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Introduced Forest Trees in New Zealand: Recognition, Role, And

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Introduced Forest Trees in New Zealand: Recognition, Role, And NEW ZEALAND FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE LIMITED I jid FRI BULLETIN NO. 124 INTRODUCED FOREST TREES IN NEW ZEALAND Recognition, Role, and Seed Source 14. DOUGLAS-FIR Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco j.T. MILLER AND F.B. KNOWLES This FRI bulletin series was compiled for people with an interest in the introduced trees of New Zealand, such as foresters, farm foresters, nurserymen, and students. It includes: 1. Pinus nigra Arn. - European black pine 2. Pinus contorta Loudon - contorta pine 3. The larches- Larix decidua Miller, Larix kaempferi (Lambert) Carr., Larix x eurolepis A. Henry 4. Pinus mugo Turra - dwarf mountain pine; Pinus uncinata Mirbel - mountain pine 5. Pinus attenuata Lemmon- knobcone pine 6. The spruces- Picea sitchensis (Bang.) Carriere, Picea abies (L.) Karsten, ornamental spruces 7. The silver firs - Abies spp. 8. Pinus pinaster Aiton- maritime pine 9. The cypresses- Cupressus spp.; Chamaecyparis spp. 10. Ponderosa and Jeffrey Pines -Pinus ponderosa P. Lawson et Lawson, Pinusjeifreyi Grev. et Balf. 11. Eucalyptus nitens (Deane et Maiden) Maiden 12. Radiata pine- Pinus radiata D. Don 13. The redwoods- Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don) Endl.- coast redwood, Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindley) J. Buchholz - giant sequoia, and the related ornamental genera Taxodium and Metasequoia This bulletin was published with.financial assistance from the Foundation of Research, Science and Technology (Contract No. CO 4309), the Agricultural and Marketing Researc:h and Development Trust, Ernslaw One Limited, and the Taupo and Districts Branch of the New Zealand Farm Forestry Association. John Miller and Barbara Knowles are scientists working in the Biotechnology Division of the New Zealand Forest Research Institute (NZ FRI). COVER PHOTOGRAPH: Felling of 60-year-old Douglas-fir at Dusky Forest, West Otago. FRI BULLETIN No. 124 INTRODUCED FOREST TREES IN NEW ZEALAND Recognition, Role, and Seed Source 14. DOUGLAS-FIR Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco J.T. Miller and F.B. Knowles NEW ZEALAND FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE LIMITED I i•J' 1994 Douglas-flr, aged 3~yeus, in Golden Downs Forest, Nelson. The trees are growing well on a relatively exposed site at altitude c. 520 m. The seedlot was collected in the Tapawera-Tadmor district and is thought to be of coastal Oregon ances~. ISSN 0111-8129 ODC 174. 7 Pseudotsuga menziesii (931):232 ©NEW ZEALAND FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE LTD 1994 CONTENTS Abstract ........................................................................................................................ 1 Introduction and History ........................................................................................... 1 Natural Distribution and Ecology .............................................................................. 1 History in New Zealand ............................................................................................. 3 Provenance Trials and Seed Source Tests .................................................................. 4 Breeding Programme ................................................................................................. 5 Pests, Diseases and Hazards ..................................................................................... 7 Fungi ............................................................................................................... 7 Insects ............................................................................................................. 9 Frost ................................................................................................................ 9 Wind and exposure ......................................................................................... 10 Other hazards ................................................................................................ 10 Recognition ............................................................................................................. 10 General description of Pseudotsuga .............................................................................. 10 Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco- Douglas-fir ............................................... 10 Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca (Beissner) Franco ....................................... 11 Distinguishing characteristics of Pseudotsuga menziesii.. .................................. 12 Other species ................................................................................................. 12 Role of the Species ................................................................................................... 14 Present Extent ......................................................................................................... 14 Siting ...................................................................................................................... 15 Provenance in relation to site .......................................................................... 16 Establishment ......................................................................................................... 17 Seedling quality .............................................................................................. 17 Planting procedures ........................................................................................ 17 Weed control .................................................................................................. 17 Mycorrhizae .................................................................................................... 18 Silviculture and Management .................................................................................. 19 Growth and Yield ..................................................................................................... 21 Wood Properties ...................................................................................................... 23 Physical properties ......................................................................................... 24 Machining and finishing ................................................................................. 24 Mechanical properties .................................................................................... 25 Timber drying and preservation ...................................................................... 25 Uses of Douglas-fir .................................................................................................. 26 Marketing of Douglas-fir ........................................................................................... 27 Future Role of Douglas-fir in New Zealand ................................................................ 29 Genetic Improvement .............................................................................................. 29 Revised Management Regimes ................................................................................. 30 The End Product ..................................................................................................... 30 Douglas-fir Research Cooperatives ........................................................................... 30 Seed Users' Guide ..................................................................................................... 31 A: Collection, extraction and handling of Douglas-fir seed ........................................ 31 B: Nursery practice .................................................................................................. 32 C: Recommended seed sources ................................................................................ 33 References ............................................................................................................... 36 Acknowledgements .................................................................................................. 38 Appendix: Log Grade Specifications .......................................................................... 38 Seed stand RO 26 at Rotoehu Forest, aged 34 years. This vigorous stand was thinned at age 15 years to 200 stems per hectare. The seed origin is Fort Bragg (low elevation, California). ABSTRACT This booklet, the fourteenth in the Bulletin 124 series provides a general account of Douglas-fir*, Pseudotsuga menziesii, in New Zealand. Topics covered include its natural distribution, its introduction and history in New Zealand, its role as an introduced species, recognition in the field, the significance of pests and diseases, and information on local seed sources. KEYWORDS: Pseudotsuga menziesii, Douglas-fir, seed sources, recognition, silviculture, utilisation, role, provenance trials, New Zealand INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii, is native to western North America, where it is one of the most valuable and commercially important timber species. In New Zealand it ranks as the second most important softwood after radiata pine and in 1994 occupies over 60,000 ha, about 5% of the total plantation forest area. Natural Distribution and Ecology Pseudotsuga is a small genus of evergreen conifers occurring naturally in western North America, Japan, Taiwan and China. Included in the past in Picea, Tsuga, Abies and even Pinus, these species were eventually recognised as being sufficiently distinct in botanical characteristics to merit a genus of their own. Although in the past more than twenty species of Pseudotsuga have been described, as few as four are now recognised. These comprise two quite distinct North American species-P. menziesii (Douglas-fir) and P. macrocarpa (bigcone
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