1898 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS January 20, 1977

and status of Ambassador Extraordinary and DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE DEPARTMENT OF 'l'RANSPORXATION Plenipotentiary, and the Representative of Harold Brown, of California, to be Secre­ Brockman Adams, of Washington, to be the United States of America in the Security tary of Defense. Secretary of Transportation. Council of the United Nations. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET Cecil D. Andrus, of Idaho, to be Secretary of the Interior. Thomas Bertram Lance, of Georgia, to be Director of the Office of Management and DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE CONFIRMATIONS Budget. Bob S. Bergland, of Minnesota, to be Secre­ Executive nominations r...>nfirmed by tary of Agriculture. COUNCIL OF ECONOMIC ADVISERS the Senate January 20, 1977: DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Charles L. Schultze, of the District of Columbia, to be a member of the Council of DEPARTMENT OF STATE Juanita M. Kreps, of North Carolina., to be Secertary of Commerce. Economic Advisers. Cyrus Vance, of New York, to be Secretary of State. DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND URBAN The above nominations were approved DEVELOPMENT subject to the nominees' commitments to DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY Patricia Roberts Harris, of the District of respond to requests to appear and testify w. Michael Blumenthal, of Michigan, to be Columbia, to be Secretary of Housing and before any duly constituted committee of the be Secretary of the Treasury. Urban Development. Senate.

EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS OCEANIC OIL POLLUTION which tanker accidents and offshore leaks 2. As "fallout" from the atmosphere, prob­ play a relatively small part-and they sug­ ably as particles or in rain. gest possible courses of action to control the we shall consider all these sources except HON. G. WILLIAM WHITEHURST problem. Revelle is director of the Harvard accidental spills as constituting the base load OF vmGINIA Center for Population Studies and former of oil polution in the sea. director of Scripps Institution of Oceanogra­ ACCIDENTAL OIL SPILLS IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES phy; Wenk, a specialist in ocean engineer­ At present, the average annual influx to Wednesday, January 19, 1977 ing and public affairs, ls a professor at the University of Washington; Ketchum is as­ the ocean from accidental oil spills through­ Mr. WHITEHURST. Mr. Speaker, I sociate director of Woods Hole Oceanographic out the world is probably about 200,000 tons. have the privilege of serving as a mem­ Institution; and Corino ls with the Esso Most of these spills are relatively small. Out ber of the board of directors of the Research and Engineering Company.) of 714 recorded accidental spills in U.S. wa­ At the present time, the most conspicu­ ters in 1968, approximately half were from Oceanic Educational Foundation, an or­ ships and barges, most of which were docked ganization which has as its goal the es­ ously detrimental effects of oil pollution of the ocean are localized in extent and are at the time of the accident. About 300 spills tablishment of world ocean education, caused by accidental spills in near-shore occurred from shore facilities of various covering the many aspects of the study of areas. These loci of concern, however, poten­ types, and a few resulted from ships dragging the sea, at all levels in the American tially include the coastal zones of every anchor across submarine pipelines in bays. school system, in order to bring the seas continent and every inhabited island so that Even under carefully controlled conditions into educational balance with the land the problem of accidental spllls ls of world­ accidental oil spills in port are negligible. to sustain the future prosperity, safety, wide significance. Projections of future Milford Haven, a relatively new British oil growth in ocean transport and offshore pro­ port, is adjacent to a national park, and great and security of citizens through knowl­ efforts have been made to control and pre­ edge of the world's oceans. duction of petroleum indicate that both the frequency and the damaging effects of local vent oil pollution. In 1966 the annual turn­ In that connection I recently received accidents are likely to increase. over at Milford Haven was 30 million tons a copy of Oceans: Our Continuing Fron­ Although accidental oil spills cause the with losses amounting to 2,900 tons or 0.01 tier, the courses by Newspaper Reader most evident damage to ocean resources, they percent of the total amount handled. which is a project of the University of make up a small percentage of the total Accidental oil spills resulting from strand­ amount of oil entering the marine environ­ ing or collision of large tankers and from California, San Diego, university exten­ accidents to offshore drilling or producing sion program. At this point in the REC­ ment. At least 90 percent of this amount originates in the normal operations of oil­ wells deserVl?dly attract much public atten­ ORD, I would like to share with my col­ carrying tankers, other ships, refineries, tion because of the extensive damage done leagues one of the articles from that ex­ petrochemical plants, and submarine oil to beaches, recreational areas, and harbors. cellent book. It was written by Roger Re­ wells; from disposal of spent lubricants and The wreck of the Torrey Canyon, which dis­ velle, Edward Wenk, Bostwick Ketchum, other industrial and automotive oils; and by charged 118,000 tons of crude oil in to the sea, and Edward Corino, and it deals with the fallout of airborne hydrocarbons emitted by is the best known example although some­ subject of oceanic oil pollution. It is motor vehicles and industry. The extent and what smaller tanker wrecks have occurred character of the damage to the living re­ elsewhere, such as off Nova Scotia and Puerto well worth reading, as is the rest of the Rico. All large accidental spills to date have material in this book, and it points up the sources of the sea from this "base load" of oil pollution is little known or understood. occurred fairly near shore, and the spreading need for a concerted, international effort In the long run it could be more serious, be­ sheet of oil has drifted or has been blown by to prevent further damage to the oceans cause ~ore widespread, than the localized winds onto beaches and into shallow water of this world. damage from acclden tal spills. areas. Present efforts to contain and to dis­ I have previously mentioned my bills The magnitude of oceanic oil pollution is pose of the oil before it does extensive dam­ toward this end, H.R. 711 and 712, and likely to increase with the worldwide growth age have been singularly ineffective. Agents of petroleum production, transportation, and such as talc, clay, and carbonized sand have House Joint Resolution 134, and I ear­ consumption. World crude oil production been used to sink the oil. Various dispersing nestly hope that legislation of this kind reached 2 billion tons per year in 1969, and agents have been developed which break up will receive favorable consideration in production of 3 billion and 4.4 billion tons the oil into minute droplets that are subse­ this session. Criteria for tanker safety per year is predicted for 1975 and 1980, quently dispersed throughout the water. must be established, and international respect! vely. Earlier versions of these chemical dispersants treaties need to be brought up to date were more toxic than the oil, but a number SOURCES OF PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS IN THE of essentially nontoxic dispersants are now and promptly ratified. We have very lit­ SEA available. Even with a nontoxic dispersant, tle time left. Petroleum hydrocarbons enter the sea: dispersed oil is more toxic to marine life than OCEANIC OIL POLLUTION 1. Directly an oil slick on the surface, primarily because (By Roger Revelle, Edward Wenk, Bostwick a. in accidental spllls from ships, shore fa­ of its increased availabllity to the organisms. cilities, offshore oil wells, and underwater With all our vast inventory of chemical Ketchum, and Edward Corino) pipe lines; (011 pollution is not confined to coastal agents, the best and safest means of disposal b. from tankers flushing oil tanks at sea; is apparently still absorption on chopped areas; it poses an eventual threat to the c. from dry cargo ships cleaning fuel tanks ecosystems of the oceans of the world. straw, if conditions permit. and bilges; The danger of large-scale accidents is in­ Furthermore, as consumption of oil increases d. from leakage during normal operation in our ever-expanding technological society, creasing with the increasing size of tankers. of offshore oil wells; Four 327,000-ton ships are already in opera­ the problem of oil pollution is also likely e. from operation of refineries and petro­ to increase. In the following selection, Roger tion; vessels of 500,000 dead weight tons will chemical plants; soon be constructed, and 800,000-ton vessels Revelle and three other experts analyze the f. in rivers and sewage outfalls carrying extent and character of oil pollution-in have been projected within the next few industrial and automotive wastes; and years. These monster ships have so much January 20, 1977 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 1899 draft and inertia and are so difficult to handle tion abatement will occur. Many of the ne'7 natural seepages, within a few million years that a stranding or collision is more likely wells will be drilled off the coast of nations this would exceed the total estimated oil to result in a destructive wreck than with that do not h-ave the technological capabil­ _reserves of the entire earth. Second, we know smaller ships. A loss of one of the new large ties to enforce good drilling and production from the Santa Barbara and Louisiana well tankers under conditions where it would be procedures or to deal with massive spills. accidents that any natural oil seepage pro­ impossible to off-load the oil would add About 300,000 tons of oil are lost to the sea ducing even a few thousand tons of oil per around 20 percent to the amount of petro­ each year through normal operations of refin­ year would have resulted in very conspicuous leum entering the oceans in a single year. eries and petrochemical plants. The estimate slicks of oil spreading over large areas of the Although handling difficulties increase is based on extensive data from the American surface. No such large natural slicks have with size, the increase is not directly pro­ Petroleum Institute and private surveys by ever been observed. Typically, natural seeps portional to size. Moreover, larger ships refineries and industry organizations. With produce quite small quantities of oil which means fewer ships, and, therefore, traffic can pre::ent pollution control measures this fig­ occasionally bubble up to the surface and be considerably reduced. Fewer ships also ure could grow to 450,000 tons in 1975 and produce small slicks. We estiinate, therefore, means crews can be limited to highly quali­ 650,000 tons in 1980. If wme improvements that oil coming into the marine environment fied personnel, and they can be better in pollution control are made, as predicted before the human use of petroleum began trained. The larger tankers could also afford by the U.S. Federal Water Quality Adminis­ must have been considerably less than to install highly sophisticated navigation tration, oil lo.st to the sea from refineries and 100,000 tons per year, less than 5 percent of gear which might be prohibitively expensive petrochemical plants could drop to 200,000 the present 2.2 million tons a year injected for the many smaller ships. tons in 1975 and 440,000 tons in 1980. directly from land and marine sources. Spectacular "blowouts" from offshore oil Industrial and automotive waste oils and Another point of comparison with today's well drilling and production make up a sur­ greases constitute a significant source of oil annual influx of oil comes from the sinking prisingly small fraction of the total influx pollution in the marine environment. These of tankers and ships in World War II ... The of oil to the ocean environment. For example, include all petroleum products, except fuel, total quantity of oil lost in the ocean during the widely publicized Santa Barbara blowout m:ed and discarded in the operation of motor the six years of World War II thus may have has so far produced only between 3,000 and vehicles and industrial production, for exam­ been a.bout twice the annual direct influx to 11,000 tons of oll. Similarly, the accident to ple, spent lubricants, cutting and hydraulic the ocean at the present time. As far as we a producing well off the Louisiana coast, oils, coolants, and solvents. Much of the dis­ know, no permanent damage was done to which began on February 10, 1970, and lasted posal of these wastes occurs by dumping on the ocean ecosystem by these rather large until the end of March, released only about land. An estimate of the quantity eventmilly releases, perhaps in part because most of 4,300 tons of oll. These figures emphasize finding its way into the ocean can be made them occurred far from land in relatively the enormous amount of damage that ca.n from measurements of the hydrocarbon con­ deep water, and in part because much of the be done by a. relatively small amount of oil centrations in river waters, multiplied by the oil may have escaped into the sea very concentrated over a relatively small, previ­ total river discharge, plus "?;he amounts con­ slowly, as the sunken tanks corroded away. ously uncontaminated area. With present tributed by sewage treatment plants which A great variety of hydrocarbons is pro­ drllling and production technology, accidents discharge directly to the oceans. . . . Riv­ duced by marine plants. . . . f It is estimated of this kind are nearly inexcusable. Prevent­ ers discharge ... approximately 150,000 tons thatl about 3 million tons of hydrocarbons ing them depends on institutional changes, of hydrocarbons annually ... to the oceans enter the ocean from organic activity each not technical ones. from the United States or about 450,000 tons year. SOURCES OF THE BASE LOAD OF OIL POLLLUTION for the entire earth. Perhaps as much as The direct influx of petroleum hydrocar­ IN THE SEA 150,000 tons of oil and grease are discharged bons to the ocean is small compared to the Most oil production occurs at some dis­ to the ocean in municipal ~wage effluents emission of petroleum products and chemi­ tance from processing and marketing areas from U.S. cities and towns. A large fraction cally produced hydrocarbons to the atmos­ and consequently much crude oil is trans­ of oils and greases in sewage do not originate phere through evaporation and incomplete ported in oceangoing tankers. In 1969, 1.3 from petroleum. If we assume that one-third combustion. The emission of petroleum hy­ billion tons, or about 65 percent of total oil of sewage oils and greases are petroleum drocarbons to the air each year is about 90 production, was carried in tankers. Projec­ hydrocarbons and multiply by three to give mlllion tons, roughly forty times the amounts tions by the U.S. Department of Transporta­ the world total value we arrive at 100,000 of these substances entering the ocean di­ tion indicate that the amount of oil moved tons per year from this source. Thus all in­ rectly from ships, shore installations, rivers, by tankers will increase to 2.8 billion tons by dustrial and automotive petroleum wastes and the sea floor. Most of the hydrocarbons 1980. entering the ocean may be about 550,000 tons. emitted to the atmosphere may be oxidized Normal tanker operations (ballasting, tank This amount should increase at a.bout the to harmless substances within a relatively cleaning) were estimated to have introduced same rate as total oil production, namely, to short time. It is known that others are 530,000 tons of oil to the sea in 1969. Eighty a.bout 825,000 tons by 1975 and 1.2 million combined with nitrogen oxides and ozone to percent of the world fleet used control meas­ tons by 1980. produce substances that a.re highly toxic to ures ("Load on Top" or LOT). If LOT wer-e All the preceding estimated direct losses land plants. A fraction of the petroleum hy­ practiced faithfully, these ships would con­ to the marine environment made up approx­ drocarbons emitted to the atmosphere exists tribute only 30,000 tons of the total losses imately 2.2 million tons per year in 1969: as, or is absorbed on, very small particles, or compared to 500,000 tons from the 20 per­ ( In millions of tons J becomes caught in rain, just as happens to cent not using such measures. If LOT were Accidental spllls ______0.2 DDT and other chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides. Much of this fraction may settle used on all tankers, only 56,000 tons would Tanker operations______.5 be expected to be lost to the ocean through out on the surface of the ocean. If 10 percent Other ships______.5 of the petroleum hydrocarbons emitted into normal operations in 1975 and 75,000 tons in Offshore production______.1 1980. If 20 percent of the fleet continued to the atmosphere eventually find their way to Refinery operations______.3 the sea surface in this way, the total hydro­ operate in the present fashion, total losses Industrial and automotive wastes______.6 in 1975 and 1980 would be 800,000 and 1.06 carbon contamination of the ocean would be Inillion tons, respectively. Total ------2.2 about five times the direct influx from ships Nontankers, dry cargo ships of greater than The total is expected to increase to be­ and land sources. This quantity should be 100 gross registered tons, are estim:ated to tween 3.3 and 4.8 million tons by 1980 ... expected to increase about as rapidly as the have discharged 500,000 tons to the ocean in Petroleum hydrocarbons entering the sea total petroleum production, which means 1969, primarily from pumping bilges and from all the above sources are about 0.1 per­ more than doubling by 1980. cleaning operations. This estimate is of low cent of world oil production. If the possible PHYSICAL CONCENTRATION AND DISTRmUTION OF reliability because available data. are very fallout of airborne hydrocarbons on the sea OIL POLLUTION limited. The total amount, however, is com­ surfac.e is added, the total amount of oil and Neither the base load of hydrocarbons nor parable to that generated by the tanker oil products contaminating the ocean may be the concentrated accidental sources can be fleet. as much as 0.5 percent of world production. expected to be distributed uniformly Offshore oil production is estimated to To give these figures perspective, we can throughout the ocean. Obviously the inten­ discharge during normal operations about make two historical comparisons. sity will be greatest near the sources and un­ 100,000 tons per year. At present, offshore Oil pollution of the marine environment loading points and the most heavily affected production accounts for about 16 percent of existed long before the first oil well was areas will be near the coasts. total crude production. This percentage Is drilled. This pollution came from natural It is likely that most of the oil entering the expected to increase in the future, as new seeps on the sea floor. There has never been sea from ships, rivers, and the sea floor ends underwater fields are discovered and new any measurement of the quantity of oil en­ up in a narrow zone near shore at most only technology permits extension of drilling and tering the ocean from such natural seepage a few kilometers in width. Some of this oil production into deeper water. Estimates of areas, but two lines of evidence indicate that will become absorbed on clay, silt, sand losses for 1975 are 160,000 to 320,000 tons and it must be quite small, compared to the grains, and other particles and will settle to for 1980 are 230,000 to 460,000 tons. The present amounts of oil entering the ocean the bottom. The oil remaining in the water smaller figures a....~ume that offshore produc­ because of human activities. First, if much will evaporate or become oxidized. Biodeg­ tion will continue to represent 16 percent of oil had continually seeped into the ocean, all radation of the bottom-deposited oil will world production, and the larger figures as­ of the petroleum reserves would have long also gradually occur, but fractions of the sume 32 pe'rcent. In both cases the a&Sump­ since disappeared. For example, if 100,000 bottom-deposited oil will continue to dis- tion is Ina.de that no improvement in pollu- tons of oil per year entered the ocean from perse into shallow overlying waters for CXXIII--120-Part 2 1900 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS January 20, 1977 months or years. This Inshore zone 1s the covering 1.2 acres.) Oxidation may be inhib­ A determination by the Government or most sensitive to severe damage to the living ited in areas where the oxygen content has anyone else as to whether our nation's se­ resources of the sea from direct pollution by been lowered by previous pollution, and the curity requires the withholding from public oil. bacterial degradation may cause additional view of any particular document or docu­ Submarine reservoirs of petroleum are like­ damage through oxygen depletion. ments is not a matter requiring military ly to be found on the continental shelves of The rate of oxidation is strongly affected or other highly specialized expertize. almost every continuent, and the incidence by the temperature of the water, being at of local contamination from underwater least ten times slower at 40°F than at 80°, Mr. Sorensen went on to say that his drilling and production on the continent.al and much slower still when the water is near affidavits in the Pentagon Papers cases margins will ultimately be widespread. freezing temperature. "accurately described the practices then Sources from ships as a result of tank prevalent in Washington." He also said cleaning, bilge pumping, and accidents wlll he never "approved of anyone" who be expected to follow the pattern of tanker "compromised the national security of and other cargo routes, with the highest con­ SORENSEN EVADES ISSUES OF this country." Yet his affidavits were in centrations near ports and harbors and in SUBSTA:r-..CE support of the theft and dissemination semienclosed seas such as the Mediterranean, the Black and North Seas, the Persian Gulf, of top secret Defense Department docu­ and the Gulf of Mexico. The total area of HON. LARRY McDONALD ments by Ellsberg and Russo, and his these water bodies is slightly over 2 percent affidavits implied his own actions were of the area of the ocean, but perhaps one­ OF GEORGIA somewhat similar. fourtb. of the total oil pollution from ships IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Sorensen denied he improperly took and land sources may occur in them. The Thursday, January 20, 1977 classified and other Government docu­ future development of oil production in the Alaskan North Slope and the Canadian Mr. McDONALD. Mr. Speaker, in an ments with him when he left White Northern Archipelago may produce serious overwrought, highly emotional state­ House employment in 1964, but he went contamination in the Artie Ocean. Regional ment made before the Senate Select on to admit that although some of the international agreements may be the most Committee on Intelligence Monday, documents had been produced by him, effective way to deal with the concentration Theodore C. Sorensen complained of many of them had been produced by of pollution in such semienclosed seas. other people or had been made available On the high seas, winds and ocean currents "personal attacks on my integrity." How­ ever, Mr. Sorensen was appearing to to him only because of his White House will bring about a convergence and retention employment. In the recent controversy of concentrations of hydrocarbons in the make his statement before any witnesses subartic and equatorial convergence zones were heard either on his behalf or in over Secretary Kissinger's files, Mr. Kis­ such as the Sargasso Sea. Workers from the opposition to his nomination as Director singer had only claimed ownership of Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution have of the Central Intelligence Agency and material he had produced. found that oil globules and tar balls a.re more had not been the subject of any personal Sorensen then went on to an involved abundant in the Sargasso Sea than the Sa.r­ attack. But he was by then well aware attempt to justify his removal of an ad­ ga.ssum weed for which the sea. is named. mitted 76 cartons of documents which Probably most of the hydrocarbon fallout of the evidence developed from his publi~ from the air on to the sea surface occurs in acts and statements which proved his indicates his double standard of public the mid-latitudes of the Northern Hemis­ unsuitability for the post. morality. He specifically stated that no phere. These latitudes contain the trajec­ On Tuesday, January 18, Mr. Sorensen "communications intelligence" docu­ tories of the winds blowing from the in­ appeared on a national television pro­ ments were among the 76 cartons he dustrialized countries. If hydrocarbons de­ gram, and in the course of an interview removed from the White House. Yet posited from the air formed a. surface film said that those who opposed his nomi­ among the documents in the two volumes over most of the North Atlantic, its thickness among very many of the Pentagon pa­ might be about 1,000 angstroms.1 Such a nation were "able to seize upon events in film should be detectable by suitable optical my life, which were totally innocent, and pers which Sorensen specifically declared methods and might have physical as well as to distort them and to lie about them and to be "innocuous" were communications biological effects. It is more likely than most spread these false accusations." which had been transmitted in our top if the oil is in small particles, droplets, or Making no attempt at refutation, Mr. codes marked "Top Secret--!or the eyes tarry lumps, [ ... ] and that much of it Sorensen continued by making an attack of the President only." A foreign intelli­ settles quickly below the surface. As we shall on unnamed Members of the Senate gence agency, by comparing the clear see, oil films and droplets near the surface saying, text with the coded transmission, can be and DDT and other oil-soluble chlorinated aided greatly in breaking our crypto­ hydrocarbons may have combined effects on There is a different standard for Sena.tors the high seas which may do serious damage who are permitted to leak, permitted to have graphic techniques. By his specific denial to open ocean ecosystems. conflicts of interest, permitted to utter the that he had removed communications in­ most hypocritical statements, regardless of telligence documents for his own use, MODES OF HYDROCARBON REMOVAL FROM truth, and dissemble in other ways. THE OCEANS Sorensen shows clearly that he does un­ Hydrocarbons in the sea are diluted and As one who respects our Senate, and derstand the significance of communica­ dispersed by natural mixing and eventually also as one who vocally opposed the tions intelligence documents to an enemy disappear by microbial or physical oxidation, nomination of Mr. Sorensen, I believe intelligence service: Why then did he evaporation, and burial in the bottom sedi­ that the record should be set straight, defend Ellsberg's theft of the same sort ments. of classified material? Hydrocarbons dissolved or suspended in the and his statement, a well-crafted exer­ water column are eventually destroyed by cise in evasion and innuendo, briefly When questioned by the press in a bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms. analyzed. news conference immediately following Some workers have found that the most toxic First, Mr. Sorensen said that it was his statement, Sorensen was asked as to compounds are also the most refractory to "totally false" that he had leaked classi­ whether he would condemn Ellsberg's microbial destruction, though the evidence fied information for political purposes. actions now. He refused to answer saying is somewhat conflicting on this point. He then admitted that he had leaked that it was irrelevant in 1977 even though No single microbial species will degrade any his support of Ellsberg was a major fac­ whole crude oil. Bacteria are highly selective classified materials to the press when di­ and complete degradation requires numerous rected to do so by the President. He ad­ tor in his own unsuitability for high different bacterial species. Bacterial oxida­ mitted that he had removed classified office. tion of hydrocarbons produces many inter­ material from the White House while he In his attempt to shift his personal mediates which may be more toxic than the worked there and had taken it home. responsibility for the removal of White hydrocarbons; therefore, organisms are also This is an exceedingly lax practice, yet required that will further att.ack hydrocarbon Mr. Sorensen did not say whether in re­ House and classified documents onto decomposition products. others, Sorensen stated that a General flection he now considered that im­ The oxygen requirement in marine bac­ Services Administration official had in­ terial oil degradation is served. Complete oxi­ proper. It is not only improper, but in­ dation of one gallon of crude oil requires dicative of those who feel that by virtue formed him that the documents Sorensen all of the dissolved oxygen in 400,000 gallons of high office they are above the law. had created and accumulated were his of air-saturated seawater at 60°F. (This is This arrogance is further demon­ personal property. This appears to be a equivalent to a. layer of water one foot deep strated in Mr. Sorensen's sworn state­ brandnew function for GSA, whose au­ ment filed in 1971 in the case United thority over building maintenance Mr. 1 Ed. note: One hundred-millionth ( 10-s) States against The New York Times Co. Sorensen would increase to include de­ centimeter. in which he said: classification of documents classified by January 20, 1977 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 1901 other and duly authorized Government foreign principals, Mr. Sorensen stated grounders provided to the White House agencies. on December 22, 1976, at a Plains, Ga., be considered experience in intelligence. Mr. Sorensen admitted that after using press conference that he had never reg­ Mr. Sorensen stated as part of his those documents to write a book for his istered as a foreign agent because there is qualifications that he has written and personal profit, he donated them to the an exemption for legal services under the lectured widely on international affairs. National Archives and took a tax deduc­ Foreign Agent Registration Act. Yet in Again, that does not make Mr. Sorensen tion reported in the New York Times as his Senate Intelligence Committee state­ an expert in the principles of intelligence being $231,000. ment, Mr. Sorensen admitted that he had gathering. I would also note that among Sorensen stated with regard to his two represented Iran, Zaire, Sierra Leone, his lectures were speeches in 1967 and affidavits for the defense in the Pentagon and the Canadian province of Newfound­ 1968 before businessmen's associations in papers cases : land in commercial disputes or negotia­ which he advocated increased trade with I make no apology for having responded tions. Under the law and as a matter of the Soviet Union despite Russian equip­ to the requests of counsel in both cases to professional ethics, Theodore Sorensen ping and sponsoring the North Vietna­ attest to the inconsistencies and anomalities should have registered as a foreign agent. mese Communists who were killing U.S. of government classification practices. After asserting that all of these points servicemen in Vietnam. Mr. Sorensen But Mr. Sorensen was not testifying about his past public activities-which stated he had met with Soviet Foreign about Government classification pro­ contrary to logic, Mr. Sorensen insisted Trade Minister Nikolai S. Patolichev who cedures. were private, Mr. Sorensen said there also, of course, supported U.S. sales of Mr. Sorensen was testifying about the were only two legitimate questions which high technology items to the U.S.S.R. wanton violation of those classification could be raised about his qualifications: But Mr. Sorensen did not tell his audi­ procedures by persons taking advantage "my experience in intelligence" and "the ence that he was then representing of their closeness to the President to question of my views." American business interests seeking to avoid punishment for their actions. Mr. Sorensen stated in his Ellsberg expand their sales to the Soviet Union, These people demonstrated they had no affidavit that he had, during his employ­ and that an increase in such trade would respect for the procedures instituted to ment by President Kennedey as White be of direct financial benefit to him and protect our country's secrets. And in the House Special Counsel, participated in his firm. New York Times Pentagon papers pub­ National Security meetings. In his testi­ With regard to his views, a topic he lication case, Sorensen testified he felt mony for the defense in the trial of Dan­ feels is legitimate, Mr. Sorensen stated the release of the secret documents a iel Ellsberg and Anthony Russo, Mr. that he is not a pacifist. But I believe I benefit to the United States. Sorensen further stated: have already sufficiently discussed the Further, as most of my colleagues who I attended, after the Bay of Pigs [April 17, hypocrisy of a man who states he has are lawyers by profession well know, in 1961], virtually all of the formal meetings of been ready to risk other men's lives in defending a criminal trial, the defense the National Security Council. I was not a military actions he personally finds statutory member, but was asked by the morally repugnant. counsel is particularly careful as to what President to sit in and observe. questions are asked of a friendly witness Equally serious is Mr. Sorensen's state­ and bow they are asked. In the Ellsberg ment that he would virtually abolish President Kennedy, very frankly, regarded clandestine CIA activity. In his 1975 case, Mr. Sorensen was cooperating with the National Security Council formal meet­ Leonard Boudin, for decades a member ings as something of a formal bore. He pre­ book, "Watchmen in the Night," Soren­ of the Communist Party's foremost legal ferred to make real decisions on foreign pol­ sen wrote: bulwark, the National Lawyers Guild, icy in smaller sessions with those officials The covert political and paramilitary oper­ whom he regarded as being particularly in­ ations of the CIA (as distinct from its foreign whose firm has been the representative formed and particularly concerned. intelligence and analysis functions) still of the brutally repressive Communist occupy too much of its budget and person­ regime of Fidel Castro in Cuba since Mr. Speaker, it should be noted that I nel. • • • The continuing value of these clan­ 1961. am only referring to the Russo/Ellsberg destine operations and their effect on U.S. Both in his statement to the Senate trial, a matter on which Mr. Sorensen foreign relations should be critically reexam­ Select Committee on Intelligence and on complained at the Senate Intelligence ined • • • in the light of progress toward television, Mr. Sorensen made reference Committee hearing, because Mr. Soren­ detente, developments in international and sen himself made no mention of any constitutional law, the new technology of to his pacifist views and his former con­ intelligence collection and analysis, and the scientious objector status as reasons for association with the National Security demonstrated ineffectiveness of any foreign anonymous attacks on him. Council in his New York Times Pentagon operations, overt or covert, which are not Mr. Speaker, my statements regarding Papers publication affidavit. backed by a broad national consensus. The transcript of a Plains, Ga., press Mr. Sorensen's conscientious objector In his Senate statement, Sorensen said status and its implications were certainly conference on December 22, 1976, quotes Mr. Sorensen as saying, he favored a foreign policy that prefers not anonymous, and were clearly identi­ where possible the risks of peace to the fied in the press and on the wire services I did serve on the Executive Committee of risks of war and that believed in: as being made by me. Let me reiterate, I the National Security Council under Presi­ dent Kennedy. The application of moral and legal stand­ do not believe that the Director of the ards to national irecurity decisions, including CIA, some of whose employees daily risk Again~ under oath, Mr. Sorensen.spoke the limitation of covert operations to ex­ their lives in the service of their country, to the Senate Intelligence Committee of traordinary circumstances involving the vital should be a conscientious objector. Mr. my service on the Executive Committee national interests of our country, with timely Sorensen registered as such 4 years be­ of the National Security Council. review by the appropriate Congressional fore the outbreak of the Korean war; he The difference between being a non­ Committees and written authorization by made sure that he was not compelled to participating observer and service on the the President and his senior Cabinet officials. serve when that war broke out. Mr. Sor­ Executive Committee is considerable; Here we have Mr. Sorensen advocating ensen spoke of preferring service on the and this play with words was, I believe, policies also pressed by groups reflect­ battiefield as a medical corpsman saving indicative of Mr. Sorensen's imaginative ing the policies of Moscow and Havana lives instead of taking lives but he per­ skill to which I made reference in the such as the Institute for Policy Studies, formed no such service. testimony I prepared on his nomination. Center for National Security Studies Mr. Sorensen also said that while he See CONGRESSIONAL RECORD, Jan. 17, 1977, and Center for Defense Information, sought conscientious objector status for pages 1341-42. which hold that the United States should himself, he was quite prepared to advise As he made clear in his Ellsberg testi­ restrict its intelligence agency to mere the President to use his military options, mony, Mr. Sorensen was not involved in collection of publicly available docu­ in other words the lives of other men, in setting policy. He was a White House ments-a joke in Communist countries, the furtherance of U.S. foreign policy. I speechwriter, responsible for articulating and the long-range technical collection maintain that it is the height of hypoc­ policies developed by others and explain­ of information such as satellite photos ricy to be willing to send other men to ing them to the press and public. Speech­ and the monitoring of radio broadcasts. do what you say you find personally writer to the President is an honorable Under these rules the United States repugnant. position, but in no way can the reading may not develop another General Pen­ With regard to Mr. Sorensen's work for of the daily CIA summaries and back- kovsky or use any other person as a 1902 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS January 20, 1'977 covert intelligence agent; nor can the of various papers In the name of national try, by enjoining a free press a.nd permit­ United States provide any covert assist­ security. ting the·concealment of official error, thereby ance, financial, technical or whatever, to 3. Having read the materials appearing 1n erase still one more important distinction the New York Times on June 13, 14 and 15, between ourselves and our adversaries. any free world ally, whether countr.y, 1971, I am familiar in a general way with 8. I understand that this affidavit wm be group or individual, who is fighting Com­ the Times' publication of summaries of, ex­ submitted in opposition to the motion made munist subversion. cerpts from and documents attached to a on behalf of the Plaintiff for an order en­ We have heard from representatives historical study of this nation's deepening joining further publication by the New York of the American Civil Liberties Union involvement in the Vietnam War conducted Times of this material. which is working closely with the above­ by the Department of Defense. THEDORE C. SORENSEN. 4. A determination by the Government or NEW YORK, N.Y., June 17, 1971. named groups the bizarre morality used anyone else as to whether our nation's secu­ to condemn covert operations--that any­ rity requires the withholding from public [U.S. District Court for the Central District thing covert requires a c-0ver story and view of any particular document or docu­ of California, No. 9373-(WMB)-CD] that a cover requires deception, decep­ ments is not a matter requiring military or UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, PLAINTIFF, VS. tion requires lies, and therefore all co­ other highly specialized expertise. The highly ANTHONY JOSEPH Russo, JR., DANIEL ELLs­ vert activities are "immoral" and must individual and frequently arbitrary opinion BERG, DEFENDANTS be abolished. of the classifying officer is thus entitled to no or little more weight than the opinion of any STATE OF NEW YORK, It is a perversion of morality to argue other informed and concerned citizen. "Top County of New York, ss: that in 1977, faced with the activities secret" stamps are frequently and routinely Theodore C. Sorenson, being duly sworn, of hostile intelligence agencies in the applied with only the briefest and loosest deposes and says: service of aggressive totalitarian regimes consideration of what, if any, direct and 1. I am a member of the law firm of Paul, who have vowed our ultimate destruc­ concrete injury to the nation's security in­ Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison, 346 tion, the United States must forswear terest would result if the general public Park Avenue, New York, New York. any secret methods of finding out what were to be granted access to the informa­ 2. Having served as a lawyer in both the tion; and, once applied, the tenure of such Executive and Legislative branches of the our enemies intend and of aiding our classifl.cation rarely if ever reflects a thought­ Federal Government from 1951 to 1964, in­ friends. ful reconsideration of whether the passage cluding more than three years as Special In commenting on the Senate Intel­ of time and events has altered the original Counsel to the President, at which time I ligence Committee hearing for the bene­ grounds. The public's right to be informed, held a top security clearance, participated in fit of a TV audience Tuesday, Mr. Sor­ and the Congress' right to be informed, have National Security Council meetings, read ensen said, not to my knowledge been regarded as im­ classified documents daily, and drafted ma.ny portant criteria by those determining clas­ such documents to or for the President, I am I worry about a country in which an in­ sifications. very familiar with the United States Gov­ dividual who has done no wrong, who had 5. The nation's security does legitimately ernment's military, diplomatic and intelli­ not even been heard yet in his own defense, require the withholding from public view for gence operations, policies and practices, as could be condemned and prejudiced on the an appropriate period and no longer certain well as those regarding the classification of basis of these false, anonymous accusations. documents, including those which if revealed various papers in the name of national se­ But it was apparent that Mr. Soren­ could endanger or otherwise adversely affect curity. I regard myself as a devoutly loyal sen's statement and withdrawal from the lives or movements of American xnilitary citizen who ls proud of his years of public personnel. In addition, foreign governments service and who recognizes the need for a the nomination last Monday, and his are ordinarily entitled to expect that their limited amount of secrecy in government. press statements sinee have been de­ confidential communications to our govern­ 3. I can flatly state that "top secret" stamps signed to prevent the facts from being ment will be treated with the same regard are frequently and routinely applied with aired. He was not questioned by the for their wishes as they provide for our con­ only the briefest and loosest consideration of Members of the Senate Committee; nor fidential communications to them; and the what, if any, direct and concrete injury to were those prepared to testify to the President is ordinarily entitled to receive the nation's security interest would result if facts concerning him given the oppor­ the kind of candid advice and reports from the general public were to be granted access tunity. his top civilian and military subordinates to the information; and, once applied, the which is possible only if they can be certain tenure of such classifications rarely if ever Mr. Sorensen acted so that only his that words intended for his eyes alone are reflects a thoughtful reconsideration of own self-serving statements would ap­ not shortly thereafter transmitted to the whether the passage of time and events has pear on the hearing record; however, genej'al public. altered the original grounds. The public's the Senate Select Committee on Intelli­ 6. The question of whether any particular right to be informed, and the Congress's right gence did enter into the hearing record document or documents should remain secret to be informed, have not to my knowledge the affidavits Mr. Sorensen had made in today is thus one of balancing these inter­ been regarded as important criteria by those ests, and the New York Times, a Federal determining classifications. Nor is considera­ the Ellsberg and New York Times Penta­ Judge, a Senator or a citizen may be as capa­ tion given to the danger of irreparable injury gon Papers cases. ble of making that judgment as any one in to the national security interest of the THE SORENSEN AFFIDAVITS the Executive Branch. My own judgment United States if the public and Congress are Mr. Speaker, herewith are the full is that, on balance, publication by the New denied facts necessary for an informed judg­ texts of the affidavits which Theodore c. York Times of the documents in question in ment, enlightened debate, the correction of this case is not injurious to the national se­ mistakes, the discontinuation of invalid poli­ Sorensen submitted in the two Pentagon curity. No current or future military opera­ cies and strategies, and the prevention of a Papers cases, United States against New tions or present top government officials ap­ repetition of past errors. York Times Company, et al., and United pear to be involved in any way. No serious 4. I have frequently read classifl.ed docu­ States against Russo and Ellsberg: embarrassment to any foreign government ments containing information which was [In the U.S. District Court, Southern District appears to be involved. None of the infor­ not secret, or the secrecy of which was not of New York, Civil Action 71-2662] mation and opinions revealed appear to necessary for any conceivable purpose related UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, PLAINTIFF, V. THE have any current facets requiring continued to national security as distinguished from secrecy. NEW YORK TIMES COMPANY, ET AL., DE­ political embarrassment, or which the public FENDANTS 7. On the contrary I believe the national and Congress had every right and reason to STATE OF NEW YORK, security interests of the United States will know 1n a democracy. Many such documents County of New York, ss: be irreparably injured if these documents contained information which was well known Theodore C. Sorensen, being duly sworn, are suppressed from public and Congressional to this country's enexnies or adversaries who deposes and says: view; if the United States, on the verge of were involved therein; and thus the only several fateful decisions in the Middle East, people denied this inforrr..ation as a result 1. I am a member of the law firm of Paul, Latin America and Asia, is thereby prevented of the classification of the documents were Weiss, Goldberg, Rifkind, Wharton & Garri­ as a nation from learning the true history the members of the Congress and the general son, 345 Park Avenue, New York, New York. of what went wrong in Vietnam; if the same public. 2. Having served as a lawyer in both the policies of concealment and deception which 5. During my years in the White House it Executive and Legislative branches of the prevented debate and produced mistakes in was not unusual for me or other government Federal Ooverni:nent from 1951 to 1964, in­ this nation's approach to Vietnam are there­ officials to have photocopied or otherwise re­ cluding more than three years as Special by Judicially encouraged to continue; 1! the produced classi.tl.ed documents or excerpts Counsel to the President, at which time I very purpose of this objective historical study therefrom; to take such documents home for held a top security clearance, read classified is thereby frustrated, and the cost in time review; or to quote from them, summarize documents daily, and drafted many such and talent invested in its evolution wasted, them, or otherwise utilize them in "off-the­ documents to or for the President, I am very by confining its circulation to a handful of record," "background," or other kinds of ses- famlliar with the United States Govern­ high officials who largely supported the orig­ sions with one or more representatives of the ment's practices regarding the classifl.cation inal policy; and if the courts of this coun- news media and occasionally in speeches. No Janua"fy 20, 1977 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 1903

formal authority was sought or obtained for stories revealing details on new weapons; tions. No question was raised With respect t.o such use, and no investigation or prosecution on U.S. methods of detecting Soviet mis­ this publication. ensued. On the contrary, the President, Sec­ sile and other tests; on SAMOS and other 10. What all of the above bolls down to is retary of State, Secretary of Defense, Attor­ reconnaissance satellites; on the U.S. bar­ this: The government has always recognized ney General, Special Assistant for National gaining pcsition in advance of the Test and accepted the !act that arbitrary, incon­ Security Affairs, Director of C.I.A. and other Ban talks in Geneva; on the internal memo­ sistent and indiscriminate over-classification members of the National Security Council randum regarding military strategy from of documents exists; and that consequently knowingly and deliberately disseminated the Secretary of State to the Secretary of large amounts of classified material are such information from time to time in order Defense; on comparative U.S. and Soviet de­ passed from the government to the public­ to advance the interests of a particular per­ velopments in the use of nuclear propul­ sometlmes to the government's embarrass­ son, policy, political party or Department, or sion for submarines, carriers, aircraft, ment, occasionally even to its injury-as pa.rt the Administration itself or, in their opinion, rockets and power plants; and on a variety of the system of goverDling and living in an the national interest. Lesser officials often of Soviet weaponry developments, publica­ open soC'iety. Because classified labels have did the same for these reasons and others­ tion of which revealed to the Russians come to mean so little in practice, and be­ incl uding the maintenance of friendship our ability to monitor those developments. I cause the guidelines for classification, de­ with newsmen, a desire to demonstrate how was also informed that the technical de­ classification and utilization of classified ma­ much they knew or how important they tails of a nuclear weapon triggering device terial are so vague and obscure that no one were, a desire to undercut a rival official or had been leaked a decade earlier to Drew can be certain when they are violated, hun­ agency, or a desire to oppose a policy or pro­ Pearson. Being generally familiar with the dreds of violations of the letter of the law posal with which they disagreed. While the "Pentagon Papers" which appeared in the if it is broadly interpreted occur every President frequently expressed irritation over press last year, I know cf nothing in those month. The government bas accepted this as these· "leaks" of classified information and documents which compares in any way with an inherent part of our system and has relied documents, an investigation was rarely or­ the seriousness of some of the above men­ on the support of subordinates, on their dered and-even where the originator of the tioned disclosures. Revelations of past loyalty, consciences and self-discipline, and unauthorized dissemination was discovered­ strategy, discussion, considerations, pre­ occasionally on administrative procedures to prosecution was never ordered. dictions, information, priorities, plans deter and correct the dissemination of those 6. It was the view of President John F. and assessments, unlike the then-cur­ state secrets that a.re actually injurious to Kennedy "that the dangers of exclusive and rent information and technology revealed the national security. unwarranted concealment of pertinent facts in some of these cases, cannot com­ 11. I understand that this affidavit will be far outweigh[ed) the dangers which are cited promise current national security. But no submitted by counsel for the defense. to justify it ... No President should fear prosecution occurred in any of those cases. THEODORE C. 80RENSEN. scrutiny of his program. For from that 8. Classified documents or the informa­ scrutiny comes understanding; and from tion contained therein also reached public that understanding comes support or opposi­ view through the books and articles of tion. And both are necessary ... I have com­ former government officials. I have many A DISTINCTIVE APPROACH TO plete confidence in the response and dedica­ times observed this practice and par­ ELECTORAL COLLEGE REFORM tion of cur citizens whenever they are fully ticipated in it. In keeping with the informed ... (G]overnment at all levels must long-standing practice that the paper:, meet its obligation to provide you (the press) and files of the President and his top HON. GUY VANDER JAGT with the fullest possible information outside appointees belong to them and may be re­ OF MICHIGAN the narrowest limits of national security ..." moved from their offices at the conclusion (Address, American Newspapers Publishers of their service, I removed 67 cartons of IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Association, April 27, 1961.) Even this speech, papers, documents and files of all kinds Thursday, January 20, 1977 in which the President at the height of the (7 cartons of which were "classified") from Cold War was concerned about the publica­ my office in the White House upon my de­ Mr. V ANDER JAGT. Mr. Speaker, tion of necessarily secret information and parture in February of 1964. I drew upon with the convening of the 95th Con­ appealed t o the nation's press to voluntarily this material, keeping some of it in my own gress and the 1976 contest for the Presi­ and privately consider its own responsibilities home, in writing the book "Kennedy," pub­ dency behind us, we are once again hear­ in this regard, he refused to propose, much lished in 1965. The classified material in­ ing appeals for amending the constitu­ less impose, any form of governmental re­ cluded copies of the Kennedy-Khrushchev straint, and spoke snarply against censorship, correspondence, the transcript of their sum­ tional mechanics of Presidential and concealment, the stifling of dissent and the mit meeting at Vienna, secret memoranda Vice Presidential elections. Predictably, covering up of mistakes, and urged only and directives relating to the Cuban missile the proposal to establish a direct popular self-discipline and self-restraint as the basis crisis, Berlin, Laos and Congo crises, and the election in lieu of the Electoral College for preventing harmful unauthorized dis­ Bay of Pigs, as well as other Presidential procedures is the focus of most discus­ closures. On the basis of many conversations letters and memoranda of conversations. Al­ sion. with the President on this topic, I know that though I generally did not use quotation However, we should bear in mind the this was consistent with his belief and prac­ marks when extracting classified material fact that while direct popular election is tice. He stated to me and others his belief and submitted portions of the manuscript that the press erred in withholding the ad­ for informal review to individuals who then the most democratic means of selecting vance information it possessed on the Bay of or previously served 1n high national se­ our highest officials, it is not the only ap­ Pigs invasion, inasmuch as revelation of the curity positions, I did not seek or obtain any proach which would overcome the perils real facts would have caused him to call off formal clearance or approval from the gov­ of current practice. There are alterna­ that ill-considered venture. ernment and was at no time questioned or tives which would meet the problems of 7. In the course of working on that speech reprimanded in this regard. The government, which astute observers every 4 years give for the President, and preparing for his sub­ speaking through the National Archives, warning, yet respect basic tenet.5 of the sequent meeting with the nation's top edi­ asked me as the lawful owner of these pa­ American constitutional system. tors on this topic, the Central Intelligence pers to donate them to the United States of Agency and others directed to my attention a America for eventual deposit in the John In the event it goes forward in this long list of unauthorized disclosures to the Fitzgerald Kennedy Library; and the gov­ area, whatever route Congress takes press which, in the opinion of the C.I.A., ernment, acting through the Internal Reve­ should eliminate the opportunity for seriously compromised our national security. nue Service, recognized that these were my electors to violate the wishes of their Some of these examples were summarized in property in granting a tax deduction for this States' voters and by casting their elec­ the aforementioned Presidential speech as gift. The legislative history of the Presi­ toral votes for someone other than their follows: dential Librari.es Act of 1955 and the Federal Property and Administrative Ser.ices Act of States' winners .in the popular contest.5. "[D]etails of this nation's covert prepara­ The "faithless elector'' poses unaccept­ tions to counter the enemy's covert opera­ 194'.J made clear that these were my papers tions have been available to every newspaper to dispose of as I saw fit, much as Sherman able uncertainty in our election system. reader, friend and foe alike; that the size, the Adams, Samuel Rosenman, Clark Clifford We can achieve a correction to the faith­ strength, the location and the nature of our and a great many others had done before less elector problem by eliminating the forces and weapons, and our plans and me. Presidential electors as such, even while st rategy for their use, have all been pin­ 9. I also served as unofficial editor of the retaining the electoral votes and the pos­ pointed in the press and other news media to posthumously published manuscript on the itive values which they accord in our na­ a degree sufficient to satisfy any foreign Cuban missile crisis by Robert F. Kennedy tional political experience. power; and that, in at least one case, the pub­ entitled "Thirteen Days." That manuscript lication of details concerning a secret quoted from previously classified letters of Also, we should seek to overcome the mechanism whereby satellites were followed President Kennedy and Soviet Chairman distortion of the national popular vote required its alteration at the expense of Nikita Khrushchev, summarized a highly totals which commonly occurs within the considerable time and money." classlfied memorandum to the Attorney Gen­ Electoral College as a result of the "win­ Further examples provided to me after this eral from J . Edgar Hoover, and quoted a ner-take-all" nature of the States' pro­ speech included newspaper and magazine variety of extremely confidential conversa- cedures for choosing electors. Terminat- 1 1904 EXTENSIONS OF RE?,IARKS January 20, 1977 ing this practice would also lessen the as those to which the District of Colum­ to reform, the 95th Congress owes the impact of those States now deemed to be bia would be entitled if it. were a State. Nation a careful analysis of all poten­ ''pivotal" in Presidential elections by vir­ Two votes would be awarded auto­ tially fruitful alternatives before it would tue of an extraordinary weight which matically to the candidates for President launch a national amendment effort. they carry in the Electoral College. and Vice President winning the popular Toward that objective I am pleased to Drawing the influence of these populous, election in each State and the District. offer this proposal. industrial States closer to their propor­ These 102 votes in all, constituting tionate share of the national population slightly less than 20 percent of the total would not only advance the application electoral vote, would recognize the Fed­ of democracy's "one man, one vote" eral foundation of our gov.errunental sys­ BOY SCOUT TROOP 147 PLEDGE OF theme, but diminish the impetus for tem. The remaining 436 votes, or slightly GOOD CITIZENSHIP political parties to concentrate their more than 80 percent of the total. would campaigning in these areas of the coun­ be awarded to the candidates on the HON. JERRY M. PATTERSON · try. basis of the proportion of the national OF CALIFORNIA While the direct popular vote would popular vote that they receive. This pre­ achieve these objectives in the course of dominant segment of the total electoral IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES the t.otal change that it would bring, this vote would thus mirror national political Thursday, January 20, 1977 amendment proposal raises a number of sentiment in the same way thai; the more Mr. PATI'ERSON of California. Mr. sobering questions which should receive radical total substitution of the direct Speaker, on behalf of Boy Scout Troop our attention. First, political scientists popular vote for the Electoral College 147 from Garden Grove, Calif., I am and other observers of American poli­ would achieve. ple~sed to share with you today its tics traditionally regard the Electoral The proposal includes a provision pledge to President Ford and President­ College and its majority requirement as throwing the election into the Congress elect Carter of good citizenship and loy­ an extremely significant buttress sup­ only in the event of a tie in the electoral alty to this great country. porting our stable, two-party system. Few vote. In buch an unlikey instance, the Troop 147, during the 1976 Orange people seem to have any desire to under­ House of Representatives would choose County Scout-0-Rama on December 10, mine the foundations of our traditional the President, with each Member having 1976 demonstrated computer and elec­ party system and bring on the charac­ one vote as contrasted to the current tronics equipment. The computer print­ teristic instabilities inherent in m 11lti­ provision assigning one vote to each out which follows is the resu!t of this party systems. State's delegation. The Senate would demonstration. It contains their pledge Second, the direct popular vote total­ choose the Vice President. In both cases, of good citizenship, significant parts of ly nationalizes the Presidency's electoral two-thirds of the bodies would be the Declaration of Independence and base. Irrespective of sentiments in States, required for a quorum rather than the the Constitution, statements from other in theory a one vote margin in nation­ routine number. historical documents, as well as the wide popular voting would determine a Dr. Ralph M. Goldman, a political members of Troop 147. President. Without marked improvement scientist, discussed the implications of Mr. Speaker, as we embark upon a new in registration and voting procedures in this approach in a 1958 article published era of democratic leadership, it is befit­ the States, one could foresee very close in the Midwest Review of Political ting that we recognize these fine young elections to lead to charges of irregu­ Science, and capsulized its merits in a people who have pledged their loyalty to larity all over the country, and thus to recent letter to the Washington Post. this country. It is with their support, substantial confusion as to the ballot­ In his article he indicated that he had enthusiasm, and fresh ideas that we can ing's outcome. applied the proposed procedure to the work together to strengthen our democ­ Finally, as is implicit in the above com­ results of the 22 Presidential elections be­ racy, insure our freedom, and build an ment, the direct popular vote would de­ tween 1872 and 1956, making the unlikely even better America. prive the Presidency of one of the phil­ but necessary assumption that the fac­ The material follows: osophical and practical premises upon tors giving rise to the results would not DEAR MR. PRESIDENT: The Scouts of Troop which it now is founded, that of federal­ have differed. With the exception of the 147, El Capitan District, Orange County ism. SUch an amendment amounts to a disputed election of 1876 which Congress council of the Boy Scouts of America. wish further centralization of the Nation's ultimately decided in favor of Rutherford to extend to you their pledge to be good a.nd political processes and institutions at a B. Hayes despite Samuel J. Tilden's valuable citizens of this great country of time when there is no apparent con­ ours. To this end we ha.ve assembled wha.t popular vote victory, the winners would we feel a.re very significant pa.rts of the Dec­ sensus that would support such a shift. have been the same. However, reflecting laration of Independence, the Constitution The American people seem disinclined to a greater consistency to popular vote of the United States and other statements extend the distance between themselves results than that of current procedures, of import in American history together with and their major political institutions. the amendment's provisions would have a. statement of our support a.nd allegiance. In order to broaden Congress discus­ yielded substantially narrower margins To these we inscribed our names and those sion of the complexities of modifying of victory in the electoral balloting. of our friends in attendance a.t the 1976 Presidential election mechanics and to Apparently, application of the amend­ Orange County Scout-0-Rama.. place a distinctive approach before the Troop 147 is demonstrating a.nd display­ ment tb more recent elections would also ing equipment from the fields of electronics House Judiciary Committee, I am today have yielded the same winners as ac­ a.nd computers and it is with this equipment introducing a resolution proposing an tually occurred. This includes Jimmy that we have caused these statements to be amendment to the Constitution. Com­ Carter, whose electoral vote margin simi­ printed a.nd these names inscribed. pared to our current procedures, the pro­ larly would have been markedly reduced. Mr. President, it ls natural to ma.n to in­ visions of my proposal would carry us As I see it, this approach would serve dulge in the illusions of hope. We a.re a.pt to toward the objectives which advocates of well not only the cause of democracy, shut our eyes against a. painful truth. Is this the direct popular vote generally seek, but also that of federalism. In contrast the part of wise men, engaged in a great even while respecting the strengths of and arduous struggle for liberty? Are we to the direct popular vote approach, it disposed to be of the number of those, who, the system we now enjoy. Unlike a num­ would encourage the perpetuation of our having eyes, see not, a.nd having ea.rs, hear ber of other proposals advanced. in recent two-party system by according recogni­ not, the things which so nearly concern years, this one has received little prior tion to voter preferences within the 50 their temporal sa.lva.tion? For my part, what­ congressional consideration. However, its States and the District of Columbia. It ever anguish of spirit it may cost, I a.m will­ nonpartisan character is implicit in the would motivate our major parties to ing to know the whole truth; to know the fact that Senator HUBERT HUMPHREY, bring their campaign to all areas of the worst and to provide for it. Democrat of Minnesota, introduced a country. In eliminating the discourage­ we hold these truths to be self-evident, comparable resolution during the Sen­ ment of voters that may occur by virtue that all men are created equal, tha.t they are .endowed by their creator with certain un­ ate's debate of this subject in 1956. of the "winner-take-all" effect, it would alienable rights, that among these are life, Under my resolution we would elimi­ foster voter participation. liberty 11.nd pursuit of happiness. That to se­ nate the electors but retain the electoral Despite the presumed popularity of cure these rights, governments are instituted vote in its present size, 538, a number the direct popular vote proposal and the among men, deriving their just powers from which is the total number of Senators fact that the House of Representatives the consent- of the governed. And for the and Representatives in Congress as well in a prior Congress chose that approach support of this declaration, with a. firm re- January 20, 1977 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 1905 Hance on the protection of divine provi­ Dotza.un, No. 484; Craig Odolecki, No. 500; leit, No. 115; Anthony Debellis; Randy dence, we mutually pledge to each other our Steve Kuentz, No. 508; Jerry Baker, No. 484; Rogers; Raymond Pearls; Robert Gold, No. lives, our fortunes and our sacred honor. Danny Clayton, No. 125; Dennis Cassidy, 667. We the people of the United States, in No. 412. Cavin Jones; Richard Razey, No. 241; Allan order to form a. more perfect union, establish Timothy Dodd, No. 290; Guy Thompson, Fisher, No. 455; Ricky Nino, No. 232; Larry Justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide No. 221; Jim Gu11let, No. 526; Don Ma.dczeski, Ortiz, No. 148; Kyle Madigan, No. 217; Al­ for the common defense, promote the general Scoutmaster No. 515; Randy Butera., No. 575; berto Alonzo, No. 526; Ardath McLaughlin; welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty ·David Laughlin, No. l; Lee Coulter, No. 714; Mike Blake, No. 219; Charles Coleman, No. to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and Bob Coates, Cubmaster No. 714; Steve Meyer, 7388; Kent Bisel, No. 664; Brian Law, No. 216. establish this Constitution for the United No. 558; Tony Stutzman, No. 526; Bart Mitch Clark, No. 36; Todd Scrantos, No. States of America. Limas; Brian John O'Leary. 640; Mike Caballero, No. 405; Sean Whaldon, That this Nation, under God, shall have a Greg Wise; Ron Huntington, No. 526; Bev­ No. 623; Oscar Romero, No. 1750; Bill Clark, new birth of freedom-.and that government erly Johnson, Roundta.ble Staff, C; Larry No. 543; Alan Young, No. 1444; Mike Ehlers; of the people, by the people, for the people, Kent, No. 357; Maynard Barber, No. 1165; W. S. Marcus; Ross Wilson, No. 488; David shall not perish from the earth. Mike Debuck, No. 1165; Greg Anderson; Mary Berry, No. 1616; Morris Berry, No. 1616. I believe in the United States of America Kirle, No. 775; Mark Monroe; David Barney, Robert Peck, No. 1616; Tony Peck, No. 1616; as a government of the people, by the people, No. 183; Robby Coppola, No. 850; Michael Todd Missler, No. 17; Troy Bush; Todd Bush, for the people; whose Just powers a.re derived Aarnold. No. 216; Stephen Lopez, No. 61; Todd Mura­ from the consent of the governed; a democ­ Kirsten Ryder; Richard Stratton, No. 71; komi, No. 271; Dennis Decker, No. 61; Eric racy in a republic; a sovereign nation of Valerie Dunn; Mike Tully, No. 151; Gordon Madigan, No. 217; Matt Caywood; Mark many sovereign states; a perfect union, one Dunn, No. 850; Fred Riggs; Jeff Poppa, No. Wicks, No. 302; Mr. and Mrs. Roy Miller, No. and inseparable; established upon those 138; Hank Sanchez, No. 138; Kevin Marx, 60. principles of freedom, equality, Justice, and No. 138; Jeff Wright; Mark Adkins, No. 114; Mike Garant, No. 516; Jeff Wagner, No. 148; humanity for which American patriots sacri­ Mike Fox, No. 424. Brian Kelly; Richard Dudra, No. 516; Tom fled their lives and fortunes. Glenn Moya, No. 216; Brian Burke, No. Miller, Santiago District; Vince Gre.enlee, No. I therefore believe it ls my duty to my 296; Bill Payne, No. 100; Brenda Debuck; 638; Travis Greenlee; John Razey, No. 241; country to love it; to support its Constitu­ Eileen Debuck; Kathy Debuck; Paul Ver­ Mark Buehnerkemper, No. 671; Steve Schulz, tion; to obey its laws; to respect its flag; and schueren, No. 400; John McLuckey, No. 775; No. 671; Billy Keys, No. 424; Eric Mokry. to defend it against all enemies. Andrew Franco, No. 1283; Ray McCauley, No. Robert Shakleton, No. 778; John Nelson, To these preambles and statements of Pat­ 1283; Robert Bents, No. 37; Ray Romero, No. No. 227; Erik Hatzenbuehler, No. 625; Renee rick Henry, the Declaration of Independence, 1509. Richerson, No. 412; Suza.ne Potter, No. 290; the Constitution of the United States, Abra.­ Russell Stoner, No. 71; Lorraine Waskie­ Kathy Fink; Steven Fink, No. 732; Brian ham Lincoln, and the American's creed we wicz; Mark Sanderson, No. 886; Thomas Kelly, No. 225; Stephanie Rupiper, No. 290; pledge our support, our allegiance, and our Waskiewicz; John Waskiewicz; Larry Dicker­ Susie Litsch, No. 412; Kevin McCarthy, No. honor as citizens of this great country of son; Al Waskiewicz; Jeff Young, Committee­ 151; Kelly Sland. America. man, No. 296; Chipper Fackrell, No. 488; Jeff Swifka, No. 151; David Presly, No. 537; Great conflicts have been waged to keep Michael Kamenszki, No. 706; Joe Kamenszki, Craig Dall, No. 1572; Chuck Bengry, No. 516; this Nation free from dependence on or to No. 778; Chris Gregg, No. 886. Rico Thompson, No. 149; Steve Walker, No. other nations of this world; and it must be Dale Welch, No. 138; Eric Daniels; Charlie 1424; Andy Walker, No. 1424; Gary Hart­ realized by we, its citizens, that it is upon us Davis, No. 290; Billy Greenland, No. 274; Bob stein, No. 514; George Na.uenburg, No. 562; that the United States of America is depend­ Salamon, No. 317; Sam Henderson; Eddie James Nauenburg, No. 662. ent. Casada, No. 52; Mike Sambrano, No. 714; Donald Hennagin, No. 226; John Seroggins, David Feskanich, No. 189; Kevin Slumpff; No. 175; Bobby Ferrington; Tim Swengel, No. This land is your land, Mitch Schmidt, No. 575; Paul Abshire. 627; Andy McLaughlin, No. 167; Pete Krau­ Th1s land is my land, Ron Smith, No. 640; Donald Slumpff, No. sert; Andy McLaughlin, No. 167; Kevin Ind­ This land was meant for you and me; 575; Tim Lamb, No. 804; Jim Lamb, No. 804; seter, No. 175; Jeff Chew, No. 271; Michelle For we are America.. Darren Morrill, No. 225; Darin Wolsleger, No. Moreno, No. 804; David Smith, No. 732. Martin Webb, Senior Patrol Leader; Bill 225; Daine McHugh, No. 651; Darryl Owen, Michel Breithaupt, No. 147; Charles Norsdy, Brogan, Patrol Leader, "76" Patrol; Brian No. 543; Don Van Hoogmoed, No. 660; Gene No. 502; Eric Matthlla, No. 916; Ed Chew, No. Youn; Danny Fiegener; Eric Hartman; Sollows, No. 685; Brian Persons, No. 778; 271; Tom Gruenbeck, No. 354; Tony Aguilera; Shaun Lennert; Jeff Nelson; Gerard Waskie­ Greg Stiles, No. 778. John Harader, No. 354; Jimmy Brian, No. 354; wicz, Patrol Leader, Beaver Patrol; Tom Karl Blum, No. 208; Robert Brown, No. 138; Tim Bush; Greg Adams, No. 606; Brian Brogan; Rob Blurton; Alex Bilbao. Stephen Larsh, No. 723; David Amormino; Ada.ms, No. 607; Chris Maki, No. 600. Chris Lumbus; Don Boursier; Mark Jeff Moersch, No. 807; Stephen Hileman, No. Steven Contreras, No. 453; Maureen John­ Phelps, Patrol Leader, Falcon Patrol; Brian 723; Andy O'Leary; Chris Van Horn; Peter son; Ruddy Chavez, No. 226; Jason Blake; Panter, Troop Scribe; Luke Bilbao; Scott Van Horn; Richard Schroeder No. 807; Stacey Olla.Horan; Farrah Gallo; Diane Gallo; Nelms; Chris Martz; Jeff Peterson; Loren George Hand, No. 90; Todd Parker, No. 155. No. 4621; Stuart Mencher, No. 798; Scott Wil­ Foy; Norman Webb, Scoutmaster; Ken Robert Brown, No. 138; Tim Smith, No. liams, No. 187; Scott Valoff, No. 508; Randy Brooks, Assistant Scoutmaster; Jim Len­ 138; David Simon, No. 272; Tom Bugler, No. Lukins; Louis Hungate, No. 422. nert, Assistant Scoutmaster. 408; Micha.el Baumann; David Irwin; Jon Steven Merrill, No. 49; Don MacElroy, No. Paul Webb, Junior Assistant Scoutmas­ Owens, No. 38; Bud Weber; Jose Marquez, 271; Tyrone Mangold, No. 75; Kim Williams; ter; Warren Young, Committee Chairman; No. 357; Jim Raley; Jesse Raley; Kenny Mark Gorelick, No. 435; Becky Gorelick, No. Nancy Webb, Scout Coordinator; Sue Bro­ Champagne No. 270. 435; Robby Warren, No. 227; Jeffrey Miller, gan, Secretry-Treasurer; Lynn Lennert; S. H. Fried, No. 208; Roger Monell, No. 615; No. 125; Gene "Smokey" Bergner, Camp Di­ Doris See; Bill Brogan, Sr.; Marylou Baker, Joey Lorenzini, No. 226; David Lorenzini, rector; Mike Dodson, No. 916; Eileen Dodson, Committee Chairman, No. 29; Kevin Bullock, No. 226; Ma.son Ernest, No. 664; Mike Boland, No. 916; Michael Petrie, No. 283. No. 1892; Craig Merkin, No. 296; Eric Takach, No. 561; Kenny Warfeld, No. 60; Dana Tol­ Lois Berger, No. 625; Derick Wolsleger, No. No. 75; David O'Brien, No. 75. man, No. 225; Sean Potourny; Don Strupp; 225; Brian Adamicunst, No. 301; Robert Mike Hopkins, No. 424; Briann Bauden­ Rob Bradley, No. 664; Kevin Campbell, No. Toepel, No. 514; Kieth Goss, No. 554; Scott distel, No. 588; John Baudendistel, No. 588; 36. Goss, No. 554; Dave Parque, No. 1892; Rachael John Witmer; Gary Gieser, Treasurer, No. Marlo Valadez, No. 1218; Chkis Cinocco, Osborne, No. 28; David Petrie, No. 283; Nigel 296; Eric Brown, No. 278; Dan Asivid, No. No. 454, John Valadez, No. 1218; M1llis Irwig, Osborne, No. 368; Stephen Vegh, No. 272; Ted 562; Brad Green, No. 800; Greg Merget, No. No. 145; Scott Irwig, No. 145; Doug Irwig, Wingert, No. 670. 800; Doug Welsh, No. 100; Dawn Baker, G. S. No. 145; Doug Britton, No. 145; Carole Pay­ Steve Mascoli, No. 699; Mike Scheibe!, No. No. 44; Ron Keen, No. 510. etti; Marion Mccowen; Geneva Sherwood, 817; Charles M. Huntley; Linda Fort, No. Bobby Benge, No. 510; Michael Allen, No. No. 273; Christopher Peck, No. 1616; Carol 658; Robert E. Lee, No. 114; Tom Coleman, 1058; Beth Josephson, No. 1058; Christian No. 216; Grady Beasley, No. 216; Skater Lascola, No. 412. Miller, No. 455; Greg Garver, No. 455; Jeff Everett, No. 510; Louie Haseltine, No. 273; Gina. Grundy, No. 290; David Mee. No. 272; Gambill, No. 455; John Lodin, No. 323; Angela Lodin, No. 323; Kevin Goss, No. 554; Susan Joe Stanczyk, No. 773; Chris Beaufort, No. Chris Inouye; Edith Sherwood, No. 273; 773; Eric Buzhne; Joel Greenberg No. 1509. Kelly Sherwood, No. 273; Eric Cinocco, No. Goss, No. 554. Jamie Castonguay, No. 714; Gregory Fletch­ David Kelly, No. 216; Bob Carlson, No. 174; 454; Michael Mailman, No. 568; Dan Rudat, Bret Lonsway, No. 174; Alex Selley, No. 217; No. 5S3; Jim Duncan, No. 484; Kenny Metro, er, No. 223; Willie Flewellen, No. 223; Ron Billy Keys, No. 424; Mike Kelly, No. 225; No. 568; Bryan Montoya, No. 1069; Marsha Erdrich, No. 611; John Fahland, No. 531; Pat Rusty Miller; Louie Black, No. 432; Mike Young, den leader coach, No. 296. Snedeker, No. 603; Chuck Snedeker, No. 1602; Fran Payette, No. 214; Larry Kaplan, No. 581; Bennett, No. 1; Robert Hutchinson; George Darleen Moore; Michelle Ryan; Elizabeth Kelly, No. 775; Jay Quinn, No. 1750; Mike K. Johnson; Alan Call, No. 531; Patrick Con­ Randy Tee, No. 581. Simanyi, No. 800. away, No. 773; Jon Benber, No. 434; Kirk Dennis Titzkowski; Colleen Carrington, No. Randy Slaughter, No. 273; Jennifer Quinn; Dumhart; Paul Mras, No. 120; Michael 741; Daniel Carrington, No. 741; David Car­ Phillip Bastanchury, No. 75; Chris Lin­ O'Dowick; Carl Miller, No. 60; Denise Solina; rington, No. 741; Jeff Baerns, No. 205; Genee berg, No. 174; Kevin Shakley, No. 174; Craig Maryann Healey: Hom Debellis; Pat Bul- Phillips; Ted Nugget, No. 526; Richy West, 1906 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE January 24, 1977 No~ 784; Shana Norris: Lori Linebarger; Bran­ While I and other conservatives and law and protect the people of the United don McGrath, No. 784. moderates respect his judicial compe­ States from subversive and criminal v!olence. Bobby Enna., No. 227; Jimmy Page, No. 1345; tence although naturally there have been It ls clear that the Communists consider Darin Norris, No. 784; Jimmy Enna, No. 227; Judge Bell to be such a man; that is why Steve Grupenhagen, No. 183; Bryan Line­ instances of disagreement with his deci­ they have opposed his confirmation. barger, No. 229; Steve Weiss, No. 581; Ian sions; but the ideologues of the left can­ It is therefore incumbent on responsible Anderson. No. 931; David Barney, No. 183; not tolerate .the appointment to high of­ Americans to rally behind Judge Bell and Robert Kunst, No. 301; Doug Tusji; Debbie fice of a man whose well-reasoned deci­ urge his confirmation by the Senate. Johnson. sions interfere with their political pro­ With best wishes and kindeat personal David Brownstein, No. 527; Richard Franco, grams. regards, I am No. 1283; Susan Moore; Joseph Bacchi, No. On Friday, January 14th, a top mem­ Sincerely, LARRY McDONALD. 514; Jeff Pat.stone, No. 211; Leona Crespin; ber of the Communist Party, U.S.A.­ Norvin Lanz, No. 273; Jimmy Stapleton. No. 209; Ron Woods, No. 90; Sandy Herrera.; Ed­ CPUSA-testi:fied against the Attorney ward Gardner, No. 293; David Bush, No. 293. General-designate without revealing to Bill Farrel, No. 1170; Nari Naddafi, No. 723; the Senate Judiciary Committee that she REBECCA REID OF DALLAS­ Mike Na.ddafi, No. 723; Dave Andersen, No. was a member of an extremist totali­ MISS TEENAGE AMERICA 391; Julie Fisher, No. 391; Robert Brunner, tarian organization or that she person­ No. 391; Warner Smith, No. 223; Eleanor Blur­ ally advocated revolutionary armed vio­ ton, No. 147; Robert Blurton, No. 147; Marcia lence. Andersen, No. 391; Stephan Motter, No. 293; HON. JAMES M. COLLINS In order to set the record straight, I OF TEXAS David Gardner. have sent the following letter to Sena­ Keith Crespin; Wayne Crespin; Richard A. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Gasper, No. 271; Jeffrey M. Gasper, No. 271; tor JAMES 0. EASTLAND, chairman of the Kenneth M. Gasper, No. 271; Mike Libey, No. Senate Committee on the Judiciary: Thursday, January 20, 1977 526; Connie Libey, No. 526; Jefferson Young, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, Mr. COLLINS of Texas. Mr. Speaker, No. 108; John Garrett, No. 75; Trent Binger, Washington, D.C., January 19, 1977. Rebecca Ann Reid was chosen in Decem­ No. 456; Shawn Cunniff, No. 442; Rhett Senator JAMES 0. EASTLAND, Binger, No. 456. Chairman, Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. ber as Miss Teenage America for 1977. Edward Gonzales, No. 173; J. Jones; Luis Senate, Washington, D.C. Rebecca is the daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Roncayolo; Pa.t Paulsen, No. 295; Louie An­ DEAR SENATOR EASTLAND: I would like to Robert H. Reid of Dallas, Tex. She is a derson, No. 220; Gary Goodner, No. 660; Jon request that the following information be straight-A high school senior, a talented Love, No. 1616; Craig Young, No. 147; Brad included in the record of your Committee pianist and singer, 17 years old, 5 feet W1llia.ms, No. 71; Kevin S. Voas, No. 526; which heard testimony on the nomination o! and 7 inches, 120 pounds. Ka.rlo Holevas; Robert Toepel, No. 514. Judge Griffin B. Bell as Attorney General of Rick Holevas; Scott Lovette; James M. the United States. Miss Teenage America was selected on Akins, No. 104; Cynthia Akins, No. 104; Mike On Friday, January 14th, Charlene Alex:. her "positive image" from 20,000 entries. Floessir; Cheri Norris; Phil Brown, No. 778; ander Mitchell testified against the nomina­ It's more than beauty, as this recognition Kenny Waddell, No. 265; Darrell Baldwin, No. tion of Judge Bell, according to press reports, is based on the girl with an all-around 183; Lance Wantland, No. 524. representing the National Alliance Against outlook. Miss Reid is attractive, gracious, Racist and Political Repression (NAARPR). Linda. Voas, No. 855; Russell Carpenter, No. This organization is a. "front group" of the charming, talented, and poised. I am 642; Bobby Groner, No. 670; Alex Bradley, No. Communist Party, U.S.A. (CPUSA) and was mighty proud to have Rebecca Reid as 279; Alex Bradley, Sr., No. 279; Dennis Cas­ so identified by the Committee on Internal a neighbor in the Third District of Texas. sidy, No. 412; Robby Briethaupt, No. 147; Security of the House of Representatives in Michael Briethaupt, No. 147; Ronnie Brooks, The Dallas Times-Herald reported Re­ their hearings, Revolutionary Activities Di­ becca's answers from a Press Conference No. 147; Margie Byrne; Jeanne Byrne. rected Tewa.rd the Administration of Penal or Correctional Systems, Part 4, July 25, 1973. at the National Pageant: Mrs. Mitchell has been & full time CPUSA On women's llb. "Every woman should be organizer and member since the end of the free to pursue the career of her choice. She COMMUNISTS OPPOSE BELL NOMI­ 1940s, and has served as the executive secre­ should have the same advantages and dis­ NATION AS ATTORNEY GENERAL tary of the NAARPR since its formation in advantages as men. And 11 she wants to be a 1973. homemaker, she should have that right, too, In the context of her testimony against and be proud of her accomplishments." HON. LARRY McDONALD Attorney General-designate Bell, it should On premarital sex. "I can only answer for OF GEORGIA be noted that at a 1969 CPUSA National Con­ myself. I've been raised to believe that sex vention, Mrs. Mitchell presented a report on belongs only in marriage and I could never IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES "Armed Self-Defense" which was also printed have premarital sex." Thursday, January 20, 1977 in the Party's confidential internal publica­ On drug abuse. "I go to a school (W. T. tion, Party Affairs. In it she stated. "Our White High School) where a lot of students Mr. McDONALD. Mr. Speaker, from stand is forthright--we advocate armed self­ use drugs. It's their individual choice, but the day that Judge Griffin Bell was de!ense as an increasingly important part of I don't think they'll find the answers to their nominated to be the next U.S. Attorney the black people's a.b111ty to continue and problems there. I have never used drugs and General he has been the subject of develop their struggle for complete libera­ feel it's not right for me." vicious and bitter personal attacks by tion.'• On the future. "After my year a.s Miss alleged civil right.5 groups and by the As the Attorney General will be responsi­ Teenage America, I wlll go to SMU or Baylor ble for decisions regarding prosecutions of to study piano pedagogy-playing and teach­ Communist Party. Slander has been the violence-oriented and terrorist groups as well ing piano. After I graduate, I would like to principal weapon because there are no as decisions regarding future FBI surveil­ get married and have a family, and I feel issues of substance with which to oppose lance of such groups, it is important that a that teaching piano is a profession that I Judge Bell. man of high integrity who will enforce the could do with a family."

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES-Monday, Januarg 24, 1977 The House met at 12 o'clock noon. of every Member of Congress that to­ In the spirit of Christ, we pray. Amen. The Chaplain, Rev. Edward G. Latch, gether they may labor for the highest D.D., offered the following prayer: good of our beloved Republic. In Thee, O Lord, do I put my trust; let Write Thy law on our minds and work THE JOURNAL me never be put to con/usion.-Psalms Thy love into our hearts that we may be 71: 1. loyal to Thee, true to promises made, The SPEAKER. The Chair has exam­ Eternal God, our Father, we commend faithful in our daily duties, and open to ined the Journal of the last day's pro­ our Nation to Thy loving care and this the needs of our people. May we so serve ceedings and announces to the House his House of Representatives to the guidance Thee and our country in these days that approval thereof. of Thy Holy Spirit. With Thy redeeming in the years to come our citizens may be Without objection, the Journal stands and renewing power come Thou into the thankful for the work done by this- 95th approved. heart of our President and into the life Congress. There was no objection.