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The Tattooed Inmate and Recidivism Kevin Waters Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2012 The Tattooed Inmate and Recidivism Kevin Waters Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE THE TATTOOED INMATE AND RECIDIVISM By KEVIN WATERS A dissertation submitted to the College of Criminology and Criminal Justice in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Degree Awarded: Spring Semester, 2012 Kevin Waters defended this dissertation on April 2, 2012. The members of the supervisory committee were: Thomas G. Blomberg Professor Directing Dissertation Joyce L. Carbonell University Representative William D. Bales Committee Member The Graduate School has verified and approved the above-named committee members, and certifies that the dissertation has been approved in accordance with university requirements ii I dedicate this to Kenny, Carrol, Carrie, Shelly, and Rona: my friends and coworkers who lost their lives during a terrorist attack on the Federal Building in Oklahoma City on April 19th, 1995. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS All men of faith have courage, for courage is not the absence of fear; rather, it is the virtue that propels one forward when frightened. Courage cannot be purchased, learned, or otherwise acquired by human means. It comes from heaven. Given in raw form, courage is tucked away somewhere inside the unaware recipient. Special helpers have been strategically placed along one’s path to enable this raw courage to be tapped, developed, and applied during trying circumstances. These enablers are variously referred to today as mentors, advisors, facilitators, or social capital. I call them angels. I would like to acknowledge a few angels in my life who have enabled me to realize, develop, and apply the courage God gave at critical times in my life which has culminated with this accomplishment. First, I would like to thank my friend Dr. Tom Burns at the University of Oklahoma who convinced me to return to graduate school and pursue this dream. I would also like to express my gratitude to Dr. Bruce Bullington who was my teaching mentor and dear friend. Next, I would like to express to my committee members, Dr. Bill Bales and Dr. Joyce Carbonell, my gratitude for your friendship and mentoring. I learned a lot from you both and you made it fun. I also want to thank my committee chair, Dr. Thomas Blomberg for enabling my return to graduate school at Florida State, your mentorship, friendship, and for helping me to overcome several personal obstacles. I will not forget your standing by me during those trying times. I want to express my appreciation to Elizabeth Kepsel for her many editorial comments. I also want to express my sincere thanks to Len and Judy Hall who adopted me into their family while I was in Tallahassee. They were models of how to be a true friend and I know I will always remain a member of their family. I also want to thank my family. Without your support and encouragement I would have been unable to endure this hardship and prolonged separation from you. To my son Houston, daughter Danielle, granddaughter Maddison, brother Randy, and parents Ron and Jean; thanks to each of you for all you have done for me. And perhaps especially, I am grateful to my youngest daughter Sam. From the age of a toddler and during my darkest times, you have shown me the unconditional love of God and made me realize that angels really do exist in human form. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables ................................................................................................................................. vi List of Figures ............................................................................................................................... vii Abstract ........................................................................................................................................ viii 1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................1 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................................4 2.1 Individual-Level Predictors of Recidivism ....................................................................4 2.1.1 Individual Demographics ...................................................................................4 2.1.2 Before Prison Experiences .................................................................................6 2.1.3 During Prison Conditions .................................................................................7 2.1.4 After Release Circumstance ...............................................................................8 2.2 Inmate Tattoos and Recidivism .....................................................................................8 2.3 Tattoo Prevalence within Prisons.................................................................................12 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ..........................................................................................16 3.1 Research Questions ......................................................................................................16 3.2 Data and Variables .......................................................................................................17 3.3 Analytic Strategy ........................................................................................................20 4. FINDINGS ............................................................................................................................21 4.1 Comparison of Tattoos and Inmate Characteristics .....................................................21 4.2 Main Effect Models .....................................................................................................24 4.3 Interaction Models .......................................................................................................27 4.3.1 Interactions with One or More tattoos .............................................................27 4.3.2 Interactions with Number of Tattoos ...............................................................37 4.3.3 Interactions with One of More Visible Tattoos ...............................................41 4.3.4 Interactions with Number of Visible Tattoos ...................................................49 4.4 Summary of Findings ...................................................................................................53 5. DISCUSSION ........................................................................................................................58 5.1 Future Research ...........................................................................................................75 5.3 Policy Implications ......................................................................................................78 6. APPENDIX A .......................................................................................................................82 7. APPENDIX B ......................................................................................................................127 8. APPENDIX C ......................................................................................................................135 9. REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................145 10. BIOLOGICAL SKETCH ....................................................................................................179 v LIST OF TABLES 3.1 Descriptive Statistics ............................................................................................................18 4.1 Mean comparisons of tattooing prevalence across inmate characteristics and correlations with recidivism .....................................................................................................................22 4.2 Logistic Regression Models of the Effects of Tattoos on Recidivism .................................25 4.3.1 Logistic regression models of interaction effects for each control variable with one or more tattoos on recidivism ..................................................................................................28 4.3.2 Logistic regression models of interaction effects for each control variable with number of tattoos on recidivism ........................................................................................................38 4.3.3 Logistic regression models of interaction effects for each control variable with one or more visible tattoos on recidivism ....................................................................................................42 4.3.4 Logistic regression models of interaction effects for each control variable with number of visible tattoos on recidivism .....................................................................................................50 vi LIST OF FIGURES 4.3.1.1 Differential Age Effect of Tattoos on Recidivism ..........................................................30 4.3.1.2 Differential Race Effect of Tattoos on Recidivism ........................................................31 4.3.1.3 Differential Education Level Effect of Tattoos on Recidivism ......................................32 4.3.1.4 Differential Offense Type Effect of Tattoos on Recidivism ...........................................33
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