La Hiérarchie Catholique Mexicaine Durant La Genèse Du Modus-Vivendi : 1929-1940

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La Hiérarchie Catholique Mexicaine Durant La Genèse Du Modus-Vivendi : 1929-1940 Université Jean Moulin Lyon 3 Universidad Autónoma Del Estado De Morelos École doctorale : Sciences sociales La hiérarchie catholique mexicaine durant la genèse du modus-vivendi : 1929-1940 Par Yves Bernardo Roger SOLIS NICOT Thèse de doctorat d‟Histoire religieuse politique et culturelle Histoire sociale et culturelle Sous la direction de Regis LADOUS et Alicia PUENTE LUTERROTH Présentée et soutenue publiquement le 29 octobre 2009 Membres du jury : Regis LADOUS, Dr., Université Lyon 3 Alicia PUENTE LUTERROTH, Dr., Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Morelos (Mexique) Jean Dominique DURAND, Dr., Université Lyon 3 Jean Meyer BARTH, Dr., Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas (Mexique) Miguel RODRIGUEZ, Dr., Université de Paris4 Christian SORREL, Dr., Université Lyon 2 Remerciements Avant de présenter cette thèse doctorale, je tiens à remercier les personnes grâce auxquelles ce travail a pu être mené à bien, grâce à leur indéfectible soutien, leurs judicieux conseils et leurs chaleureux encouragements dans les moments de doute. Marie, ma mère, dont la tendresse m‟est toujours nécessaire. Jeannine, ma grand- mère, qui me soutint tout au long de ces longues années et ce malgré la distance. Mon père, Thierry, qui par son patient travail et son aide lors des longues périodes de « corrections » me permit de mener à terme cette étude. Mon épouse, Ana María, ma petit Ivana Jimena et toutes notre famille qui me soutirent psychologiquement et me motivèrent et me permirent de réaliser les nécessaires séjours de recherche tant au Mexique qu‟en Europe. Régis Ladous et Alicia Puente les codirecteurs de thèse, qui par leurs judicieuses remarques et leurs patiences et disposition me permirent de mener à terme cette studieuse aventure mexicaine. Jean Meyer, qui m‟a orienter et est devenu pour moi un véritable mentor. Miguel Hernandez, qui me permet de réorienter et réfléchir sur le difficile procès d‟écriture du travail présenté. Tous les membres de l‟institut d‟Histoire du Christianisme et de l‟Universidad Autñnoma del Estado de Morelos, qui m‟ont aidé pour résoudre les différentes entraves administratives et firent de la défense de la Thèse une réalité. Les membres du Jury, pour leurs lectures et le temps pris pour pouvoir commenter ce travail. Le père Watson Marrñn et tout son équipe des archives de l‟archevêché de Mexico ; monseigneur Croce et tous les archivistes des Archives Secrètes Vaticanes, Manuel Ramos, Josefina Moguel et toute l‟équipe des Archives d‟Histoire du Mexique Carso, pour leur amabilité. Le département d‟histoire de l‟Université Iberoamericaine, Valentina Torres Septién pour le soutien donné. Les membres du séminaire Iglesia, Estado y Sociedad Civil, organisé par le Tecnologico de Monterrey Campus Santa Fe pour me permettre de partager dans un forum continu les avancés de mon projet. Salvador Garza Boardman, Eduardo Lazarìn Meyer, Carolina Rivas, qui m‟ont offert tout le soutien possible pour réaliser cette recherche. Mon équipe et compagnons du Tec qui grâce a leurs efforts me permirent de continuer en parallèle au labeur académique, le labeur de recherche. La région Rhône Alpes qui grâce à l‟aide offerte à cette cotutelle me permit d‟obtenir une bourse pour initier et terminer ce long travail de Thèse. A tous mes amis français et mexicains, merci pour votre intérêt, pour votre soutien moral. Merci enfin à tous ceux qui, dans l‟ombre, ont rendu cette thèse possible. Introduction La présente recherche est un travail d‟archives, basé principalement sur quatre fonds : le fond Rius Facius du Centro de Estudios de Historia de México, CARSO, le fond d‟archives de l‟archevêché du Mexique, Archivo Historico del Arzobispado de México et deux fonds des Archives Secrètes Vaticanes : les affaires extraordinaires et la délégation apostolique mexicaine. L‟objectif est d‟étudier la hiérarchie catholique mexicaine durant la période du Modus Vivendi. Il s‟agit de montrer comment, entre 1929 et 1938, les actions de la hiérarchie catholique mexicaine permettent de comprendre le processus de création d‟un Modus Vivendi entre l‟Etat mexicain et l‟Eglise. Hypothèses de travail Le Mexique a été l‟un des premiers pays à réaliser la séparation Eglise-Etat annoncée depuis les lois de Réforme durant la présidence intérimaire de Benito Juarez 1 , officialisée a posteriori dans la Constitution de 1857 par le président mexicain Sébastian Lerdo de Tejada y Corral2, et confirmée dans la Constitution de 19173. Pays profondément catholique, le Mexique a souffert de la séparation entre l‟Eglise et l‟Etat à l‟arrivée des sonorenses4 au pouvoir dans les années vingt, et de la volonté d‟appliquer la loi antireligieuse du président Plutarco Elìas Calles5 en 19266. 1 Benito Juarez (1806-1872) homme politique mexicain. Elu par deux fois président, premier président mexicain d‟origine amérindienne, étant indigène zapotèque. En 1847, il avait été gouverneur de l‟État d‟Oaxaca. Son gouvernement fut libéral. En 1857, il émit en tant que président « légitime » non officiel, les lois dites de réforme : indépendance de l‟Etat vis-à-vis de l‟Eglise, loi sur le mariage civil, loi du registre civil, lois sur les cimetières et nationalisation des biens de l‟Eglise. 2 Sébastian Lerdo de Tejada (1823-1889) juriste et politicien libéral mexicain, qui devint président du Mexique à la mort de Benito Juarez. Il inclut les lois de reforme dans la Constitution de 1857. 3 De fait, la Constitution de 1917 restreignait toute possibilité d‟existence juridique à l‟Eglise. 4 Nom donné aux hommes politiques qui dominèrent la vie politique du Mexique entre 1920 et 1930, tous orginaires de l‟Etat de Sonora. 5 Plutarco Elías Calles (1877-1945) fut président du Mexique de 1924 à 1928. Durant la période présidentielle de son prédécesseur, Alvaro Obregón, président de 1920 à 1924, Calles occupa le poste de ministre de l‟intérieur. Il appliqua à la lettre la Constitution de 1917 promulguée par Venustiano Carranza. 6 Balderrama, Luis. EL clero y el gobierno mexicano, Tomo I y II, Editorial Cuauthemoc, México, 1927, 305 p. et 236 p. A partir de 1926, virent le jour une série de réformes législatives qui aggravèrent la situation du clergé7. La hiérarchie opta pour la suspension du culte, ce qui provoqua d‟une guerre civile connue comme la Christiade8. Trois années de conflit entre les soldats du Christ et l‟armée fédérale aboutirent à une “solution” en 1929, grâce aux accords conclus par le président intérimaire Emilio Portes Gil 9 et par deux des membres de la hiérarchie catholique mexicaine, Pascual Díaz y Barreto10, évêque de Tabasco nommé archevêque de Mexico en 1929, et Leopoldo Ruiz y Flores 11 , archevêque de Morelia. Mon hypothèse est que les accords de 1929 n‟ont pas été obtenus de manière exclusivement nationale, ce sont les actions conjuguées du Vatican, du Chili, de la France et des Etats-Unis qui permettent ce consensus. Ces accords résolvent momentanément et partiellement le problème. Ils n‟apportent aucune solution durable, ce qui conduit des historiens comme le franco-mexicain Jean Meyer12 à parler d‟un « Modus Muriendi ». L‟Etat ne maintient pas ses engagements, ce qui provoque un nouveau conflit. De nombreux catholiques signalent aux deux archevêques ayant signé ces accords n‟avoir pas obtenu d‟avantages significatifs. Il convient de vérifier si cette critique est émise sans connaissance de la décision unanime 7 Benjamin, Thomas. “Laboratorio del nuevo estado, 1920-1929. Reforma social, regional y experimentos en política de masas” in Thomas Benjamin et Mark Wasserman, Historia regional de la Revolución Mexicana. 8 Sur ce thème il est possible de voir les études de Jean Meyer, et Alicia Olivera ainsi que nombreux autres ouvrages comme : Baldarama, Luis C., El clero y el gobierno Mexicano, Tomo I y Tomo II, Editorial Cuauhtemoc, Mexico, 1927, 305 p y 236 p. 9Emilio Portes Gil (1890-1978) président provisoire du Mexique de 1928 à 1930, après l‟assassinat d‟Alvaro Obregñn. Sous son mandat le gouvernement dut vaincre la rébellion du général José Gonzalo Escobar. Portes Gil signa les « accords » avec l‟Eglise catholique au Mexique. Il était membre actif de la franc-maçonnerie au Mexique. Après son mandat présidentiel, il occupa divers hauts postes gouvernementaux durant les différentes présidences qui suivirent la sienne. 10 Pascual Díaz y Barreto (1875-1936) jésuite et évêque mexicain qui a été, successivement, le sixième évêque de Tabasco (1922-9) et le 32eme archevêque de Mexico (1929-36). Díaz a joué un rôle important, avant, pendant et après le conflit Église-Etat connu comme la Guerre Cristera, ainsi que dans les négociations pour mettre fin au conflit et, finalement, pour donner rèalitè à l'ajustement particulier obtenu après l'armistice, le fameux Modus Vivendi, sujet de la présente thèse doctorale. 11Leopoldo Ruiz y Flores (1865-1941) entra au séminaire en 1876. Envoyé à Rome en 1881, il étudia au Colegio Pio Latino (école crée pour les séminaristes des pays d‟Amérique latine à Rome) puis à l‟Université Grégorienne. Il fut évêque de Leñn en 1900 et archevêque de Monterrey (Linares) en 1907. Il occupa le poste d‟archevêque de Morelia en 1912 jusqu'à sa mort en 1941. De 1929 à 1936, il officia en tant que délégué apostolique au Mexique. Durant la christiade et la création du Modus Vivendi, il joua un rôle fondamental, comme le montre la présente thèse. 12 Jean Meyer (Né en 1942) est un historien franco mexicain expert de la Christiade, qui obtint ses licence et maitrise à la Sorbonne. Il fut professeur de cette Institution ainsi qu‟à Perpignan, en France. Au Mexique, il occupa la chaire de professeur chercheur du Collège du Mexique et de celui du Michoacán. Il est actuellement professeur chercheur du Centre de Recherche et d‟Enseignement Economique où il occupe le poste de dirige la revue d‟histoire Istor.
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