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Kentucky 1 Kentucky Mancomunidad de Kentucky Commonwealth of Kentucky Estado de los Estados Unidos Bandera Escudo Otros nombres: The Bluegrass State Lema: United we stand, divided we fall (en inglés: «Unidos permaneceremos, divididos caeremos») [1] [1] Coordenadas Coordenadas: 37°30′N 85°00′O Coordenadas: 37°30′N 85°00′O • Longitud 81°58'W to 89°34'W Capital Frankfort • Población 27.741 Ciudad más poblada Louisville [2] Idioma oficial Inglés Entidad Estado • País Estados Unidos Gobernador Steve Beshear (D) Senadores Mitch McConnell (R) Rand Paul (R) Subdivisiones 120 condados Fundación 1 de junio de 1792 Admisión 15º estado Superficie Puesto 37.º de 50 • Total 104,659 km² • Agua 1 764 (1,7%) km² Altitud • Media 229 msnm [] • Máxima 1.263 msnm • Mínima 78 msnm Población (2007) Puesto 26.º de 50 • Total 4,241,474 hab. Kentucky 2 • Densidad 40,53 hab/km² Gentilicio kentuckiano, kentuckiana PIB (nominal) • Total (2005) USD 154.184 millones • PIB per cápita USD 36.352 Huso horario Este: UTC-5/DST-4 Código postal KY ISO 3166-2 US-KY [3] Sitio web oficial La Mancomunidad de Kentucky (en inglés y oficialmente: Commonwealth of Kentucky) es uno de los 50 estados de los Estados Unidos, situado en el centro sudeste del país. Aunque el centro de su actividad económica son la manufactura de productos industrializados y el turismo, buena parte del estado es predominantemente rural, con la agricultura como principal fuente de ingresos. Anteriormente, se creía que el origen del nombre del estado venía de una palabra amerindia, que significa "terreno de caza oscuro y sangriento", porque las tribus nativas que vivían en la región cazaban dentro de los densos bosques del estado, y porque a menudo estas tribus luchaban entre sí en estos bosques.[] Sin embargo, actualmente se cree que la palabra Kentucky pueda ser atribuida a numerosos idiomas indígenas, con varios significados posibles. Algunos de estos significados son "tierra del mañana", "tierra de caña y pavos" y "pradera".[4][5] La región donde está localizada actualmente Kentucky fue colonizada originalmente por pobladores de la colonia británica de Pensilvania en 1774, pero pasó a ser controlada por Virginia durante la Guerra de Independencia de 1776, y se convirtió en el decimoquinto estado estadounidense en formar parte de la Unión, el 1 de junio de 1792. Kentucky es una tierra con ambientes diversos y recursos abundantes. Posee el sistema de cuevas más largo del mundo,[6] la mayor longitud de corrientes y canales navegables de los "Estados Unidos continentales" (sin Alaska y Hawái), los dos lagos artificiales más grandes al este del río Misisipi y el yacimiento de carbón más productivo del país. Kentucky es mundialmente conocido por sus caballos purasangre, las carreras de caballos (especialmente el Derby de Kentucky), las destilerías de bourbon, la música bluegrass, el tabaco y sus equipos de baloncesto universitario. Historia Prehistoria - 1792 Diferentes tribus de nativos americanos vivían en la región donde se localiza actualmente Kentucky cerca de 10 mil años antes de la llegada de los primeros exploradores europeos. Estas tribus eran principalmente cheroqui, delaware y los shawnee, así como los iroqueses. Estos últimos constantemente atacaban a otros asentamientos indígenas. Según una carta real firmada por Jacobo I en 1609, el territorio que posteriormente se convertiría en Kentucky fue atribuido a la colonia de Virginia.[7] No obstante, en 1750 todavía se trataba de un territorio ampliamente desconocido cuando se propuso explorarlo y buscar allí tierras propicias a la colonización. A lo largo del final del siglo XVII y de las primeras décadas del siglo XVIII, diversos exploradores británicos y franceses exploraron la región. Gran parte de lo que actualmente es Kentucky fue comprado a los nativos americanos por los tratados de Fort Stanwix (1768) y Sycamore Shoals (1775).[8] Posteriormente, Kentucky creció rápidamente cuando se fundaron los primeros asentamientos al oeste de las montañas Apalaches, con colonos (sobre todo de Virginia, Carolina del Norte y Pensilvania) que se incorporaban a la región a través de un pasaje entre los montes Apalaches denominado Kentucky 3 Cumberland Gap y del río Ohio. El más famoso de estos primeros exploradores y colonos fue Daniel Boone, considerado tradicionalmente uno de los fundadores del estado.[9] En 1775 comenzó la Guerra de Independencia de los Estados Unidos. Como los shawnee del norte del río Ohio no estaban conformes con los asentamientos en Kentucky, se aliaron con los británicos durante la guerra.[10] Kentucky fue un campo de batalla durante la guerra; la Batalla de Blue Licks, una de las últimas batallas importantes de la revolución, se desarrolló en Kentucky.[11] En 1776, Kentucky pasó a ser oficialmente controlada por Estados Unidos y la región se convirtió en uno de los condados de Virginia, atrayendo habitantes de otras regiones de Virginia. Sin embargo, los iroqueses continuaron atacando asentamientos estadounidenses. Estos indígenas estaban equipados con armas de fuego suministradas por los británicos. Éstos controlaban una pequeña región en el noroeste del actual estado de Kentucky. Una fuerza militante, controlada por George Rogers Clark, conquistó los tres asentamientos británicos que se localizaban en el noroeste de la región. Tales asentamientos suministraban las armas modernas a los iroqueses. Con la captura de estos asentamientos, los ataques iroqueses disminuyeron. Virginia nunca demostró demasiado interés por apropiarse de Kentucky, de hecho, la incorporación de la región como un condado de Virginia se había hecho solamente como una declaración de reivindicación de posesión de Estados Unidos de la región de Kentucky (que anteriormente al inicio de la guerra no formaba parte de ninguna de las Trece Colonias). La guerra de independencia estadounidense terminó en 1783. Nueve años después, el 1 de junio de 1792, Kentucky se convirtió oficialmente en el decimoquinto estado estadounidense, e Isaac Shelby, un soldado héroe de la Guerra de Independencia, fue elegido el primer (y posteriormente quinto) gobernador de la Commonwealth de Kentucky.[12] Al acabar la guerra contra Gran Bretaña, los Estados Unidos se vieron con un enorme problema: pagar las deudas que tenían con Francia y España. Este problema fue tan grande que Kentucky incluso planeó salirse de la Unión y adherirse a la corona española. Sin embargo, el pago no fue nunca efectuado, de lo contrario, la nueva nación se habría arruinado.[cita requerida] 1792 - 1865 Durante las primeras décadas del siglo XIX, Kentucky prosperó económicamente. Los ricos pastos de la región central de Kentucky hacían de ella un lugar ideal para la crianza de caballos. El tabaco empezó a ser cultivado a gran escala en Kentucky a partir de la década de 1830. Cerca de 30 años después, Kentucky ya era la mayor productora de tabaco del país. Otros cultivos importantes eran el maíz y el trigo. Kentucky también se convirtió en una de las mayores productoras de bebidas alcohólicas (principalmente de bourbon whisky) a partir de la década de 1840. La variedad de ríos que atraviesan el estado ayudaron a los agricultores y a los comerciantes de Kentucky a prosperar. Estas haciendas utilizaban gran cantidad de trabajo esclavo. Kentucky 4 En 1818, el presidente Jackson aseguró la posesión de la actual porción occidental de Kentucky —hasta entonces disputada con los nativos— a través de compraventa formal de esta región a los indígenas.[13][14] Durante la década de 1850, el gobierno de los Estados Unidos consideró cambiar su capital, el Distrito de Columbia, en dirección al oeste, por el que fue llamado en la época como Distrito Occidental de Columbia. Esta capital estaría entre Capitol City (localizada en Kentucky) y Metropolis (Illinois). Sin embargo, estos planes nunca pasaron del papel. La Guerra Civil Estadounidense se inició en 1861. Kentucky, inicialmente, declaró su neutralidad en la guerra, no demostrando interés en participar activamente al lado de la Unión (Estados Unidos en sí) o de los Estados Confederados de América. Oficialmente, sin embargo, Kentucky aún formaba parte de la Unión, por lo que tropas confederadas invadieron Kentucky en enero de 1862, siendo expulsados por fuerzas de la Unión en octubre del mismo año. Durante la guerra, la población de Kentucky estaba dividida. Muchos eran pro-abolicionistas, especialmente los habitantes que vivían en los principales centros urbanos del estado. Otros, principalmente agricultores, estaban a favor del uso del trabajo Mapa de 1850 del planeado Distrito Occidental de esclavo. Los pro-abolicionistas querían la participación del Columbia, que pretendía sustituir al Distrito de Columbia estado al lado de la Unión, y los que apoyaban el uso del trabajo como la capital de los Estados Unidos. esclavo querían que Kentucky se uniera a la Confederación. Incluso familias enteras estaban divididas. Cerca de 75 mil habitantes del estado lucharon al lado de la Unión, y cerca de 30 mil personas lucharon al lado de la Confederación. Al final de la guerra, Kentucky todavía formaba parte de la Unión. Sin embargo, el gobierno de los Estados Unidos tomó decisiones que disgustaron a la gran mayoría de los habitantes del estado. Los esclavos fueron liberados sin indemnización para sus dueños, la economía de Kentucky, por aquel entonces principalmente agraria, estaba hecha harapos. Además de eso, tropas de la Unión ocuparon el estado, a pesar de haber participado activamente al lado de la Unión. Estas tropas permanecieron en el estado hasta 1870, compuestas fundamentalmente por afroamericanos y ocupando áreas que habían apoyado a los sudistas. La moral de los habitantes de Kentucky decayó drásticamente. Durante una década el estado entraría en una gran recesión económica, principalmente causada por una caída drástica en las ventas de tabaco al exterior. 1865 - actualidad Fue solamente a partir de mediados de la década de 1870 cuando la economía de Kentucky comenzó a recuperarse, lenta y gradualmente, gracias a la construcción ferroviaria a lo largo del territorio.
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