New Age Globalization Meaning and Metaphors

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Aqueil Ahmad

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First published in 2013 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN® in the United States—a division of St. Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010.

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ISBN: 978-1-137-29341-1

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Ahmad, Aqueil. New age globalization : meaning and metaphors / Aqueil Ahmad. pages cm ISBN 978-1-137-29341-1 (alk. paper) 1. Globalization. I. Title.

JZ1318.A433 2013 303.48’2—dc23 2012051223

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Contents

Introduction: The Meaning and Metaphors of New Age Globalization 1 1 Conceptual Framework for Exploring New Age Globalization 17 2 Global Population and Demographic Trends 33 3 The Global Economy (or Economic Globalization) 61 4 The Global Ecological/Environmental System 103 5 The Global Political System (or Political Globalization) 127 6 Global Conflicts 155 7 Globalization of Culture (or Cultural Globalization) 169 8 Globalization of Knowledge, Science, and Technology: The Past, Present, and Future 179 9 World Religions 223 Notes 247 Bibliography 271 Index 289

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Introduction

The Meaning and Metaphors of New Age Globalization

his book examines the interdependent and interconnected global Tsociety, or globalization, in terms of its structural and functional or process characteristics. For its value implications, it is dedicated to the people—the men, women, and children as citizens of the world—who make and unmake global society and are most affected by it. Whether always spe- cifically stated or not, the underlying concern of this work is global social change for human welfare on this planet, which is either aided or abated by human action itself. The term global society refers to the architecture of this world order, while globalization is treated as its process dimension. Global or “globalized” structures refer to the institutions, agencies, and organizations whose missions, mandates, networks, and even the workforce, with its values and attitudes, are essentially global rather than local in nature. Such structures are legion in the contemporary world society. Structures such as the United Nations (UN), the European Union (EU), the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), other international agencies (both governmental and nongovernmental), regional economic zones, and multinational financial, manufacturing, sales, and service corporations imme- diately come to mind in this context. What these institutions do by way of their outreach activities, which affect billions of people, multiple resources, and diverse cultures and environments, are assumed to be the process aspects of global society (or globalization) as a large interconnected and interdependent system with a variety of subsystems within it as explained in this book.

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2 NEW AGE GLOBALIZATION

Sociologists of the structural-functional school and systems theorists in general have used for decades the systemic analogy to explain the inher- ent interdependencies in complex organizations as well as within national societies. To the best of my knowledge it has not been used in the explanation of what may be called a global society, the global social system, or globalization per se for obvious reasons. To define and discuss national societies as continuous, interdependent, and interconnected systems in terms of their structures and corresponding processes itself poses enor- mous analytical difficulties because of their complexities and amorphous natures. These difficulties compound when the unit of analysis is the world as a whole. Such conceptualization would be unthinkable in the pre- Sputnik or “preglobalization age” when the notion of our planet as a continuous system was beyond our common perception and consciousness, despite the fact that in some important ways it has been in the making for a long time. Intraplanetary connections are easier to comprehend in the new age globalization, with advanced and ever-faster means of communication, travel, and transfer of people, products, and services from one part of the world to the others. It is in this context that global structures and the processes that connect them are seen as a large but imperfect system; globalization is merely a heuristic device. This is done to help simplify and enhance our understanding of unity within the diversity of a very complex, newly emerged or emerging reality defined simply as “globalization” in common language and literature. A quick check at the Davis Library of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill delivered more than 1,100 relevant titles covering 96 pages under the term “globalization” compared to only 20 pages of 32 overlap- ping entries for “global society.” I believe this would be true in other university libraries in the United States as well. Unless otherwise delineated, the complementary terms of global society and globalization are often used interchangeably in the following discussion, as they appear to be used in the Davis Library archives as well. A lot has changed since my book Exploring Globalization: Structures and Processes, Impacts, and Implications was published in the middle of 2010. President Obama has been reelected as the forty-fourth president of the United States against seemingly insurmountable odds. French President Nicolas Sarkozy was defeated by François Hollande to form the second Socialist government in France after François Mitterrand’s long tenure from 1981 to 1995. In a monumental Supreme Court decision on June 28, 2012, Chief Justice John Roberts changed ranks with his conservative colleagues on the bench to uphold the Obama’s universal health care plan for all Americans. Enrique Pena Nieto was elected as the president of Mex- ico as his country struggled to fight drug-related violence but held steady

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INTRODUCTION 3 economic growth. The EU remained intact despite continued economic chaos and political and social instability in half a dozen European countries, including Greece, Spain, Italy, Portugal, and others. As a true measure of global interdependence, economic difficulties in the Euro Zone affected the economies west and east of Europe—North America, China, India, and beyond—and vice versa. In his 2012 book, The Price of Inequality: How Today’s Divided Society Endangers Our Future, Nobel Laureate Joseph Stiglitz warned of the grow- ing inequality in America as the single most destructive aspect of capitalism and the failure of rational market theories in general to correct economic imbalances in the Western world, particularly the Unites States of America. One characteristic stands out in the new age globalization more than any other: that is the universally experienced ever-faster pace of change in the industrialized and the industrializing countries alike. Interestingly it is the very nature of globalization itself—systemic interconnections, and consequently interdependence—that largely explains why much of the world spins around simultaneously, sometimes a couple of steps for- ward, at other times a couple of steps backward. On the global political scene these gyrations were, or are, no more visible than in the so-called Arab Spring in Tunisia, Libya, Yemen, and Egypt, where dictators were toppled in a dramatic domino effect to be replaced by political instability and unrest. These global revolutions of rising expectations presumably helped spawn the Occupy Wall Street protests all across the United States that dramatized the highly skewed distribution of wealth and consequently political power between the haves and have-nots, the 1 percent and the 99 percent of the common folks, echoing Stiglitz’s warning about the price of inequality in America. The origins and spread of these revolutions can be explained reason- ably well by my favorite conceptual categories of powerful reactions to powerlessness of the weak and of global consciousness among the masses. These psychosocial forces are further stimulated and strengthened by the emerging global invisible college (or colleges) of international scientific communities that is mutually informed and is encouraged to develop and disseminate inventions like television, the Internet, and mobile phones— the technologies of instant communication that become the technologies of revolutions of rising expectations “that produce the agents of change through the process of change itself,” to reenact the eloquent phraseology of Herbert Marcuse, the one-time guru of the New Left in the sixties in America and elsewhere.1 In the realm of global acquisition of knowledge, no country stands taller in the emerging new world than the People’s Republic of China (PRC), although India and Brazil have also made significant strides. For example,

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4 NEW AGE GLOBALIZATION while the United States’ official space program was abandoned, China launched manned space flights in 2012; the only country still deemed a developing country to be able to do so. India successfully tested interconti- nental ballistic missiles (ICBMs). However haphazardly, North Korea also entered the nuclear age. Brazil’s Embraer is today one of the most popu- lar midsized commercial aircrafts in the world. Japan, on the other hand, suffered major setbacks due to the massive March 2011 earthquake that caused an equally massive tsunami on its northeast shores, damaging the Fukushima and nearby nuclear power plants. The estimated casualties of these natural disasters stand at 30,000, including those dead, injured, and missing. The shockwaves were felt in nearby islands, including Hawaii. The tsunami debris washed on the Pacific shores of the United States. The environmental damage caused by this debris is not yet fully understood or estimated. What is clearly understood is the fact of planetary interdependence in an increasingly shrinking world. I will revisit some of these developments at appropriate places throughout the book.

A Critique of Extant Globalization Literature

As indicated earlier, there is no dearth of literature on the subject of globalization today. But with few exceptions, such as Manfred Steger’s Global- ization: A Very Short Introduction, the literature generally deals only with some aspects of globalization, primarily the global economy perspective, without providing a comprehensive definition, classification, and analysis of the contemporary world society as a large system of interlocking and interdependent subsystems.2 There are other problems with this literature as well. Instead of providing an unbiased and factual analysis of the phenomenon itself, it is generally a polemical discussion of what may be right or wrong with global society/globalization. For the sake of this discussion, the extant globalization research front can conveniently be divided into anti- or proglobalization treatments (they may even be called scholarly lobbies). Antiglobalization is represented by the seminal early works of Joseph Stiglitz, Charles Derber, Leslie Sklair, and George Ritzer, who presented a highly critical view of globalization as neoliberal capitalism and its largely negative environmental, social, and economic impacts on world societies, particularly on the newly emerging Asian, African, and Latin American societies following the Western models of technoeconomic development.3 Responding to these critics of globalization, more favorable treatments of the phenomenon began to emerge later, including by Stiglitz himself and others like Jagdish Bhagwati, Martin Wolf, and Pete Engardio, as not only rebuttals to the antiglobalization movement

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INTRODUCTION 5 but also as the experiences of the emerging powerhouses of globalization—the BRIC countries (Brazil, Russia, India, and China).4 The line taken by antiglobalization rhetoric condemns the very idea itself for two primary reasons: Globalization, which for them meant global economy, per se, is nothing more than the expansion of capitalism at the expense of the natural environment and the world’s poor and the pow- erless. Furthermore, this expansion is accompanied by the denigration of local cultures and the destruction of nascent industries in less developed countries. The proponents, representing the corporate and World Bank interests, on the other hand, see globalization (meaning the global economy again) as the panacea for the ills of the world caused by the misdistribu- tion of global resources—a situation that can be corrected by globalization itself. For them the only problem with globalization is that there is not enough of it. For these true believers the real problems are that the markets are not free enough, political institutions are not democratic enough, technology systems in use are backward, and cultures are not modern or West- ern enough to absorb and implement the largess of globalization. They see poverty, inequality, unemployment, human degradation, and even tyranny and oppression as the consequences of insufficient economic and political modernization, and the insufficient or inefficient use of modern information, manufacturing, service, and management technologies across the world. This dichotomous treatment of globalization literature is, however, not entirely accurate. A third position of neutrality is also out there pointing out both the negative and positive and the dismissive and permissive views of the emerging technoeconomic and cultural global trends and the hype about them. Three works known to me fall into this category of literature, although undoubtedly several others may also qualify. Alex McGillivray’s A Brief History of Globalization stands out for discussing long-term historical developments of some important aspects of economic, cultural, and demographic globalizations.5 In Globalization/Anti-Globalization, David Held and Anthony McGrew lucidly alert us about both the pros and cons of globalization—a good lesson for those who want to develop a better understanding of the globalization/antiglobalization debate as offshoots of contending political ideologies.6Bound Together by Nayan Chandra is an excellent and expansive complement to MacGillivray’s historical journey of globalization through the ages. Chandra traces the roots of globalization “across continents and millennia” to the very beginning of human societies on the African continent and the earliest migrations of people from there in search of water, food, and pastures in other parts of the planet.7 Another type of myopia in the academic debate between the proponents and opponents of globalization in Western literature must also be

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6 NEW AGE GLOBALIZATION noted. The pros and cons of globalization are debated from the vantage points of political economy of advanced industrial societies and their multinational corporations regardless of the political and economic roles and interests of other nations in how they might define the origins, prospects, and impacts of globalization in view of their own perspectives and priori- ties. Ignoring its historical and cross-cultural antecedents and influences acknowledged by a few scholars noted previously, the good, the bad, and the ugly of globalization in much of the existing literature is treated as if it is solely engineered by the Western countries, notably the United States, starting with the establishment of the Bretton Woods institutions in 1944. The rest of the world is portrayed as puppets dancing to the tunes played by the Western corporate agents.8,9 These perceptions are, however, beginning to change due to the rap- idly rising, newly industrializing countries on every continent, including Africa prompting the pundits of globalization to add an “S” in BRIC representing South Africa. But here as well, the frame of reference or the driving force behind globalization is assumed to be entirely Western/ American. A good example of this tendency was Tom Friedman’s best- seller The World Is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-First Century, which touted the massive sweep of information technology in India.10 Fried- man’s “ten flatteners” and the “triple convergence” responsible for flat- tening the world are all unabashedly American creations. The misfortune of the unflat and half-flat worlds is supposedly due to not following the principles embodied in these flatteners and convergences. Reality seems to suggest otherwise, as brilliantly mocked by Matt Taibbi (2005) in the New York Press,11 and subsequently critiqued by myself (2007): “Of course the power of new information technology to bring the world closer and make it more interconnected and interdependent is unquestionable. But technological progress by itself has never helped flatten or level the playing field. The history of technology reveals that unless otherwise man- aged through public policy, technological innovations tend to accentuate inequalities by being inaccessible to the underprivileged, at least in the initial stages. That is what seems to be happening with new information technology (IT) in the age of globalization, so uncritically glamorized by Mr. Friedman.”12 Manfred Steger’s previously cited work also has its own limitations. First, this “very short introduction to globalization” is just that: a valu- able, quite readable but really very short summary of the key dimensions of globalization for a beginner. Second, the reader is struck by the fact that the book starts with Osama bin Laden’s high-tech assisted message to the world on the eve of the American invasion of Taliban-run Afghanistan on October 7, 2001, as if that was critical to understanding the force of digital

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INTRODUCTION 7 technology in the age of globalization. For people outside the United States this example of digitalization may not appear all that meaningful next to the ability of many small farmers and vendors in less developed countries to instantaneously obtain weather forecasts and market information.13 Another self-centered view of globalization is projected by the variety of American scholars, businessmen, and political lobbies who tend to look at the rising non-American economies and other forces of globalization, such as outsourcing and labor immigration, as threats to “us”—our political power, economy, and standards of living—with scant attention paid to what these might mean to “them.”14 There is no question, for example, that offshore manufacturing and service sector outsourcing has drained out many American jobs causing hardships to working class families. But they are also undoubtedly helping the economies of the countries at the receiv- ing ends of these opportunities, the argument about corporate exploitation of cheap resources overseas notwithstanding. The global economy is indeed a double-edged sword and so should it be examined and explained.

What Is So Different about This Discourse on Globalization?

Well, it attempts to correct some of the problems in globalization literature and debate identified in the previous section. For example, while discussing the historical roots of globalization it is important to take into account non-Western influences that have shaped and reshaped globalization through time—influences that may easily escape the attention of a common person in Europe and America. Books like Nayan Chanda’s volu- minous Bound Together that highlight such influences are generally neither accessible nor recommended for an average college student or lay scholar. On balance, it should be equally important to consider how globalization might be adversely affecting small businesses in Europe and America as it helps their counterparts elsewhere. Traditional textile and furniture industries in the states of North Carolina and Virginia in the United States are good examples, especially alongside how globalization might be augmenting economic development and the prospects of a better life for $1- to $5-a-day workers in the so-called sweatshops of China, Mexico, and Bangladesh. Similarly while protection of the natural environment is an absolute necessity for the future of mankind, so is the necessity of mass education, faster communication, and rapid industrialization for the impoverished of the world using the resources and opportunities made available by the forces of globalization. The issue, therefore, is not globalization or no globalization or more or less globalization. Neither is it a contest between globalization versus

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8 NEW AGE GLOBALIZATION localization. Whether one likes it or not, globalization is the wave of the future, despite the recent economic meltdown due to the oversupply of money and its wanton misuse by many in Europe and America. The meltdown itself underscores that the economies of the world, and consequently its people and social structures, are highly interconnected. They have to learn to interact effectively with each other and regulate and deregulate as necessary to make it work for the benefit of the global community as a whole. Interestingly, the antiglobalization lobby has already written globalization’s premature obituary although not much has changed during the global recession to suggest anything like this. And further, as already noted, globalization is not just the global economy. Those are the concerns that undergird this work and how it looks at globalization—holistically and nonpolemically, to whatever extent possible, tracing its historical and cross-cultural roots, highlighting both its negative and positive consequences, suggesting what might or might not work for all concerned, and what may need to be avoided or embraced. Both the promises and pitfalls of globalization reside in the interactive nature of an increasingly interdependent information age global society that is simultaneously faced with the specter of a schismatic international order marred by political and ethnic conflicts, economic disparities, and environmental nightmares of the worst kind, some of which are undoubtedly the direct or indirect consequences of globalization. But as this work suggests, all these are avoidable through joint public and corporate policies in the interest of a common purpose. There is another very important distinction between this work and the other treatments of globalization that needs to be stressed at the outset. I look at globalization from two angles. One confronts its material—the practical and physical reality—in terms of what is / might be going on in its social and economic impacts. This is the angle most prevalent in cur- rent globalization literature. This angle is particularly prominent in the study of global economy in both its positive and negative treatments. It includes the commercial side of globalization or globalism, which basi- cally means globalization of capital, manufacturing, and marketing for the expansion of the economic power and the bottom lines of multinational corporations—the easy targets of antiglobalizers.15 The other angle, which is generally neglected, is the social-psychological side of globalization I call global consciousness.16 From this angle, globalization is seen as an attitude of mind about living prudently and harmoniously in an interdependent world with finite natural resources contradicted by infinite sources of exploitation of nature, violence, conflicts, self-interest, and a world divided between us and them. These contradictions are assumed to be the consequences of globalization without global consciousness. I will repeatedly

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INTRODUCTION 9 return to the idea of global consciousness as a binding theme of this explo- ration of globalization.

Globalization without Global Consciousness

Globalism promotes a mercantile mentality and looks at the world in terms of its value for profit, exploitation, and plunder. It promotes border- less markets for foreign investments and profits following Western political and economic models. Its motto: “Let the ‘unflat world’ be molded into the image of the ‘flat (western) world,’ and we should see an age of prosperity and happiness all around us.”17 Global consciousness says, “Wait a minute. We are all in it together. The global community cannot be sustained by playing one against the other, one at the expense of the other, by the law of ‘survival of the fittest.’” The metaphor of “globalization without global consciousness” sees an inner contradiction in the concept and processes of globalization itself, in that the material side of globalization is emphasized and proceeds unabated while its cultural correlates at the level of individual and collective consciousness are ignored and absent. This contradiction is the source of the darker sides of globalization decried by its opponents without identifying their root causes. The idea of global consciousness is an offshoot of the notion of “cosmic consciousness,” “the universal mind,” or the “universal man” proposed by Rabindranath Tagore, an Indian philosopher, poet, Nobel Laureate, saint, and savant in the early part of the twentieth century.18 Close to one hundred years ago, before the Nazis, the Fascists, the Stalinists, the atomic bombs, the Cold War, the atrocities in Congo, Eastern Europe, Vietnam, 9/11, Afghanistan, and Iraq, Tagore could lament the human condition marred by violence and injustice and attribute it to parochialism, national- ism, and religious and cultural bigotry; in short, to a serious lack of what he called cosmic consciousness as elaborated by one of his biographers: “As Tagore’s vision and sympathies grew, he increasingly recognized that while one’s own native culture has an immediate appeal and value, it must find its place in the wider synthesis of a truly universal civilization.”19 This rather mystical sounding notion of cosmic consciousness con- verted into a practical program of promoting global consciousness is of great value in contemporary world societies. It sees greed and selfishness as the engines that drive the darker sides of globalization without much concern for humanity, to which we can all relate as citizens of the world and work toward its welfare using the vast opportunities and resources opening up through globalization. Global consciousness is the attitude of mind that may help humanize globalization.

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10 NEW AGE GLOBALIZATION

As long as people continue to see themselves irreconcilably different from each other, globalization will fail to deliver its promise and there will not be a viable global society with peace and justice for all.20 Commenting on the “clash of civilization” thesis, Edward Said phrased this more elo- quently: “‘The clash of civilization’ thesis is a gimmick like the ‘war of the worlds,’ better for reinforcing defensive self-pride than for critical understanding of the bewildering interdependence of our time.”21 And lastly, in the spirit of this brief reference to Tagore, the insight and information for this book are drawn, where possible, from both the West- ern and non-Western thought currents relevant to the subject of globalization for both its antecedents and its contemporary correlates, as they were for Tagore’s cosmic “consciousness” of his “universal man.”

Organization of the Book

The introductory section is followed by nine chapters organized as follows: Chapter 1 lays down the conceptual framework for the definition, classification, analysis, and explanation of the structure and processes of globalization discussed in this book. It is informed by the concepts, assumptions, and propositions of systems theory and two contradictory theoretical frameworks—modernization theory or theories and the world systems/ dependency theory (WST). Undoubtedly, these are not the only frameworks that can help explain globalization as an interdependent process of worldwide social change and its contradictory nature as seen by its proponents and opponents mentioned previously. Other theoretical schemes, such as conflict theory, structural-functionalism, social Darwinism, neoliberalism, and symbolic interaction, are also invoked where appropriate in the text. Chapter 2 deals with global population and demographic trends through the framework of demographic transition theory, assuming that demographic change is closely intertwined with general socioeconomic change. Population fluctuations can be considered both the cause and effect of societal change in general. The long evolutionary history of world population turning into an “explosion” during the past one hundred or so years is considered a primary source of contemporary global change, hence its upfront treatment in this book. Chapter 3 discusses the basic structures and functions of global economy or economic globalization, including the Bretton Woods institutions, old and newer free trade zones, globalization of capital, and the nature of multinational corporations and their international manufacturing and business networks. It also includes separate sections on global economy

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Index

Page numbers in italics refer to ﬁ gures and tables. Abbasids, 130 Arab Spring, 3, 133 Abrahamic religions, 225– 31, 234, 236– ArcelorMittal, 88 37, 240– 44 Archimedes, 183 Abu Bakr, Caliph, 228 Argentina, 26, 29, 39, 68, 70– 71, 118, Affordable Health Care Act, 119–20 156, 181, 195– 96 Afghanistan, 6, 18, 26, 39, 91– 94, 128– Aristotle, 183 29, 134, 141, 148, 150– 51, 156– 63, Armenia, 149 165, 225 arms trade, 11, 15, 89, 93– 95, 99– 101, Africa, 41–42 , 43, 73, 80– 81, 98, 115– 160, 166 17, 134 Arthashastra (Chanakya), 185 African Americans, 45, 51, 53, 55 Aryabhatta, 186 African Union, 142 Ashoka, Emperor, 128, 185, 232 agriculture, 53– 54, 83– 84, 114– 15, 183, Asian Development Bank, 77 185 Asiatic religions, 226, 244 Ahura Mazda (deity), 242 Assad, Basher al, 141, 163 AIDS/HIV, 37, 43, 114, 117–18 Association of Southeast Asian Nations Airbus, 66 (ASEAN), 68, 70 ALCOA, 25 Ataturk, Mustafa Kemal, 130 Algeria, 48 Atlas of the Islamic World (Robinson), Al Gilani Library, 183 188 Ali, Caliph, 228– 29 Aurangzeb, Emperor, 130, 233 Al-Qaeda, 158–59 Australia, 26, 41–42 , 49, 73, 91, 93, Al-Shabab, 159 115– 16, 118, 120, 136, 180, 209, 213 Amelio, William J., 89 Austria, 42, 149, 205, 218 American Medial Association, 120 automobile industry, 69, 171, 176, Amin, Idi, 148 196–98 Amin, Samir, 23– 24, 28 Averroes (Ibn Rushd), 189 Amritsar massacre, 233 Aztecs, 187 Analects, The (Confucius), 239 Andorra, 134 Babism, 237 Angola, 42, 80 Babones, Salvatore, 24 Annan, Koﬁ , 81, 144 Baha’ism, 226, 228, 237–38 Apple Computers, 65, 84, 201 Bahaullah, 237 Arabic/Islamic culture, 180, 182, 187– Bahrain, 134, 229 88 balance of power, 29– 30, 80–81 Arab League, 161 Bali, 166

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290 INDEX

Bangladesh, 26, 39, 71, 82– 83, 155, Bright, Christopher, 110 193, 230 Britain. See Great Britain Ban Ki- moon, 144 British Council, 209 Baron, Paul, 24 British East India Company, 63, 130 Beijing, 57, 58 British National Space Center, 207 Beirut attacks, 158 British Royal Society, 210 Belgium, 42, 70, 131, 134, 148 British Space Agency, 207 Benghazi attacks, 159, 162 Broad, William J., 205 Bertalanffy, Ludwig von, 17 Brunei, 118, 134 Bhagvad Geeta, 215, 231 Buck, Pearl S., 172 Bhagwati, Jagdish, 4 Buddha, 231– 32, 238 Bharati Enterprises, 88 Buddhism, 105, 156, 185, 226, 230– 33, Bhindranwale, 233 235, 238– 40 Bhopal explosion, 83 bureaucracy, 62, 132, 183– 84, 239 Bhutan, 134 Burkina Faso, 41 Bhutto, Benazir, 159 Burma, 52, 133 Bible, 227– 28, 236 Bush, George W., 37, 107– 8, 147, 162, bin Laden, Osama, 6, 158–59, 161–62 205, 217– 18 birth control, 38– 39, 41, 45 Byzantine Empire, 129 Biruni, Abu Rayhan Ibn Ahmad al- , 189 Calderon, Felipe, 92 Blair, Tony, 204 California, 54, 55, 98 Bloom, Allan, 182 Caliphates, 130, 228 Boeing aircraft, 66 Cambodia, 91, 98, 108, 157, 232 Boko Haram, 159 Campbell, Joseph, 224 Bolivia, 26, 68 Canada, 26, 42, 49, 53, 63, 70, 74, 79– Bollywood, 171, 175 80, 93, 118, 120, 136, 143, 150, 182, Bono, 82 206–8, 218 Born, Max, 215 Canadian Bureau of International Boruch, Robert, 189 Education, 209 Bosnia- Herzegovina, 148, 151, 156 Canadian International Development Boulding, Kenneth, 17 Agency (CIDA), 77 Bound Together (Chandra), 5, 7 Cannon of Medicine, The (Ibn Sina), Boutros- Ghali, Boutros, 144 189 Boyle, Robert, 210 capital ﬂ ows, 77– 80, 100, 160, 166, 170 Brahma, 230 capitalism, 3– 5, 23– 24, 27, 29– 30, 58, Brandt, Simone, 122 85, 190 Brazil, 3– 4, 5, 26, 29, 39, 57, 67– 68, CARE, 122 70– 71, 73, 82, 108, 118, 143, 181, Carrefour, 71, 84 192– 93, 195–96, 206 Carter, Jimmy, 109 Bretton Woods, 6, 10, 61– 62, 81 Castro, Fidel, 68, 133– 34 BRIC countries, 5, 6, 71, 73 Caterpillar, 77 Bridgman, Percy, 215 Catholicism, 38, 39, 226– 27, 243– 44 Brief History of Globalization, A (Mc- Celera Genomics, 208 Gillivray), 5 Center for American Progress, 108

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INDEX 291

Center for the Interdisciplinary Chrysler, 196 Study of Science and Technology Chuang- tzu, 235 (CISST), 12– 13 Chubin, Daryl, 211 Central American Free Trade Agree- Churchill, Winston, 135 ment (CAFTA), 56, 68, 70, 73 Citgo, 79, 84 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), “clash of civilizations/cultures,” 10, 56, 99, 159 60, 160, 164, 190, 230, 243 Centre National d’Etudes Spactiales Clinton, Bill, 108– 9, 147, 217– 18 (CNES), 207 Clinton, William J., Foundation, 77 CERN (European Organization for Clinton Global Initiatives, 122 Nuclear Research), 206–7 Closing of the American Mind, The Chanakya (Kautilya), 185 (Bloom), 182 Chandra, Nayan, 5, 7 Club of Rome, 15, 34– 36 Chandragupta, Emperor, 185 Coalition Against Traffi cking in Chase- Dunn, Christopher, 24 Women (CATW), 96– 97 Chavez, Hugo, 68–69, 74, 138 Cold War, 29, 52, 152, 216 Cheney, Dick, 162 Cole, USS, attack, 158 Chernobyl, 220 colleges and universities, 201– 3, Chiang Kai- shek, 133, 172 208– 9 Chile, 29, 68, 117– 18, 133, 138, 195 Colombia, 91– 92, 98, 159 China, 3– 5, 13, 22, 26– 29, 34, 39–40, colonialism, 25– 26, 47– 48, 50, 54, 58, 43, 45– 46, 49– 50, 52, 54, 57, 65– 75, 62– 63, 131– 32, 139, 171, 191– 92 78– 80, 82– 83, 86, 88– 91, 93, 98– 99, Columbus, Christopher, 187 106– 8, 114, 121– 25, 133– 34, 142– Comision Nacional de Energia 43, 147, 152, 155– 56, 172– 75, 180– Atomica (CNEA), 196 85, 192– 98, 201– 9, 213, 216– 19, Communism, 29, 52, 67, 133– 34, 172 225– 27, 232–35, 238– 39, 244 collapse of, 29, 52, 97 ancient, 62– 63, 128– 29, 180, 182– 85 Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty China Mobile, 195 (CTBT), 217, 220 Chin Dynasty, 128 computers, 176, 193– 95 Chinese Academy of Sciences, 209 confl icts Chinese Cooperative Medical Scheme, global, 155– 67 122, 123 religious, 224– 25, 232–34, 243–44 Chinese Ministry of Health, 121 confl ict theory, 10, 24– 25, 30 Chinese National Offshore Oil Corpo- Confucianism, 226, 234– 35, 238– 39 ration (CNOOC), 69, 79, 80 Congo, 15, 18, 26, 73, 80, 93 Chinese National Peoples’ Congress, Congo, Democratic Republic of, 42, 122 157, 218 Chinese National University of De- Congo, Republic of, 141 fense Technology, 193– 94 Constantine I, Emperor, 226 Chirac, Jacques, 150 consumerism, 11, 70– 71, 73, 75, 79– Chisinau, Moldova, 98 80, 84– 86, 100, 170– 71, 173 Christ, 183, 226 core, 26– 30, 75 Christianity, 223– 28, 230 core- periphery relations, 51, 54, 129, Chronicles of India (Al- Biruni), 189 131, 180– 81, 213

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292 INDEX corporations, 24, 110– 11, 124 Dire, General, 233 See also multinational corporations disasters, natural, 78, 106, 145 (MNCs) diseases and epidemics, 114– 15, 118, cosmic consciousness, 9– 10 121– 22, 130, 133 Costa Rica, 70, 117 Disney, 65, 174 Council for Mutual Economic Assis- Dominican Republic, 70 tance (COMECON), 52, 143 Dow Chemicals, 25 Council on the American Family, 38 Drucker, Peter, 66 Crane, Diane, 211 drug trade, 11, 15, 56, 71, 89– 93, 99– Crick, Francis, 207 101, 160, 166 Croats, 156 Dubai Ports World, 79 Cuba, 27, 49, 52, 67, 68, 74, 117, 118, Duke Power, 113 120– 21, 123, 133–34, 143, 152 Durkheim, Émile, 20– 21 missile crisis, 143, 216 Dutch colonialism, 25, 63, 90 currency markets, 66, 77– 78 Dutch East India Company, 63 Cyprus, 149 Czechoslovakia, 29 Eastern Europe, 56, 98– 99, 129, 181 East Timor, 15, 141, 156 Dalai Lama, 73, 155, 173, 232 Economic and Social Commission for Darfur, 142, 225 Asia and the Paciﬁ c (ESCAP), 145 Darwin, Charles, 42 Economic and Social Commission for Dell, Inc., 89 Western Asia (ESCWA), 145 Deming, Edwards, 66 Economic Commission for Africa democracy, 30, 135–39, 175 (ECA), 145 Democratic Party, 138 Economic Commission for Europe demographic transition theories (ECE), 145 (DTT), 10, 42– 59, 60, 101, 114 Economic Commission for Latin Deng Xiaoping, 40, 121, 174 America and the Caribbean Denmark, 42, 48, 134, 136, 150, 205 (ECLAC), 145 Department of Defense, 66 economic growth, 38– 39, 41, 45, 71– Department of Energy, 207, 215 72, 105– 9, 112, 124 dependency theory, 23– 25, 27– 28, 30 economic meltdowns and depressions, See also world systems/dependency 63 theory 1987, 18, 78 Dependency Theory Revisited (Ghosh), 2008– 9, 8, 29, 70, 78 24 2012– 14, 67, 70– 71, 78 Derber, Charles, 4 Economist, 175, 221 development models, 19– 21, 28–29, education, 43, 47, 50, 53, 76, 87, 117, 78–79, 81 118, 191, 201– 10 Dharma, 231 Egypt, 3, 23, 123, 133, 157, 194 Dharmic traditions, 226, 229, 231, ancient, 128– 29, 182, 186 241, 244 Ehrlich, Paul, 34 Diamond, Larry, 135 Einstein, Albert, 214–15 dictatorships, 132–34 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 112 digital divide, 15, 213– 14 Ellerman, Derek, 98

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INDEX 293

El Salvador, 26, 70–71 Food and Agricultural Organization Emancipation Proclamation, 95 (FAO), 82, 146 embargoes, 143 food and nutrition, 114–16, 124 empires, 128– 29, 131– 32 restaurants, 79, 85– 86, 170– 72, See also colonialism and specifi c 174–75 countries Ford Foundation, 77 energy, 37, 69, 105, 106, 109, 112– 14, Ford Motors, 196 220 foreign direct investments (FDIs), 27, Engardio, Pete, 4 67, 69, 71, 77, 79–80 English language, 174– 75, 211 foreign language study, 209– 10 environment, 11, 29, 35–37, 58, 83–84, Foroohar, Rana, 77 103–25 Four Modernizations policy, 40 Environmental Protection Agency France, 2, 25– 26, 42, 43, 48– 49, 56, 67, (EPA), 108 70, 78– 79, 93, 131, 137– 38, 142– 43, Erasmus program, 209 148– 50, 171–72, 174, 199, 208–9, Ethiopia, 42, 50, 133 216, 218, 228 European Commission, 149 Franco, Francisco, 133 European Common Market, 68, 70 Frank, Andre Gunder, 23, 25 European Court of Auditors, 149 Frank, Tommy, 148 European Court of Justice, 149 free markets, 66– 67, 69, 73, 75, 100, 152 European Economic Community Friedman, Tom, 6, 213 (EEC), 15, 65, 70, 148 Fritz, Jack, 205 European Parliament, 149 Fuchs, Klaus, 216 European Space Agency (ESA), 207 Fukushima disaster, 4, 58, 220 European Union (EU), 1, 3, 11, 29, 56, Fulbright- Hays Program, 209 65, 70, 143, 148– 50, 152– 53, 219 Fuller, Buckminster, 245 Euro Zone, 3, 18, 67, 70, 78– 79, 150 furniture industry, 7, 73, 176 Exploring Globalization, 2 extraverted economies, 28 G7 nations, 78 Exxon- Mobil, 25 G8 nations, 26, 29, 78–79, 82 G20, 26 Falklands War, 156 Gaddafi , Muammar, 133, 219 Family Research Council, 38 Gandhi, Indira, 233 FARC (Revolutionary Armed Forces Gandhi, Mahatma, 85, 105, 224– 25 of Colombia), 159 Gans, Herbert, 58, 82 Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Granth Sahib, Guru, 234 99, 159 Gasprom, 85 Fermi, Enrico, 215 Gates, Melinda and Bill, Foundation, fertility rates, 36– 43, 45– 46, 51 77, 122 fi nancial institutions, 29, 63, 77–80, Gaza Strip, 157 100 Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft, 22, 58 Financial Times, 71 General Agreement on Trade and Finland, 42, 45, 205 Tariffs (GATT), 61 First World, 29 General Motors, 196 Flint, Robert, 190 Genghis Khan, 129

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294 INDEX

Germany, 26, 43, 49, 56, 67, 70, 79, 88, Hadith, 130 93, 97, 110, 114, 148– 50, 174, 194, Haiti, 49, 115 196, 199, 205, 213, 220, 218 Hamas, 157 Germany (continued) Han Dynasty, 128 East, 29 Haqqani group, 159 Nazi, 133, 140, 147, 150, 214 Harappa, 180, 185 Ghana, 52 Hardy, G. H., 186 Ghaznavi, Mahmud, 189 Harper, Charles, 21– 22 Ghosh, B. N., 23, 24 health and medicine, 43– 44, 114– 15, Giddens, Anthony, 66 117– 24, 125, 145, 189, 208 Giza pyramids, 186 health maintenance organizations global consciousness, 8– 10, 31, 75–77, (HMOs), 119 82, 86– 89, 101, 105, 113, 166 Held, David, 5 Global Healthcare Information Net- Hezbollah, 159, 162– 63 work, 118 Hinduism, 130, 165, 224– 26, 229– 34, Globalization (Steger), 4, 6 243 Globalization/Anti-Globalization (Held Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 215, 240 and McGrew), 5 Hispanic immigrants, 45, 51, 53– 56 “Globalization: Boon or Bane,” 62, 171 Hitler, Adolf, 133, 215 globalized structures, deﬁ ned, 1–2 Hizbut- Tahrir, 130 Global Village, The (McLuhan), 15, 64 Hobbes, Thomas, 20 global warming, 106, 109–12 Ho Chi- Minh, 134 Goethe Institute, 209 Hollande, François, 2 Go Glocal, 77 Hollywood, 171–72 Golden Temple, 233– 34 Home Depot, 75 Golden Triangle, 91 Honda, 88– 89, 196, 198 Gore, Al, 36, 108, 111 Honduras, 56, 70– 71 governance, 127– 54 Hong Kong, 65, 88 Great Britain, 26, 48, 67, 97, 118, 134, Horowitz, Irving, 29 136, 150, 162, 171, 196, 206, 216 Huawei Technologies, 73, 84, 195 Commonwealth, 11, 48, 77, 151, Hudson Bay Company, 63 153, 209 Hui peoples, 235 Empire, 25, 26, 48, 63, 90, 139– 32, Human Development Index (HDI), 135, 151, 171, 174, 186 26–27 Greece, 3, 67, 93, 149, 150 Human Development Report, 81 ancient, 23, 95, 183 Human Genome Project (HGP), greenhouse gases, 110, 113 207–8 Green Parties, 106 human rights, 74, 152 Green Revolution, 34, 83, 114 human trafﬁ cking, 15, 48– 49, 56, 89, Grenada, 156 95–101 Guatemala, 70, 91, 98 Hungary, 29 Guinea, 42, 80 hunger and malnutrition, 34, 82, 115, Gulf States, 49, 118 118, 125, 191 Gulf War, 156– 57 Hunter, James, 170– 71 Gurudwaras, 233 hurricanes, 108, 113

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INDEX 295

Hussein, Saddam, 133, 156, 229 international aid, 77, 78, 83 Hutchison Telecommunications, 73 International Atomic Energy Agency Hutterites, 105 (IAEA), 216– 17, 219– 20 hygiene, 43, 115 international conferences, 211, 213 Hyundai, 84, 196 International Court of Justice (ICJ), 146–47 Iacocca, Lee, 111 International Criminal Court (ICC), IBM, 65, 84, 89 147–48 Ibn Khaldun, 189– 90 International Fertility Center, 38 Ibn Rushd (Averroes), 189 International Finance Corporation Ibn Sina (Avicenna), 188–89 (IFC), 77 ICBMs, 4 International Labor Organization Ikea, 84 (ILO), 96, 146 Imam Mehdi, 229 International Monetary Fund (IMF), Incas, 187 1, 23, 25, 61, 70, 77– 78 Inconvenient Truth, An (fi lm), 36, 111 International Organization for Migra- India, 3– 6, 13– 14, 22, 26– 29, 34, 39– tion, 98 43, 45– 46, 49– 50, 64–65, 67–69, International Space Station, 207 71– 74, 80, 82– 83, 85–86, 88–89, Internet, 14, 66, 172, 193– 95, 194, 211, 93, 98, 106–8, 114, 119, 122– 23, 213 135– 36, 141, 143, 147, 152, 158– 59, interstate highway system, 112– 13 165, 172– 75, 180–82, 184–86, 189, “In the Vanguard of Globalization” 192– 98, 201–9, 213, 216–18, 229– (Hunter and Yates), 170– 71 30, 232– 33, 237, 241– 42, 244 invisible colleges, 201, 210– 11, 219 ancient, 62, 128– 30, 182, 184– 86 Iran, 23, 93– 95, 119, 130, 134, 141, independence and partition, 25, 143, 152, 165, 196, 206, 218–19, 151, 155, 165, 224–25 229, 237, 241– 42 Indian Council of Scientifi c and In- Iran- Iraq war, 141, 155 dustrial Research (CSIR), 12, 209 Iraq, 93– 94, 133, 141– 42, 144, 148– 50, Indonesia, 26, 29, 43, 45, 57, 93, 130, 156– 59, 162, 165, 180, 183, 229, 133, 137, 206, 208, 213, 230, 232 244 Industrial Revolution, 62, 179, 190– 92, Iron Pillar, 185– 86 200 Islam (Muslims), 30, 39, 45, 48, 96, Indus Valley, 180, 185, 230 130, 134, 163– 64, 180, 223– 26, inequality, 3, 81– 82 228– 30, 233–35, 243 infant mortality, 43, 45, 117, 121 extremists, 159– 60 Infeld, Leopold, 215 Golden Age, 187–89 infl ation, 63, 71 Sharia law, 130, 134 information technology (IT), 14, 29, Shia, 163, 165, 228– 29, 237, 243 49, 64, 66–67, 71, 195 Sunni, 163, 165, 228– 29, 243 Infosys, 50, 71, 201 Islamabad attacks, 162, 166 In Search of Excellence (Peters and Israel, 93, 118, 120, 136, 141, 147, 160, Waterman), 65 162– 63, 205, 216, 219 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Israeli- Arab confl ict, 142, 156– 57, Change (IPCC), 109, 112 162–63, 165

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296 INDEX

Is Wal- Mart Good for America? (ﬁ lm), Khufu, Pharaoh, 186 75 Kia, 84 Italy, 3, 26, 39, 42, 67, 70, 97, 131, 148, Kim Il- sung, 134 150, 162, 172, 196, 199, 209 Kim Jong- il, 171 Fascist, 133, 140, 150 Kim Jong- un, 68, 219 Kirchner, Cristina, 71 Jainism, 226, 230– 31, 238, 241 Klare, Michael, 94 Janjaweed militia, 142 K-Mart, 75 Janki Foundation for Global Health- Korean War, 141, 155 care (Wattumal Foundation), 78 Kosovo, 148, 156 Janowski, John E., 205 Kuhn, Thomas, 179– 80, 199 Japan, 4, 26, 42, 43, 45, 61, 65– 66, 69, Kulliat (Ibn Rushd), 189 78– 79, 88, 97, 118, 120, 136, 140, Kurlansky, Mark, 157, 224 143, 150, 172, 174–75, 180– 81, 192, Kuwait, 39, 134, 142 196– 97, 199, 205, 207– 8, 213, 218, Kyoto Protocol, 106– 9, 112 220, 226, 232, 235, 238– 40, 244 Japanese Ministry of International Laos, 91 Trade and Industry (MITI), 65 Lao-tzu, 234–35, 238 Jerusalem, 237 Large Hadron Collider, 207 jihads, 224, 243 Laws of Manu, The, 230 Jobs, Steve, 201 League of Nations, 140– 41 Join Together Online, 94 Lebanon, 159, 162– 63, 225 Joliot- Curie, J. F., 215 Lenin, V. I., 133 Jordan, 39, 134 Lenovo, 50, 69, 73, 84, 88– 89, 195 Jordan, Michael, 171 Lesotho, 134 Judaism, 223– 24, 226, 228, 236– 37 Libya, 3, 94, 133, 151, 157, 219 Liechtenstein, 134 Kabila, Joseph, 141 life expectancy, 42– 43, 45, 121 Kabila, Laurent, 141 lifestyles, 170– 76 Kaiser, Henry J., Family Foundation, Limits to Growth (Club of Rome), 15, 118 34–35 Kamen, Dean, 201 Lincoln, Abraham, 95 Karadzic, Radovan, 148 livable countries, 41–42 Karzai, Hamid, 92 local cultures, 76–77, 175 Kashmir, 141, 155, 165 Locke, John, 20 Kautilya (Chanakya), 185 London subway attacks, 158, 162, 166, Kazakhstan, 218 244 Kennedy, John F., 52 Los Alamos National Laboratory, 215 Kennedy, Robert F., Jr., 108 Lowes, 75 Kenya, 48, 73, 158 Lu, Peter, 190 KFC, 174 Luther, Martin, 227 Khan, Abdul Qadeer, 217 Luxembourg, 42, 70 Khobar Towers attacks, 158 Khomeini, Ayatollah, 134 Maastricht Treaty, 148 Khrushchev, Nikita, 52 Machiavelli, Niccolò, 189

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INDEX 297

MAD (mutually assured destruction), Merton, Robert, 182 220–21 Mesopotamia, 23, 106, 180, 182– 83 Mahabharata, 230 Mexico, 2, 34, 39, 43, 49, 53– 58, 70– 71, Mahathir, Mohammed, 133 73– 74, 82– 83, 90– 92, 98, 119, 138, Mahavira, Lord, 238, 241 143, 172, 181, 187, 195– 96 Malawi, 42 Microsoft, 84 Malaysia, 29, 93, 118, 136, 208, 230, Middle East, 18, 80, 96, 165, 194, 225– 232, 235, 244 26, 243 Mali, 41, 115, 162 ancient, 128, 182 Malta, 149 migration, 43, 46– 59, 114, 155, 166, Malthus, Thomas, 42– 43, 114 202–3 management practices, 87– 89, 101 illegal, 48– 49, 53– 55, 73–74, 95 Manhattan Project, 201, 215– 16 Migration Policy Institute, 50, 54 Mankind at the Turning Point (Club of Millennium Development Project, Rome), 15 81–82 manufacturing, 53, 63, 71, 75, 79 Milosevic, Slobodan, 148 Maoist-Naxalite conﬂ icts, 165 Ming Dynasty, 180 Mao Zedong, 40, 133, 172, 174, 235 Mitterrand, François, 2 Marcuse, Herbert, 3 mixed-economies, 67–68 Mariam, Mengisto, 133 mobile phones, 172, 176, 193, 213 Marketing Services, 73 modernization theory, 10, 19– 23, Marsh, Peter, 75 27, 30– 31, 75, 82, 101, 125, 131, Marshall Plan, 51 190–92 Marsh Arabs, 183 Mohammed, Prophet, 130, 228– 29 Maruti Suzuki, 197 Mohenjo- Daro, 180, 185 Marx, Karl, 24, 57–58 Monaco, 134 Marxism, 25, 30, 134 monarchies, 134, 136 Masood, Commander, 92 money laundering, 93, 95, 99 maternal health, 117–18, 121 Mongolian Empire, 129, 183 mathematics, 183, 185– 87 Morales, Evo, 68 Mauryan Empire, 128, 185, 232 Mormons, 96 Mayans, 187 Morocco, 134 McDonald’s, 65, 84–86, 171, 174 Mozambique, 42 McGillivray, Alex, 5 Mubarak, Hosni, 133 McGrew, Anthony, 5 Mugabe, Robert, 115, 133 McLuhan, Marshall, 15, 64 Muggah, Robert, 94 Mead, George Herbert, 169 Mughal Empire, 129, 130, 233– 34 Meadows, Donella and Dennis, 34, Muller, Hermann, 215 36 multidirectional ﬂ ows, 193, 195– 98 Medicaid and Medicare, 119–20 multinational corporations (MNCs), Meiji Restoration, 180, 239 14, 21, 25, 27– 28, 50, 63, 68– 69, Mennonites, 105 79– 80, 82– 84, 86– 89, 170, 206 Mercedes Benz, 196– 97 Mumbai attacks, 158, 162, 166 Mercosur, 70, 74 Muqaddimah (Ibn Khaldun), 189– 90 Merkel, Angela, 220 Murthy, Narayan, 201

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298 INDEX

Musharraf, Parvez, 133 Nlilekani, Nandan, 71 Mussolini, Benito, 133 nongovernmental organizations Myanmar, 26, 52, 68, 91, 123, 128, 133, (NGOs), 37, 78, 106, 122, 145, 162 232, 238, 243 North American Free Trade Agree- ment (NAFTA), 15, 53, 56, 68, 70, Nanak, Guru, 233– 34 73–74, 196 Narayan, R. K., 184– 85 North American Treaty Organization Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 133 (NATO), 92, 150–51, 153 National Academy of Engineering, 205 Northern Ireland, 225, 243 National Institutes of Health, 207 North Korea, 4, 52, 67– 68, 93, 95, 115, National Science Foundation (NSF), 134, 141, 143, 152, 171, 196, 216, 13, 205, 209 218– 19, 235, 238 nation-states, 132 Norway, 41, 93, 134 Native Americans, 45, 105, 182, 186– 87 Nowak, Mark, 37 natural resources, 80, 105–6 Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty Needham, Joseph, 172, 184 (NNPT), 217, 220– 21 Negative Population Growth, 37 nuclear technology, 4, 95, 143, 152, neoliberalism, 10, 30, 67 156, 165, 181, 195– 96, 207, 214– 21 neo-Marxism, 24–25, 30 Nuremberg Trials, 147 Nepal, 13, 26, 98, 115, 128, 134, 230, Nyerere, Julius, 52 232 Nestle, 83 Oak Creek attacks, 234 Netherlands, 42, 70, 134, 217 Obama, Barack, 2, 55, 107, 109, 119 See also Dutch colonialism Occupy Wall Street, 3 New Agriculture Technology (NAT), offshoring and outsourcing, 53, 63, 69, 83 71, 75– 77, 87, 170 New Immigrant Survey, 49 Oil and National Gas Commission of Ne Win, 133 India (ONGC), 79 newly industrializing economics oil industry, 18, 69, 79– 80, 85 (NIEs), 22, 26, 28, 85 Okinawa Institute of Science and New Mexico, 54 Technology (OIST), 207 Newton, Isaac, 182 Olympics (Beijing, 2008), 156, 232 New York Federal District Court, 83 Oman, 39, 134 New Zealand, 42, 49, 118, 120, 136, Omar, Mullah, 92, 134, 161– 62 180, 209 open- door policies, 67– 70 Nicaragua, 70 opium, 63, 90– 92 Niger, 41 Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 215 Nigeria, 42, 73, 91, 142, 159 Organization of Economic Coopera- NIMBY, 109– 10, 124 tion and Development (OECD), 9/11 attacks, 15, 49, 151, 156– 58, 160– 77, 205– 6 62, 164, 166, 190, 244 Ottoman Empire, 48, 129– 30, 149, 180 Nirvana, 232, 240 Oxfam, 122 Nissan, 89, 196, 198 Nixon, Richard M., 108, 173 Pakistan, 13, 39, 57, 71, 73– 74, 78, 83, Nkrumah, Kwame, 52 91, 93, 95, 130, 133, 141, 151, 158– 59,

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INDEX 299

162, 165, 180, 185, 196, 201, 206, 216– Pugwash Conferences, 215– 16 19, 225, 229–30, 242 Palestinians, 141– 42, 144, 156 Qatar, 39, 134 Panama, 156 Qin Dynasty, 180, 184 Pan Am ﬂ ight, 103, 158 Quayle, Dan, 108 Pan Islamic groups, 130 Quran, 130, 228 Paraguay, 70 Qutub Minar, 185 parliamentary systems, 136– 37 Parsees, 241– 42, 45 racism, 36– 37 Parsons, Talcott, 17 Rajapaksa, Mahinda, 148 Pauling, Linus, 215 Ramadan, 229 Peace Corps, 52 Ramanujan, Srinivasa, 186 Pena Nieto, Enrique, 2 Ramayana, 230 periphery, 26– 30, 75 R&D, 65, 200– 208, 213 Perlmutter, Howard, 88 Reagan, Ronald, 92 Persia, medieval, 188–89 Red Cross, 78, 157 Persian Gulf monarchies, 134 Reich, Robert, 63– 64, 66 Peru, 91 religion, 11, 22, 60, 170, 223– 46 Peters, Thomas, 65 Renaissance, 62, 171 Philippines, 34, 64, 71, 83, 91, 97– 99, Republican Party, 138 119, 122– 23, 206, 208, 213, 238 Ritzer, George, 4 Pinochet, Augusto, 133 Roberts, John, 2 Pizza Hut, 86, 174 Robinson, Francis, 188 Plato, 183 Rockefeller Foundation, 77, 122 Poland, 150 Romania, 29, 218 Polaris Project, 98–99 Rome, ancient, 23, 95, 128– 29, 183, Polo, Marco, 172 226 population, 33– 60, 105, 114–15, 191 Rome Statute, 147 Population Bomb, The (Ehrlich), 34 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 140, 214 Portugal, 3, 90, 130–31 Rosenberg, Julius and Ethel, 216 postcolonial countries, 47– 48, 192 Rostow, Walt W., 19– 21 postindustrial societies, 29, 43, 53, 66, Rotblat, Joseph, 215 192 Rousseau, Jean- Jacques, 20 poverty, 81– 82, 100, 115, 124– 25, 161, Rubik, Erno, 201 191 Rumsfeld, Donald, 148, 162 Powell, Cecil, 215 Russell, Bertrand, 184– 85, 215 preferential trade areas (PTAs), 74– 75, Russia, imperial, 129 100 Russian Federation, 5, 26, 41, 43, 45, Price, Derek de Solla, 200– 201, 210 71, 73, 80, 93, 97, 99, 107, 118, 137– Price of Inequality, The (Stiglitz), 3 38, 142, 152, 181, 196, 207, 218– 20 prostitution, 95– 99 See also Soviet Union protectionism, 28, 67 Russian Space Agency (RKA), 207 Protestantism, 227– 28, 243–44 Rwanda, 15, 42, 141– 42, 144, 156 public transportation, 112– 13 Pueblo Indians, 54 Sachs, Jeffrey, 81

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300 INDEX

Sadat, Anwar, 133 social Darwinism, 10 Sahel, 115 Socialism, 67– 68 Said, Edward, 10 Socrates, 183 Salafi sts, 159 Somalia, 18, 39, 73, 93, 115, 141, 159 Salah, 229 Sony, 50, 84 Samsara, 231– 32 South Africa, 6, 73, 80, 119, 136, 143, Samsung, 84 194, 219 Sarkozy, Nicolas, 2 Southern Technology Council (STC), Satya Sai Baba movement, 225 12–13 Saudi Arabia, 39, 97, 118, 130, 134, South Korea, 26, 49, 65, 88, 98, 118, 148, 158 123, 144, 181, 197, 203– 6, 208, 213, Save the Children, 78 218, 235, 238 Scandinavia, 43, 110, 199 Soviet Union, 70, 92, 97– 98, 133, 142– Schroeder, Gerhard, 150 43, 181, 216– 18, 220 Schumacher, E. F., 105 dissolution of, 26, 52, 67– 68 Science and Civilization in China See also Russian Federation (Needham), 184 space technology, 4, 181, 207 science and technology, 11, 13– 15, 22, Spain, 3, 42, 54, 56, 62, 67, 97, 131, 62– 64, 67, 76, 170, 174, 176–222 133– 34, 150, 162, 209, 213 Science Policy Division, 13 Moorish, 62, 130, 180, 187, 189 Second World, 29 Sri Lanka, 13, 15, 27, 39, 45, 118, 123, secularism, 135 141, 148, 156, 159, 230, 232, 243 semiperiphery, 26, 27, 42, 80 Standard Bank, 80 Sen, Amartya, 62 Staple, Brent, 202 Serbs, 156 Starbucks, 174 Sethi, P. K., 201 State Department, 97, 159 Shahadah, 229 Steger, Manfred, 4, 6 Sheinin, David, 196 Steinhardt, Paul, 190 Shell, 25 Stevens, J. Christopher, 159 Shintoism, 226, 239–40 Stiglitz, Joseph, 3, 4 Shirazi, Ali Mohammed (Bab), 237 Stockholm International Peace Re- Siemens, 84 search Institute, 93 Sierra Leone, 41 structural- functionalism, 10, 20– 21, Sikhism, 226, 233– 34 30 Sikkim, 134 Sudan, 18, 73, 80, 130, 141–42, 225 Singapore, 65, 88, 97, 123, 181, 205– 6, Sufi s, 105, 225 208, 213, 232, 235, 238, 244 Suharto, 133 single- payer system, 118, 123 Sukarno, 133 Skills Gap Survey, 204 Suleiman the Magnifi cent, 129 Skinner, B. F., 239 Swam, 229 Sklair, Leslie, 4 Swaziland, 134 slavery, 51, 54, 58, 95– 100 Sweden, 41, 49, 56, 134, 136, 171, 196, Small Is Beautiful (Schumacher), 105 205 Smith, Adam, 67 Swedeshi movement, 105 social contract theories, 20 Switzerland, 42, 136, 171, 205

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INDEX 301 symbolic interaction, 10, 21 Torah, 228, 236 Syria, 3, 93– 94, 129, 141, 157, 163, Toshiba, 84 165, 229 totalitarianism, 132– 33 systems theory, 10, 11, 17– 19, 29– 30, total quality management, 66 101 Toynbee, Arnold, 190 See also modernization theory; Toyota, 84, 88– 89, 196, 198 world systems theory trade, 10, 15, 62– 63, 66– 67, 70, 73– 76, Szilard, Leo, 214–15 131– 32, 170, 174 Traffi cking Victims Protection Act, 99 Tablighi Jamaat, 130 Train, Russell, 108 Tagore, Rabindranath, 9–10 travel and tourism, 114, 211 Taibbi, Matt, 6 Trust-Mart, 174 Taiwan, 65, 74, 88, 118, 181, 205, 208, Tunisia, 3, 133, 157, 189 213, 235 Turkey, 26, 39, 56, 70, 91, 129– 30, 136, Tajikistan, 118 149, 152, 172, 180, 213, 224 Taliban, 92, 130, 134, 159, 161–62, 165 Talmud, 236 Uganda, 148 Tamil culture, 180 Ukraine, 218 Tamil Tigers (LTTE), 148, 156, 159 Ullemas, 130 Tang Dynasty, 235 Umayyad Caliphate, 130 Tanzania, 42, 52, 158 underground economy, 11, 89– 101, Taoism, 226, 234–36, 243 160 Tao-te- Ching , 235 unemployment, 75– 76 Target, 71, 75, 84 Union Carbide, 83 Tata Steel and Group, 80, 195, 197 Union Oil Company of California Taylor, Charles, 148 (UNOCAL), 80 technology. See science and technol- United Arab Emirates, 134, 194 ogy United Kingdom, 42, 49, 70, 93, 136, technology development pyramid, 198 142, 156, 199, 208– 9, 228, 244 telecommunications, 80, 193–95 See also Great Britain Teresa, Mother, 38 United Nations (UN), 1, 11, 21, 25, 77, Terracotta Army, 184 132, 135, 139– 48, 153, 216–17, 221 terrorism, 11, 15, 158–66 Charter, 144 Tesco, 71, 84 General Assembly, 142, 144, 146– Thailand, 45, 97, 98, 118, 232 47 Thatcher, Margaret, 52 peace- keeping, 141–42, 156, 158, Third Wave (Toffl er), 15, 64 162–63 Third World, 29 Secretariat, 144 Thomson Consumer Electronics, 75 Security Council, 142– 44, 146– 47 3M Company, 65 UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF), 78, Three Mile Island, 220 117, 122, 145 Tibet, 73, 155– 56, 173, 232 UN Commission on Human Rights, Tito, Josip, 133 96 Toffl er, Alvin, 15, 64– 65 UN Commission on the Status of Tonnies, Ferdinand, 22, 58 Women, 97

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302 INDEX

UN Conference on Trade and Devel- UN and, 140– 42, 147 opment (UNCTAD), 145 See also speciﬁ c agencies and laws UN conferences on environment and US Agency for International Develop- climate change, 109 ment (US- AID), 37, 77 UN Development Program (UNDP), US Congress, 99, 107, 119, 137, 140 26– 27, 82, 145 US Educational Foundation in India UN Educational, Scientiﬁ c and Cul- (USEFI), 209 tural Organization, 13, 145 US Supreme Court, 2, 119, 137 UN Environmental Program (UNEP), Upanishads, 230 109 urbanization, 58– 60, 170 UN Framework Convention on Cli- “Uses of Poverty, The” (Gans), 58 mate Change, 107 UN Industrial Development Organi- Vedas, 230 zation (UNIDO), 146 Venezuela, 68, 70, 74, 119, 123, 138, UN Millennium Declaration, 81, 115, 143 117, 124 Vietnam, 67– 68, 121, 123, 134, 152, United States, 42, 244 157, 213, 235, 238 Afghanistan and, 156– 57, 163 War, 52, 108, 141, 155 CAFTA and, 70, 73 Volkswagen, 196 Civil War, 138 Volvo, 196 colonialism and, 26 Cuba and, 143, 152 Wahab, Mohammed, 130 culture and, 170–72, 174 Wallerstein, Immanuel, 24, 26, 28 economy and, 69, 71, 78, 80 Walmart, 65, 71, 75, 84, 88– 89, 174 education and, 202– 3, 209– 10 War Crimes Tribunals, 147–48 election of 2008 and, 55 water, 106, 110– 11, 114– 15, 124– 25 embassy attacks and, 158– 59 Watergate scandal, 108 environment and, 110– 14 Waterman, Robert, 65 governance and, 137–38 Watson, James, 207 Grenada and Panama and, 156 wealth concentration, 29, 100 Gulf War and, 156 Weber, Max, 21, 62, 184 health and, 119– 20, 125 Westernization, 23, 30, 79–80 illegal trade and, 91– 94, 97– 99 Williams, S. Wells, 184 Iraq and, 149– 50, 156– 57 Wilson, Woodrow, 140 migration and, 47, 49–57 Winchester, Simon, 184 MNCs and, 79, 88 Wiseman, Paul, 70– 71 NAFTA and, 70, 73– 74 WMDs, 93, 100, 156, 214 NATO and, 150–51 Wolf, Martin, 4 nuclear technology and, 214–20 Wolfowitz, Paul, 162 population and, 36– 37, 45, 52– 53, women, 39, 43, 45, 53, 95– 100, 117 58–59 Work of Nations, The (Reich), 63– 64 Revolutionary War, 131 World Bank, 1, 5, 23, 25, 61, 77– 78, science and, 66, 180, 182, 196, 199, 80 202–9, 213 World Drug Report (2008), 91 terrorism and, 158–59, 161–62 World Economic Forum, 106– 7, 82

Copyrighted material - 9781137293411 Copyrighted material - 9781137293411

INDEX 303

World Health Organization (WHO), Xi Jinping, 122 122, 145, 157 World Is Flat, The (Friedman), 6, 213 Yang Yuanqing, 89 World Meteorological Organization, Yates, Joshua, 170– 71 109 Yemen, 3, 133, 157, 158 World Social Forum, 106– 7 Yuan Dynasty, 235 World System (Frank and Gills), 23 Yugoslavia, 29, 133, 144, 148, 196 world systems/dependency theory Yukawa, Hideki, 215 (WST), 10, 19, 23– 31, 51, 54, 58, Yukos, 85 60, 75, 78–80, 82, 94– 95, 100–101, 122, 125, 129, 180– 81, 206 Zakaat, 229 World Trade Organization (WTO), 25, Zarathustra, 241 61, 66, 69, 123, 152 Zenawi, Meles, 133 World War I, 140, 149, 155 zero population growth (ZPG), 42– 43 World War II, 51, 61, 140, 150, 155, Zhou Enlai, 40 214–15, 240 Zimbabwe, 13, 73, 115, 133 Worldwatch Institute, 110 Zoroastrianism, 226, 230, 241– 42