport category of Paralympic athletes

Sport Indicators Category Age Correlation coefficient 1.000 .674** Sport category Bilateral value - .006 N 24 24 By Spearman Correlation coefficient .674** 1.000 Sport age Bilateral value .006 - N 24 24 **Correlation is significant at 0.01 (bilateral)

Table 2. Correlation between sport category and social status in Paralympic athletes’ group

Indicators Sport category Socio-metry Correlation coefficient 1.000 .674** Sport category Bilateral value - .006 N 24 24 By Spearman Correlation coefficient .674** 1.000 Quantity of Bilateral value .006 - choices N 24 24 **Correlation is significant at 0.01 (bilateral)

Table 3. Correlation between sport age and social status in group of Paralympic athletes

Indicators Sport age Socio-metry Correlation coefficient 1.000 .725** Sport age Bilateral value - .002 N 24 24 By Spearman Correlation coefficient .725** 1.000 Quantity of Bilateral value .002 - choices N 24 24 **Correlation is significant at 0.01 (bilateral)

141 medical-biological PEDAGOGICS problems of physical PSYCHOLOGY training and sports

3. Similar picture was received for parameters “sport these facilitate team spirit, group dynamic and team will age” and “socio-metry”. The higher is sport experience for victory. the oftener a person receives advantage in choices by 5. We received significant correlation between socio-metry (see table 3). “personal anxiety” and “situational anxiety”. Direct The data witness that sport results and sport age correlation points that with increasing of personal anxiety characterize the athlete’s experience. It causes respects to situational anxiety also increases (see table 5). such athletes and points at higher quantity of choices by This correlation points that athletes with high personal socio-metry. anxiety will have high situational anxiety in extreme 4. Attention should also be paid to significant situations. It can become an obstacle in achievement of correlation between “sport category” and “type of high sport results. temper”. Reverse correlation points, that with increasing 6. We received significant correlation between of sportsmanship melancholic temper is rather rare, while “personal anxiety” and competition anxiety”. Its sanguine temper if more frequently met (see table 4). direct character points that with increasing of personal The received data point that: anxiety, “competition anxiety” also increases (see table А) High sport results shall not be expected from 6). In competitions such anxiety can be an obstacle in Paralympic athletes with melancholic type of temper, achievement of high sport results. especially in game kinds of sports. It means that at the 7. We also obtained highly significant correlation beginning of sport career correct sport selection can save between “discussing of interesting problems with other a lot of time and finances. people to know their point of view” and “planning of B) Athletes with sanguine type of temper are the most future activity (physical loads and so on)” (see table 7). promising for achievement of high sport results, especially This correlation means the following: a) for in game kinds of sports. Such athletes are characterized Paralympic athletes initial pronouncing of own future by natural friendliness, will power and openness. All actions can be sufficiently critical point in making plan

Table 4. Correlation between sport category and type of temper of Paralympic athletes Indicators Sport category Type of temper Correlation coefficient 1.000 -.637* Sport category Bilateral value - .011 N 24 24 By Spearman Correlation coefficient -.637* 1.000 Type of temper Bilateral value .011 - N 24 24 *Correlation is significant at 0.05 (bilateral)

Table 5. Correlation between personal anxiety and situational anxiety of Paralympic athletes Personal Situational Indicators anxiety anxiety Correlation coefficient 1.000 .559* Personal anxiety Bilateral value . .030 N 24 24 By Spearman Correlation coefficient .559* 1.000 Situational Bilateral value .030 . anxiety N 24 24 *Correlation is significant at 0.05 (bilateral)

Table 6. Correlation between personal anxiety and competition anxiety of Paralympic athletes Competition Indicators Personal anxiety anxiety Correlation coefficient 1.000 .707** Personal anxiety Bilateral value - .003 N 24 24 By Spearman Correlation coefficient .707** 1.000 Competition anxi- Bilateral value .003 - ety N 24 24 **Correlation is significant at 0.01 (bilateral) 142 2017 03 of future activity; b) pronouncing permits to plan future of the chosen category of athletes permitted for us to open activity and insert necessary corrections, when receiving wider these results. Thus we can affirm the following: significant feedback in due time; c) it’s quite probable - Training process: for maximal realization of this that initial pronunciation of the most important issues direction it is necessary (especially in game kinds of will play key role in development of self-organization of sports) to select athletes with sanguine type of temper Paralympic athletes’ personalities. (see table 4); 8. We received significant correlation between - Picture of oneself: the received results show that parameter “I used to discuss important for me questions Paralympic athletes with high personal anxiety with other people, to know their opinion” and parameter can build imaginative obstacles. It influences “Control over oven professional progress to obtain negatively on achievement of high sport results and positive results” (see table 8). communication in team in extreme situation and This correlation shows that Paralympic athletes require everyday trainings (see tables 5, 6); constant assistance during trainings from pedagogues, - Communication is the element, closely connected psychologists and coaches. with previous kind of anxiety. It is necessary to remember that we deal with disabled people (see Discussion tables 7, 8). To large extent, success in sports depends on athlete’s Some authors [1, 13, 18] say that anxiety state individual features [3, 13]. Athlete’s psychic qualities complicates athlete’s activity and reduces his/her are the most significant factors, which condition the achievements in competitions. Other specialists [6, 15, 33] level of sport achievements [2]. The results, received present the data that anxiety state is connected with feeling in our experiment revealed similar connection. As per “comfort of psychological functioning”. The mentioned these parameters it is of no importance in which sport problem of conscious localization of anxiety control only movement (Olympic or Paralympic) athlete participates. has started to be worked out in sport psychology. Intensive physical and psychic loads are characteristic for In the received by us results we attract attention to all sports. Such loads facilitate development of psychic the data of correlations. They witness about demand in features. They ensure weakening of psychic load by constant assistance of pedagogues, psychologists and rationalizing behavior (anxiety in particular). coaches in trainings of Paralympic athletes. It is also A number of authors [1, 2, 9] noted kinds of anxiety confirmed by other authors [9, 10, 16]. Such assistance on the base of situations, connected with training process: will positively influence on emotional state that will training anxiety; with picture of oneself – self-assessment facilitate realization of Paralympic athlete’s maximal anxiety; with communication – interpersonal anxiety. Our potentials and bring victory in competitions. researches confirm the results of other studies. Specificity

Table 7. Correlation between communication with other people and planning of future activity

Consideration of other Planning of Indicators people’s point of view future activity Consideration of Correlation coefficient 1.000 .853** other people’s Bilateral value - .000 point of view N 24 24 By Spearman Correlation coefficient .853** 1.000 Planning of Bilateral value .000 - future activity N 24 24 **Correlation is significant at 0.01 (bilateral)

Table 8. Correlation between communicating with other people and professional progress of Paralympic athletes

Consideration of other Control over own Indicators people’s point of view progress Consideration of Correlation coefficient 1.000 -.580* other people’s Bilateral value . .023 point of view N 24 24 By Spearman Correlation coefficient -.580* 1.000 Control over own Bilateral value .023 . progress N 24 24 *Correlation is significant at 0.05 (bilateral)

143 medical-biological PEDAGOGICS problems of physical PSYCHOLOGY training and sports

Conclusions combination of interconnected components: motivational- Organization of athletes’ self-education process has personal (motives, demands, settings, moral-will qualities been defined as targeted, conscious, systemic and planned and individual-personal features); cognitive (system of process. At the beginning athletes require assistance. knowledge about oneself and sport activity); activity Then, independent, personally desired and important (formation of skills in self-cognition, self-organization personality’s work with him/herself is started. The purpose and self-control). of such work is: rising of sportsmanship, perfection of The prospects of further researches imply further moral-will qualities, regulation of psycho-emotional scientific solution of the following problems: training of state, self-perfection and self-realization in sport activity. coaches for Paralympic teams in different kinds of sports, We have substantiated sequential stages of self- consideration of special aspects of Paralympic athletes’ education process of Paralympic athletes in conditions of self-education process’s organization in different kinds of sport activity: involvement of Paralympic athletes in self- sports during trainings and at different level competitions. cognition process; mastering of skills in self-education; athlete’s self-organization and self control over own sport Conflict of interests and social self-perfection. The author declares that there is no conflict of interests. The structure of athletes’ self-education is presented by

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Information about the author: Shuba V.V.; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5042-3106; [email protected]; Dnipropetrovs’k State Institute of Physical Culture and Sport; street Embankment of Victory, 10, Dnipropetrovs’k, 49094, Ukraine.

Cite this article as: Shuba VV. Special aspects of Paralympic athletes’ sport activity in the process of self-education. Pedagogics, psychology, medical-biological problems of physical training and sports, 2017;21(3):139–145. doi:10.15561/18189172.2017.0307 The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.sportpedagogy.org.ua/index.php/PPS/issue/archive This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en). Received: 02.02.2017 Accepted: 25.02.2017; Published: 30.04.2017

145 medical-biological PEDAGOGICS problems of physical PSYCHOLOGY training and sports Dynamic of bio-geometric profile indicators of children’s with functionally one ventricle posture at stage of physical rehabilitation Vitomskiy V.V.1,2, Lazarіeva О.B. 2, Imas E.V. 2, Zhovnir V.A. 1, Emets I.N. 1 1Scientific-Practical Medical Center of Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery of the MH of Ukraine 2National University of Physical Education and Sport of Ukraine

Abstract Purpose: to assess dynamic of bio-geometric profile quantitative indicators in children with functionally one ventricular at stages of physical rehabilitation. Material: 35 patients were examined during hospital stay and when leaving hospital. Indicators were registered with the help of photo metering and program Ergotherapy. Results: in children we registered great number of posture disorders in frontal (94.3%) and sagittal planes (97.1%). In frontal plane the angles, pointing at significant asymmetry of upper limbs in respect to horizontal plane, were increased. In sagittal plane we received angles, which pointed at presence of thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis. After surgery and stationary stage of rehabilitation static changes were registered in insignificant quantity of the studied angles. After post-clinical physical rehabilitation stage we registered reduction of angles’ values and their approaching to norm. Conclusions: physical rehabilitation at stationary and port clinical stages with the help of correcting exercises positively influence on restoration of posture after surgery and its improvement in the future. Keywords: congenital heart disease, circulation of Fontane, posture, static stereotype.

Introduction 1 Study of bio-geometric profile of posture permits to To day in Ukraine all known in the world cardio- find the following: surgeries in cases of the heaviest congenital heart diseases − Parameters of children’s postures for working out (CHD) are practiced [5]. Abnormalities with functionally post-surgery rehabilitation program [25]; one ventricular (FOV) are considered to be the heaviest; for − Parameters of static balance, which characterize the them mixing of arterial and venous blood is characteristic. level of deviation in development children’s [23] and That is why, study of different physical health aspects of adults [18] physical qualities; patients and influence of surgery and physical loads on it − Correction of cardio-rehabilitation program for adults is very relevant. [15, 17]. Scientists note that patients with FOV lag in physical But influence of physical loads on children’s with CHD development [3] have reduced functional potentials of posture has not been studied yet. Other authors received respiratory system [9, 12, 19, 22] and tolerance to physical results of dynamic of respiratory system’s functional state loads [11, 14, 24, 30]. As on to day the problems of physical in physical rehabilitation process [1], indicators of life rehabilitation of children with CHD are paid insufficient quality and quantitative assessment of posture [4]. attention to. In the past century fundamental works on The purpose of the research: to assess dynamic of these problems were fulfilled by O.I. Yankelevich [7] bio-geometric profile quantitative indicators in children and L.V. Petrunina [6]. In English scientific sources the with functionally one ventricular at stages of physical quantity of works on physical health, motor functioning rehabilitation. and sports problems in persons with CHD is much greater. Such works deepened knowledge at the account Material and methods of researches of patients with different diseases, age and Participants: in the research 35 patients with CHD creation of appropriate recommendations. participated: 23 boys and 12 girls (age from 6 to 14 years). The most wide-scale studies of physical loads’ influence The children were hospitalized for surgery (haemo- in cardio-rehabilitation programs for persons with CHD dynamic correction) in “Scientific-practical medical were made by J. Rhodes [26-28] – increase of peak VO2 center of pediatric cardiology and cardio-surgery MHP and maximal load for long period; P. E. Longmuir [20, 21] of Ukraine”. After rehabilitation course 31 patients were – long term improvement of physical fitness indicators; examined (those, who fulfilled rehabilitation completely).

L. M. Bradley [10] – improvement of peak VO2 and The parents gave consent for their children’s participation endurance; I. C. Balfour [8] ‑ improvement of peak VO2; in the research. B. Goldberg [16] – improvement of maximal power and Organization of the research: we used quantitative workability, influence on peak2 VO was absent; H. D. assessment of posture bio-geometric profile (photo Ruttenberg [29], P. M. Fredriksen [13] – improvement of metering with program «Ergotherapy»). It was fulfilled endurance, influence on peak VO2 was absent. trice: in the day of hospitalizing, after clinical stage of © Vitomskiy V.V., Lazarіeva О.B., Imas E.V., rehabilitation (in day of leaving hospital) and after post- Zhovnir V.A., Emets I.N., 2017 clinical stage of physical rehabilitation. Norms of angles doi:10.15561/18189172.2017.0308 146 2017 03 values were 0°, distances L1 and L2 shall be equal. It should be noted that application of physical Statistical analysis: the materials of the research were rehabilitation technology started before surgery and processed in program of statistical analysis IBM SPSS 21. continued after it and after leaving hospital. More detail Mathematical processing of numerical data was fulfilled description of physical rehabilitation is given in scientific with the help of variation statistic. Analysis of quantitative literature [2]. indicators distribution’s correspondence to the law of Analysis of experimental data showed that bio- normal distribution was checked by Shapiro-Wilk test geometric profile indicators in frontal plane (see table 1) (W). For quantitative indicators with normal distribution changed at different stages of the research. we found mean value ( x ) and mean square deviation (S). By our results (see fig. 1) we can conclude that be the

For quantitative indicators with distribution, differing moment of hospital leaving only angles β2 (р<0.05) and from normal we found median (Me) and upper/lower β4 (р<0.01) statistically confidently increase. Thus, mean quartiles (25%; 75%). For assessment of difference’s value of angle β2 increases by 0.40° (12.9% to 3.58°). significance (providing normal distribution of the results Angle β4 increases by 0.17° (30.0% to 0.80°). It should of the research) we used Student’s t-test (for independent also be noted that reduction of angle β3 is not statistically or dependent groups). For indicators with distribution, confident. But the value of this angle shows the possibility differing from normal we used Wilcoxon’s criterion (for of certain improvement of posture under influence of dependent groups). physical rehabilitation. It should be considered that surgery causes traumas of chest in children. Results After some period of time we registered statistically Among the tested patients 33 children had posture confident improvement of all angles in frontal plane disorder in frontal plane and 34 children – in sagittal (р<0.01) Comparing with initial data. In particular, angle plane. According to the received average statistic results, β1 reduced by 0.40° (to 0.94°). Angle β2 decreased by as on the moment of hospitalizing of children with CHD 1.14° (to1.96°). Angle β3 reduced by 2.21° (to 2.44°); angle β1 was 1.34±0.70°; Me was (25%; 75%) 1.29 (0.67; angle β4 – by 0.19° (to 0.44°). It is interesting that the

1.84)°. Angle β2 (formed by line of horizon and line greatest changes were in angle β3 – it reduced by 47.5%. between acromions) was 3.10±1.60°; Me (25%; 75%) – Alongside with it, angle β1 reduced by 29.9% and angle

2.79 (2.00; 4.26)°. Angle β3 (formed by horizon line and β2 – by 36.8%. Angle β4 reduced by 30.2%. Statistical; segment, connecting points of shoulder blades’ lower indicators Ме (25%; 75%) were 1.87 (1.39; 2.37)° for angles) was 4.65±2.33°; Me (25%; 75%) – 4.32(3.04; angle β2 and 2.31 (1.52; 3.37)° for angle β3.

5.96)°. Angle β4 (formed by line of horizon and segment, Reduction of angles in frontal plane statistically connecting head mass center and point between legs’ significantly reflected only in increasing ofconc L to 5.84 sphirions) was 0.63±0.26° with Me (25%; 75%) – 0.60 cm (р<0.01). Thus, LΔ (module of difference between

(0.44; 0.83)°. L1 and L2) confidently reduced by 0.82 cm to 0.52 cm

We did not find confident difference between L1 (р<0.01). and L2 (р>0.05), that points at absence of confidence In the process of physical rehabilitation changes of prevalence by quantity of curvatures to one of sides. angles took place also in sagittal plane (see table 2). It But there was present statistically confident difference was found that in period of stationary stage and at leaving between indicators Lbl (distance between radial point hospital only angles α2 (р<0.05) and α4 (р<0.01) changed and center of llium crest at the side of bulge) and Lconc statistically confidently. Thus, mean value of angle2 α

(distance between radial point and center of llium crest increased by 1.14° (3.8% to 9.41°). Angle α4 reduced by at the side of concavity) (р<0.001), that is a result of 1.62° (22.0% to 0.80°). scoliotic changes in posture. In post-stationary period we registered statistically In sagittal plane (at the beginning of hospital stay confident improvement of all angles in sagittal plane period) we also received angle values, differing from (р<0.01). In particular, angle α1 reduced by 2.82°(to norm. Mean statistic value of angle α1 (formed by 3.04°). Angle α2 decreased by 2.83° (to 5.44°). Angle α3 vertical line and segment between head mass center and decreased by 1.47° (to 4.59°) and angle α4 – by 0.58° (to acromion) exceeded norm and was 5.86±3.55° with Me 6.80°). Angle α5 reduced by 0.59° (to 3.76°) and angle

(25%; 75%) at levels 5.30 (3.65; 8.24)°. Angle α2 (formed α6 – by 0.88° (to 2.97°). Angle α7 reduced by 1.01° (to by vertical line’s crossing the segment between acromion 2.09°). and infra-thoracic points and characterizing thoracic It should be noted that angle α1 changed most of all – it segment of backbone) was 8.27±4.31°. With it, Me (25%; reduced by 48.1%, while angle α2 – by 34.2%, angle α3 –

75%) values were 7.96 (5.14; 11.52)°. Angle α3 (increase by 24.3%, angle α4 – by 7.8%, angle α5 – by 13.6%, angle of which depends on expressiveness of thoracic kyphosis α6 – by 22.9% and angle α7 – by 32.6%. Statistically and lumbar lordosis) was 6.06±3.64° with Me (25%; significant indicators Ме (25%; 75%) were 5.73 (2.88;

75%) – 4.93 (3.54; 8.89)°. Angle α4 (formed by vertical 7.78)° for angle α2 and 6.45 (3.23; 10.22)° for angle α4. line’s crossing the segment between center of llium crest and trochanterica) was 7.38±4.51°. Indicators Me (25%; Discussion 75%) were at level 7.32 (3.81; 11.06)°. Output values of Demand in some reviewing of methodological other angles of sagittal planes also differed from normal. approaches to patients’ with heavy heart diseases health

147 medical-biological PEDAGOGICS problems of physical PSYCHOLOGY training and sports

Table 1. Mean statistic indicators of bio-geometric profile of children with functionally one ventricular in frontal plane at different stages of the research

When leaving hospital In post clinical period In hospital (n=35) Bio-geometric profile (n=35) (n=31) indicators of posture x S x S x S

** β1, ° 1.34 0.70 1.38 0.80 0.94 0.46 * ** β2, ° 3.10 1.60 3.58 1.16 1.96 0.60 ** β3, ° 4.65 2.33 4.33 1.79 2.44 1.16 ** ** β4, ° 0.63 0.26 080 0.23 0.44 0.31

L1, cm 6.24 1.89 6.47 1.74 6.20 1.25

L2, cm 5.76 1.65 5.89 1.57 6.01 0.93

Lbl, cm 6.67 1.74 6.93 1.53 6.36 1.21 ** Lconc, cm 5.33 1.55 5.43 1.46 5.84 0.93 ** LΔ, cm 1.34 1.15 1.50 0.85 0.52 0.44 Notes: β1, ° – angle, formed by vertical line and segment between head MC and vertebra С7; β2, ° –angle formed by horizontal line and segments between acromions; β3, ° –angle formed by horizontal line and segments between bottom angles of shoulder blades; β4, ° – angle formed by vertical line and segment between vertebra С7 and point between sphirions; L1 – distance between left radial point and center of left llium crest; L2 –the same to the right; Lbl – distance between radial point and center of llium crest on bulge side; Lconc – distance between radial point and center of llium crest on concave side; LΔ – module of L1 and L2 difference; * –difference between indicators is statistically significant, comparing with indicators at hospital stay period at р<0.05; ** – р<0,.1.

Table 2. Mean statistic indicators of bio-geometric profile of children with functionally one ventricular in sagittal plane at different stages of the research

When leaving hospital In post clinical period In hospital (n=35) Bio-geometric profile (n=35) (n=31) indicators of posture x S x S x S

** α1, ° 5.86 3.55 5.79 2.84 3.04 1.13

* ** α2, ° 8.27 4.31 9.41 3.77 5.44 3.05

** α3, ° 6.06 3.64 6.46 2.87 4.59 2.22

** ** α4, ° 7.38 4.51 5.76 3.59 6.80 3.92

** α5, ° 4.35 2.39 4.44 1.86 3.76 1.70

** α6, ° 3.85 1.82 4.17 1.70 2.97 1.52

** α7, ° 3.10 1.94 3.33 1.62 2.09 1.22

Notes: α1, ° – angle, formed by vertical line and segment between head mass center (MC) and acromion; α2, ° – angle, formed by vertical line and segment between acromion and infra-thoracic point;; 3α , ° – angle, formed by vertical line and segment between between infra-thoracic point and center of llium crest; α4, ° – angle, formed by vertical line and segment between center of llium crest and trochanterica; α5, ° – angle, formed by vertical line and segment between trochanterica and tibiala point; α6, ° – angle, formed by vertical line and segment between tibiala point and Sphirion;

α7, ° – angle, formed by vertical line and segment between acromion and trochanterica; * – difference is statistically significant, comparing with indicators in stationary clinical period at р<0.05; ** – р<0.01.

148 2017 03 protection and improvement has been recognized long 47.5% and 37.4% according to the mentioned groups of before. Recent decade application of physical exercises children. and physical training in case of congenital heart diseases Thus, study and consideration of posture condition, have been recognized as necessary and important therapy. when building individual rehabilitation programs for Posture is one of the most important sides of patients’ children with CHD, is a substantiated and necessary pre- physical health. condition. The received indicators of posture bio-geometric profile point at significant prevalence of posture disorders Conclusions in children with functionally one ventricular in frontal Among children with FOV there are many disorders (94.3%) and sagittal (97.1%) planes. of static stereotype. In the studied group of children there In period of leaving hospital we registered statistically were disorders in frontal plane 94.3% and in sagittal – confident worsening of angles 2β , β4, α2. It permits to say 97.1%. It is a combined result of low physical condition, a that stationary clinical period of physical rehabilitation number of surgeries with sternotomy and congenital defect was rather effective. During this period a number of of muscular skeletal apparatus. Such facts condition need negative factors influenced: sternotomy; long lasted in application of physical rehabilitation program with drainages; pain and stiffness; sparing regime for arm with special exercises, oriented on posture correction. venous catheter. All these cause worsening of posture. The received results of dynamic of posture bio- Results of all physical rehabilitation course witness geometric profile’s indicators point that application of about reduction of backbone curvatures and improvement correcting physical exercises, general and breathing of posture bio-geometric profile. exercises facilitates restoration of muscular strength and The received results prove statistical data about static stereotype at stationary clinical rehabilitation stage. significant prevalence of posture disorders among At post clinical stage is facilitates their improvement. children with CHD. In the work of O.I. Yankelevich [12] it is noted that posture disorders were found in more Acknowledgements than 50% of examined before hospitalizing children with The work has been fulfilled in compliance with CHD: scoliotic posture; slouch; scoliosis of 1st, 2nd and 3rd “Combined plan of SRW in sphere of physical culture category. In the research of L.V. Petrunina [7] percentage and sports for 2011-2015” by topic 4.4. “Improvement of children with posture disorders was 54.7%. it resulted of organizational and methodic principles of physical from congenital defect of muscular skeletal apparatus of rehabilitation processes’ programming in cases of backbone thoracic section, which usually accompanies dysfunctional disorders in different systems of human congenital heart diseases. The author notes that scoliotic organism”. State registration number: 0111U001737. posture was detected in 36.8% of children with defect of atrial membrane, in 38.0% of children with defect of Conflict of interests inter-ventricular membrane and in 33.4% of children The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests. with tetralogy of Fallot. Slouch was registered in 52.75%,

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Information about the authors: Vitomskiy V.V.; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4582-6004; [email protected]; Scientific-Practical Medical Center of Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery of the MH of Ukraine; 24 Melnikov St, Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine; National University of Physical Education and Sport of Ukraine; 1 Phizkultury Street, Kiev, 03680, Ukraine.

Lazarіeva О.B.; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7435-2127; [email protected]; National University of Physical Education and Sport of Ukraine; 1 Phizkultury Street, Kiev, 03680, Ukraine.

Imas E.V.; http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5261-6868; [email protected]; National University of Physical Education and Sport of Ukraine; 1 Phizkultury Street, Kiev, 03680, Ukraine.

Zhovnir V.A.; http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1186-7585; [email protected]; Scientific-Practical Medical Center of Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery of the MH of Ukraine; 24 Melnikov St, Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine.

Emets I.N.; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5411-1246; [email protected]; Scientific-Practical Medical Center of Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery of the MH of Ukraine; 24 Melnikov St, Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine. Cite this article as: Vitomskiy VV, Lazarіeva ОB, Imas EV, Zhovnir VA, Emets IN. Dynamic of bio-geometric profile indicators of children’s with functionally one ventricle posture at stage of physical rehabilitation. Pedagogics, psychology, medical-biological problems of physical training and sports, 2017;21(3):146–151. doi:10.15561/18189172.2017.0308 The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.sportpedagogy.org.ua/index.php/PPS/issue/archive This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en). Received: 02.02.2017 Accepted: 25.02.2017; Published: 30.04.2017

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