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I L L U S T R A T E D E N C Y C L Foliage The leaves of a plant. Rhizome A horizontal stem that grows Flower beneath the ground. Shoots and roots PLANT Frond The leaf of a palm or fern, divided O grow from the rhizome. into multiple leaflets. Fronds grow from FUNCTIONS tightly coiled buds at the base of a plant. Root The part of a vascular plant ( 15) that As the frond unrolls, its tiny leaflets open normally grows below ground. Roots P up and grow. anchor a plant and take in water and dissolved minerals from the soil. The first plant’s body has specialized parts Guard cells Two crescent-shaped cells root to grow is the primary root, which for different jobs. Its leaves make located either side of a plant’s E then sprouts sideways lateral roots. food using energy from sunlight, a Water stoma. The cells become larger A vapour process called photosynthesis. Sunlight or smaller to adjust the size of D Most plants have roots that take in water, the stoma’s opening. Guard Chloroplast Vein minerals and other substances from the cells are activated by light so Epidermis soil, as well as a stiff stem that supports that they open the stomata the plant above the ground. Flowering during the day and close them at Pallisade I Oxygen layer plants have male and female parts that Carbon night to reduce water loss. make seeds ( 18). Other plants reproduce dioxide A either asexually ( 18) or through the Leaf A flat surface on a plant Spongy where photosynthesis and mesophyll Close-up photograph of guard cells surrounding a Vascular tissue Xylem and phloem tissues dispersal of spores ( 18). layer transpiration take place. Most stoma on the underside of a leaf. that carry water, and minerals and sugars leaves are broad so that as much dissolved in it, around vascular plants ( 15). Tendril A modified leaf used by climbing Bud A small growth on a stem or branch light as possible can fall on them. Stoma Leaf plants to wrap around objects for support. Veins Xylem and phloem cells in a leaf that that will develop into a flower, stem or Stem Mesophyll The soft inner layer of a leaf LAYERS OF A LEAF support its structure and transport water leaf. In some plants, buds are enclosed Transpiration The controlled release of within protective, modified leaves called below the epidermis. The upper layer and nutrients to all of its cells. 16 water as vapour through a plant’s stoma. 17 B of the mesophyll, called the palisade Root hairs Fine growths at the tip of each scales until they are ready to grow. Loss of water in the leaves creates suction, Xylem The tissue in vascular plants ( 15) layer, contains chloroplasts for root. They increase the surface area of which draws up water from the roots. that carries water and dissolved minerals Chlorophyll A green pigment, present photosynthesis. The lower layer, called roots so they can take up more nutrients. This water carries nutrients absorbed by from a plant’s roots to the rest of the I in all green plants, that absorbs the spongy mesophyll layer, is where Simple leaf A leaf not divided into leaflets. the roots around the rest of the plant. plant. This liquid is called sap. sunlight and uses the sun’s energy to carbon dioxide, water vapour and O carry out photosynthesis. sugars move around between cells. Shoot A new growth on part of a plant. Phloem The tissue inside vascular Stem The long, stiff part of a vascular plant ( 15) Water and plants that carries sugars made by ( 15) that supports its leaves, flowers, fruits F A C T F I L E L nutrients photosynthesis from the leaves to the or cones. It contains tissues that carry Roots # rest of the plant. water and nutrients around the plant. The word photosynthesis means “making with light”. Photosynthesis The process by which O Chloroplast A small structure within the Stoma (plural: stomata) A tiny hole on the # 65-80% of a plant is made up of water. green plants use sunlight as an energy cell of a plant that contains the pigment underside of a leaf, through which carbon A simple leaf # The deepest living plant root ever found source to combine carbon dioxide from chlorophyll. Photosynthesis is carried out dioxide enters and oxygen seeps out. went 60 m below ground. the air and water from the soil to make inside the chloroplasts of a plant. # The largest simple leaf G sugars plants use as food. Plants use this Tropism The growth or slight movement ever found was 3 m long Compound leaf A leaf divided into smaller sugar to power their life activities. of a plant in response to a change in its and nearly 2 m wide. parts, called leaflets, joined to one stem. Photosynthesis also produces oxygen, environment. For example, phototropism It belonged to an arum which seeps out into the air. is the movement of a plant towards or plant in Malaysia. Y Epidermis The outermost layer of a plant, away from light and geotropism is the # Some species of covering its leaves, stems, roots and Rhizoid A root-like structure in plants such growth of a plant in response to gravity. bamboo, grow up to petals. It protects the plant from damage as mosses. Rhizoids may anchor a plant to 91 cm per day, making The edible the ground, absorb water, or both. Unlike Tuber A thick, underground stem or root them the world’s fastest- The Venus fly trap is a carnivorous plant that takes and reduces the amount of water lost A compound part of a carrot growing plants. nutrients from insects instead of the soil. Like other through evaporation. In the roots, the true roots, rhizoids do not contain vascular leaf, with that stores food for the next growing is its primary root. plants, it also makes food using photosynthesis. epidermis absorbs water and nutrients. tissue (xylem and phloem). seven leafltets. season. Potatoes are a type of stem tuber. ! Covers 12 major subject areas of biology ! More than 250 keywords alphabetically listed and clearly explained ! Fact panels with extra information ! About 100 detailed illustrations ! Comprehensive index ISBN 978 1 7418 3765 7 9 781901 323511 I L L U S T R A T E D E N C Y C L O P E D I A BIOLOGY I L L U S T R A T E D E N C Y C L O P E D I A First published in 2012 by Orpheus Books Ltd., 6 Church Green, Witney, Oxfordshire, OX28 4AW, England www.orpheusbooks.com Copyright ©2012 Orpheus Books Ltd. Created and produced by Nicholas Harris, Sarah Hartley, Katie Sexton, Ruth Symons and Erica Williams, Orpheus Books Ltd. Text Ruth Symons BIOL O GY Illustrated by Graham Austin, Martin Camm, Stuart Carter, Fiammetta Dogi, Malcolm Ellis, Elisabetta Ferrero, Sauro Giampaia, Ray Grinaway, Inklink, Ian Jackson, Mike Lowe, David More, Nicki Palin, Sebastian Quigley, Peter David Scott, Martin Woodward, Colin Woolf, David Wright Consultant Richard Walker, writer and consultant All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. ISBN 978 1 7418 3765 7 Printed and bound in Singapore Photographs on pages 7, 11 and 12: Wikimedia Commons/Public Domain Photograph on page 10: Copyright ©2011 Nanka (Kucherenko Olena) Used under licence from Shutterstock.com Photograph on page 17: Dr Jeremy Burgess, Science Photo Library Photograph on page 27: Copyright ©2011 Eric Isselée Used under licence from Shutterstock.com CONTENTS ABOUT THIS BOOK ach double page contains a brief introduction, LIFE 6 Eexplaining the general subject, followed by key words arranged in alphabetical order. To look up a CLASSIFICATION 8 specific word, turn to the index at the back of this book: this will tell you which page to go to. If you want EVOLUTION 10 to learn more about a subject, take a look at the factfile, or follow the arrows to read related entries. MICRO-ORGANISMS 12 INTRODUCTION BOLD WORDS FACTFILE This explains the These highlight The factfile provides extra PLANTS & FUNGI 14 general subject useful words that information on the subject. ANIMAL MOVEMENT 24 and provides some do not have their Facts are presented in easy basic knowledge. own entry. to read bullet points. TTACK DEFENCE Magnolia A & 26 Dicot A flowering plant with two Assorted cacti cotyledons ( 16) and petals in multiples growing in an PLANTS & of four or five. Most flowers, bushes and American desert F A C T F I L E trees are dicots. FUNGI # Flowering plants are the prevailing Epiphyte A plant that grows on other plants group of land plants around the world, except for colder regions, where for support, typically to reach more light. coniferous plants dominate. Epiphytes collect rainwater and leaf litter, # The first land plants evolved around he second largest kingdom of living which provide them with nutrients. Moss A bryophyte with 500 million years ago from green algae. MIGRATION 28 things is the plant kindom. The key Epiphytes include bromeliads and orchids. leafy stems. Many species feature of a plant is that it obtains spread across the ground, forming a mat. # The world’s oldest organism is the slow- T Fern A flowerless green plant with a long, growing Jurupa oak, found in California and energy from sunlight by photosynthesis Cactus A succulent that has adapted to Mould A furry growth of fungi on damp or believed to be 13,000 years old.

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