1 CITATION:

Maynard, J., S. McKagan, L. Raymundo, S. Johnson, G. Ahmadia, L. Johnston, P. Houk, G. Williams, M. Kendall, S. Heron, R. van Hooidonk, and E. McLeod. 2015. Assessing relative resilience potential of coral reefs to inform management in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. Silver Spring, MD: NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program. NOAA Technical Memorandum CRCP 22. 153pp.

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For more information about this report or to request a copy, please contact NOAA’s Coral Reef Conservation Program at 301-713-3155 or write to: NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program; NOAA/NOS/OCM; 1305 East West Highway; Silver Spring, MD 20910 or visit www.coralreef.noaa.gov.

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______Assessing relative resilience potential of coral reefs to inform management in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands

Maynard, J., S. McKagan, L. Raymundo, S. Johnson, G. Ahmadia, L. Johnston, P. Houk, G. Williams, M. Kendall, S. Heron, R. van Hooidonk, and E. McLeod

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Ocean Service Office for Coastal Management Coral Reef Conservation Program

October 2015

NOAA Technical Memorandum CRCP 22

United States Department of National Oceanic and National Ocean Service Commerce Atmospheric Administration

Penny S. Pritzker Dr. Kathryn D. Sullivan Dr. Russell Callender Secretary Administrator Assistant Administrator

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Assessing relative resilience potential of coral reefs to inform management in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands

J. Maynard1, 2*, S. McKagan3**, L. Raymundo4***, S. Johnson5, G. Ahmadia6, L. Johnston5, P. Houk4, G. Williams7, M. Kendall8, S. Heron9,10, R. van Hooidonk11,12, E. Mcleod13

1 – SymbioSeas, Wilmington, NC USA; 2 - Laboratoire d’Excellence «CORAIL» USR 3278 CNRS – EPHE, CRIOBE, Papetoai, Moorea, Polynésie Française; 3 – NOAA Fisheries, Habitat Conservation Division, Pacific Island Region, Saifpan Field Office, Saipan MP 96950, USA; 4 – University of Guam Marine Laboratory, UOG Station, Mangilao, GU 96913, USA; 5 – Bureau of Environmental and Coastal Quality, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Saipan, MP 96950, USA; 6 – Oceans Team, World Wildlife Fund, 1250 24th St., Washington, D.C. 20037, USA; 7 – Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla California 92037, USA; 8 – NOAA/NOS/NCCOS Biogeography Branch. Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; 9 – NOAA Coral Reef Watch, NESDIS Center for Satellite Applications and Research, 5830 University Research Ct., E/RA3, College Park, MD 20740, USA; 10 – Marine Geophysical Laboratory, Physics Department, College of Science, Technology and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld 4814, Australia; 11 – NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway Miami, FL 33149, USA; 12 – Cooperative Institute of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, RSMAS, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway Miami, FL, 33149; 13 –The Nature Conservancy; Austin, TX 78749, USA

Project leader email addresses: * [email protected], ** [email protected], *** [email protected]

Prepared for CNMI BECQ, NOAA and PICSC of USGS as part of the Northern Mariana Islands Coral Reef Initiative with The Nature Conservancy, Pacific Marine Resources Institute and University of Guam Marine Laboratory as collaborating agencies.

Note: This report has some of the same content as this paper published open access in Biological Conservation:

Maynard J, et al. (2015) Assessing relative resilience potential of coral reefs to inform management. Biological Conservation. DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2015.09.001

If you refer to content in the paper, please cite the paper. Otherwise, please cite this report.

Acknowledgments

Financial support for this applied research was provided by the NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program, USGS via the Pacific Islands Climate Science Center, Western Pacific Coral Reef Institute via the University of Guam, Senator Gregorio Kilili Sablan Funding in CNMI, and by the European Research Commission. Project planning and implementation benefited from collaboration with the CNMI Bureau of Environmental and Coastal Quality and MINA. Content within the paper represents the evolution of ideas discussed at workshops funded by the NOAA CRCP, GBRMPA, AIMS, IUCN, and UNEP. The authors thank all those that assisted with fieldwork. D. Tracey developed figures and the site summary appendix. The contents of this report are solely the opinions of the authors and do not constitute a statement of policy, decision, or position on behalf of NOAA or the U.S. Government.

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Executive Summary

Assessing relative resilience potential of coral reefs to inform management in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands

J. Maynard*, S. McKagan**, L. Raymundo***, S. Johnson, G. Ahmadia, L. Johnston, P. Houk, G. Williams, M. Kendall, S. F. Heron, R. van Hooidonk, E. Mcleod

NOAA Technical Memorandum CRCP 22 Project leader email addresses: * [email protected], ** [email protected], ***[email protected]

Project Background: Coral reef managers face the challenge of reducing vulnerability to the effects of climate change by reducing other sources of stress to support the resilience of reef systems. Resilience- based management (RBM) has been developed to overcome the challenges of reducing vulnerability in this era of rapid change. RBM of coral reefs can include assessing spatial variation in resilience potential and then targeting and tailoring appropriate actions, which is the focus of the project reported on here.

In CNMI, undertaking resilience-based management became a priority following a bleaching event in 2000, which caused 60-70% coral mortality in some locations, and a less severe bleaching event in 2005 that coincided with an outbreak of crown-of-thorns starfish. Reef managers in CNMI became especially interested in identifying bleaching-vulnerable locations between 2009 and 2011. During these years the NOAA Coral Reef Watch tools suggested severe bleaching was possible. Fortunately, waters never warmed over reefs sufficiently to cause thermal bleaching between 2009 and 2011 due to high cloud cover and rainfall. This project then began in 2012 with surveys of 35 lagoon and forereef sites near Saipan, which was followed by identifying bleaching-vulnerable locations and ranking sites from highest to lowest relative resilience potential. In the process used for the resilience assessment, values for variables that are indicators of resilience processes (‘resilience indicators’ – e.g., herbivory and recruitment) are compared to the maximum value for that indicator among the survey sites. This means that in 2012 we could only compare the sites we surveyed near Saipan. The project reported on here sought to expand the surveys and analysis undertaken in 2012 so that coral reef sites near all of the populated islands in CNMI could be compared. In total, in May/June of 2014, 49 more sites were surveyed at the 30-foot contour near the islands of Tinian and Aguijan as well as near Rota. A large number of other changes and additions were made for this project that advance our work from 2012. The most important of these are that: anthropogenic stressors are examined separately to the resilience indicators, the assessments of resilience indicators and anthropogenic stressors are summarized within a decision-support framework that targets management actions to support site and system resilience, and connectivity simulations are used to interpret the resilience assessment results and further prioritize and target management actions.

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Study Objectives:

1. Benthic Cover and Disease– Assess the % cover of major benthic groups and coral disease prevalence

2. ESA-listed Coral Species – Identify coral species listed as Threatened under the 2014 ESA listing

3. Relative Resilience – Assess resilience potential of forereef sites within and among the surveyed islands

4. Resilience Drivers – Determine primary drivers of differences in resilience potential

5. Connectivity – Assess the extent to which each surveyed island is a source and destination of larvae

6. Assessing Anthropogenic Stressors and Identifying Management Targets – Identify priority areas to target management actions that can support reef resilience

7. Outreach and Engagement – Ensure project results are accessible to local managers in CNMI, understood, and used to inform management decisions and planning

Summary Conclusions

Obj. 1 – Benthic Cover and Disease: The average percent cover of live coral and macroalgae were similar in Saipan and Tinian/Aguijan; ~38% for live coral and ~7% for macroalgae. On average, coral cover was ~10% lower on Rota than in Saipan or Tinian/Aguijan (~28% versus ~38%) and macroalgae cover on Rota was twice that observed in Saipan or Tinian/Aguijan (~14% versus ~7%). The average coral cover at the forereef sites (all islands combined) is 35%, which is slightly greater than the current average coral cover in the Great Barrier Reef in Australia. Coral disease prevalence is low and typically ~3% in Tinian/Aguijan and Rota. The most commonly observed coral diseases are white syndromes and skeletal eroding band.

Obj. 2 – ESA-listed Coral Species: There are three coral species newly listed in 2014 as Threatened under the Endangered Species Act that are known to be present on reefs within CNMI: Acropora globiceps, Acropora retusa, and Seriatopora aculeata. We compiled complete coral species lists for all survey sites and only A. globiceps was observed during our surveys. A. globiceps was observed at one site in Saipan, at 13 of the 24 survey sites in Rota and at 12 of the 25 survey sites in Tinian/Aguijan. A. globiceps was also observed at 3 shallow (<4 m) sites in northeast Tinian (only shallow sites surveyed outside the Saipan lagoon), one of which is a planned focus of future military training activities (Unai Chulu).

Obj. 3 - Relative Resilience: Resilience potential varied greatly within and among islands with some sites having high and some having low relative resilience potential. Generally, sites closest to the main population centers and near cleared lands had lower relative resilience potential than sites more remote from population centers. Since anthropogenic stressors are examined separate to the ecological resilience assessment, these results strongly suggest human activities are impacting the resilience potential of coral reefs near population centers.

Obj. 4 – Resilience Drivers: Herbivore average functional group (AFG) biomass and coral recruitment are the indicators that most distinguish sites in the resilience assessment from one another. These influential indicators need to continue to be assessed during research and monitoring activities. The processes these indicators measure are inter-related since herbivores clear algae from the substrate upon which coral recruits can then settle. Consequently, both are positively affected by actions that conserve herbivorous fish.

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Obj. 5 – Connectivity: There is great variation among the islands in the extent to which each is a source and destination for fish and coral larvae. The connectivity simulations indicate Saipan is roughly twice as great a source as Tinian and 10x that of Rota. Tinian and Saipan are comparable destinations and each is roughly twice as great a destination as Rota. These results help explain the lower relative resilience potential of reefs in Rota. These results also strongly suggest that actions taken to support the resilience of reefs in Rota may not be sufficient to overcome the limitations for recovery potential in Rota due to Rota having poor connectivity with the other large islands in the Marianas chain. Therefore, actions to support resilience are likely to be more effective in the long-term if implemented in Saipan and Tinian/Aguijan.

Obj. 6 - Assessing anthropogenic stressors and identifying management targets: 55 of the 78 forereef survey sites met at least one of the 6 criteria we set to identify targets for management actions that can support site and system resilience. We identified targets for: conservation, land-based sources of pollution reduction, fishery management and enforcement, bleaching monitoring and supporting recovery, reef restoration/coral translocation, and tourism outreach and stewardship. The criteria for the data queries we set are an innovation in streamlining how the results of ecological resilience assessments can inform management actions. Managers in CNMI can use the connectivity results as well as our observations of the Threatened coral species Acropora globiceps to further prioritize from among the identified sites. For example, actions in Saipan and Tinian/Aguijan may be more effective so can be prioritized (as above) and efficiencies can be gained for managers by supporting resilience at sites that meet one or more of the set criteria and have resident A. globiceps colonies.

Obj. 7 – Outreach and engagement: The results of this project have already been shared through presentations to local managers in CNMI, as well as regionally and globally via recorded webinars. In all, a wealth of data and information were produced during this project that can inform management decision- making and planning in CNMI for years to come. In this sense, a part of the project is just starting in that efforts will be ongoing for the years ahead to maximize the value of the data and results for supporting the resilience of CNMI’s diverse coral reefs.

This project report: provides further background both to this project and ecological resilience assessments in reef areas, describes our methods for assessing the various resilience indicators and anthropogenic stressors, shares highlights of our results and progress towards each of the objectives, identifies next steps, and has an appendix with tables and map graphics that expand upon the content within the main report. This report includes Site Summaries; 1-page overviews for each of the 84 sites we surveyed of the field data, resilience assessment results and the results of the queries that identify targets for various types of management actions.

Acknowledgments: Financial support for this applied research was provided by the NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program, USGS via the Pacific Islands Climate Science Center, Western Pacific Coral Reef Institute via the University of Guam, Senator Gregorio Kilili Sablan Funding in CNMI, and by the European Research Commission. Project planning and implementation benefited from collaboration with the CNMI Bureau of Environmental and Coastal Quality and MINA. Content within the paper represents the evolution of ideas discussed at workshops funded by the NOAA CRCP, GBRMPA, AIMS, IUCN, and UNEP. The authors thank all those that assisted with fieldwork. D. Tracey developed the figures and Site Summaries. The contents of this report are solely the opinions of the authors and do not constitute a statement of policy, decision, or position on behalf of NOAA or the U.S. Government.

7 Coral reef resilience and management in CNMI

Table of Contents

Project Background ...... 9

Introduction to coral reef resilience assessments ...... 10

Study Objectives ...... 11

Methods...... 12

Results ...... 18 Obj. 1 – Benthic Cover and Coral disease ...... 18 Obj. 2 – ESA-listed coral species ...... 20 Obj. 3. Relative Resilience ...... 22 Obj. 4 – Resilience drivers ...... 24 Obj. 5. Connectivity ...... 28 Obj. 6. Assessing anthropogenic stressors and identifying management targets ...... 29 Anthropogenic stressors: ...... 29 Identifying Management Targets: ...... 31 Conservation: ...... 31 LBSP Reduction: ...... 32 Fishery management and enforcement: ...... 33 Bleaching monitoring and supporting recovery: ...... 34 Reef restoration/coral translocation: ...... 35 Tourism outreach and stewardship: ...... 36 Summary for Identifying Targets for Management Actions: ...... 36

Summary Conclusions ...... 37

Next Steps ...... 39

References ...... 39

Appendix ...... 42

Site Summaries ...... 66

8 Coral reef resilience and management in CNMI

Project Background

Coral reef managers face the challenge of reducing vulnerability to the effects of climate change by reducing other sources of stress to support the resilience of reef systems (Anthony et al. 2014). Coral reef resilience is the capacity of a reef to resist or recover from degradation and maintain provision of ecosystem goods and services (Mumby et al. 2007). Resilience-based management (RBM) has been developed to overcome the challenges of reducing vulnerability in an era of rapid change (Bestelmeyer and Briske 2012). RBM involves the application of resilience theory and tools to deliver ecosystem-based management outcomes into the future (Chapin et al. 2009). RBM of coral reefs can include assessing spatial variation in resilience potential and then targeting and tailoring appropriate actions. Such assessments have been strongly recommended by coral reef ecology experts and leading conservation organizations (McClanahan et al. 2012; Graham et al. 2013, Anthony et al. 2014). However, there are few examples of assessments of resilience potential that have directly resulted in management actions (Maynard et al., 2010; Weeks & Jupiter, 2013).

In CNMI, undertaking resilience-based management became a priority following a bleaching event in 2000, which caused 60-70% coral mortality in some locations, and a less severe bleaching event in 2005 that coincided with an outbreak of crown-of-thorns starfish. Reef managers in CNMI became especially interested in identifying bleaching-vulnerable locations between 2009 and 2011. During these years the NOAA Coral Reef Watch tools suggested severe bleaching was possible. Fortunately, waters never warmed over reefs sufficiently to cause thermal bleaching between 2009 and 2011 due to high cloud cover and rainfall. This project then began in 2012, when the the CNMI Coral Reef Initiative (CRI) provided money to the local Bureau of Environmental and Coastal Quality to undertake a reef resilience study for the reefs near Saipan. 35 lagoon and forereef sites near Saipan were surveyed in 2012 and sites were ranked from highest to lowest relative resilience potential. The results of the resilience assessment were shared within a report that also included a range of suggestions for local managers to consider involving actions that would support the natural resilience of reefs in Saipan. The 2012 report is available on the NOAA CORIS website at this link: http://www.fpir.noaa.gov/Library/HCD/CoRIS_204_Saipan_Resilience_Report_Maynard_McK agan_2012.pdf. The resilience assessment is based on producing composite scores for resilience potential based on averaging values for variables that are indicators of resilience processes (e.g., recruitment and herbivore biomass). In the process used, values for each resilience indicator are compared to the maximum value for that indicator among the survey sites. This means that in 2012 we could only compare the sites we surveyed near Saipan.

This project sought to expand the surveys and analysis undertaken in 2012 so that coral reef sites near all of the populated islands in CNMI could be compared. In total, 49 more sites were surveyed at the 30-foot contour near the islands of Tinian and Aguijan as well as near Rota in May/June of 2014. These surveys followed the most extensive bleaching event documented in the Marianas Archipelago, which occurred in 2013 and affected 85% of nearshore coral taxa (Reynolds et al. 2014). In combination, the 2012 and 2014 surveys enabled our team to meet the initial objective set in the late 2000’s of identifying bleaching vulnerable locations. We have

9 Coral reef resilience and management in CNMI gone several steps further (see objectives list below) in that we have developed a decision- support framework for CNMI that identifies targets for different kinds of management actions. Prioritizing actions to the target sites we identify can help support the natural resilience of reefs in CNMI to future bleaching events and other disturbances.

All of the following are important differences between the methods and scope of this recent research effort and the results we reported on in 2012:

Changes:

 Lagoon sites in Saipan have been excluded from the main analysis and are reported on in the appended Site Summaries. This ensures all sites included in the analysis were surveyed at the same depth.  Fish surveys no longer include 10 m stationary point counts (SPCs); all SPCs included here are 5 m in diameter.  The resilience indicators are scaled based on perceived importance scores from a critical review of resilience indicators (McClanahan et al. 2012). Perceived importance was used instead of strength of scientific evidence because the availability of evidence for the indicators varies greatly due to the paucity of studies like that presented here.  Relative classes for resilience potential (low, medium-low, medium-high, and high) were set using the variance in the results as measured by the standard deviation.  Nutrients and sediments are combined here into a single proxy for land-based sources of pollution (LBSP).  LBSP and fishing access are separated here from the analysis of relative resilience potential; this ensures indicators of resilience processes are separated from stressors that challenge resilience potential.  The fishing access metric now includes distance from boat launch and shore access.

New additions:

 Queries of the indicators, final resilience scores and anthropogenic stressors are used here to identify targets for different types of management actions.  A map is provided showing the locations where coral species currently listed as Threatened under the Endangered Species Act were observed.  Connectivity simulations are used to examine larval connectivity among the islands of CNMI and Guam.  Species lists were generated for fish as well as coral using swim surveys at the conclusion of each survey dive.  Coral disease surveys were conducted at some of the survey sites (i.e., the sub-set of our survey sites for which our coral disease specialist was available).

Introduction to coral reef resilience assessments

The simplest method of incorporating resilience into coral reef conservation planning that others have used (i.e., not the focus here) is representation and replication during the spatial planning of

10 Coral reef resilience and management in CNMI marine protected areas (MPAs) and networks (Fernandes et al. 2005, Grimsditch & Salm 2006, Mcleod et al. 2009). Ensuring that a range of habitat types are represented and replicated within protected areas spreads risk and increases the likelihood that at least a few resilient areas will be protected and connected to support recovery (McLeod et al. 2009). Assessments of resilience potential, the approach used here, are more resource-intensive, but can provide important planning and management guidance to supplement a representation and replication approach. Resilience assessments can help to target a wide range of management initiatives to support reef resilience. Many of these actions may be more tractable or politically viable in many jurisdictions than MPAs are (e.g., quotas, gear restrictions, community management; MacNeil et al. 2015).

Assessing the resilience potential of coral reefs was first conceptually developed in Salm et al. (2001) and later in West and Salm (2003) in the wake of the 1998 coral bleaching event. These authors made the case that there are physical and ecological characteristics of coral reefs that provide some reefs with a greater likelihood of resisting and/or recovering from disturbances such as coral bleaching. These characteristics, which we have come to refer to as ‘resilience indicators’ (McClanahan et al. 2012), are variables that can be assessed or measured. Obura and Grimsditch (2009) were the first to develop an approach to assess the ecological resilience of coral reefs, which included recommending 61 resilience indicators. Their report identified a wide range of potentially important indicators but contained limited guidance on implementation and consequently has been challenging to apply. Maynard et al. (2010) then applied a resilience assessment framework in the southern Great Barrier Reef using a sub-set (30) of the indicators recommended within the IUCN (2009) report. That case study was the first to scale resilience indicators based on perceived relative importance and the first coral reef resilience assessment to inform a management decision; the designation of no-anchoring areas (Maynard et al. 2010, Beeden et al. 2014).

To prioritize resilience indicators to help make resilience assessments more feasible, McClanahan et al. (2012) surveyed reef scientists and managers to assess the perceived importance, strength of scientific evidence and feasibility of assessment/measurement of 31 resilience indicators. Within this review, eleven resilience indicators were prioritized for use in resilience assessments. The study results added to the body of evidence that while ecosystems are complex, they are “frequently controlled by just a few strong variables operating at a given scale”. This report presents the results of the first field-based implementation of the resilience assessment framework recommended within McClanahan et al. (2012). In doing so, we describe a detailed and adaptable process that can guide the implementation of ecological resilience assessments in coral reef areas.

Study Objectives

This applied research project has a large scope that includes: assessments of benthic cover, identification of all coral and fish species, the resilience assessments, connectivity simulations, a management decision-support framework, and our ongoing efforts to share the project results and inform management actions and planning. Several of the objectives emerged from conversations with partners about how to create added value from the study, which highlights the

11 Coral reef resilience and management in CNMI level of collaboration and flexibility that characterized this project. The 7 objectives are listed in a sequence that describes the progression of our work starting with our field surveys and concluding with our current outreach and engagement efforts. The objectives form the primary section sub-titles in the Materials and Methods, Results and Summary Conclusions sections.

Obj. 1. Benthic Cover and Disease– Assess the percentage cover of major benthic groups and assess coral disease prevalence

Obj. 2. ESA-listed Coral Species – Identify coral species listed as Threatened under the Endangered Species Act

Obj. 3. Relative Resilience – Assess the relative resilience potential of forereef sites within and among the surveyed islands

Obj. 4. Resilience Drivers – Determine the primary drivers of differences in resilience potential at the island and CNMI-wide scale

Obj. 5. Connectivity – Assess the extent to which each surveyed island is a source and destination of coral and fish larvae using connectivity simulations

Obj. 6. Assessing Anthropogenic Stressors and Identifying Management Targets – Identify priority areas to target management actions that can support reef resilience.

Obj. 7. Outreach and Engagement – Ensure project results are accessible to local managers in CNMI, understood and used to inform management decisions and planning.

Methods

Field surveys were conducted at forereef sites (8-12 m) of the fringing reefs of the three main populated islands of the CNMI: Saipan (May 2012, n=28), Tinian and Aguijan, (May-June 2014, n=25), and Rota (May-June 2014, n=24, see Table S1 in the appendix for coordinates and Figure 2 for locations). The sites surveyed represent the full range of ecological settings and physical conditions as well as roughly even spatial coverage of the forereef around each of the islands (i.e., a survey site every 1-2 miles along the island coastlines). We also conducted field surveys at 7 sites within the Saipan lagoon and report on results from those surveys for objectives 1 and 2 (see pages 79-84 in the Site Summaries appendix). Methods used to meet all of the study objectives are described below. Obj. 1. Benthic Cover and Disease

Three 50 m point-intercept transects were laid sequentially with 2-10 m gaps along the same depth (8-10 m for reef sites) at all sites. At 50 cm intervals (100 per transect, 300 per site), the benthos was categorized as live coral, soft coral, dead coral, sand, rubble, pavement (bare hard substrate without crustose coralline algae (CCA)), macroalgae, turf algae, other invertebrates (i.e., sponges and sea stars), or CCA. The cover of each group was expressed as a percentage

12 Coral reef resilience and management in CNMI number of points for each transect and then values for transects were averaged. Benthic cover results are summarized in a table and within pie charts in the Site Summaries appendix.

Coral disease surveys were conducted at a sub-set of the sites surveyed in Rota (16 of 24) and Tinian/Aguijan (10 of 25). All coral species were identified within three 20x1 m belt transects. The two longest lengths of each coral colony were measured and corals were assessed as healthy or diseased. Diseases were identified and included: white syndromes, skeletal eroding band, black band, growth anomalies or cyano-bacterial mat. Tables are used to summarize the results from the surveys of disease prevalence.

Obj. 2. ESA-listed coral species

Twenty two species of coral are now protected under the Endangered Species Act. Twenty new corals were added in 2015 to the two corals listed as Threatened in 2006. Fifteen of the newly listed species occur in the Indo-Pacific and of these Acropora globiceps, Acropora retusa, and Seriatopora aculeata are known to occur in CNMI. All stony corals were identified to species during our field surveys (see coral diversity, in Table 1). Maps were produced to show where A. globiceps was observed during the 2012 and 2014 field surveys as this was the only coral of the three Threatened that we observed.

Obj. 3. Relative resilience

6 of the 11 resilience indicators recommended in McClanahan et al. (2012) were included in the assessment: coral diversity, bleaching resistance, coral recruitment, macroalgae cover, herbivore AFG biomass, and temperature variability. Herbivore diversity was added due to the growing body of evidence that herbivore diversity is as important to coral reef and herbivorous fish community resilience as biomass (Green et al. 2009; Heenan and Williams 2013).

The remaining 5 of the 11 indicators recommended in McClanahan et al. 2012 are coral disease, nutrients (pollution), sedimentation, physical human impacts (anchor and fin damage) and fishing pressure. Coral disease was assessed at a sub-set of the survey sites (see related objective) so could not be included in the resilience assessment. Physical human impacts were not observed so are not described within this report. Proxies we developed to assess nutrients (pollution), sedimentation and fishing pressure, which we call fishing access, are described in the Identifying Management Targets section. These anthropogenic stressors challenge reef resilience (i.e., rather than being indicators of resilience processes), which is why they were excluded from the calculation of composite scores for resilience potential.

The resilience indicators were assessed in the field, excepting temperature variability, which was assessed using remote sensing. Methods for assessment or measurement of each of the resilience indicators are described in Table 1.

The resilience assessment compared sites among (inter-island analysis) and within (intra-island analysis) the surveyed islands. Once data were collected and compiled for each indicator, values for each variable were normalized to a uni-directional scale of 0-1 by: dividing by the maximum value for the variable among all 78 sites (inter-island analysis), and dividing by the maximum

13 Coral reef resilience and management in CNMI

value for the variable among sites surveyed at each island (intra-island analysis). To ensure that high scores always infer higher relative resilience potential, normalized scores were inverted for macroalgae cover. The normalized scores were then scaled based on differences in the perceived importance of each variable to resistance and recovery from Table 2 in McClanahan et al. (2012). Bleaching resistance had the highest perceived importance score of 15.57, which is 1.37x the value of the lowest perceived importance score for our variables of 11.43 for coral recruitment. Scaling multipliers are as follows: macroalgae cover – 1, bleaching resistance – 1.37, coral recruitment – 1, coral diversity – 1.08, temperature variability – 1.22, herbivore biomass – 1.02. The scaled scores are then averaged and are normalized again by dividing by the maximum value, which results in resilience potential scores ranging from 0-1 that are expressed as a percentage of the site with the greatest score. Sites are ranked from highest to lowest score. Relative classifications for resilience scores are as follows: high (final scores that are greater than 1 sd above average), medium-high (avg), medium-low (avg-1sd), and low (

Table 1. Field-survey and desktop-based methods for resilience indicators used and for two anthropogenic stressors (denoted by *).

Variable name Methods (unit) Macroalgae Average percent of points classified as fleshy macroalgae (>5 cm in height) on three 50-m point- cover (%) intercept transects where points were classified at 50-cm intervals. 12-16 0.25 m2 quadrats thrown in a stratified random manner ~10 m on left and right sides of the three 50-m transect tapes used to assess macroalgae cover (Starmer and Houk 2008). All stony corals were identified to species and the longest diameter and perpendicular diameter Coral community measured for all colonies that fell within the quadrat. Species were classified from 1-5 from low to high bleaching susceptibility. Susceptibility ratings (see Table S2) were produced using an expert focus group that reviewed the literature, as well as data from the only well documented bleaching event in Saipan (in 2001). Bleaching Percent of the community made up of species considered to be resistant (rating <3, see Table resistance (%) S2). Average density of corals with a geometric mean <5 cm within the assessed quadrats; we Coral recruitment 2 assess new recruits so exclude massive and encrusting colonies that commonly have parts of (#/m ) larger colonies that are <5 cm (e.g., P. rus). The inverse of Simpson’s index of diversity, which is based on the frequency each species was observed and the species richness. The resultant value ranges from 0-1 and assesses the Coral diversity probability two species selected at random from the sampled community will be different, so (unitless) higher percentages equate to higher diversity. The formula for Simspon’s index is D = (Σ n(n- 1))/(N(N-1) where, where n = the total number of organisms of a particular species, and N = the total number of organisms of all species observed. The fish community was assessed using three 3-minute 5-meter radius stationary point counts (SPC’s) performed along each of the 50 m transect lines (9 SPCs in total), which is in keeping with recommendations from a power analysis previously undertaken in the region (Houk and Starmer 2010). All herbivorous fish and all other fish larger than 8 cm in body length were Herbivorous fish identified to species, and their length was estimated to the nearest cm. The weight of each fish community in grams was then calculated using standard weight-length relationships (WLRs). The coefficients used were sourced from NOAA’s Coral Reef Ecosystem Division (Weijerman et al. 2013). Species were classified as herbivores using IUCN classifications and were grouped as: 1) browsers, 2) grazers/detritivores, and 3) scrapers/excavators (Green et al. 2009).

14 Coral reef resilience and management in CNMI

Variable name Methods (unit) The ‘herbivore average functional group (AFG) biomass’ was calculated in kg/ha. The biomass of the 3 major herbivore functional groups (1) browsers, 2) grazers/detritivores, and 3) scrapers/excavators) was calculated first and then these values were normalized by dividing by Herbivore AFG the maximum value among (inter-island analysis) and within (intra-island analysis) the islands. biomass (kg/ha) These normalized values were then averaged and then re-normalised to produce the final Herbivore AFG biomass (kg/ha) value (assumes all groups are equally important). The herbivore AFG biomass is thus inclusive of herbivore diversity but not directly comparable to other ‘total’ herbivore biomass values that are typically reported. Observed sea surface temperature (SST) data for the period 1982-2012 was obtained from NOAA Pathfinder Version 5.2 (4-km resolution, Casey et al. 2010). The final value used is the Temperature standard deviation (SD) of warm season temperatures with warm season defined as the three variability months that center on the month with the maximum monthly mean temperature for the 1982- (unitless) 2012 period (Heron et al. in review). High warm season temperature variability may reduce bleaching sensitivity so higher SD values may be associated with higher resilience. Geographic information system (GIS) layers were developed pertaining to watershed size, topography, land use (vegetation types are considered equal) and human population (landuse data from United States Forest Service, http://www.fs.usda.gov/r5). The proxy represented a measure of land-based influence to coastal water quality based on the coverage of barren land *Land-based (no vegetation), urbanized areas, and human populations. Digital elevation models (i.e., sources of topographic data) were used to define watershed boundaries and flow patterns for surface pollution discharge, and then each of our forereef survey sites was attributed to an adjacent watershed. (unitless) The proxy was calculated by multiplying standardized values for altered landuse and human populations (i.e., landuse x human population interactions). The proxy is not inclusive of any ongoing management actions since information on spatial variation in their efficacy was not available for this study. Future studies may include action efficacy in calculating proxy scores and/or greater in situ water quality data once available. A primary driver of fishing pressure in CNMI is access, which is influenced by wave height and distance to boat launches and beach access points (Houk et al. 2012). Site-based wave exposures were calculated based upon 10-year wind-speed records, fetch distances to the nearest reef or land feature, and angles of exposure. The equation used for mean wave height is Hm = 0.019 U1.1 F.45, where Hm is the wave height (m) for each quadrant, U is the *Accessibility windspeed at an elevation of 10m, and F is the fetch (km) (Quikscat wind datasets from 1999 to due to wave 2009; https://winds.jpl.nasa.gov/, wave energy in J/m3, full description found in Ekebom et al. exposure (fishing 2003, Chollett & Mumby 2012). Average wave heights were then converted to energy following access, unitless) E = (1/8)pgH2, Where ρ is the water density (kg/m3), g is the acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/s2), and H is the wave height (m). This process resulted in continuous data on wave exposure, expressed in terms of wave energy. The final value used was calculated by multiplying standardized wave energies and distances to the nearest points of fishing access (i.e., wave and distance interactions). Values for wave exposure and accessibility were considered to be ‘0’ for all protected areas irrespective of wave energy at the site.

Obj. 4. Resilience drivers

Understanding which variables most influence differences in resilience potential is another valuable product of resilience assessments. This is because the indicators most influencing rankings are: 1) the most important to include in monitoring programs, and 2) may reveal the types of management actions that would benefit the greatest number of sites. Since the scaling factors used to weight the indicators based on differences in perceived importance were small (1- 1.37), indicators with the greatest variability most drove differences in the resilience rankings. We plotted the average + 1 standard deviation and maximum and minimum values for the final resilience scores and for the normalized values for the resilience indicators for the inter- and

15 Coral reef resilience and management in CNMI intra-island analyses. We compare the range of values among the indicators for the inter-island analysis and among the indicators for the 3 island-scale analyses and identify which indicators have highest and lowest range and variability. We also used a canonical analysis of principal coordinates (CAP) (Anderson and Willis 2003) to examine which indicators were driving differences in resilience potential across the four relative classifications for the inter- and intra- island analyses. The CAP was based on Bray-Curtis similarity matrices where variables that might be responsible for group differences are investigated by calculating the Spearman-Rank correlations of canonical ordination axes with the original indicator variables (Anderson et al. 2008).

Obj. 5. Connectivity

Larval connectivity among the surveyed islands and with other islands in and outside of the 15- island Marianas archipelago was examined using computer simulations that tracked cohorts of virtual fish and coral larvae transported according to an ocean circulation model (Kendall and Poti 2015). Daily current vectors for the 0-10 m depth layer were from the Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model’s (HYCOM) Global Hindcast. Virtual larvae were spawned seasonally from 2004- 2012 at islands in and around the Marianas. Larval production was scaled to each island’s area of potential reef ecosystem as calculated from GEBCO/NOAA bathymetry. Maximum Pelagic Larval Durations (PLD) of 10, 20, 50, and 100 days were simulated where larvae were competent to settle once 60% of their maximum PLD elapsed. In one set of simulations, representing larvae with minimal and no swimming capability (corals), larvae could only settle at a destination with potential reef habitat. In another set of simulations, representing larvae with strong sensory and swimming capabilities (reef fish), larvae could settle within 18 km of potential reef habitat. A constant mortality rate was applied following competency, which resulted in 100 % mortality by the end of each maximum PLD. Matrices were produced for each PLD that state the number of larvae transported from and to each of 6 locations (Saipan/Marpi Bank, Tinian/Aguijan, Rota, Other Mariana Islands, Guam and Other archipelagos). For each PLD, total larval contributions to and from each of our survey islands were converted to percentages of the maximum value, expressing the extent to which each surveyed island is a source or destination relative to the maximum source/destination. These values were then all averaged across all four PLDs for each of the two simulations (with and without the 18-km buffer). Connectivity simulations were used to: 1) interpret spatial variation found in relative resilience potential, and 2) determine where actions are most needed to maintain larvae supply and least likely to be effective due to low larvae supply.

Obj. 6. Assessing Anthropogenic Stressors and Identifying Management Targets

We calculated values for each survey site for two anthropogenic stressors: LBSP and accessibility due to wave exposure. Nutrients and sediments were combined into a single proxy for land-based sources of pollution, which combines watershed size, the coverage of barren land, and human population density. Management actions on land implemented to improve water quality in reef areas were not included as part of this study. The LBSP values at each reef site (i.e., associated with each watershed) could be modified to take account of effective control of sediments and nutrients if metrics for management effectiveness for the relevant actions can be developed. Accessibility due to wave exposure is a proxy for ‘fishing access’ and pressure that

16 Coral reef resilience and management in CNMI

combines average wave energy with distance to boat access and human population density at the closest access point. Methods for our development of these are described in Table 1.

The scores for relative resilience potential, individual resilience indicators, and the proxies for anthropogenic stress were queried using 6 criteria to identify sites that are targets for different types of management actions. These action types were chosen as they reflect the range of options available to reef managers in CNMI. High resilience sites are more likely to persist as disturbance frequencies increase under climate change so are considered priority targets for several of the queries. The queries include identifying targets for: Conservation, LBSP reduction, Fishery management and enforcement, Bleaching monitoring and supporting recovery, Reef restoration/coral translocation and Tourism outreach and stewardship. The criteria used for each of these queries are presented in Table 2. Sites identified using these queries were then further prioritized at the island-scale based on the larval connectivity results; sites were considered to be of higher priority if at an island that is a relatively great source and/or destination of larvae.

Table 2. Criteria for queries used to suggest targets for different types of management actions in CNMI (see Figure 5). The lists of relevant management actions are examples only and those lists and this set of queries are not meant to be exhaustive; other queries and actions will be relevant for other jurisdictions.

Query name Criteria (n of 78) Relevant management actions High or low resilience potential and are currently outside established no-take MPAs Any of the actions described below (as Conservation (i.e., excludes medium-high and medium-low appropriate) resilience sites) (14) Afforestation, stream bank stabilization, Above average scores for resilience riparian restoration, road and storm drain Land-based sources of potential and land-based sources of pollution improvement, other erosion control pollution reduction (13) practices, wetland enhancement and sewage treatment upgrades Above average resilience potential and Increased enforcement, marine protected above average accessibility due to wave 1 1 areas , temporary closures , LMMAs, size Fishery management and exposure (10) OR regulations and bag and catch limits, enforcement Below average herbivore AFG biomass and moorings and no-anchoring areas, marine above average accessibility due to wave debris removal exposure (15) OR both (6) Increased monitoring during warm seasons, shading or other cooling Bleaching monitoring and Low bleaching resistance and low herbivore measures, supporting recovery processes supporting recovery AFG biomass (20) through LBSP reduction or fishery management and enforcement Reef restoration/coral Above average resilience potential and low Priority coral nursery and transplantation translocation coral diversity or coral cover (10) area, artificial reef installation Above average coral diversity and above Establish moorings, undertake targeted Tourism outreach and average fish species richness and biomass outreach, develop stewardship and/or stewardship and above average accessibility due to wave citizen science programs, marine debris exposure (2) removal 1 Not an anticipated action in CNMI at this time but will likely be important for other regions.

17 Coral reef resilience and management in CNMI

Obj. 7. Outreach and Engagement

Data and results presented within this report are being discussed extensively with local manager partners in CNMI and in Guam. Our outreach and engagement efforts include: 1) data provision, 2) presentation and discussion of project results, and 3) collaborative review of our reporting materials.

Data provision – We developed a data folder for the project that includes raw data and final results for our work towards study objectives 1-6. These data are in tables within Excel spreadsheets and are within an ArcGIS layer package (*.lpk), which enables data for the resilience indicators and final resilience potential results to presented visually as maps. The data have been provided to local agencies in CNMI at the time of review of this report and are open access so can be requested in any format by anyone reading this report by emailing the first or second author.

Presentation and discussion of project results – Project results were shared with local agencies in CNMI via a webinar, during local agency meetings, at the Guam Coral Reef Symposium and at the NOAA PIFSC Insular Fisheries Meeting in Saipan (all in March/April of 2015). At each occasion, the results were discussed among participants and plans were made by representatives from local agencies to more broadly share the results within agencies during meetings. Further presentations and discussion of the results are planned for meetings to be held in the upcoming 6 months.

Review of reporting materials – Members of local agencies in CNMI were invited to review this report and the Site Summaries appendix during a 6-week review period and were asked to provide input to the content and format of the reports.

Results

Our results for each objective are summarized below in the form of highlights we hope staff from local agencies in CNMI will use in other reports, presentations, and grant applications. We refer frequently to the report appendix, which contains many other tables and map figures that comprehensively present the project results.

Obj. 1 – Benthic Cover and Coral disease

 Average values for the major benthic categories are as follows: live coral (35%), turf algae (18%), pavement (15%), CC algae (11%) and macroalgae (9%, Table 3).

 The average percent cover of live coral and macroalgae were similar in Saipan and Tinian/Aguijan; ~38% for live coral and ~7% for macroalgae.

 On average, coral cover was ~10% lower on Rota than in Saipan or Tinian/Aguijan (~28% versus ~38%) and macroalgae cover on Rota was twice that observed in Saipan or Tinian/Aguijan (~14% versus ~7%).

18 Coral reef resilience and management in CNMI

 Coral cover was highest at Fishing Base Staghorn, a lagoon site near Saipan, where coral cover was 100% in 2012 (this site experienced severe bleaching in 2013). Among the forereef sites, there are four sites where coral cover was > 70%: Bird Island and Lighthouse Reef in Saipan, Unlikely Wall in Tinian, and Coral Gardens in Rota (see Figure 2 and Table S1 for locations). There are only 3 sites (of 84) where coral cover was lower than 10%: Oleai Staghorn (lagoon) and Tuturam in Saipan and Joanne’s Reef in Rota.

 Macroalgae cover was >30% at 6 of the survey sites: Quartermaster Staghorn, South Dakota and Tuturam in Saipan, and Sailigai Point, South Sanctuary and Talakhaya in Rota.

 The lower coral cover and higher macroalgae cover observed in Rota may be a consequence of the lower coral recruitment and herbivore AFG biomass there (see Obj. 4 results), which is likely a consequence of the poor connectivity between Rota and Saipan, Tinian/Aguijan and Guam (see Obj. 5 results below).

The average percent cover for the 10 categories used to describe the benthic communities (see Table 3) is shown for all survey sites in Table S3 in the appendix, as well as in pie charts within the Site Summaries.

Table 3. Average percent cover and standard deviation for the 10 categories used to describe the benthic communities at the survey islands. Colors match what are used within the pie-charts for benthic cover shown within the Site Summaries.

AVERAGE (%) Live Soft Dead Macro- Turf Other CC Island Coral Coral Coral Sand Rubble Pavement algae Algae Inverts Algae All Average 35.00 0.76 0.47 7.04 1.22 14.82 9.15 17.72 0.82 11.39 islands StDEV 17.84 1.59 1.80 7.30 3.35 16.09 13.83 16.30 1.79 11.79 Average 37.88 0.08 0.00 8.06 1.92 17.57 6.83 20.48 0.59 2.99 Saipan StDEV 20.03 0.35 0.00 8.42 3.88 21.56 14.68 19.59 1.08 4.74 Tinian/ Average 37.95 1.25 1.29 6.64 1.21 12.23 7.99 16.52 0.47 14.27 Aguijan StDEV 14.37 1.81 3.01 7.51 3.90 9.75 11.98 11.65 1.05 9.17 Average 27.74 1.24 0.29 5.99 0.21 13.51 13.75 14.96 1.51 20.65 Rota StDEV 16.22 2.07 1.09 5.07 0.70 11.29 13.78 15.13 2.82 13.21

 The coral diseases observed include white syndromes, black band disease, skeletal eroding band, and growth anomalies. The average coral disease prevalence (+stdev) in Tinian/Aguijan and Rota is 3.47+2.65%.

19 Coral reef resilience and management in CNMI

 Greater than 85% of the coral disease observed was white syndromes. Haina Point and Agatasi in Tinian are the only two sites for which any of the other diseases observed had a prevalence >1% (skeletal eroding band).

 Average prevalence values for the coral diseases observed in Tinian/Aguijan and Rota are not significantly different. Average (+stdev) coral disease prevalence in Tinian/Aguijan is 3.85+2.99% and in Rota is 2.85+1.96%.

Results for the coral disease surveys are shown for all sites where these surveys were conducted within Table S4 in the appendix, which includes average prevalence (and standard deviation) values for Tinian/Aguijan and Rota.

Obj. 2 – ESA-listed coral species

Acropora globiceps is primarily expected to be observed between 0 and 8 meters. Our forereef sureveys took place between 8 and 12 meters yet A. globiceps was observed during many of our surveys (A. globiceps review: http://www.fpir.noaa.gov/Graphics/PRD/Coral/Acropora_globiceps.pdf). This implies that A. globiceps is even more common in CNMI than our surveys suggest as this species may also be present in the shallow waters near our survey sites.

 Acropora globiceps was observed at all of the surveyed islands. A. globiceps was observed at only one site in Saipan but was observed at half of the sites surveyed in Tinian/Aguijan (12 of 25; including 3 of 4 Aguijan sites) and Rota (13 of 24, Figure 1). A. globiceps was also observed in the shallows (<4 m) at Unai Chulu, Unai Babui_MMT, and Unai Lam Lam (see *, Figure 1).

 There are no apparent relationships between the presence of A. globiceps and environmental conditions, such as wave height/energy.

 Where present, A globiceps has a low density and there is little variation in the density of A. globiceps among the sites where this species was observed.

20 Coral reef resilience and management in CNMI

Figure 1. Locations where A. globiceps was observed when field data were collected in May and June of 2012 and 2014 for the ecological resilience assessment described within this report. These data were collected by coral biologists S. Johnson and L. Johnston of the CNMI Bureau of Environmental and Coastal Quality and by L. Raymundo of the University of Guam Marine Laboratory.

21 Reef resilience in the Marianas_Supplementary Material

Obj. 3. Relative Resilience

Inter-island analysis:

 7 sites were assessed as having high relative resilience, 37 medium-high, 24 medium- low, and 10 have low relative resilience.

 There is great spatial variation among the islands in whether there are high and low resilience sites. All of the high resilience sites are in Saipan and Tinian/Aguijan and most of these, 5 of 7, are in Saipan. There is at least one low resilience site at each island though 7 of the 10 low resilience sites are in Rota (see pg. 1 of Site Summaries).

 The highest-scoring site, Nanasu Reef, is on the exposed side of Saipan (see 1 in Figure 2) and has high or medium-high scores for four of six variables (has low bleaching resistance and temperature variability).

 The lowest scoring site is Sailigai Point on the northern leeward side of Rota (see 78 in Figure 2); the score of 0.62 means the lowest score for relative resilience potential is 38% lower than the highest score. Sailigai Point has low or medium-low scores for all variables excepting temperature variability (see pg. 78 of Site Summaries).

 The marine protected areas, Bird Island, Forbidden Island, Managaha and Tank Beach at Saipan [2, 13, 27, and 33, Figure 1] are medium-high or high resilience sites and the MPAs at Sasanhaya and Coral Gardens at Rota [48, 49, Figure 1] are medium-low resilience sites.

Normalised values for each of the resilience indicators and relative classifications (low-high) for indicators and the final resilience scores are shown within Tables S5a,b in the appendix.

Intra-island analysis:

 There are >2 sites at each island with resilience scores above or below the distribution defined by the average + 1 standard deviation (i.e., high or low resilience sites (Figure 3).

 The general pattern is that the sites with high intra-island resilience potential are on the exposed sides of the islands and thus least accessible to humans, which applies to 7 of the 9 total high resilience sites.

 6 of the 9 total low resilience sites in the intra-island analysis are directly offshore of human communities (i.e., within 2 km, Figure 3). Sites with higher relative resilience potential tended to be furthest from these centers. This is not due to auto-correlation since the anthropogenic stress proxies used for LBSP and fishing access are not included in the resilience potential scores. Rather, these stressors are likely acting on several of the resilience indicators. For example, sites with lower relative resilience tended to have

22 Reef resilience in the Marianas_Supplementary Material

lower herbivore AFG biomass, lower recruitment and higher macroalgae cover, which can be influenced by fishing practices and water quality.

Figure 2. Inter-island relative resilience potential of the 78 forereef survey sites in CNMI. Resilience rankings are from highest to lowest resilience score; the average score for the 6 resilience indicators after normalizing and scaling scores among islands (see Tables S5a,b). Relative classifications for resilience scores are as follows: high (>avg+1sd), medium-high (avg), medium-low (avg-1sd), and low (

23 Reef resilience in the Marianas_Supplementary Material

Figure 3. Intra-island relative resilience potential of the 78 forereef survey sites in the Mariana Islands. Resilience rankings at each island are from highest to lowest resilience score; the average score for the 6 resilience indicators after normalizing and scaling scores within islands (Tinian and Aguijan are grouped) (see Tables S6a,b-S8a,b). Site names are per Figure 2 where these intra-island rankings are shown in square brackets ‘[]’ next to the inter-island ranking.

Obj. 4 – Resilience drivers

 Herbivore AFG biomass and coral recruitment were the indicators with the greatest range of values and variability for the inter-island analysis and this was the case for all three islands (Figure 4).

 It was possible that high and low resilience sites could have these classifications as a result of having high scores for different indicators, which we examined using a CAP analysis. For the intra- and inter-island analysis, the CAP analysis indicated that herbivore AFG biomass and coral recruitment were most strongly associated with high and medium-high resilience sites (Figure 5).

 Without exception, high resilience sites have high scores for herbivore AFG biomass and coral recruitment and all low resilience sites have below average scores for herbivore AFG biomass and usually below average scores for coral recruitment (2 of 10 have medium-high scores, Figures 6 and 7).

24 Reef resilience in the Marianas_Supplementary Material

Figure 4. Distribution of normalized values for the resilience scores for the inter-island and intra-island analyses, and for the resilience indicators and anthropogenic stressors (see also Figures 1 and 2). Symbols represent average values, the whiskers equal 1 sd, and the small dots are the minimum values; maximum values are all 1.0 (dashed line). Relative classifications for resilience scores and resilience indicator scores are as follows: high (final scores that are >1 sd above average (avg) as long as <1), medium-high (avg), medium-low (avg-1sd), and low (

 Coral recruitment, as measured by densities of coral recruits (<5 cm) per meter2, tended to be higher in Saipan and Tinian/Aguijan than in Rota. Greater than half of the sites surveyed in Saipan and Tinian/Aguijan had above-average recruitment while 2/3rds of the sites in Rota had below-average recruitment (Figure 6).

 5 of the 11 high recruitment sites are in Saipan, 4 are in Tinian and 2 are in Rota. 9 of the 12 low recruitment sites are in Rota and the remaining 3 are in Tinian (Figure 6).

 Spatial patterns in herbivore AFG biomass (average herbivore functional group biomass) are very similar to the patterns for coral recruitment. Values for our herbivore AFG biomass metric were greatest on average in Saipan where herbivore functional group diversity is greatest and lowest in Rota where grazing parrotfish are typically larger than in Saipan but functional group diversity is lower. The excavator and browser biomass in Rota was lower than was typical of the other islands.

 Most of the sites with above average herbivore AFG biomass are on the exposed sides of the islands, suggesting links between accessibility due to wave exposure (see Figure 7) and herbivore AFG biomass.

25 Reef resilience in the Marianas_Supplementary Material

 In this study, herbivore AFG biomass is clearly one of the largest drivers of resilience potential, which has important management implications. Management actions to maintain herbivore AFG biomass are likely to be the most important management actions in CNMI to support resilience for all sites surveyed. These results support continuing the current gear restriction regulations and other ongoing fisheries management actions.

Figure 5. Canonical analysis of principal coordinates showing the relative contribution of six resilience indicators (overlaid as vectors) to the overall resilience of reef sites for the inter-island analysis (A) and intra-island analyses (B-D). For each analysis, high and medium-high resilience sites are associated with high herbivore AFG biomass, coral diversity and coral recruitment and low macroalgae cover. Squared canonical correlation values (δ2) of the first and second ordination axes are 0.603 and 0.112 for all islands, 0.690 and 0.364 for Saipan, 0.697 and 0.001 for Tinian, 0.727 and 0.088 for Rota.

26 Reef resilience in the Marianas_Supplementary Material

Figure 6. Coral recruitment results from the inter-island analysis (see also Table S5a,b). Colors are as per Figure 2.

Figure 7. Herbivore AFG biomass results from the inter-island analysis (see also Table S5a,b). Colors are as per Figure 2.

27 Reef resilience in the Marianas_Supplementary Material

Obj. 5. Connectivity

 Saipan is the biggest source of coral and fish larvae for all four of the PLDs used (10, 20, 50 and 100 days) and for both simulations (with and without larvae swimming capability, Tables S9,10).

 For both simulations, Tinian/Aguijan contributes ~50% as much larvae back to the reefs of the CNMI as Saipan. Depending on the PLD, Rota, a much smaller source based on potential habitat area, only contributes 10-30% as much larvae to reefs of the CNMI as Saipan (Tables S9,10).

 The results vary more when comparing the extent to which each island is a destination for larvae among PLDs and for the two simulations (Table S8). For the 0-km buffer simulation Tinian is the biggest larvae destination for all PLDs, Saipan is 53-98% the destination that Tinian is and Rota is a far greater destination for larvae as PLD increases (5% for 10-day PLD and 90% for 100-day (Tables S9,10)).

 For the 18-km buffer simulation, Saipan and Tinian are comparable destinations for the 10 and 20-day PLDs. Tinian is the greatest destination for the 50-day PLD and Rota is the greatest destination for the 100-day PLD (Table S10).

 Considering both simulations together and all PLDs combined, Saipan is roughly twice as great a source as Tinian and 10x that of Rota. Tinian and Saipan are comparable destinations and each is roughly twice as great a destination as Rota (Table 4).

 The lower relative resilience potential of the reefs in Rota may be due to poor connectivity to the large larvae sources of Saipan, Tinian/Aguijan, and Guam. There are two lines of evidence that suggest that this is the case. Firstly, the results of our connectivity simulations indicate that Rota is roughly half the larvae destination that either Saipan or Tinian/Aguijan is. Rota is only 10% the larvae source the larger islands are and is the poorest self-recruiter; lesser amounts and percentages of the 20, 50 and 100-PLD larvae from Rota arrive at Rota reefs for both our simulations than is the case for Saipan or Tinian/Aguijan. The second line of evidence supports the first. Average scores in Rota are lower for all four of the resilience indicators that relate to connectivity than average scores for these indicators for the other islands. Herbivore AFG biomass and coral recruitment are both lower on average in Rota. Perhaps consequently, macroalgae cover is higher and coral diversity is also lower in Rota.

 In CNMI, management actions (described next) implemented in Saipan and Tinian/Aguijan will be more helpful in maintaining larvae supply than in Rota since Saipan and Tinian/Aguian are each roughly an order of magnitude greater a larvae source than Rota. Also, management actions may not be sufficient to support the resilience potential in Rota due to the limited availability of larvae for settlement in Rota.

28 Reef resilience in the Marianas_Supplementary Material

Improving conditions in Rota in future decades may require reef restoration and coral translocation.

Table 4. The extent to which each of our survey islands is a source/destination relative to the maximum source/destination among the three island groups. These values are averages of the normalized values for source/destination extent of all four pelagic larval durations examined (10, 20, 50 and 100-day), which are shown in the bottom row and right-most column of the tables comprising Tables S9,10. Results for two connectivity simulations are shown; the first (0-km buffer) assumes larvae have limited swimming capability and must arrive at the reef location and the second (18-km buffer) assumes swimming capability and that the larvae need only arrive within two model grid cells (18-km) of reef locations at our survey islands. As an example interpretation, Tinian/Aguijan supplied 59% of the number of larvae that Saipan supplied in the first simulation (see 0.59 source value); and 46% of that number in the second simulation (see 0.46 source value).

0-km buffer Source Destination Saipan 1.00 0.73 Tinian/Aguijan 0.59 1.00 Rota 0.11 0.40

18-km buffer Saipan 1.00 0.76 Tinian/Aguijan 0.46 0.86 Rota 0.12 0.60

Obj. 6. Assessing anthropogenic stressors and identifying management targets

Anthropogenic stressors:

 Land-based sources of pollution, as assessed using our proxy, are within the average +1 standard deviation at all but 3 of the sites where LBSP values are low. The sites with high values for LBSP are in Saipan in Lao Lao Bay (Tuturam) and near the township of Garapan in the center of the western side of Saipan (Peysonnellia Reef and Managaha Patch Reef_MMT, Figure 8).

 Accessibility due to wave exposure (our ‘fishing access’ proxy) is greatest on the southern and western sides of Tinian and Saipan and on the south-eastern and north- eastern sides of Rota. As expected, the wave height data used for access indicate access is highest near where the main population centers are on each of the surveyed islands (Figure 8).

29 Reef resilience in the Marianas_Supplementary Material

Figure 8. Land-based sources of pollution and Accessibility due to wave exposure results from the inter-island analysis (see also Table S5b). The colors are used in the same way here in that green is good though here green refers to lower relative stress (rather than higher relative resilience potential, as in Figure 2). * denote sites within no-take MPAs (at the time of publication).

30 Reef resilience in the Marianas_Supplementary Material

Identifying Management Targets:

Conservation:

Figure 9. Sites that are targets for conservation (purple); these have high (*) or low resilience potential and are currently outside established no-take MPAs. Numbers refer to resilience rankings, which are shown with site names in Figure 2.

 Sites that are targets for conservation (n=14) are low/high resilience sites currently outside established MPAs. The highest priorities are the high resilience sites that meet this critieria; there are 5 of these, four in Saipan (Nanasu and Lighthouse Reefs, Obyan Beach and Boy Scout) and one in Tinian (Unai Masilok, see Figure 9 for locations and Figure 2 for site names).

 There are a large range of options for actions to support the resilience of these locations (see Table 2). In particular, the high resilience locations are priorities for actions related to limiting anchoring and extractive practices such as herbivore fishing.

31 Reef resilience in the Marianas_Supplementary Material

LBSP Reduction:

Figure 10. Sites that are targets for LBSP reduction (purple); these have above-average resilience potential and land-based sources of pollution. Numbers refer to resilience rankings, which are shown with site names in Figure 2.

 There are targets for LBSP reduction (i.e., above average scores for LBSP and resilience potential) at all islands (n=13) and on both the leeward and windward sides of the islands (Figure 10).

 Targets for LBSP reduction are generally in close proximity to human communities where the percentage of the watersheds made up by urban and cleared areas is greatest (see 19, 38, 76 for Saipan and 66, 74 for Tinian/Aguijan, Figure 10).

 Examples of actions that can be implemented to reduce LBSP near the identified sites include: stream bank stabilization, road and storm drain improvement, other erosion control practices and sewage treatment upgrades (see also Table 2).

32 Reef resilience in the Marianas_Supplementary Material

Fishery management and enforcement:

Figure 11. Sites that are targets for fishery management and enforcement (purple); these have above-average resilience potential and fishing access OR below-average herbivore AFG biomass and above-average fishing access (single *) OR both (circled asterisk). Numbers refer to resilience rankings, which are shown with site names in Figure 2.

 Sites that are targets for fishery management and enforcement (i.e., above average scores for accessibility and: 1) resilience potential (n=10), or 2) below average herbivore AFG biomass (n=15) or both (n=6), Figure 11, Figure S10) are on the western (leeward) side of Saipan and southern end and western (leeward) side of Tinian/Aguijan (Figure 11).

 Examples of actions that can be considered for implementation at these locations include increased enforcement, size regulations and bag and catch limits, and mooring and no- anchoring areas, temporary closures, LMMAs, and marine debris removal.

33 Reef resilience in the Marianas_Supplementary Material

Bleaching monitoring and supporting recovery:

Figure 12. Sites that are targets for bleaching monitoring and supporting recovery; these have low bleaching resistance and low herbivore AFG biomass. Numbers refer to resilience rankings, which are shown with site names in Figure 2.

 Sites that are targets for bleaching monitoring and supporting recovery have low bleaching resistance and low herbivore AFG biomass (n=20). There are sites that meet these criteria on all islands and on both the leeward and windward sides (Figure 12).

 Examples of actions that can be considered for implementation at these locations include: increased monitoring during warm seasons, shading or other cooling measures, and supporting recovery processes through LBSP reduction or fishery management and enforcement.

34 Reef resilience in the Marianas_Supplementary Material

Reef restoration/coral translocation:

Figure 13. Sites that are targets for reef restoration/coral translocation (purple); these have above-average resilience potential and low coral diversity or coral cover. Numbers refer to resilience rankings, which are shown with site names in Figure 2.

 Sites that are targets for reef restoration/coral translocation (n=10) have above-average resilience potential and low coral diversity or coral cover. There are sites that meet these criteria on the leeward sides of all islands where undertaking reef restoration or coral translocation could increase coral cover or diversity.

 The very best targets for reef restoration/coral translocation may be As Dudo_MMT and East Wedding Cake of Rota (8, 39). These are medium-high resilience sites that meet this criteria but also have below average scores for both LBSB and Accessibility due to wave exposure meaning transplanted corals may have greater survivorship at those locations (Figure 13).

35 Reef resilience in the Marianas_Supplementary Material

Tourism outreach and stewardship:

Figure 14. Sites that are targets for tourism outreach and stewardship (purple); these have above- average coral diversity and fish species richness and fish biomass and accessibility due to wave exposure. Numbers refer to resilience rankings, which are shown with site names in Figure 2.

 Sites that are targets for tourism outreach and stewardship have above average coral diversity and fish species richness and fish biomass and are accessible (i.e., lower average wave heights). Two sites meet this criteria and both are in southern Saipan (Obyan Beach and Coral Ocean Point, Figure 14).

 These locations may increasingly be targeted by tourism operators for diving and snorkeling. Managers can consider establishing moorings at these locations, undertaking targeted outreach and developing stewardship and/or citizen science programs (Table 2).

Summary for Identifying Targets for Management Actions:

 A total of 51 of the 78 sites meet at least one of the 6 criteria set to identify targets for management actions (see Figure 15 and Table 2). There are targets for different types of management actions on all sides of all islands.

 There are sites that meet more than one of the 6 set criteria (n=27). For example, there are 9 sites that are targets for Bleaching monitoring and supporting recovery and Fishery management and enforcement. These are the highest priority areas for managing herbivore fishing as they are accessible to fishers, have above average resilience potential and have high bleaching susceptibility and low herbivore AFG biomass (see ‘FB’ in Figure 15).

 There are also sites that are targets for Conservation based on having high resilience

36 Reef resilience in the Marianas_Supplementary Material

potential that are targets for fishery management and enforcement. Considering fishery management and increased enforcement is the highest priority to support resilience at these locations (see FC in Saipan in Figure 15).

Figure 15. Results of the 6 queries used to target different types of management actions. Criteria for the queries and relevant suggested management actions are described within Table 2. Sites in grey meet none of the 6 set criteria but may warrant some of these same kinds of management actions for reasons distinct from the resilience assessment results. Query results are also shown in Table S11 and for each of the individual queries in Figures 9-14.

Summary Conclusions

A slightly abbreviated version of the content below also appears in the Executive Summary.

Obj. 1 – Benthic Cover and Disease

The average percent cover of live coral and macroalgae were similar in Saipan and Tinian/Aguijan; ~38% for live coral and ~7% for macroalgae. On average, coral cover was ~10% lower on Rota than in Saipan or Tinian/Aguijan (~28% versus ~38%) and macroalgae cover on Rota was twice that observed in Saipan or Tinian/Aguijan (~14% versus ~7%). The average coral cover at the forereef sites (all islands combined) is 35%, which is greater than the average coral cover in the Great Barrier Reef in Australia. Coral disease prevalence is low and typically ~3% in Tinian/Aguijan and Rota. The most commonly observed coral diseases are white syndromes and skeletal eroding band.

Obj. 2 – ESA-listed Coral Species

There are three coral species newly listed in 2014 as Threatened under the Endangered Species Act that are known to be present on reefs within CNMI: Acropora globiceps, Acropora retusa, and Seriatopora aculeata. Of these, only A. globiceps was observed during our surveys. A.

37 Reef resilience in the Marianas_Supplementary Material globiceps was observed at one site in Saipan, at 13 of the 24 survey sits in Rota and at 12 of the 25 survey sites in Tinian/Aguijan. A. globiceps was also observed at 3 shallow (<4 m) sites in northeast Tinian (only shallow sites surveyed outside the Saipan lagoon), one of which may become the focus of military training activities (Unai Chulu).

Obj. 3 - Relative Resilience

Resilience potential varied greatly within and among islands with some sites having high and some having low relative resilience potential. Generally, sites closest to the main population centers and near cleared lands had lower relative resilience potential than sites more remote from population centers. Since anthropogenic stressors are examined separate to the ecological resilience assessment, these results strongly suggest human activities are impacting the resilience potential of coral reefs near population centers.

Obj. 4 – Resilience Drivers

Herbivore AFG biomass and coral recruitment are the indicators that most distinguish sites in the assessment from one another. These influential indicators need to continue to be assessed during research and monitoring activities. These are inter-related since herbivores clear algae from the substrate upon which coral recruits can then settle. Consequently, both are positively affected by actions that conserve herbivorous fish. Conserving herbivorous fish is among the very most important actions managers in CNMI can take to support the resilience of local reefs.

Obj. 5 - Connectivity

There is great variation among the islands in the extent to which each is a fish and coral larvae source and destination. The connectivity simulations indicate Saipan is roughly twice as great a source as Tinian and 10x that of Rota. Tinian and Saipan are comparable destinations and each is roughly twice as great a destination as Rota. These results help explain the lower relative resilience potential of reefs in Rota. These results also strongly suggest that actions taken to support the resilience of reefs in Rota may not be sufficient to overcome the limitations for recovery potential in Rota due to the poor connectivity with the other large islands in the Marianas chain. Therefore, actions to support resilience are likely to be more effective in the long-term if implemented in Saipan and Tinian/Aguijan.

Obj. 6 - Assessing anthropogenic stressors and identifying management targets

51 of the 78 foreef survey sites met at least one of the 6 criteria we set to identify targets for management actions that can support site and system resilience. The criteria for the data queries we set are an innovation in streamlining how the results of ecological resilience assessments can inform management actions. Managers in CNMI can use the connectivity results as well as our observations of the Threatened coral species Acropora globiceps to further prioritize from among the identified sites. For example, actions in Saipan and Tinian/Aguijan may be more effective so can be prioritized (as above) and efficiencies can be gained for managers by supporting resilience at sites that meet one or more of the set criteria and have resident A. globiceps colonies.

38 Reef resilience in the Marianas_Supplementary Material

Obj. 7 – Outreach and engagement

This has been an ambitious project in scope and scale that has been undertaken highly collaboratively between research scientists and managers. The project has also been as inclusive as possible of representatives of local agencies in CNMI. The formal project is complete but in a sense a large portion of the work our research can inform has just begun. The project team and collaborating scientists and managers in the Pacific and within CNMI now have the opportunity to use the wealth of data this project generated to inform local actions and similar assessments undertaken in other areas. Some of the plans for these next steps are described in the section below.

Please note that all of the raw data and map and graphic figure files are available by sending an email request to the first or second author.

Next Steps

Our team intends to continue to discuss these results with agencies in CNMI that can use the results to inform decision-making and planning processes. In various ways, the information presented within this report will directly inform management actions through review of the options we presented for all the sites that met our various management queries. Our manager partners will work to identify opportunities for addressing actions we have suggested here that can support site and system resilience. Aside from continuing to share and discuss the project results, we are planning other assessments and analysis. We will undertake a project similar in scope and scale in Guam over the coming couple of years as a collaborative effort with local agencies in Guam and USVI and reef stakeholders, under funding from the NOAA NMFS Saltonstall-Kennedy Program. We are also leading a project that will deliver downscaled climate model projections of coral bleaching conditions for the Micronesia region via an interactive tool under funding from the PICSC of USGS. The projections will be used to develop sustainability forecasts for a range of culturally important locations in CNMI and Guam. In addition, in 1-2 years we aim to undertake a re-assessment of all of the sites surveyed in 2012 and 2014 under this project. This assessment will enable us to test the predictive capability of our results given bleaching events have occurred in Saipan since our 2012 surveys. We will also test the effect on our results of using additional resilience indicators such as measures of habitat complexity/rugosity. During our future CNMI surveys we will consider including surveys of the northern-most islands of the CNMI such as Pagan Island and the Islands Unit (Farallon de Pajaros or Uracas, Maug, and Asuncion) of the Marianas Trench Marine National Monument.

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Appendix

Contents

Table S1 – Coordinates of survey sites

Table S2 – Bleaching susceptibility rates for observed coral species

Table S3 – Benthic community composition

Table S4 – Coral disease prevalence

Table S5a, b – Inter-island resilience analysis results

Table S6a, b – Intra-island resilience analysis results for Saipan

Table S7a, b – Intra-island resilience analysis results for Tinian/Aguijan

Table S8a, b – Intra-island resilience analysis results for Rota

Table S9 – Larvae dispersal assuming limited swimming ability

Table S10 – Larvae dispersal assuming swimming ability

Table S11 – Results of queries identifying targets for management actions

Figure S1 – Macroalgae cover

Figure S2 – Bleaching resistance

Figure S3 – Coral diversity

Figure S4 – Temperature variability

42 Reef resilience in the Marianas_Supplementary Material

Table S1. Coordinates of the 78 forereef survey sites. Coordinates for the 7 Saipan lagoon sites are in the Site Summaries. Numbers in [ ] refer to inter-island resilience rankings to aid in finding site locations within Figure 2.

Island Lat Lon Island Lat Lon Site Name Site Name Name (°N) (°E) Name (°N) (°E) Achu Dangkulu [50] Saipan 15.26 145.75 P. Lamanibot Sanhilo [54] Tinian 15.06 145.60 Achugao [56] Saipan 15.25 145.75 Puntan Diapblo [77] Tinian 14.99 145.59 Agingan Point [43] Saipan 15.12 145.69 Puntan Kastiyu [37] Tinian 14.95 145.67 Bird Island [2] Saipan 15.26 145.82 South Point_MMT [65] Tinian 14.94 145.63 Boy Scout [6] Saipan 15.10 145.74 Suicide Cliff [26] Tinian 14.94 145.65 Coral Ocean Point [20] Saipan 15.11 145.71 Tahgong Point [12] Tinian 15.10 145.64 Elbow Reef [21] Saipan 15.25 145.71 Unai Asiga [40] Tinian 15.04 145.65 Forbidden Island [13] Saipan 15.15 145.78 Unai Babui_MMT [10] Tinian 15.08 145.62 Grand Hotel_MMT [24] Saipan 15.16 145.69 Unai Chulu 23] Tinian 15.07 145.61 Ladder Beach [28] Saipan 15.11 145.72 Unai Lamlam [36] Tinian 15.09 145.63 Lanyas [18] Saipan 15.24 145.70 Unai Masilok [7] Tinian 15.02 145.66 Laolao Bay East [11] Saipan 15.16 145.77 Aguijan Island_MMT [25] Aguijan 14.85 145.54 Laolao Bay Mids [17] Saipan 15.16 145.76 East Aguijan Falls [5] Aguijan 14.85 145.58 Lighthouse Reef [4] Saipan 15.18 145.70 Happy Days [44] Aguijan 14.84 145.56 Managaha Patch_MMT [38] Saipan 15.24 145.72 Naftan Rock [35] Aguijan 14.83 145.53 Managaha_MMT [27] Saipan 15.24 145.71 Agatasi [31] Rota 14.12 145.22 Nanasu Reef [1] Saipan 15.25 145.81 As Dudo_MMT [8] Rota 14.17 145.29 North Dakota [42] Saipan 15.15 145.75 Cave Museum_MMT [69] Rota 14.16 145.15 Obyan Beach [3] Saipan 15.10 145.74 Coconut Village [51] Rota 14.18 145.20 Old Man By the Sea [32] Saipan 15.21 145.78 Coral Gardens_MMT [49] Rota 14.12 145.17 Oleai Rocks [52] Saipan 15.18 145.70 East Wedding Cake [39] Rota 14.13 145.14 Pau Pau [9] Saipan 15.25 145.76 Haina Point [14] Rota 14.13 145.23 Peysonnelia Reef [19] Saipan 15.21 145.70 Harnom Point [68] Rota 14.12 145.12 Point Break Reef [22] Saipan 15.13 145.69 Honey Gardens [60] Rota 14.13 145.17 South Dakota [61] Saipan 15.14 145.74 Iota Salvage_MMT [58] Rota 14.17 145.18 South Laolao [57] Saipan 15.13 145.75 Joanne's Reef [72] Rota 14.14 145.15 Tank Beach [33] Saipan 15.18 145.79 Malilok Point [64] Rota 14.12 145.21 Tuturam [76] Saipan 15.15 145.75 Mochong [47] Rota 14.20 145.26 Wing Beach [46] Saipan 15.27 145.79 Okgok_MMT [63] Rota 14.11 145.19 Asiga Point [30] Tinian 15.06 145.66 Rota Resort_MMT [75] Rota 14.19 145.22 Atgidon [62] Tinian 15.01 145.59 Sailigai Point [78] Rota 14.17 145.16 Barangka [29] Tinian 14.98 145.66 Sasanhaya_MMT [48] Rota 14.14 145.14 Barcinas Bay_MMT [66] Tinian 14.99 145.61 Senhanom Wall [45] Rota 14.12 145.12 Dynasty_MMT [34] Tinian 14.96 145.63 South I Ch. Park [73] Rota 14.15 145.26 Lamanibot [15] Tinian 15.04 145.59 Sunset Villa_MMT [53] Rota 14.17 145.17 Leprosarium [74] Tinian 14.98 145.61 Takta Sagua [70] Rota 14.13 145.16 Long Beach_MMT [41] Tinian 15.03 145.65 Talakhaya_MMT [71] Rota 14.11 145.20 Masilok Beach Wall [55] Tinian 15.02 145.66 Teteto [67] Rota 14.18 145.19 P. Lamanibot Sampapa [59] Tinian 15.03 145.59 West Harbor_MMT [16] Rota 14.14 145.13

43 Reef resilience in the Marianas_Supplementary Material

Table S2. Most common morphology, bleaching susceptibility rating, and known habitats for all coral species observed during the 2012 and 2014 surveys. Bleaching susceptibility ratings range from 1-5 (from least to most susceptible). Susceptibility ratings are based on the team’s personal observations during past bleaching events in CNMI as well as from a literature review. Habitat classifications are as follows, and refer to the types of habitat(s) the species is known to occur in CNMI: Lf = loose framework reef, P = patch reef, Rf = reef flat, SG = spur and groove reef.

BLEACHING CORAL SPECIES GROWTH MORPHOLOGY HABITAT SUSCEPTIBILITY Acanthastrea brevis Encrusting 2 P, Sg Acanthastrea echinata Encrusting 2 Lf, P, Rf, Sg Acanthastrea hillae Encrusting 2 P, Sg Acanthastrea c.f. regularis Encrusting 2 Lf Acropora abrotanoides Arborescent 3 Lf, P, Sg Acropora aspera Staghorn 5 P, Rf Acropora azurea Digitate/corymbose 4 Lf, Sg Acropora cerealis Digitate/corymbose 4 Lf, Sg Acropora cophydactyla Digitate/corymbose 3 Lf Acropora cuneata Arborescent 2 P Acropora digitifera Digitate/corymbose 3 Lf, P, Sg Acropora gemmifera Digitate/corymbose 3 Lf, Sg Acropora granulosa Digitate/corymbose 3 Lf, Sg Acropora humilis Digitate/corymbose 3 Lf, Sg Acropora juv. Branching 3 Lf, P, Sg Acropora latistella Digitate/corymbose 4 Lf, P, Sg Acropora monticulosa Arborescent 3 Lf, Rf, Sg Acropora muricata Staghorn 5 P Acropora nana Digitate/corymbose 5 Sg Acropora nasuta Digitate/corymbose 5 Lf, Sg Acropora pulchra Staghorn 5 Rf Acropora robusta Arborescent 4 Lf, Sg Acropora secale Digitate/corymbose 3 Lf, P, Sg Acropora surculosa Digitate/corymbose 3 Lf, P, Sg Acropora c.f. striata Digitate/corymbose 4 Sg Acropora tenuis Digitate/corymbose 5 Lf, P, Rf, Sg Acropora teres Staghorn 5 P, Rf Acropora vaughani Digitate/corymbose 4 Lf, Rf, Sg Acropora verweyi Digitate/corymbose 4 Lf, P, Sg Alveopora fenestrata Massive 3 Lf Astreopora gracilis Massive 4 Lf Astreopora listeri Massive 4 Lf, P, Sg Astreopora myriophthalma Massive 4 Lf, P, Sg Astreopora randalli Massive 4 Lf, Sg Cyphastrea agassizi Massive 3 Lf, Sg Cyphastrea chalcidicum Massive 3 Lf, P, Sg Cyphastrea c.f. japonica Massive 3 Sg Cyphastrea ocellina Massive 3 Lf, Sg

44 Reef resilience in the Marianas_Supplementary Material

BLEACHING CORAL SPECIES GROWTH MORPHOLOGY HABITAT SUSCEPTIBILITY Cyphastrea seraila Massive 3 Lf, Sg Diploastrea heliopora Massive 1 Lf Echinophyllia aspera Encrusting 2 P Echinopora lamellosa Plate 2 Lf, P, Sg Favia danae Massive 3 Lf, R Favia favus Massive 3 Lf, P, Sg Favia helianthoides Massive 3 Lf, Sg Favia mathaii Massive 3 Lf, P, Sg Favia pallida Massive 3 Lf, Sg Favia rotumana Massive 3 P Favia speciosa Massive 3 Lf, P, Sg Favia stelligera Massive 4 Lf, Sg Favites abdita Massive 2 Lf, P, Sg Favites flexuosa Massive 2 Lf, P Favites russelli Massive 1 Lf, P, Rf, Sg Fungia sp. Free-living 2 Lf Fungia fungites Free-living 2 Lf Fungia paumotensis Free-living 2 Lf Fungia repanda Free-living 2 Lf Fungia scutaria Free-living 2 Lf, P, Sg Galaxea fascicularis Encrusting 3 Lf, P, Sg Gardineroseris planulata Massive 3 Lf, Sg Goniastrea aspera Massive 4 P Goniastrea edwardsi Massive 4 Lf, P, Rf, Sg Goniastrea pectinata Massive 3 Lf, P, Sg Goniastrea retiformis Massive 4 Lf, P, Rf, Sg Goniopora djiboutiensis Massive 1 Lf Goniopora fruticosa Encrusting 1 Lf, Sg Goniopora minor Massive 1 P Heliopora coerula Branching 1 Lf, P, Rf Hydnophora microconos Massive 4 Lf, P, Rf, Sg Isopora palifera Arborescent 2 Lf, P, Sg Leptastrea bottae Encrusting 2 Lf, P, Sg Leptastrea purpurea Encrusting 2 Lf, P, Sg Leptastrea transversa Encrusting 2 Lf, Sg Leptoria phrygia Massive 3 Lf, P, Rf, Sg Lobophyllia corymbosa Massive 3 Lf, Sg Lobophyllia hemprichii Massive 3 Sg Millepora dichotoma Branching 1 Sg Millepora platyphylla Massive 1 Lf Millepora tuberosa Encrusting 1 Lf, P, Sg Montastrea curta Massive 3 Lf, P, Sg Montastrea valenciennesi Massive 3 Lf, Sg Montipora sp. Encrusting 4 Lf, P, Rf, Sg Montipora Encrusting 4 Lf, Sg aequituberculata

45 Reef resilience in the Marianas_Supplementary Material

BLEACHING CORAL SPECIES GROWTH MORPHOLOGY HABITAT SUSCEPTIBILITY Montipora caliculata Encrusting 4 Lf, P, Sg Montipora danae Encrusting 4 P, Sg Montipora efflorescens Encrusting 4 Lf, P, Sg Montipora floweri Encrusting 4 Lf, Sg Montipora foveolata Encrusting 4 Lf, Sg Montipora grisea Encrusting 4 Lf, Sg Montipora hoffmeisteri Encrusting 4 Sg Montipora lobulata Encrusting 4 P Montipora monasteriata Encrusting 4 Lf, P, Sg Montipora nodosa Encrusting 4 Lf, P, Rf, Sg Montipora tuberculosa Encrusting 4 Lf, P, Sg Montipora verrilli Encrusting 4 P, Sg Montipora verrucosa Encrusting 4 Lf, Sg Oulophyllia crispa Massive 3 Lf, Sg Pavona cactus Foliose 3 P Pavona divaricata Foliose 3 Lf, P, Rf, Sg Pavona duerdini Massive 4 Lf, P, Sg Pavona explanulata Cryptic 3 Lf Pavona frondifera Cryptic 3 Lf Pavona maldiviensis Cryptic 3 Lf, Sg Pavona minuta Encrusting 3 Lf Pavona varians Encrusting 1 Lf, P, Sg Pavona venosa Encrusting 2 Lf, Sg Platygyra daedalea Massive 3 P, Sg Platygyra pini Massive 3 Lf, P, Sg Plesiastrea versipora Massive 1 Lf, Sg Pocillopora sp. Digitate/corymbose 4 Lf, P, Sg Pocillopora ankeli Digitate/corymbose 4 Lf, Sg Pocillopora damicornis Digitate/corymbose 2 Lf, P, Rf, Sg Pocillopora danae Digitate/corymbose 3 Lf, Sg Pocillopora elegans Digitate/corymbose 4 Lf, P, Sg Pocillopora eydouxi Digitate/corymbose 4 Sg Pocillopora meandrina Digitate/corymbose 4 Lf, Sg Pocillopora verrucosa Digitate/corymbose 4 Lf, Sg Pocillopora woodjonesi Digitate/corymbose 4 Sg Porites sp. Massive 1 Lf, P, Rf, Sg Porites annae Massive 2 Lf Porites australiensis Massive 1 Lf, Sg Porites cylindrica Branching 2 Lf, Rf, Sg Porites deformis Columnar 2 Lf Porites densa Massive 1 Lf Porites lichen Encrusting 1 Lf, P, Sg Porites lobata Massive 1 Lf, P, Sg Porites lutea Massive 1 Lf, P, Rf, Sg Porites "massive" Massive 1 Lf, P, Rf, Sg (lobata/lutea/australiensis)

46 Reef resilience in the Marianas_Supplementary Material

BLEACHING CORAL SPECIES GROWTH MORPHOLOGY HABITAT SUSCEPTIBILITY Porites rus Columnar 1 Lf, P, Sg Porites vaughani Encrusting 1 Lf, P, Sg Psammocora sp. Encrusting 1 Lf, P, Rf, Sg Psammocora digitata Columnar 2 Lf, Rf Psammocora haimeana Cryptic 1 Lf, Sg Psammocora nierstrazi Encrusting 1 Lf, P, Sg Psammocora stellata Cryptic 1 Rf Scolymia australis Encrusting 1 P Stylocoeniella armata Encrusting 1 Lf, P, Rf, Sg Stylocoeniella guentheri Encrusting 1 Lf Stylophora mordax Branching 5 Lf, P, Rf, Sg Turbinaria reniformis Plate 3 Lf, Sg Turbinaria stellulata Encrusting 2 Lf, Sg

Table S3. Average benthic cover (from three 50-m transects) of 10 groups used to classify benthic community composition. The colors used refer to the pie charts in the Site Summaries where the community composition is shown for each survey site. Sites are alphabetized here with Saipan sites listed first followed by Tinian/Aguijan and Rota. See Figure 2 for site locations and Table S1 for site coordinates.

AVERAGE Live Soft Dead Pave- Macro- Turf Other Site Coral Coral Coral Sand Rubble ment algae Algae Inverts CC Algae Achu Dangkulu 26.00 0.00 0.00 27.33 0.00 16.00 0.00 27.00 0.00 2.33 Achugao 54.67 0.00 0.00 2.00 0.00 27.67 0.00 14.33 0.33 1.00 Agingan Point 35.33 0.00 0.00 7.33 0.00 8.00 0.00 46.67 0.00 2.67 Bird Island 70.00 0.00 0.00 2.67 2.00 10.67 0.00 11.67 0.00 2.00 Boy Scout 25.00 0.70 0.00 20.50 14.78 0.00 1.30 0.00 1.50 23.20 Coral Ocean Point 57.33 0.00 0.00 4.00 0.00 2.00 0.00 36.67 0.00 0.00 Elbow Reef 23.67 0.00 0.00 0.33 0.00 11.00 0.00 64.33 0.00 0.67 Fishing Base Staghorn 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Forbidden Island 49.00 0.00 0.00 3.00 0.00 1.67 0.00 44.33 0.00 1.33 Ladder Beach 34.00 0.00 0.00 34.00 0.00 11.33 0.00 11.67 0.00 9.00 Lanyas 45.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 54.00 0.00 0.00 0.67 0.00 Laolao Bay East 22.33 0.00 0.00 18.00 2.33 0.67 1.00 49.33 0.33 6.33 Laolao Bay Mids 14.50 0.00 0.00 4.00 0.50 0.00 0.50 72.50 1.50 6.50 Lighthouse Reef 72.00 2.00 0.00 16.67 0.00 6.67 0.00 2.00 0.00 0.67 Managaha MPA_MMT 43.33 0.00 0.00 14.00 0.67 8.00 9.33 24.00 0.00 0.67 Manag. Patch_MMT 22.67 0.00 0.00 20.00 4.00 6.67 4.00 41.33 0.67 0.67 Marianas Resort 43.00 0.00 0.00 6.33 2.33 2.33 22.33 20.67 0.00 0.67 Nanasu Reef 23.67 0.00 0.00 0.33 16.67 23.33 6.00 27.33 0.33 1.33 North Dakota 32.00 0.00 0.00 16.67 0.00 36.33 0.00 12.33 0.33 1.33

47 Reef resilience in the Marianas_Supplementary Material

AVERAGE Live Soft Dead Pave- Macro- Turf Other Site Coral Coral Coral Sand Rubble ment algae Algae Inverts CC Algae O. Grand Hotel_MMT 37.00 0.00 0.00 9.00 1.67 37.67 0.00 3.67 0.67 10.33 Obyan Beach 39.67 0.00 0.00 7.33 0.33 51.00 0.00 0.00 0.33 1.33 Old Man By the Sea 48.67 0.00 0.00 5.00 6.33 8.67 6.00 22.33 1.33 0.00 Oleai Rocks 30.33 0.00 0.00 14.33 0.67 42.00 0.00 9.00 1.67 2.00 Oleai Staghorn 3.33 0.00 0.00 4.33 0.00 80.67 11.33 0.00 0.33 0.00 Pak Pak Beach 49.00 0.00 0.00 12.67 3.00 0.00 3.00 23.33 0.00 5.33 Pau Pau 20.00 0.00 0.00 0.67 0.00 76.67 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 Peysonnelia Reef 61.56 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.54 1.14 1.97 20.52 2.28 Point Break Reef 24.00 0.00 0.00 10.00 0.67 15.33 0.00 41.33 0.00 8.67 Q. Staghorn 63.00 0.00 0.00 3.00 1.67 0.00 32.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 South Dakota 31.33 0.00 0.00 2.00 0.00 1.00 33.67 15.00 1.00 1.33 South Laolao 13.48 0.00 0.00 1.65 0.00 21.20 24.61 21.02 0.56 11.19 Tanapag Staghorn 48.33 0.00 0.00 2.00 1.67 2.33 10.67 34.67 0.00 0.00 Tank Beach 43.33 0.00 0.00 7.67 7.33 10.67 0.35 27.91 1.00 0.00 Tuturam 8.85 0.00 0.00 3.21 0.00 3.89 72.44 9.88 0.00 1.74 Wing Beach 54.00 0.00 0.00 2.00 0.67 33.67 0.00 1.00 1.00 1.67 Archie's Hole 34.33 0.00 1.33 2.00 1.67 40.67 4.67 11.00 0.00 4.33 Barcinas Bay 48.00 0.00 0.00 4.67 1.67 9.67 16.33 5.00 0.67 13.33 Dynasty_MMT 36.33 1.67 1.33 30.00 2.33 3.00 3.00 16.33 4.67 1.00 East Goat Falls 39.67 0.67 0.33 0.33 0.67 26.00 0.33 11.33 0.00 20.67 Goat Island_MMT 43.00 7.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 25.33 0.00 12.00 0.00 11.67 Haggan Rocks 65.00 0.00 6.33 0.00 0.00 11.00 0.00 8.33 0.00 9.33 Happy Days 29.67 2.33 0.33 11.00 0.00 22.00 0.00 8.00 0.33 26.33 Long Beach_MMT 27.00 2.67 10.00 16.67 1.33 2.67 1.33 23.33 1.33 13.00 Naftan Rock 51.33 0.00 0.67 2.00 0.00 18.00 0.00 9.33 0.33 18.33 Puntan Kastiyu 56.67 0.00 0.33 0.00 0.00 15.33 1.67 20.67 0.00 5.00 Short Beach Wall 31.00 4.67 10.67 10.33 0.67 0.00 0.00 21.00 0.00 20.00 South Point 26.67 0.00 0.33 19.67 19.67 0.67 5.67 16.33 2.67 8.33 Unai Asiga 44.00 1.67 0.00 4.33 0.00 13.67 3.33 31.00 0.00 1.33 Unai Masilok 53.33 0.33 0.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.33 33.67 0.00 11.67 Unlikely Wall 70.67 0.00 0.33 0.67 0.00 7.33 0.00 7.67 0.00 13.33 Leprosarium 48.33 0.00 0.00 5.00 0.00 8.33 0.33 34.67 0.33 3.00 Puntan Diapblo 25.67 0.00 0.00 1.67 0.00 5.33 51.00 9.33 0.33 6.67 Unai Lam Lam 27.67 4.00 0.00 6.00 0.33 10.00 18.00 6.33 0.00 27.67 Unai Chulu 18.33 3.00 0.00 3.33 0.00 9.33 22.33 8.67 0.00 35.00 Atgidon 22.00 0.00 0.00 15.67 0.00 24.00 20.00 3.00 0.00 15.33 Lamanibot 47.67 0.33 0.00 6.33 0.33 14.00 7.00 10.33 0.00 14.00 Unai Babui 17.67 1.33 0.00 11.00 0.33 11.33 13.00 13.00 0.00 32.33 Lamanibot Sampapa 32.33 0.33 0.00 1.67 0.00 9.00 5.33 41.00 0.67 9.67

48 Reef resilience in the Marianas_Supplementary Material

AVERAGE Live Soft Dead Pave- Macro- Turf Other Site Coral Coral Coral Sand Rubble ment algae Algae Inverts CC Algae Lamanibot Sanhilo 29.67 1.33 0.00 11.33 1.33 3.00 25.00 8.00 0.33 20.00 Tahgong Point 22.67 0.00 0.00 1.33 0.00 16.00 1.00 43.67 0.00 15.33 Agatasi 22.00 0.00 0.00 0.33 0.00 31.00 0.00 17.00 1.67 28.00 Cave Museum 22.33 1.33 0.00 8.67 0.00 7.33 16.67 3.00 5.00 35.67 Coconut Village 17.00 0.33 0.00 4.00 0.00 6.00 17.67 6.67 0.00 48.33 Coral Gardens 73.67 0.33 0.00 1.00 1.00 18.33 0.00 4.33 0.00 1.33 East Wedding Cake 13.33 1.67 0.00 3.67 0.00 13.33 2.00 42.00 6.67 17.33 Haina Point 11.00 0.00 0.67 0.00 0.00 48.67 0.00 6.67 0.00 33.00 Harnom Point 26.00 0.00 0.00 0.67 0.00 8.67 26.00 12.33 1.67 24.67 Honey Gardens 58.67 0.00 0.00 0.33 0.00 22.67 5.00 7.00 0.00 6.33 Iota Salvage_MMT 46.33 5.67 0.33 9.67 0.00 8.33 0.67 8.00 0.67 19.67 Joanne's Reef 8.33 3.00 0.00 8.33 0.00 7.33 14.00 58.00 0.33 0.67 Malilok Point 17.00 1.67 0.00 6.33 0.00 23.33 0.00 28.33 0.33 23.00 Mochong 30.67 0.33 0.00 2.00 0.00 1.00 25.67 14.67 0.00 25.67 Okgok 11.67 2.00 0.00 4.67 0.00 15.33 25.67 26.00 2.00 12.67 ROTA 1_MMT 32.00 0.67 0.00 11.33 0.33 10.00 2.67 5.67 0.00 36.67 Rota Resort_MMT 25.00 0.00 0.33 19.33 0.33 2.00 22.67 2.67 0.00 26.67 Sailigai Point 33.33 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.33 47.67 0.00 0.00 17.67 Sasanhaya 15.33 0.00 0.00 6.33 0.00 26.67 7.67 37.67 0.67 5.67 Senhanom Wall 19.33 0.00 0.00 3.67 0.00 9.67 9.67 34.67 4.67 18.33 South Sanctuary 16.33 2.33 5.33 12.67 0.00 15.67 39.67 1.33 0.00 6.00 Sunset Villa 29.00 1.00 0.00 10.67 0.00 4.67 12.00 11.33 0.00 31.33 Takta Sagua 46.67 0.00 0.00 5.67 3.33 17.67 19.00 4.00 0.67 3.00 Talakhaya 18.00 0.00 0.00 14.33 0.00 1.33 32.67 8.33 11.67 13.67 Teteto 46.33 8.67 0.00 2.67 0.00 6.00 2.67 16.00 0.00 17.67 West Harbor_MMT 26.33 0.67 0.33 6.33 0.00 19.00 0.33 3.33 0.33 42.67

49 Reef resilience in the Marianas_Supplementary Material

Table S4. Prevalence of four types of coral diseases observed at survey sites in Rota and Tinian. All prevalence values are percentages. Rankings refer to the inter-island resilience analysis and can be used to find the site locations within Figure 2.

Skeletal Black Total White Eroding Band Growth Site name Island Ranking Prevalence Syndromes Band Disease Anomalies AVERAGE Rota 3.73 3.25 0.31 0.13 0.04 STDEV Rota 2.82 2.48 0.61 0.30 0.11 Rota Resort_MMT Rota 75 1.75 1.40 0.00 0.00 0.35 Iota Salvage_MMT Rota 58 0.95 0.95 0.00 0.00 0.00 West Harbor_MMT Rota 16 2.74 2.74 0.00 0.00 0.00 As Dudo_MMT Rota 8 5.76 5.76 0.00 0.00 0.00 South I Chenchon Park Rota 73 2.57 2.30 0.26 0.00 0.00 Malilok Point Rota 64 0.61 0.61 0.00 0.00 0.00 Haina Point Rota 14 7.31 5.99 1.32 0.00 0.00 Agatasi Rota 31 7.78 5.59 2.19 0.00 0.00 Okgok_MMT Rota 63 1.45 1.45 0.00 0.00 0.00 Sasanhaya_MMT Rota 48 0.90 0.90 0.00 0.00 0.00 Mochong Rota 47 1.33 1.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 Coconut Village Rota 51 2.99 2.57 0.21 0.21 0.00 Teteto Rota 67 4.93 4.38 0.28 0.00 0.28 Talakhaya_MMT Rota 71 3.11 2.35 0.00 0.76 0.00 Coral Gardens_MMT Rota 49 9.83 9.63 0.00 0.20 0.00 Takta Sagua Rota 70 5.73 4.09 0.65 0.99 0.00 AVERAGE Tinian 2.67 2.58 0.08 0.01 0.00 STDEV Tinian 1.95 1.98 0.21 0.02 0.00 Leprosarium Tinian 74 1.96 1.96 0.00 0.00 0.00 Puntan Diapblo Tinian 77 0.75 0.60 0.15 0.00 0.00 Unai Lamlam Tinian 36 3.00 3.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Unai Chulu Tinian 23 2.92 2.92 0.00 0.00 0.00 Atgidon Tinian 62 0.80 0.80 0.00 0.00 0.00 Lamanibot Tinian 15 7.04 7.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 Unai Babui_MMT Tinian 10 4.55 4.55 0.00 0.00 0.00 Pn. Lamanibot Sampapa Tinian 59 2.45 1.77 0.68 0.00 0.00 Puntan Lamanibot Sanhilo Tinian 54 2.40 2.34 0.00 0.07 0.00 Tahgong Point Tinian 12 0.81 0.81 0.00 0.00 0.00

50 Reef resilience in the Marianas_Supplementary Material

Table S5a. Inter-island analysis - Distribution of normalized data values for the resilience scores (no shade), six environmental resilience indicators (light grey) and proxies for anthropogenic stress (dark grey) for the inter-island analysis. Colored cells contain the upper limit for the four relative classifications: high (>avg+1sd), medium-high (avg), medium-low (avg-1sd), land ow (

Final Raw MA BR CR CD TV HB FA NS RS RS AVG 0.81 0.73 0.88 0.68 0.31 0.93 0.83 0.22 0.39 0.24 SD 0.06 0.06 0.19 0.13 0.17 0.08 0.08 0.17 0.18 0.11 High 1.00 1.00 NA 1.00 1.00 NA 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Med-High 0.87 0.78 1.00 0.81 0.48 1.00 0.91 0.39 0.57 0.35 Low-Med 0.81 0.73 0.88 0.68 0.31 0.93 0.83 0.22 0.39 0.24 Low 0.75 0.67 0.69 0.55 0.14 0.85 0.75 0.05 0.21 0.13

Table S5b. Inter-island analysis - Resilience rankings and normalized values for environmental resilience indicators (light grey) and proxies for anthropogenic stress (dark grey) for the inter- island analysis. Colored cells denote low-high relative classifications per the Table S5a caption. These data for resilience scores correspond to Figure 2 in the report, which along with Table S1 can be referred to for site locations. Island Overall Island Final Raw Site Name MA BR CR CD TV HB FA NS Name Rank Rank RS RS Nanasu Reef Saipan 1 1 1.00 0.90 0.92 0.54 1.00 0.95 0.74 0.78 MPA 0.19 Bird Island Saipan 2 2 0.92 0.83 1.00 0.60 0.15 0.98 0.74 1.00 MPA 0.20 Obyan Beach Saipan 3 4 0.89 0.80 1.00 0.59 0.36 0.98 0.89 0.45 0.52 0.21 Lighthouse Reef Saipan 4 3 0.89 0.80 1.00 0.72 0.36 0.98 0.82 0.38 0.64 0.19 East Aguijan Falls Aguijan 5 4 0.88 0.79 1.00 0.44 0.41 0.91 1.00 0.51 0.39 0.19 Boy Scout Saipan 6 5 0.88 0.79 0.98 0.71 0.32 0.97 0.89 0.31 0.50 0.19 Unai Masilok Tinian 7 1 0.87 0.78 1.00 0.68 0.56 0.99 0.78 0.18 0.32 0.19 As Dudo_MMT Rota 8 3 0.87 0.78 0.96 0.85 0.34 0.91 0.82 0.24 0.00 0.19 Pau Pau Saipan 9 7 0.87 0.78 1.00 0.54 0.62 0.97 0.81 0.28 0.61 0.19 Unai Babui_MMT Tinian 10 6 0.87 0.78 0.82 0.81 0.57 1.00 0.78 0.13 0.33 0.23 Laolao Bay East Saipan 11 6 0.86 0.78 0.99 0.82 0.19 0.96 0.76 0.37 0.24 0.30 Tahgong Point Tinian 12 10 0.86 0.78 0.99 0.69 0.37 0.97 0.99 0.09 0.29 0.19 Forbidden Island Saipan 13 8 0.86 0.77 1.00 0.65 0.22 0.96 0.76 0.54 MPA 0.19 Haina Point Rota 14 1 0.86 0.77 1.00 0.74 0.53 0.99 0.72 0.13 0.14 0.27 Lamanibot Tinian 15 3 0.86 0.77 0.90 0.81 0.46 0.90 0.78 0.23 0.43 0.20 West Harbor_MMT Rota 16 2 0.85 0.77 1.00 0.72 0.48 0.93 0.83 0.12 0.36 0.20 Laolao Bay Mids Saipan 17 10 0.85 0.77 0.99 0.64 0.31 0.94 0.76 0.44 0.26 0.21 Lanyas Saipan 18 11 0.85 0.77 1.00 0.60 0.24 0.98 0.96 0.29 MPA 0.19 Peysonnelia Reef Saipan 19 9 0.85 0.76 1.00 0.86 0.29 0.81 0.96 0.07 0.68 1.00 Coral Ocean Point Saipan 20 14 0.85 0.76 1.00 0.51 0.45 1.00 0.94 0.19 0.61 0.27

51 Reef resilience in the Marianas_Supplementary Material

Island Overall Island Final Raw Site Name MA BR CR CD TV HB FA NS Name Rank Rank RS RS Elbow Reef Saipan 21 12 0.85 0.76 1.00 0.64 0.52 0.99 0.79 0.13 MPA 0.19 Point Break Reef Saipan 22 13 0.84 0.76 1.00 0.62 0.30 0.95 0.92 0.24 0.68 0.31 Unai Chulu Tinian 23 5 0.84 0.76 0.69 0.80 0.48 0.98 0.78 0.25 0.35 0.19 Grand Hotel_MMT Saipan 24 15 0.84 0.76 1.00 0.70 0.27 0.98 0.92 0.12 0.71 0.27 Aguijan Island_MMT Aguijan 25 12 0.84 0.76 1.00 0.63 0.25 0.99 0.95 0.19 0.34 0.19 Suicide Cliff Tinian 26 8 0.84 0.76 0.94 0.45 0.48 0.90 0.80 0.52 0.51 0.19 MMT - Managaha MPA Saipan 27 16 0.84 0.75 0.87 0.71 0.18 0.80 0.96 0.45 MPA 0.19 Ladder Beach Saipan 28 18 0.84 0.75 1.00 0.54 0.49 1.00 0.94 0.05 0.57 0.29 Barangka Tinian 29 9 0.84 0.75 1.00 0.49 0.46 1.00 0.80 0.31 0.43 0.21 Asiga Point Tinian 30 2 0.84 0.75 1.00 0.55 0.26 0.98 0.86 0.37 0.24 0.19 Agatasi Rota 31 4 0.83 0.75 1.00 0.73 0.31 0.95 0.72 0.27 0.17 0.19 Old Man By the Sea Saipan 32 17 0.83 0.75 0.92 0.70 0.30 0.97 0.74 0.35 0.15 0.20 Tank Beach Saipan 33 19 0.83 0.75 1.00 0.69 0.42 0.99 0.78 0.10 MPA 0.30 Dynasty_MMT Tinian 34 16 0.83 0.74 0.96 0.88 0.11 0.91 0.82 0.18 0.64 0.34 Naftan Rock Aguijan 35 13 0.82 0.74 1.00 0.49 0.40 0.97 0.95 0.15 0.29 0.19 Unai Lamlam Tinian 36 17 0.82 0.74 0.75 0.73 0.29 0.98 0.99 0.12 0.31 0.20 Puntan Kastiyu Tinian 37 11 0.82 0.74 0.98 0.42 0.51 0.99 0.80 0.28 0.48 0.19 Managaha Patch_MMT Saipan 38 20 0.82 0.74 0.94 0.65 0.28 0.95 0.85 0.24 MPA 0.64 East Wedding Cake Rota 39 7 0.82 0.73 0.97 0.82 0.06 0.88 0.83 0.28 0.33 0.20 Unai Asiga Tinian 40 14 0.82 0.73 0.95 0.69 0.32 0.99 0.86 0.07 0.28 0.34 Long Beach_MMT Tinian 41 7 0.82 0.73 0.98 0.62 0.42 1.00 0.78 0.11 0.31 0.19 North Dakota Saipan 42 22 0.81 0.73 1.00 0.65 0.41 0.98 0.76 0.11 0.29 0.33 Agingan Point Saipan 43 21 0.81 0.73 1.00 0.67 0.15 0.94 0.94 0.16 0.64 0.27 Happy Days Aguijan 44 18 0.81 0.73 1.00 0.49 0.29 0.97 1.00 0.14 0.34 0.19 Senhanom Wall Rota 45 5 0.81 0.72 0.87 0.71 0.09 0.88 0.79 0.48 0.32 0.19 Wing Beach Saipan 46 24 0.80 0.72 1.00 0.51 0.40 0.98 0.81 0.18 0.52 0.19 Mochong Rota 47 9 0.80 0.72 0.65 0.80 0.49 0.97 0.82 0.04 0.12 0.19 Sasanhaya_MMT Rota 48 12 0.80 0.72 0.89 0.78 0.16 0.93 0.83 0.19 0.35 0.24 Coral Gardens_MMT Rota 49 6 0.80 0.72 1.00 0.96 0.01 0.63 0.67 0.47 MPA 0.20 Achu Dangkulu Saipan 50 23 0.80 0.72 1.00 0.68 0.27 0.98 0.79 0.10 0.64 0.19 Coconut Village Rota 51 10 0.80 0.72 0.76 0.76 0.27 0.97 0.85 0.14 0.22 0.20 Oleai Rocks Saipan 52 25 0.79 0.71 1.00 0.59 0.16 0.96 0.82 0.28 0.67 0.19 Sunset Villa_MMT Rota 53 8 0.79 0.71 0.83 0.64 0.42 0.90 0.85 0.11 0.27 0.21 P. Lamanibot Sanhilo Tinian 54 19 0.79 0.71 0.65 0.79 0.32 0.94 0.78 0.23 0.39 0.19 Masilok Beach Wall Tinian 55 15 0.79 0.71 1.00 0.56 0.38 1.00 0.78 0.08 0.33 0.19 Achugao Saipan 56 28 0.79 0.71 1.00 0.40 0.55 0.97 0.81 0.09 0.64 0.19 South Laolao Saipan 57 26 0.78 0.70 0.66 0.74 0.37 0.99 0.76 0.17 0.35 0.25 Iota Salvage_MMT Rota 58 16 0.78 0.70 0.99 0.77 0.06 0.86 0.85 0.14 0.25 0.20 P. Lamanibot Sampapa Tinian 59 22 0.78 0.70 0.93 0.72 0.16 0.87 0.95 0.02 0.45 0.20 Honey Gardens Rota 60 15 0.77 0.70 0.93 1.00 0.05 0.53 0.83 0.25 MPA 0.19

52 Reef resilience in the Marianas_Supplementary Material

Island Overall Island Final Raw Site Name MA BR CR CD TV HB FA NS Name Rank Rank RS RS South Dakota Saipan 61 27 0.77 0.70 0.54 0.81 0.36 0.98 0.76 0.17 0.32 0.24 Atgidon Tinian 62 21 0.77 0.70 0.72 0.55 0.32 0.97 0.95 0.16 0.50 0.19 Okgok_MMT Rota 63 14 0.77 0.69 0.65 0.85 0.43 0.87 0.67 0.16 0.23 0.20 Malilok Point Rota 64 11 0.77 0.69 1.00 0.59 0.14 0.96 0.72 0.27 0.19 0.20 South Point_MMT Tinian 65 20 0.76 0.69 0.92 0.63 0.26 0.88 0.82 0.12 0.60 0.19 Barcinas Bay_MMT Tinian 66 23 0.76 0.68 0.77 0.93 0.13 0.75 0.81 0.13 0.57 0.24 Teteto Rota 67 13 0.75 0.68 0.96 0.53 0.25 0.88 0.85 0.12 0.23 0.20 Harnom Point Rota 68 17 0.75 0.68 0.64 0.78 0.19 0.86 0.79 0.25 0.31 0.19 Cave Museum_MMT Rota 69 18 0.74 0.67 0.77 0.72 0.13 0.95 0.83 0.07 0.31 0.22 Takta Sagua Rota 70 20 0.73 0.65 0.74 0.85 0.04 0.80 0.83 0.11 MPA 0.19 Talakhaya_MMT Rota 71 19 0.72 0.65 0.55 0.86 0.31 0.92 0.67 0.05 0.22 0.19 Joanne's Reef Rota 72 22 0.71 0.64 0.81 0.80 0.00 0.76 0.83 0.12 0.33 0.21 South I Chenchon Park Rota 73 21 0.71 0.64 0.45 0.71 0.27 0.87 0.82 0.19 0.07 0.19 Leprosarium Tinian 74 24 0.69 0.62 1.00 0.54 0.00 0.89 0.81 0.04 0.59 0.34 Rota Resort_MMT Rota 75 23 0.69 0.62 0.69 0.57 0.21 0.91 0.85 0.01 0.19 0.29 Tuturam Saipan 76 29 0.67 0.60 0.00 0.72 0.48 0.98 0.76 0.12 0.28 0.42 Puntan Diapblo Tinian 77 25 0.64 0.58 0.30 0.72 0.23 0.85 0.81 0.05 0.54 0.19 Sailigai Point Rota 78 24 0.62 0.56 0.34 0.59 0.00 0.89 0.92 0.10 0.30 0.19

Table S6a. Intra-island analysis for Saipan - Distribution of normalized data values for the resilience scores (no shade), six environmental resilience indicators (light grey) and proxies for anthropogenic stress (dark grey). The relative classifications and color scheme are all as per Table S5a.

Final Raw MA BR CR CD TV HB FA NS RS RS AVG 0.85 0.79 0.92 0.65 0.36 0.96 0.83 0.28 0.49 0.28 SD 0.05 0.05 0.21 0.10 0.17 0.05 0.08 0.22 0.20 0.17 High 1.00 1.00 NA 1.00 1.00 NA 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Med-High 0.90 0.84 1.00 0.75 0.53 1.00 0.91 0.50 0.69 0.44 Low-Med 0.85 0.79 0.92 0.65 0.36 0.96 0.83 0.28 0.49 0.28 Low 0.79 0.73 0.72 0.55 0.19 0.91 0.76 0.07 0.28 0.11

53 Reef resilience in the Marianas_Supplementary Material

Table S6b. Intra-island analysis for Saipan - Resilience rankings and normalized values for environmental resilience indicators (light grey) and proxies for anthropogenic stress (dark grey). Colored cells denote low-high relative classifications per the Table S6a caption and according to values presented in Table S5a. These data for resilience scores correspond to Figure 3 in the report, which along with Figure 2 and Table S1 can be referred to for site locations.

Island Overall Final Raw Site Name MA BR CR CD TV HB FA NS Rank Rank RS RS Nanasu Reef 1 1 1.00 0.93 0.92 0.54 1.00 0.95 0.74 0.78 MPA 0.19 Bird Island 2 2 0.92 0.86 1.00 0.60 0.15 0.98 0.74 1.00 MPA 0.20 Lighthouse Reef 3 4 0.90 0.83 1.00 0.72 0.36 0.98 0.82 0.38 0.64 0.19 Obyan Beach 4 3 0.89 0.83 1.00 0.59 0.36 0.98 0.89 0.45 0.52 0.21 Boy Scout 5 6 0.89 0.82 0.98 0.71 0.32 0.97 0.89 0.31 0.50 0.19 Laolao Bay East 6 11 0.88 0.81 0.99 0.82 0.19 0.96 0.76 0.37 0.24 0.30 Pau Pau 7 9 0.87 0.81 1.00 0.54 0.62 0.97 0.81 0.28 0.61 0.19 Forbidden Island 8 13 0.87 0.80 1.00 0.65 0.22 0.96 0.76 0.54 MPA 0.19 Peysonnelia Reef 9 19 0.87 0.80 1.00 0.86 0.29 0.81 0.96 0.07 0.68 1.00 Laolao Bay Mids 10 17 0.86 0.80 0.99 0.64 0.31 0.94 0.76 0.44 0.26 0.21 Lanyas 11 18 0.86 0.80 1.00 0.60 0.24 0.98 0.96 0.29 MPA 0.19 Elbow Reef 12 21 0.85 0.79 1.00 0.64 0.52 0.99 0.79 0.13 MPA 0.19 Point Break Reef 13 22 0.85 0.79 1.00 0.62 0.30 0.95 0.92 0.24 0.68 0.31 Coral Ocean Point 14 20 0.85 0.79 1.00 0.51 0.45 1.00 0.94 0.19 0.61 0.27 Grand Hotel_MMT 15 24 0.85 0.79 1.00 0.70 0.27 0.98 0.92 0.12 0.71 0.27 MMT - Managaha MPA 16 27 0.85 0.79 0.87 0.71 0.18 0.80 0.96 0.45 MPA 0.19 Old Man By the Sea 17 32 0.84 0.78 0.92 0.70 0.30 0.97 0.74 0.35 0.15 0.20 Ladder Beach 18 28 0.84 0.78 1.00 0.54 0.49 1.00 0.94 0.05 0.57 0.29 Tank Beach 19 33 0.84 0.78 1.00 0.69 0.42 0.99 0.78 0.10 MPA 0.30 Managaha Patch_MMT 20 38 0.83 0.77 0.94 0.65 0.28 0.95 0.85 0.24 MPA 0.64 Agingan Point 21 43 0.83 0.76 1.00 0.67 0.15 0.94 0.94 0.16 0.64 0.27 North Dakota 22 42 0.82 0.76 1.00 0.65 0.41 0.98 0.76 0.11 0.29 0.33 Achu Dangkulu 23 50 0.81 0.75 1.00 0.68 0.27 0.98 0.79 0.10 0.64 0.19 Wing Beach 24 46 0.81 0.75 1.00 0.51 0.40 0.98 0.81 0.18 0.52 0.19 Oleai Rocks 25 52 0.80 0.74 1.00 0.59 0.16 0.96 0.82 0.28 0.67 0.19 South Laolao 26 57 0.80 0.74 0.66 0.74 0.37 0.99 0.76 0.17 0.35 0.25 South Dakota 27 61 0.79 0.73 0.54 0.81 0.36 0.98 0.76 0.17 0.32 0.24 Achugao 28 56 0.79 0.73 1.00 0.40 0.55 0.97 0.81 0.09 0.64 0.19 Tuturam 29 76 0.68 0.63 0.00 0.72 0.48 0.98 0.76 0.12 0.28 0.42

54 Reef resilience in the Marianas_Supplementary Material

Table S7a. Intra-island analysis for Tinian and Aguijan - Distribution of normalized data values for the resilience scores (no shade), six environmental resilience indicators (light grey) and proxies for anthropogenic stress (dark grey). The relative classifications and color scheme are all as per Table S5a.

Final Raw MA BR CR CD TV HB FA NS RS RS AVG 0.86 0.80 0.89 0.64 0.34 0.94 0.86 0.19 0.41 0.22 SD 0.09 0.08 0.17 0.14 0.15 0.06 0.09 0.13 0.11 0.05 High 1.00 1.00 NA 1.00 1.00 NA 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Med-High 0.95 0.89 1.00 0.79 0.48 1.00 0.94 0.32 0.53 0.26 Low-Med 0.86 0.80 0.89 0.64 0.34 0.94 0.86 0.19 0.41 0.22 Low 0.78 0.72 0.72 0.50 0.19 0.88 0.77 0.06 0.30 0.17

Table S7b. Intra-island analysis for Tinian and Aguijan - Resilience rankings and normalized values for environmental resilience indicators (light grey) and proxies for anthropogenic stress (dark grey). Colored cells denote low-high relative classifications per the Table S5a caption and according to values presented in Table S7a. These data for resilience scores correspond to Figure 3 in the report, which along with Figure 2 and Table S1 can be referred to for site locations.

Island Overall Final Raw Site Name MA BR CR CD TV HB FA NS Rank Rank RS RS Unai Masilok 1 7 1.00 0.93 1.00 0.68 0.56 0.99 0.78 0.18 0.32 0.19 Asiga Point 2 30 0.97 0.90 1.00 0.55 0.26 0.98 0.86 0.37 0.24 0.19 Lamanibot 3 15 0.96 0.90 0.90 0.81 0.46 0.90 0.78 0.23 0.43 0.20 East Aguijan Falls 4 5 0.95 0.88 1.00 0.44 0.41 0.91 1.00 0.51 0.39 0.19 Unai Chulu 5 23 0.94 0.87 0.69 0.80 0.48 0.98 0.78 0.25 0.35 0.19 Unai Babui_MMT 6 10 0.93 0.87 0.82 0.81 0.57 1.00 0.78 0.13 0.33 0.23 Long Beach_MMT 7 41 0.93 0.86 0.98 0.62 0.42 1.00 0.78 0.11 0.31 0.19 Suicide Cliff 8 26 0.92 0.86 0.94 0.45 0.48 0.90 0.80 0.52 0.51 0.19 Barangka 9 29 0.90 0.84 1.00 0.49 0.46 1.00 0.80 0.31 0.43 0.21 Tahgong Point 10 12 0.90 0.84 0.99 0.69 0.37 0.97 0.99 0.09 0.29 0.19 Puntan Kastiyu 11 37 0.89 0.83 0.98 0.42 0.51 0.99 0.80 0.28 0.48 0.19 Aguijan Island_MMT 12 25 0.87 0.81 1.00 0.63 0.25 0.99 0.95 0.19 0.34 0.19 Naftan Rock 13 35 0.86 0.80 1.00 0.49 0.40 0.97 0.95 0.15 0.29 0.19 Unai Asiga 14 40 0.86 0.80 0.95 0.69 0.32 0.99 0.86 0.07 0.28 0.34 Masilok Beach Wall 15 55 0.85 0.80 1.00 0.56 0.38 1.00 0.78 0.08 0.33 0.19 Dynasty_MMT 16 34 0.85 0.79 0.96 0.88 0.11 0.91 0.82 0.18 0.64 0.34 Unai Lamlam 17 36 0.85 0.79 0.75 0.73 0.29 0.98 0.99 0.12 0.31 0.20 Happy Days 18 44 0.84 0.79 1.00 0.49 0.29 0.97 1.00 0.14 0.34 0.19 P. Lamanibot Sanhilo 19 54 0.83 0.77 0.65 0.79 0.32 0.94 0.78 0.23 0.39 0.19 South Point_MMT 20 65 0.80 0.75 0.92 0.63 0.26 0.88 0.82 0.12 0.60 0.19 Atgidon 21 62 0.80 0.75 0.72 0.55 0.32 0.97 0.95 0.16 0.50 0.19 P. Lamanibot Sampapa 22 59 0.79 0.73 0.93 0.72 0.16 0.87 0.95 0.02 0.45 0.20 Barcinas Bay_MMT 23 66 0.78 0.73 0.77 0.93 0.13 0.75 0.81 0.13 0.57 0.24

55 Reef resilience in the Marianas_Supplementary Material

Island Overall Final Raw Site Name MA BR CR CD TV HB FA NS Rank Rank RS RS Leprosarium 24 74 0.68 0.63 1.00 0.54 0.00 0.89 0.81 0.04 0.59 0.34 Puntan Diapblo 25 77 0.62 0.58 0.30 0.72 0.23 0.85 0.81 0.05 0.54 0.19

Table S8a. Intra-island analysis for Rota - Distribution of normalized data values for the resilience scores (no shade), six environmental resilience indicators (light grey) and proxies for anthropogenic stress (dark grey). The relative classifications and color scheme are all as per Table S5a.

Final Raw MA BR CR CD TV HB FA NS RS RS AVG 0.84 0.75 0.71 0.76 0.41 0.88 0.87 0.34 0.24 0.72 SD 0.10 0.08 0.29 0.12 0.32 0.11 0.07 0.25 0.09 0.09 High 1.00 1.00 NA 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Med-High 0.94 0.84 1.00 0.87 0.73 0.99 0.94 0.59 0.34 0.81 Low-Med 0.84 0.75 0.71 0.76 0.41 0.88 0.87 0.34 0.24 0.72 Low 0.73 0.67 0.42 0.64 0.09 0.77 0.79 0.10 0.15 0.63

Table S8b. Intra-island analysis for Rota - Resilience rankings and normalized values for environmental resilience indicators (light grey) and proxies for anthropogenic stress (dark grey). Colored cells denote low-high relative classifications per the Table S5a caption and according to values presented in Table S8a. These data for resilience scores correspond to Figure 3 in the report, which along with Figure 2 and Table S1 can be referred to for site locations.

Island Overall Final Raw Site Name MA BR CR CD TV HB FA NS Rank Rank RS RS Haina Point 1 14 1.00 0.88 1.00 0.74 1.00 1.00 0.78 0.21 0.14 0.95 West Harbor_MMT 2 16 0.99 0.87 0.99 0.72 0.89 0.94 0.89 0.22 0.36 0.71 As Dudo_MMT 3 8 0.98 0.87 0.94 0.85 0.64 0.92 0.89 0.40 0.00 0.67 Agatasi 4 31 0.95 0.84 1.00 0.73 0.58 0.95 0.78 0.45 0.17 0.67 Senhanom Wall 5 45 0.93 0.83 0.80 0.71 0.17 0.89 0.86 1.00 0.32 0.67 Coral Gardens_MMT 6 49 0.91 0.82 1.00 0.96 0.03 0.63 0.73 0.98 MPA 0.68 East Wedding Cake 7 39 0.90 0.81 0.96 0.82 0.11 0.89 0.89 0.59 0.33 0.70 Sunset Villa_MMT 8 53 0.89 0.79 0.75 0.64 0.78 0.91 0.92 0.18 0.27 0.73 Mochong 9 47 0.87 0.78 0.46 0.80 0.93 0.98 0.89 0.07 0.12 0.67 Coconut Village 10 51 0.86 0.78 0.63 0.76 0.50 0.98 0.92 0.29 0.22 0.70 Malilok Point 11 64 0.86 0.76 1.00 0.59 0.27 0.96 0.78 0.47 0.19 0.68 Sasanhaya_MMT 12 48 0.86 0.77 0.84 0.78 0.30 0.94 0.89 0.31 0.35 0.83 Teteto 13 67 0.84 0.74 0.94 0.53 0.47 0.88 0.92 0.23 0.23 0.68 Okgok_MMT 14 63 0.84 0.76 0.46 0.85 0.81 0.87 0.73 0.26 0.23 0.69 Honey Gardens 15 60 0.83 0.76 0.90 1.00 0.09 0.53 0.89 0.53 MPA 0.67 Iota Salvage_MMT 16 58 0.82 0.74 0.99 0.77 0.11 0.87 0.92 0.24 0.25 0.68 Harnom Point 17 68 0.80 0.73 0.45 0.78 0.37 0.87 0.86 0.48 0.31 0.67

56 Reef resilience in the Marianas_Supplementary Material

Island Overall Final Raw Site Name MA BR CR CD TV HB FA NS Rank Rank RS RS Cave Museum_MMT 18 69 0.77 0.70 0.65 0.72 0.24 0.96 0.89 0.17 0.31 0.75 Talakhaya_MMT 19 71 0.75 0.68 0.31 0.86 0.58 0.93 0.73 0.12 0.22 0.67 Takta Sagua 20 70 0.74 0.68 0.60 0.85 0.07 0.81 0.89 0.26 MPA 0.67 South I Ch. Park 21 73 0.73 0.67 0.17 0.71 0.51 0.88 0.89 0.30 0.07 0.67 Joanne's Reef 22 72 0.71 0.66 0.71 0.80 0.00 0.77 0.89 0.22 0.33 0.73 Rota Resort_MMT 23 75 0.71 0.64 0.52 0.57 0.40 0.91 0.92 0.02 0.19 1.00 Sailigai Point 24 78 0.56 0.53 0.00 0.59 0.00 0.89 1.00 0.18 0.30 0.67

Table S9. Numbers of virtual larvae dispersed from sources (columns) to destinations (rows) between our three survey islands, within the Mariana Islands, and to/from coral reefs in other archipelagos for four pelagic larval durations (PLDs). These tables refer to simulations that assume larvae have limited swimming ability and must land at the reef location. Normalized values (norm) compare our three survey islands relative to the maximum source and maximum destination totals among the three survey islands. See Table S9 for the results of the simulation that assumes swimming ability.

Tinian/ Other Other 10-day Saipan Aguijan Rota Marianas Guam Archipelagos Total Sink (norm) Saipan 34549 10022 90 7224 0 0 51885 0.72 Tinian/Aguijan 36926 33798 717 771 0 0 72212 1.00 Rota 1092 1383 1181 298 179 0 4133 0.06 Other Marianas 13363 11079 261 116263 7968 402 149336 Guam 0 0 160 4122 69821 74103 Oth. Archipelago 0 0 596 2276 459 0 3331 Total 85930 56282 3005 130954 78427 402 Source (norm) 1.00 0.65 0.03

Tinian/ Other Other 20-day Saipan Aguijan Rota Marianas Guam Archipelagos Total Sink (norm) Saipan 19781 7872 1764 19377 21 29 48844 0.69 Tinian/Aguijan 23790 29921 3609 12976 158 52 70506 1.00 Rota 1109 596 220 1476 1457 0 4858 0.07 Other Marianas 36687 10681 532 57391 1585 3140 110016 Guam 762 348 271 6619 54866 62866 Oth. Archipelago 3374 1568 343 16882 1317 0 23484 Total 85503 50986 6739 114721 59404 3221 Source (norm) 1.00 0.60 0.08

57 Reef resilience in the Marianas_Supplementary Material

Tinian/ Other Other 50-day Saipan Aguijan Rota Marianas Guam Archipelagos Total Sink (norm) Saipan 1065 385 420 2143 28 28899 32940 0.53 Tinian/Aguijan 8297 9913 932 4968 70 37838 62018 1.00 Rota 1248 876 913 1156 338 31985 36516 0.59 Other Marianas 17242 6791 2849 48703 4794 388132 468511 Guam 5457 1357 425 4332 34738 46309 Oth. Archipelago 5661 2837 652 26493 4074 0 39717 Total 38970 22159 6191 87795 44042 486854 Source (norm) 1.00 0.57 0.16

Tinian/ Other Other 100-day Saipan Aguijan Rota Marianas Guam Archipelagos Total Sink (norm) Saipan 60 162 74 1179 94 185237 186806 0.98 Tinian/Aguijan 5448 9308 602 2057 130 174032 191577 1.00 Rota 58 42 38 651 123 170857 171769 0.90 Other Marianas 12901 4838 1653 46038 4642 1520420 1590492 Guam 4269 987 200 1477 19752 26685 Oth. Archipelago 13907 4458 3138 108368 23593 0 153464 Total 36643 19795 5705 159770 48334 2050546 Source (norm) 1.00 0.54 0.16

Table S10. Numbers of virtual larvae dispersed from sources (columns) to destinations (rows) between our three survey islands, within the Mariana Islands, and to/from coral reefs in other archipelagos for four pelagic larval durations (PLDs). These tables refer to simulations that assume larvae have swimming ability and can locate reefs if within two model grid cells (18 km) of a reef location. Normalized values (norm) compare our three survey islands relative to the maximum source and maximum destination totals among the three survey islands. See Table S8 for the results of the simulation that assumes limited swimming ability.

Tinian/ Other Other 10-day Saipan Aguijan Rota Marianas Guam Archipelagos Total Sink (norm) Saipan 74975 18304 214 24720 0 0 118213 1.00 Tinian/Aguijan 55236 47104 3470 2437 0 0 108247 0.92 Rota 11011 9468 8117 4066 3511 0 36173 0.31 Other Marianas 70572 33297 2465 401043 23378 991 531746 Guam 0 58 2682 8816 111748 123304 Oth. Archipelago 4 7 7619 37793 10216 0 55639 Total 211798 108238 24567 478875 148853 991 Source (norm) 1.00 0.51 0.12

58 Reef resilience in the Marianas_Supplementary Material

Tinian/ Other Other 20-day Saipan Aguijan Rota Marianas Guam Archipelagos Total Sink (norm) Saipan 42019 14986 2330 36591 2 9 95937 0.85 Tinian/Aguijan 42549 35554 4410 30667 154 27 113361 1.00 Rota 4629 1848 453 4358 3676 0 14964 0.13 Other Marianas 84671 26681 4791 193337 10321 14112 333913 Guam 6683 1851 1609 14034 71264 95441 Oth. Archipelago 52877 21294 10704 178564 23713 0 287152 Total 233428 102214 24297 457551 109130 14148 Source (norm) 1.00 0.44 0.10

Tinian/ Other Other 50-day Saipan Aguijan Rota Marianas Guam Archipelagos Total Sink (norm) Saipan 2636 749 570 4553 45 60377 68930 0.51 Tinian/Aguijan 9176 10435 1470 9176 130 105703 136090 1.00 Rota 4530 2254 1822 5097 1715 114785 130203 0.96 Other Marianas 59255 17143 6832 192626 9998 926499 1212353 Guam 10171 4313 616 7918 37040 60058 Oth. Archipelago 57081 29369 6064 224612 35214 0 352340 Total 142849 64263 17374 443982 84142 1207364 Source (norm) 1.00 0.45 0.12

Tinian/ Other Other 100-day Saipan Aguijan Rota Marianas Guam Archipelagos Total Sink (norm) Saipan 102 418 81 2272 296 437931 441100 0.69 Tinian/Aguijan 6097 10746 671 2641 184 308612 328951 0.51 Rota 87 92 99 1619 301 637159 639357 1.00 Other Marianas 35076 12348 4132 127971 9571 3387057 3576155 Guam 4672 1113 253 1894 21628 29560 Oth. Archipelago 62556 24931 9287 319498 60068 0 476340 Total 108590 49648 14523 455895 92048 4770759 Source (norm) 1.00 0.46 0.13

59 Reef resilience in the Marianas_Supplementary Material

Table S11. Results of queries for targets for different types of management actions. Locations of sites that meet the set criteria are shown in summary in Figure 5 in the paper and are in individual sets of maps in the upcoming pages (See Figures S8-13). Within the Reef restoration/coral translocation column * means low coral diversity, ** means low coral cover and [!] denotes the only site with med-high resilience and below average coral cover and diversity as well as below average fishing access and LBSP.

Targets for

Conservation – high or low resilience potential and are currently outside established no-take MPAs Land-based sources of pollution (LBSP) reduction – above-average resilience potential and land-based sources of pollution Fishery management and enforcement - above-average resilience potential and accessibility due to wave exposure OR below-average herbivore AFG biomass and above-average fishing access [*] OR both [**] Bleaching monitoring and supporting recovery - low bleaching resistance and low herbivore AFG biomass Reef restoration/coral translocation – above-average resilience potential and low coral diversity or coral cover Tourism outreach and stewardship – above-average coral diversity, fish species richness and biomass and accessibility due to wave exposure.

Bleaching Fishery Tourism monitoring Reef Island R. LBSP management outreach Site Name Conservation and restoration/coral Name Rank reduction and and supporting translocation enforcement stewardship recovery Nanasu Reef Saipan 1

Bird Island Saipan 2 Obyan Beach Saipan 3 X X X Lighthouse Reef Saipan 4 X X East Aguijan Falls Tinian 5 X X X* Boy Scout Saipan 6 X X Unai Masilok Tinian 7 X As Dudo_MMT Rota 8 X* [!]

60 Reef resilience in the Marianas_Supplementary Material Bleaching Fishery Tourism monitoring Reef Island R. LBSP management outreach Site Name Conservation and restoration/coral Name Rank reduction and and supporting translocation enforcement stewardship recovery Pau Pau Saipan 9 X Unai Babui_MMT Tinian 10 Laolao Bay East Saipan 11 X Tahgong Point Tinian 12 Forbidden Island Saipan 13 Haina Point Rota 14 X X** Lamanibot Tinian 15 X X* West Harbor_MMT Rota 16 Laolao Bay Mids Saipan 17 Lanyas Saipan 18

Peysonnelia Reef Saipan 19 X X** X* Coral Ocean Point Saipan 20 X X** X X Elbow Reef Saipan 21 X

Point Break Reef Saipan 22 X X* Unai Chulu Tinian 23 Grand Hotel_MMT Saipan 24 X X** Aguijan Island_MMT Tinian 25 X Suicide Cliff Tinian 26 X X* Managaha_MMT Saipan 27 X*

Ladder Beach Saipan 28 X X** X Barangka Tinian 29 X Asiga Point Tinian 30 Agatasi Rota 31

61 Reef resilience in the Marianas_Supplementary Material Bleaching Fishery Tourism monitoring Reef Island R. LBSP management outreach Site Name Conservation and restoration/coral Name Rank reduction and and supporting translocation enforcement stewardship recovery Old Man By the Sea Saipan 32 Tank Beach Saipan 33 X Dynasty_MMT Tinian 34 X X** X* Naftan Rock Tinian 35 X Unai Lamlam Tinian 36 Puntan Kastiyu Tinian 37 X Managaha Saipan 38 X Patch_MMT East Wedding Cake Rota 39 X* [!] Unai Asiga Tinian 40 X Long Beach_MMT Tinian 41 X North Dakota Saipan 42 X X Agingan Point Saipan 43 X X** X Happy Days Tinian 44 X Senhanom Wall Rota 45 Wing Beach Saipan 46 X* X Mochong Rota 47 Sasanhaya_MMT Rota 48 Coral Gardens_MMT Rota 49 Achu Dangkulu Saipan 50 X* X Coconut Village Rota 51 X** Oleai Rocks Saipan 52 Sunset Villa_MMT Rota 53 X

62 Reef resilience in the Marianas_Supplementary Material Bleaching Fishery Tourism monitoring Reef Island R. LBSP management outreach Site Name Conservation and restoration/coral Name Rank reduction and and supporting translocation enforcement stewardship recovery P. Lamanibot Sanhilo Tinian 54 Masilok Beach Wall Tinian 55 X Achugao Saipan 56 X* X South Laolao Saipan 57 Iota Salvage_MMT Rota 58 P. Lam. Sampapa Tinian 59 X* Honey Gardens Rota 60 South Dakota Saipan 61 Atgidon Tinian 62 X* X Okgok_MMT Rota 63 Malilok Point Rota 64 South Point_MMT Tinian 65 X* X Barcinas Bay_MMT Tinian 66 X* Teteto Rota 67 X Harnom Point Rota 68 Cave Museum_MMT Rota 69 X Takta Sagua Rota 70 Talakhaya_MMT Rota 71 X Joanne's Reef Rota 72 X South I Ch. Park Rota 73 X Leprosarium Tinian 74 X X* X Rota Resort_MMT Rota 75 X X Tuturam Saipan 76 X

63 Reef resilience in the Marianas_Supplementary Material Bleaching Fishery Tourism monitoring Reef Island R. LBSP management outreach Site Name Conservation and restoration/coral Name Rank reduction and and supporting translocation enforcement stewardship recovery Puntan Diapblo Tinian 77 X X* Sailigai Point Rota 78 X X

64 Reef resilience in the Marianas_Supplementary Material

Resilience indicator summaries

Note: Coral recruitment and herbivore AFG biomass are shown on page 27.

Figure S1. Macroalgae cover results from the inter-island analysis (see also Table S5b). Colors are as per Figure 2 in the report, where red indicates low (worst condition) scores (meaning high relative macroalgae cover). No sites had the best condition for macroalgae cover (i.e., no scores were below the average minus one standard deviation).

Figure S2. Bleaching resistance results from the inter-island analysis (see also Table S5b). Colors are as per Figure 2 in the report.

65 Reef resilience in the Marianas_Supplementary Material

Figure S3. Coral diversity results from the inter-island analysis (see also Table S5b). Colors are as per Figure 2 in the report.

Figure S4. Temperature variability results from the inter-island analysis (see also Table S5b). Colors are as per Figure 2 in the report.

Site Summaries

The site summaries section begins on the following page.

66

Assessing relative resilience potential of coral reefs to inform management in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands

-- Site Summaries --

Table of Contents

Site Summary Guide ...... iii

Site name Island Page Site name Island Page Site name Island Page Nanasu Reef Saipan 1 Barangka Tinian 29 South Laolao Saipan 57 Bird Island Saipan 2 Asiga Point Tinian 30 Iota Salvage_MMT Rota 58 Obyan Beach Saipan 3 Agatasi Rota 31 P. Lamanibot Sampapa Tinian 59 Lighthouse Reef Saipan 4 Old Man By the Sea Saipan 32 Honey Gardens Rota 60 East Aguijan Falls Tinian 5 Tank Beach Saipan 33 South Dakota Saipan 61 Boy Scout Saipan 6 Dynasty_MMT Tinian 34 Atgidon Tinian 62 Unai Masilok Tinian 7 Naftan Rock Tinian 35 Okgok_MMT Rota 63 As Dudo_MMT Rota 8 Unai Lamlam Tinian 36 Malilok Point Rota 64 Pau Pau Saipan 9 Puntan Kastiyu Tinian 37 South Point_MMT Tinian 65 Unai Babui_MMT Tinian 10 Managaha Patch_MMT Saipan 38 Barcinas Bay_MMT Tinian 66 Laolao Bay East Saipan 11 East Wedding Cake Rota 39 Teteto Rota 67 Tahgong Point Tinian 12 Unai Asiga Tinian 40 Harnom Point Rota 68 Forbidden Island Saipan 13 Long Beach_MMT Tinian 41 Cave Museum_MMT Rota 69 Haina Point Rota 14 North Dakota Saipan 42 Takta Sagua Rota 70 Lamanibot Tinian 15 Agingan Point Saipan 43 Talakhaya_MMT Rota 71 West Harbor_MMT Rota 16 Happy Days Tinian 44 Joanne's Reef Rota 72 Laolao Bay Mids Saipan 17 Senhanom Wall Rota 45 South I Chenchon Park Rota 73 Lanyas Saipan 18 Wing Beach Saipan 46 Leprosarium Tinian 74 Peysonnelia Reef Saipan 19 Mochong Rota 47 Rota Resort_MMT Rota 75 Coral Ocean Point Saipan 20 Sasanhaya_MMT Rota 48 Tuturam Saipan 76 Elbow Reef Saipan 21 Coral Gardens_MMT Rota 49 Puntan Diapblo Tinian 77 Point Break Reef Saipan 22 Achu Dangkulu Saipan 50 Sailigai Point Rota 78 Unai Chulu Tinian 23 Coconut Village Rota 51 *Fishing Base Staghorn_MMT Saipan 79 Grand Hotel_MMT Saipan 24 Oleai Rocks Saipan 52 *Marianas Resort_MMT Saipan 80 Aguijan Island_MMT Tinian 25 Sunset Villa_MMT Rota 53 *Oleai Staghorn_MMT Saipan 81 Suicide Cliff Tinian 26 P. Lamanibot Sanhilo Tinian 54 *Pak Pak Beach_MMT Saipan 82 Managaha_MMT Saipan 27 Masilok Beach Wall Tinian 55 *Quartermaster Staghorn_MMT Saipan 83 Ladder Beach Saipan 28 Achugao Saipan 56 *Tanapag Staghorn_MMT Saipan 84

*sites surveyed within the Saipan lagoon (pages 79-84).

i Site Summary Guide

The first one-page summary is shown in the graphic below. Each part of the summary is enclosed within a box that has a letter label. Descriptions for each of these parts of the summary are presented next to the relevant letter label. This guide refers to the forereef survey sites, which are presented within pages 1-78. The site summaries for the 7 sites surveyed within the Saipan lagoon (pages 79-84) are the same as is presented on pages 1-78 but do not have part D as these sites are not included in the ecological resilience assessment.

A – Ranking from the inter-island resilience analysis, site name, island name.

B – Narrative describing: the source of site name, any interesting sightings during surveys, resilience assessment results, benthic community, herbivorous fish community, results of management queries if applicable, and whether Threatened coral species were observed if applicable.

C – representative site photo and inset map showing site location.

D – Inter- and Intra-island resilience assessment results with scores shown for each indicator and a legend. Please note herbivore biomass is herbivore AFG biomass in these tables. Has reverse legend to that below (i.e., green is high resilience)

E – Inter- and intra-island comparisons for the proxies used for two anthropogenic stressors. Has reverse legend to that above (i.e., green is low stress)

F – Pie chart showing the benthic community composition at the time of surveys.

G – List of Threatened coral species observed at the time of surveys.

H – Pie chart showing the percent of the total herbivorous fish biomass made up by 3 major functional groups at the time of surveys. The legend here shows biomass for each group and the numbers of herbivorous and non-herbivorous fish observed.

I – Size-class distribution for herbivorous and non- herbivorous fish observed at the time of surveys.

J – Lists of coral and fish species seen within quads (corals) and stationary point counts (fish) as well as during swims to assess species richness at the time of Field survey timing: Saipan surveys surveys. were conducted in May/June of 2012. Some of the data presented may not be K – Classification of the site for the inter-island (left and representative of the current coral and top) and intra-island (right and bottom) resilience fish community composition or assessments among the classes low, medium-low, medium-high, and high based on the final resilience condition due to a coral bleaching event scores (see colour legend for D). in 2013. Surveys at sites in Tinian/Aguijan and Rota were L – Observers within the project team that surveyed the conducted in May/June of 2014. site.

ii OVERALL SCORE: HIGH 1 - Nanasu Reef, Nanasu - 1 Saipan Porites lichen, Porites vaughani, Psammocora haimeana distinct from the resilience assessment results. actions. site This may warrant management attention for reasons criteria for targets we various setto ofmanagement identify types parrotfish (Chlorurus microrhinos anydid notmeet site ). This of the yellowlip emperors (Lethrinus xanthochilus ) and blunthead some ofthe fishseen includingon any largest site boasted survey due to numberbe the large ofherbivores found on the This reef. herbivorouscommunity. fish The low could presence of macroalgae Grazers/detritivores and scrapers/excavators make up >90%ofthe pavement, live coral, of eachthese: rubble. turfingand algae here.benthic The substrate divided into of 25% is the roughly reef score for herbivore to biomass, the part due in parrotfish large seen ranked recruitment in coral ahigh the received highest and also withinlocated the Bird Island Marine Sanctuary. Nanasu Reef iscommonwhich the Nanasu along coastline ofSaipan. is Reef Thalassoma amblycephalum, Thalassoma quinquevittatum cornutus, Zanclus Naso hexacanthus, Naso lituratus, Parupeneus multifasciatus psittacus forsteni, Scarus , Scarus rubroviolaceus oviceps , , Scarus , Sufflamen chrysopterum , Scarus Forcipiger longirostris, Hemitaurichthys polylepis, Hemitaurichthys thompsoni, Heniochus chrysostomus , Lethrinus xanthochilus, Melichthys, Melichthys niger vidua, Chaetodon quadrimaculatus, Chaetodon reticulatus, Chlorurus microrhinos, Chlorurus aygula sordidus, Coris Centropyge flavissima, Cephalopholis, Cephalopholis argus urodeta, Chaetodon auriga, Chaetodon ephippium, Chaetodon punctatofasciatus , Fish SPCs: pini, PocilloporaPlatygyra , Pocillopora eydouxi woodjonesi, Porites lobata Coral Swim: Acropora humilis , Acropora monticulosa, Cyphastrea chalcidicum, Favia favus edwardsi, Goniastrea Favites abdita Coral Quads: Fish community community Benthic Nanasu isnamed for the Reef Montipora, Montipora grisea hoffmeisteri, Montipora verrilli Intra-Island Inter-Island Analysis Low (avg-1SD) Resilience nanasu ( plant Score 1.00 1.00 (biomass inkg/ha) Herbivore Functional Groups Non-herbivorous fish(n=114) Herbivorous fish(n=168) Macroalgae Macroalgae Scaevola taccada ), Scaevola Cover 0.92 0.92 Crustose coralline algae Other invertebrates Turf algae Macroalgae Pavement Rubble Sand Dead coral Soft coral Live coral (11.65) Browsers (39.78) Scrapers /Excavators (54.50) Grazers /Detritivores Observers: S.McKagan,Observers: P. Houk,and S.Johnson Leptastrea purpurea , Leptastrea Resistance Bleaching , Pavona duerdeni, Pavona varians, Pocillopora elegans, Pocillopora meandrina, Pocillopora verrucosa,

0.54 0.63 Med-High (>avgand

1.00 1.00 Coral Coral

% 100 20 40 60 80 Diversity 0 0.95 0.95 Coral Coral NMFS ESA listing of 2014:NONE. NMFS ESA listingof Observed coral specieslistedunderthe Fish size classes (cm)

0-10 Temperature Temperature Variability 0.77 0.74 High (>avg+1SD)

, Ctenochaetus striatus trimaculatus, Dascyllus , 11-15 , Millepora platyphyllia, Millepora tuberosa,

16-20 Herbivore Herbivore Biomass 0.78 0.79

21-25 , Montipora foveolata, (wave exposure) Accessibility 26-30 -MPAN/A -MPAN/A Low Med-Low

31-35 Non-herbivores Herbivores

High Med-High

0.19 0.19

>35 LBSP

HIGH 1 SCORE: ISLAND OVERALL SCORE: HIGH 2 -BirdIsland,Saipan Pavona varians Scarus rubroviolaceusScarus Labroides dimidiatus Ctenochaetus striatus Chaetodon meyeri Cantherhines dumerilii Fish SPCs: daedalea Platygyra edwardsiGoniastrea Coral Swim: Lobophyllia corymbosa Favites abdita Astreopora listeri Coral Quads: Fish community community Benthic from the resilience assessment results. site This may warrant management attention for distinctreasons for targets variousset toofmanagement identify types actions. foundbe at any thisdid notmeet site site. This of the criteria we Uniquely, bluespine unicornfish large ( both otheras functional groups had greater biomass on average. site was made up ofbrowsers, was which rare sites for the survey Greater than half ofthe total biomass ofherbivorous fish at this this isone of<5sites cover; withof live coral cover coral >70%. cover.low macroalgae benthic The community comprised is mostly diversity and coral has also medium-high sitebiomass. This has marine Bird preserve, Island score for has the herbivore highest in the south. Likely due to its no-take status protected afully as from the Grotto in the north to the Bird Island lookout point area no-take protected in 2002that established a fully extends Bird Island within islocated the Bird Island Marine Sanctuary, Intra-Island Inter-Island Analysis Low (avg-1SD) Resilience Pocillopora ankeli , Acanthurus guttatus Score 0.92 0.92 , Acanthastrea echinata , Acropora azurea , (biomass inkg/ha) Herbivore Functional Groups Non-herbivorous fish(n=98) Herbivorous fish(n=139) Naso lituratus Naso unicornis , , , Goniopora fruiticosa Cyphastrea chalcidicum , Montipora efflorescens Macroalgae Macroalgae Chaetodon quadrimaculatus , , Centropyge flavissima Halichoeres margaritaceus , Cover , 1.00 1.00 Crustose coralline algae Other invertebrates Turf algae Macroalgae Pavement Rubble Sand Dead coral Soft coral Live coral Observers: S.McKagan,Observers: J. Maynard,and S.Johnson Pocillopora danae Goniastrea retiformis Goniastrea (85.52) Browsers (16.08) Scrapers /Excavators (55.92) Grazers /Detritivores , Acanthurus lineatus , Acropora humilus , , Acropora digitifera ; tataga) can can tataga) ; Naso unicornis Resistance Bleaching

0.60 0.70 , , Goniopora minor , Montipora floweri Pocillopora elegans , Cyphastrea japonica , , Med-High (>avgand

Coral Coral 0.15 0.15 , , Millepora platyphyllia , Montipora grisea Pocillopora meandrina , Cyphastrea ocellina

% 100 20 40 60 80 Diversity 0 , 0.98 0.98 , Coral Coral , Chaetodon ephippium Leptastrea purpurea Leptastrea NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NMFS ESA listingof Observed coral specieslistedunderthe Acropora verweyi , Acropora monticulosa Fish size classes (cm) , Acanthurus olivaceus , , Heniochus chrysostomus Pseudodax moluccanus , , Cheilinus chlorourus Montipora hoffmeisteri 0-10 Temperature Temperature Variability , , , Favia favus Millepora tuberosa Pocillopora verrucosa 0.77 0.74

11-15 High (>avg+1SD) , Cyphastrea serailia , Leptastrea transversa , , Acropora secale Chaetodon lunula , Favia matthaii , 16-20 Acanthurus triostegus Herbivore Herbivore Biomass , 1.00 1.00 , Chlorurus sordidus , , Rhinecanthus rectangulus Montipora monasteriata Kyphosus cinerascens , Montastrea curta ,

Porites lobata 21-25 NONE , , Acropora surculosa Fungia scutaria , Favia speciosa , , Leptoria Phrygia Leptoria (wave exposure) Chaetodon mertensii Accessibility 26-30 -MPAN/A -MPAN/A . Low Med-Low , , Stylophora mordax , Aphareus furca Coris gaimard , , Oulophyllia crispa Non-herbivores Herbivores

, 31-35 , Favia stelligera , Montipora nodosa

, , Acropora tenuis Scarus psittacusScarus , High Med-High 0.20 0.20 , LBSP , , >35 , ,

,

, ,

HIGH 2 SCORE: ISLAND OVERALL SCORE: HIGH 3 -Obyan Beach, Saipan catch limits, and mooring areas. and no-anchoring location include increased enforcement, and sizeregulations and bag Examples ofactions that considered can be for implementation at this enforcement due to having resilience potential and high accessibility. this the site meets criteria and regulations setfor increased fishery may thisdiversity. site itsand increasingly target fish given coral Lastly, outreach and stewardship. Tourism operators ofdiving and snorkeling marine forestablished also a tourism sitetarget is This areas. protected resilience potential ofitsbecause and high that itiscurrently outside scrapers/excavators. priority forconservation efforts high site isa This than half ofthe total herbivorousbiomass fish comprised was of but the areas that dohave diverse. (39.67%)are live coral Greater very benthicThe community at ObyanBeach isdominated pavement,by biomass, despite the sites location being favored fishers. by local score for herbivoreor miss youwill them. ahigh Obyan received Beach Scarus frenatus Scarus Naso hexacanthus Epibulus insidiator Chaetodon quadrimaculatus Cephalopholis argus Fish SPCs: Coral Swim: Pavona varians Millepora tuberosa edwardsiGoniastrea Cyphastrea chalcidicum Coral Quads: Fish community community Benthic gardencaneels ( find spotted themost inner dive Between popular sites. and outer at Obyan, reefs you making itone ofthe main recreational areas in and Saipan one ofthe and amongObyan visitors beach isapopular locals Beach to the island Porites rus Intra-Island Inter-Island Analysis Low (avg-1SD) Resilience , Acropora surculosa Pocillopora danae , , 0.89 0.89 Score Scarus niger Scarus , Acanthurus nigricans Neoniphon samara , Acanthastrea echinata , Montipora grisea , Halichoeres hortulanus (biomass inkg/ha) Herbivore Functional Groups Non-herbivorous fish(n=81) Herbivorous fish(n=101) , , Goniastrea retiformis Goniastrea Echinopora lamellosa , Macroalgae Macroalgae Chaetodon lunula , Scarus psittacusScarus ), but approach slowly Cover 1.00 1.00 Crustose coralline algae Other invertebrates Turf algae Macroalgae Pavement Rubble Sand Dead coral Soft coral Live coral Observers: S.McKagan,Observers: J. Maynard,and S.Johnson , , Pocillopora elegans (5.75) Browsers (43.87) Scrapers /Excavators (16.40) Grazers /Detritivores Acropora verweyi , Chaetodon ulietensis , , Oxycheilinus unifasciatus , Montipora hoffmeisteri Balistapus undulatus , Resistance Bleaching Acropora digitifera

, 0.69 0.59 , , , , Scarus rubroviolaceusScarus Favia favus Hemigymnus fasciatusHemigymnus Hydnophora microconos Chaetodon lunulatus

, , Montastrea curta Pocillopora eydouxi Med-High (>avgand

0.36 0.36 , Coral Coral , Cantherhines dumerilii Montipora monasteriata , , Acropora humilis Pseudanthias pascalus , , , Thalassoma lutescens Chaetodon ornatissimus , Pocillopora ankeli , , Heniochus chrysostomus Leptastrea purpurea Leptastrea Pocillopora verrucosa % 100 , 20 40 60 80 Diversity Favia stelligera 0 0.98 0.98 Coral Coral NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NMFS ESA listingof Observed coral specieslistedunderthe Fish size classes (cm) , Chlorurus frontalis , Acropora palifera 0-10 , , , Canthigaster solandri Temperature Temperature Montipora nodosa Sargocentron caudimaculatum Variability , Favites abdita , 0.89 0.93 Thalassoma quinquevittatum , High (>avg+1SD) , Leptastrea transversa

Porites australiensis 11-15 , Chaetodon punctatofasciatus , Melichthys vidua , Chlorurus sordidus , Astreopora listeri

, 16-20 Herbivore Herbivore Favites russelli Biomass , 0.45 0.45 Montipora verrilli , Centropyge flavissima 21-25 , , , Porites lichen NONE Leptoria Phrygia Leptoria Myripristis kuntee , Galaxea fascicularis , (wave exposure) , , Sargocentron tiere Sargocentron Ctenochaetus striatus Astreopora myriophthalma Accessibility , 26-30 Zanclus cornutusZanclus . Low Med-Low , 0.52 0.49 , Pavona divaricata , Porites lobata 31-35 Non-herbivores Herbivores , ,

, , , High Med-High 0.21 0.21 LBSP , >35 , ,

,

MED-HIGH 3 SCORE: ISLAND OVERALL SCORE: HIGH 4 -Lighthouse Reef, Saipan Thalassoma quinquevittatum Epinephelus Chaetodon lunulatus Fish SPCs: Pocillopora woodjonesi Cyphastrea japonica Coral Swim: Stylocoeniella armata Montipora nodosa edwardsiGoniastrea Cyphastrea chalcidicum Coral Quads: Fish community community Benthic and mooring areas. and no-anchoring increased enforcement, and catch sizeregulations and bag limits, that considered can be for implementation at this location include and that for the fishers siteExamples iseasy to access. ofactions and increasedenforcement resilience potential due to the high regulations for fishery alsoaconservationThis site is target efforts. priority marine forestablished areas soisahigh protected potential resilience sitehigh This and iscurrentlyhas outside herbivorousbiomass fish grazers/detritivores.was made up of during Greaterwas our observed than surveys. half ofthe total among the sites where few cover coral was >70%.No macroalgae resilience indicatorsall excepting temperature variability. is This of topshell ( area foralso a preserve is species ramp.Reef boat Lighthouse The marks achannel that leadsout from the Garapan Fishing Base near islocated anJapanese old Reef Lighthouse lighthouse that Intra-Island Inter-Island Analysis Low (avg-1SD) Resilience Zanclus cornutusZanclus , Acropora gemmifera , 0.89 Score 0.90 Acanthurus nigricans , , Acanthastrea echinata Halichoeres hortulanus , , Pocillopora damicornis Goniastrea retiformis Goniastrea (biomass inkg/ha) Herbivore Functional Groups Non-herbivorous fish(n=51) Herbivorous fish(n=76) , Leptoria Phrygia Leptoria , Macroalgae Macroalgae Echinopora lamellosa , Cover 1.00 1.00 Chaetodon reticulatus Crustose coralline algae Other invertebrates Turf algae Macroalgae Pavement Rubble Sand Dead coral Soft coral Live coral Observers: S.McKagan,Observers: J. Maynard,and S.Johnson (0.46) Browsers (10.15) Scrapers /Excavators (41.10) Grazers /Detritivores , Acropora robusta , Acanthurus nigrofuscus , , Acropora digitifera Resistance Bleaching , , Labroides dimidiatus ,

Pocillopora danae Goniopora minor Lobophyllia hemprichii 0.84 0.72 , Favia favus Med-High (>avgand

0.36 0.36 Coral Coral , , , Acropora humilis , , Favia matthaii Pocillopora meandrina Hydnophora microconos Canthigaster janthinoptera , Naso lituratus , Montipora efflorescens , 100

Acropora surculosa % 20 40 60 80 Diversity 0 0.98 0.98 , Coral Coral Cheilinus trilobatus NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NMFS ESA listingof Observed coral specieslistedunderthe , Fish size classes (cm) Favia speciosa , , Astreopora listeri Parupeneus multifasciatus 0-10 , Temperature Temperature Pocillopora verrucosa , Variability Montastrea curta 0.85 0.82 , , , High (>avg+1SD) Centropyge flavissima Montipora grisea Acropora tenuis , 11-15 Favites abdita , , Chlorurus sordidus Astreopora myriophthalma 16-20 Herbivore Herbivore Biomass 0.38 0.39 , , Pavona varians , , Scarus psittacusScarus , Favites russelli Porites lobata , Acropora vaughani Montipora hoffmeisteri 21-25 NONE , Chaetodon lunula , Ctenochaetus striatus (wave exposure)

26-30 Accessibility . , Low Med-Low , 0.64 0.62 Porites rus , , Galaxea fascicularis Pocillopora eydouxi Stethojulis bandanensis , Astreopora randalli Non-herbivores Herbivores

, 31-35

, , , High Med-High , 0.19 0.19 >35 LBSP , , ,

,

MED-HIGH 4 SCORE: ISLAND OVERALL SCORE: HIGH 5 -East Aguigan Falls, Tinian Chlorurus sordidus Fish Swim: Thalassoma amblycephalum phoenixensis Plectrogyphidodon Oxycheilinus digrammus Epinephelus tauvina Chromis acares Cephalopholis argus Fish SPCs: Porites lutea Favia pallida Coral Swim: Millepora platyphylla Coral Quads: Fish community community Benthic site during in May/June our surveys of2014. The areas. Threatened species coral and catchregulations and bag limits, and mooring and no-anchoring implementation at this location include increased enforcement, size translocation. Examples ofactions that considered can be for and regulations enforcement,fishery and restoration/coralreef forconservation, marinealso a site target is This area. protected resilience potential and that itiscurrently outside and established conservation because priority ofitshigh high site isa This total herbivorousbiomass fish grazers/detritivores.was made up of Greaterup and than oflive crustose coral algae. coralline 75%ofthe herbivorebenthic biomass. The cover of the site primarilywas made recruitment coral and andof the has high other sites surveyed greater site This has warm season temperature thanvariability any waterfall, instead only ofrushing water; itismade limestone. ofcoral Island). The of topography the island adjacent to the resemblesreef a Falls on islocated the (Goat eastern Aguigan sideofAguijan East Intra-Island Inter-Island Analysis Low (avg-1SD) Resilience , , , Acanthurus lineatus , Acropora digitifera 0.88 Score 0.95 Pomachromis guamensis , Montipora foveolata Acanthurus nigricans , , Monotaxis grandoculis Acropora surculosa Acropora globiceps , , Stylophora mordax Chrysiptera traceyi (biomass inkg/ha) Herbivore Functional Groups Non-herbivorous fish(n=202) Herbivorous fish(n=250) , Macroalgae Macroalgae , Chaetodon lunula , Labroides dimidiatus Platygyra pini Platygyra Cover 1.00 0.99 Crustose coralline algae Other invertebrates Turf algae Macroalgae Pavement Rubble Sand Dead coral Soft coral Live coral Observers: S.McKagan,Observers: J. Maynard,and S.Johnson , (0) Browsers (9.17) Scrapers /Excavators (60.58) Grazers /Detritivores Paracirrhites arcatus , , Acropora globiceps Acanthurus nigrofuscus , Pavona duerdeni was seen at was seen this , , Astreopora myriophthalma Aphareus furca , , , Rhinecanthus rectangulus , Ctenochaetus striatus Naso lituratus Resistance Variola louti Bleaching ,

Pocillopora elegans 0.44 0.47 , Chaetodon ornatissimus , Lutjanus bohar Med-High (>avgand

, 0.72 0.41 Coral Coral Acanthurus olivaceus , , Pocillopora meandrina Dascyllus reticulatusDascyllus , , Favia stelligera , Melichthys niger Scarus psittacusScarus , , 100 , Pocillopora ankeli Chaetodon quadrimaculatus % , Cyphastrea microphthalma 20 40 60 80 Diversity Scarus forsteniScarus 0 , 0.91 0.91 Coral Coral Paracirrhites hemistictus NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NMFS ESA listingof Observed coral specieslistedunderthe Fish size classes (cm) , , Amanses scopas Favites russelli/abdita (CNMI #95) , ,

, 0-10 , Scarus rubroviolaceusScarus Aprion virescens Melichthys vidua Dascyllus trimaculatusDascyllus Temperature Temperature , Variability Pocillopora verrucosa , Sufflamen fraenatum , 1.00 1.00 Pocillopora eydouxi 11-15 High (>avg+1SD) , Centropyge flavissima , , , Favia danae ,

Plectroglyphidodon dickii 16-20 Chaetodon reticulatus Balistoides viridescens Herbivore Herbivore , Biomass Neocirrhites armatus 0.51 0.71 , Stegastes fasciolatus , Epinephelus hexagonatus , 21-25 Porites australiensis Acropora globiceps , Favia favus (wave exposure) , Leptastrea purpurea Leptastrea 26-30 Accessibility , Centropyge heraldi Low Med-Low 0.39 0.19 , , , Cheilinus chlorourus Chaetodon auriga , Favia helianthoides , , 31-35 Non-herbivores Herbivores ,

Porites lobata , High Med-High 0.56 0.19 LBSP . , >35 , ,

, , ,

MED-LOW 5 SCORE: ISLAND OVERALL SCORE: HIGH 6 -Boy Saipan Scout, Thalassoma Hardwicke Oxycheilinus unifasciatus Chaetodon ornatissimus Fish SPCs: Coral Swim: Porites lobata Montipora floweri Galaxea fascicularis Coral Quads: Fish community community Benthic and mooring areas. and no-anchoring increased enforcement, and catch sizeregulations and bag limits, consideredcan be for implementation at this location include regulations and increased enforcement. Examples ofactions that priority at for this fishery site. atarget This sitea high isalso marineestablished areas, conservation protected efforts are resilience potentialits and high currently being outside of fish biomass was made up ofgrazers/detritivores. Because of (combined 35.18%).Greater than 50%ofthe total herbivorous (combined48.2%)was covered by sand or rubble algae coralline here, the benthic substrate that or was notlive crustose coral the resilience indicators. to Due the patchy nature ofthe reef troops.Boy Scout of scores This site for has all medium-high its namereceived due to its frequent use for camping by local recreational ispopular Boy Scout area The in beach Saipan. Intra-Island Inter-Island Analysis Low (avg-1SD) Resilience , Acropora digitifera , 0.88 0.89 Score , Cyphastrea serailia Acanthurus nigrofuscus , Montipora hoffmeisteri (biomass inkg/ha) Herbivore Functional Groups Non-herbivorous fish(n=76) Herbivorous fish(n=77) , Goniastrea retiformis Goniastrea , Psammacora haimeana Macroalgae Macroalgae , Thalassoma quinquevittatum , Cover 0.98 0.98 Crustose coralline algae Other invertebrates Turf algae Macroalgae Pavement Rubble Sand Dead coral Soft coral Live coral Observers: S.McKagan,Observers: J. Maynard,and S.Johnson Chlorurus sordidus (0) Browsers (16.60) Scrapers /Excavators (26.04) Grazers /Detritivores , Astreopora myriophthalma , , Echinopora lamellosa Ptereleotris evides , Balistapus undulatus Resistance Bleaching ,

Montipora nodosa 0.82 0.71 , Hydnophora microconos , , Ctenochaetus striatus Stylophora mordax Med-High (>avgand

Favia favus

0.32 0.32 Coral Coral , Cyphastrea chalcidicum , , Pavona duerdeni Caranx melampygus , , Favia matthaii 100 , Stethojulis bandanensis % , Leptastrea purpurea Leptastrea 20 40 60 80 Diversity Halichoeres hortulanus 0 0.97 0.97 Coral Coral NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NMFS ESA listingof Observed coral specieslistedunderthe Fish size classes (cm) , Pavona varians 0-10 , Centropyge flavissima , , Temperature Temperature Favia speciosa Favia stelligera Variability 0.89 0.93

11-15 High (>avg+1SD) , Leptoria Phrygia Leptoria , Stethojulis strigiventer , , Hemigymnus fasciatusHemigymnus Platygyra pini Platygyra ,

Fungia scutaria 16-20 , Herbivore Herbivore Biomass Favites abdita 0.31 0.31 , Cephalopholis urodeta 21-25 , Montipora efflorescens , NONE Pocillopora verrucosa , (wave exposure) Favites russelli , Sufflamen fraenatum 26-30 Accessibility , Labroides dimidiatus . Low Med-Low 0.50 0.47

31-35 Non-herbivores Herbivores ,

, , , High Med-High 0.19 0.19 >35 LBSP ,

,

MED-HIGH 6 SCORE: ISLAND OVERALL SCORE: HIGH 7 - Unai Masalok, Tinian Unai - 7 Masalok, Stylocoeniella armata pini Platygyra Phrygia Leptoria Galaxea fascicularis Echinopora lamellosa Fish Swim: Thalassoma lutescens Pomacentrus vaiuli Parupeneus insularis Macropharyngodon meleagris Gomphosus varius Chlorurus sordidus Fish SPCs: Pocillopora elegans Coral Swim: Coral Quads: Fish community community Benthic outside marine established areas. protected resilience potentialhighest for the island ofTinian and iscurrently conservation the priority having as siteas was assessed is ahigh the sites wherefew rays during we saw Unai eagle our surveys. Masalok grazers/detritivoressplit between and browsers. is one of This the biomass was made up ofscrapers/excavators; the other half was of half the herbivoroustotal Roughly (33.67%). turfing fishalgae however, of levels has high the also reef crustose algae; coralline cover. Unai Masalok cover has coral greater than 50%and 11% and low diversity recruitment macroalgae coral had and also high intact score forcoral sitehigh latte This a has stone villages. It isone ofthe many on the beaches island where youcan find Unai on ofTinian. Masaloklocated the isasmall beach coast east Intra-Island Inter-Island Analysis Low (avg-1SD) Resilience Melichthys vidua Score 0.87 1.00 , , Acropora humilis Aetobatus narinari , , Canthigaster solandri Favia favus , , , Acropora gemmifera Pocillopora danae Porites lichen (biomass inkg/ha) Herbivore Functional Groups Non-herbivorous fish(n=205) Herbivorous fish(n=78) , , , Chrysiptera brownriggii , Halichoeres hortulanus Goniastrea pectinata Montipora efflorescens Macroalgae Macroalgae , Rhinecanthus rectangulus Cover 1.00 0.99 Crustose coralline algae Other invertebrates Turf algae Macroalgae Pavement Rubble Sand Dead coral Soft coral Live coral , Observers: S.McKagan,Observers: J. Maynard,and S.Johnson , , Plectroglyphidodon dickii Naso lituratus Favia matthaii (7.25) Browsers (12.76) Scrapers /Excavators (6.87) Grazers /Detritivores , Acropora tenuis , , Anampses caeruleopunctatus Porites lobata , , Centropyge flavissima Resistance Pocillopora meandrina , Bleaching

Astreopora listeri 0.68 0.73 , Neocirrhites armatus , , Goniastrea retiformis Goniastrea Favia pallida , , , Halichoeres ornatissimus , Montipora grisea Coris aygula Coris , Millepora tuberosa Med-High (>avgand

0.56 0.98 Coral Coral , Astreopora myriophthalma , , , Favia speciosa Coris gaimard Cephalopholis urodeta , , Chaetodon quadrimaculatus Porites rus , , Montipora nodosa Oxycheilinus digrammus , , , 100 Montipora aequituberculata Hydnophora microconos

Scarus rubroviolaceusScarus % 20 40 60 80 Diversity 0 , 0.99 0.99 Coral Coral Hemigymnus fasciatusHemigymnus NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NMFS ESA listingof Observed coral specieslistedunderthe , , Fish size classes (cm) , Psammocora haimeana Favia stelligera Ctenochaetus striatus

0-10 Temperature Temperature , Variability , Chaetodon melannotus Montipora verrilli 0.78 0.78 , Cyphastrea microphthalma High (>avg+1SD) , 11-15 Plectroglyphidodon lacrymatus , , , Stegastes fasciolatus Paracirrhites arcatus , Favites abdita , Scarus forsteniScarus Leptastrea purpurea Leptastrea , , Labrid Oulophyllia crispa , 16-20 Dascyllus reticulatusDascyllus Herbivore Herbivore , Biomass Psammocora nierstraszi 0.57 0.18 sp., , Pavona duerdeni

, 21-25 Favites russelli Labroides dimidiatus , Chaetodon reticulatus NONE , Stethojulis bandanensis , Paracirrhites forsteri (wave exposure) , , , Leptastrea transversa Accessibility Platygyra daedalea Platygyra 26-30 Cyphastrea serailia . Low Med-Low , 0.32 0.10 , Epibulus insidiator Pomacanthus imperator , , Fungia scutaria Pavona varians Non-herbivores Herbivores , 31-35

, Macolor niger , , High Med-High , 0.56 0.19 , LBSP , >35 , , , ,

, ,

HIGH 7 SCORE: ISLAND OVERALL SCORE: MED-HIGH 8 - As Dudo_MMT,8 -As Rota Zebrasoma veliferum Ostracion meleagris Chlorurus microrhinos Fish Swim: tiere Sargocentron Paracirrhites arcatus Epinephelus tauvina Cheilinus trilobatus Apolemichthys trimaculatus Fish SPCs: Phrygia Leptoria Coral Swim: Porites lutea Favia helianthoides Coral Quads: Fish community community Benthic and fishingthe access. low LBSP offavorableavailability substrate, reef the and low diversity coral restoration/coralfor reef translocation activities due to the Napoleon wrasse ( turtles, blunthead large parrotfish ( This site had ofmarine awide range fauna including sea green community was comprised entirely ofgrazers/detritivores. (36.67).Uniquely,crustose algae coralline the herbivorous fish the benthic substrate was covered in either (32%)or live coral recruitmentfor coral and herbivore biomass. The majorityof score for bleaching resistance scoresa high and medium-high creatingopen ocean, diving difficult conditions. This site has to The completely the site isalso exposed main in Rota. ports from possible the as far on two as the eastern far of Rota, coast Marine Monitoring Team BECQ. The site islocated ofCNMI and isone ofthethe long-term CNMI monitoring sites ofthe isone ofthe moreAs Dudo_MMT sites to difficult accessacross Intra-Island Inter-Island Analysis Low (avg-1SD) Resilience , Psammocora haimeana , Score 0.87 0.98 Acanthurus lineatus , , , Favia stelligera Acropora verweyi Amanses scopas , Chromis margaritifer , Chlorurus microrhinos Acropora abrotenoides , Observers: S.McKagan,Observers: J. Maynard,S. Johnson,andL. Raymundo Thalassoma amblycephalum , (biomass inkg/ha) Herbivore Functional Groups Non-herbivorous fish(n=280) Herbivorous fish(n=104) Pocillopora verrucosa ). This site isatarget , , Cirripectes variolosus Macroalgae Macroalgae Halichoeres hortulanus , Parupeneus cyclostomus , Cover 0.96 0.94 Crustose coralline algae Other invertebrates Turf algae Macroalgae Pavement Rubble Sand Dead coral Soft coral Live coral Plectrogyphidodon phoenixensis Plectrogyphidodon (0) Browsers (0) Scrapers /Excavators (32.18) Grazers /Detritivores , , , Heliopora coerula Cephalopholis argus Cantherhines dumerilii , Echinopora lamellose , , Acanthurus nigrofuscus Stylocoeniella armata , Resistance Chrysiptera brownriggii Bleaching ,

Acropora surculosa ) and , 0.85 0.85

Stylophora mordax , Coris aygula Coris , , , Labroides dimidiatus Med-High (>avgand

Chaetodon lunula 0.64 0.34 Coral Coral , , Acanthurus olivaceus 5.76 , Coris gaimard , Pomacanthus imperator Astreopora myriophthalma , , Ctenochaetus striatus Pocillopora elegans , Scarus frenatus Scarus , Fungia paumotensis % 100 20 40 60 80 , , Diversity Melichthys niger Chaetodon citrinellus 0 0.92 0.91 Coral Coral , NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NMFS ESA listingof Observed coral specieslistedunderthe Thalassoma quinquevittatum , , Fish size classes (cm) Epinephelus maculatus Syndromes Chaetodon reticulatus White 5.76 ,

Acanthurus 0-10 , Scarus psittacusScarus Temperature Temperature , Variability , Pocillopora meandrina Pomachromis guamensis , 0.89 0.82 Dascyllus reticulatusDascyllus , , , High (>avg+1SD) Melichthys vidua Goniastrea retiformis Goniastrea Cyphastrea microphthalma 11-15 Skeletal Eroding Eroding Skeletal , sp., Chaetodon ephippium Band Acanthurus triostegus , , ,

Cheilinus undulatus 16-20 0 Lethrinus Herbivore Herbivore Scarus rubroviolaceusScarus Biomass 0.40 0.24 , Zanclus cornutusZanclus , Paracanthurus hepatus , , 21-25 Porites australiensis Epinephelus hexagonatus sp., NONE , , Rhinecanthus rectangulus Leptastrea purpurea Leptastrea Black Band Naso brevirostris (wave exposure) , , Accessibility

Chaetodon quadrimaculatus 26-30 Favia danae 0 , , . Low Med-Low 0.00 0.00 Chelonia , Variola louti

31-35 Non-herbivores Herbivores

, sp., Porites lobata , , , Naso lituratus , Anomalies Growth Growth , High Med-High , 0 0.67 0.19 LBSP

, >35 ,

, ,

HIGH 8 SCORE: ISLAND OVERALL SCORE: MED-HIGH 9 -Pau Pau, Saipan Stethojulis strigiventer Monotaxis grandoculis Chlorurus sordidus Chaetodon citrinellus Fish SPCs: Fungia scutaria Coral Swim: Psammacora haimeana Pavona varians purpurea Leptastrea Favia stelligera Coral Quads: Fish community community Benthic catch limits, and mooring areas. and no-anchoring include increased enforcement, and sizeregulations and bag that considered can be for implementation at this location regulations &enforcementfishery actions. Examples ofactions Pau Pau to accessible fishers sothe for site isatarget ishighly remaining browsers ~25%split between and scrapers/excavators. fish biomass was comprised ofgrazers/detritivores with the pavement substrate (>75%).Nearly 75%ofthe total herbivorous dominated by bare was overwhelmingly This reef to bleaching. majority ofthe susceptible found corals on this are reef highly alow scorebut received for bleaching resistance, also the as aromatic score recruitment for coral This smells. site has ahigh isknownBeach for its many flowering plants with sweet ( Pau Pau Intra-Island Inter-Island Analysis Low (avg-1SD) , Resilience Favites russelli , Acropora surculosa Score 0.87 0.87 , , , Acanthurus nigrofuscus , Acropora monticulosa Pocillopora elegans Pavona divaricata , Oxycheilinus unifasciatus , , (biomass inkg/ha) Herbivore Functional Groups Non-herbivorous fish(n=111) Herbivorous fish(n=143) Sufflamen fraenatum , Chaetodon melannotus Gomphosus varius , Millepora platyphyllia Macroalgae Macroalgae , Galaxea fascicularis Cover 1.00 1.00 Crustose coralline algae Other invertebrates Turf algae Macroalgae Pavement Rubble Sand Dead coral Soft coral Live coral Observers: S.McKagan,Observers: J. Maynard,and S.Johnson (4.94) Browsers (7.31) Scrapers /Excavators (26.97) Grazers /Detritivores , Acropora verweyi , , Platygyra pini Platygyra Pocillopora juv. , , Acropora palifera Balistapus undulatus Resistance Bleaching ,

Halichoeres hortulanus , 0.63 0.54 Thalassoma amblycephalum , , Parupeneus insularis Chaetodon ornatissimus , , Millepora tuberosa Goniastrea edwardsiGoniastrea Med-High (>avgand

Acropora robusta 0.62 0.62 Coral Coral , Cantherhines pardalis , , Labrid , Montipora grisea , Sargocentron caudimaculatum , , Astreopora myriophthalma 100 Pocillopora woodjonesi Goniastrea pectinata % 20 40 60 80 , Diversity Chaetodon reticulatus , 0 0.97 0.97 Coral Coral Thalassoma quinquevittatum , sp., NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NMFS ESA listingof Observed coral specieslistedunderthe Acropora secale , Fish size classes (cm) Pocillopora verrucosa Labroides bicolor 0-10 , Temperature Temperature , Centropyge flavissima Variability Montipora hoffmeisteri 0.84 0.81 High (>avg+1SD) ,

, 11-15 Acropora tenuis Goniastrea retiformis Goniastrea , Porites lutea , Chaetodon trifascialis , , Labroides dimidiatus , Astreopora randalli Porites lobata , 16-20 Scarus psittacusScarus Herbivore Herbivore Biomass 0.28 0.28 , Zebrasoma flavescens , , Acropora vaughani Cephalopholis urodeta 21-25 , Montipora NONE , Porites vaughani , Hydnophora microconos , (wave exposure) , Scarus rubroviolaceusScarus , Favia matthaii Accessibility

Cheilinus trilobatus 26-30 , Melichthys vidua . Low Med-Low sp. 0.58 0.61

# 1, Non-herbivores Herbivores , 31-35 Favia speciosa Pavona duerdeni

, , , High Med-High , 0.19 0.19 LBSP , , , >35 ,

,

MED-HIGH 9 SCORE: ISLAND OVERALL SCORE: MED-HIGH 10 -Unai Babui_MMT, Tinian Sargocentron tiere Sargocentron Oxycheilinus unifasciatus Ctenochaetus cyanocheilus Chaetodon reticulatus Balistapus undulatus Stethojulis strigiventer Parupeneus barberinus Chrysiptera brownriggii Anampses Fish Swim: Halichoeres ornatissimus Fish SPCs: Millepora platyphylla Coral Swim: pini Platygyra Phrygia Leptoria Cyphastrea serailia Coral Quads: Fish community community Benthic in May/Junesurveys of2014. inwas seen the shallow waters (<4m) adjacent to this site during our assessment results. The Threatened species coral warrant management attention for reasons distinct from the resilience for targets various ofmanagementidentify types actions. site This may moray here.anydid notmeet site eels This of the criteria we set to your camera ifyouvisit this youcan site find as giant anemonefish and herbivorousbiomass fish grazers/detritivores.comprised is of Bring Greater and thanlive crustose coral algae. coralline half ofthe total herbivore biomass. Half ofthe benthic community iscomprised of recruitment but medium-low scores for temperature and variability Monitoring Team scorescoral for BECQ. sitehigh This has ofCNMI site is This one of attack. the long-term monitoring sites of the Marine chosen due to its small size,making itan unlikely for place atactical Tinian. Along with Unai Chulu and Unai Lamlam, Unai was Babui forces during bylanding used US military beaches the Battle of Unai (Unai Babui_MMT —“Pig Babui Beach”) was one ofthe Intra-Island Inter-Island Analysis Low (avg-1SD) Resilience Arothron nigropunctatus , Acanthurus nigricans , Score 0.87 0.93 , Favia favus , , Acanthurus thompsoni Scarus schlegeliScarus Favia pallida , Porites lutea , , Porites rus , Acropora digitifera Observers: S.McKagan,Observers: J. Maynard,L. Johnston, and L.Raymundo Epinephelus hexagonatus , , Caesio caerulaurea (biomass inkg/ha) Herbivore Functional Groups Non-herbivorous fish(n=279) Herbivorous fish(n=117) Thalassoma purpureum , , Montastrea valenciennesi Labroides dimidiatus , Macroalgae Macroalgae , Chlorurus sordidus , Favia matthaii Parupeneus multifasciatus , Cover 0.82 0.75 Crustose coralline algae Other invertebrates Turf algae Macroalgae Pavement Rubble Sand Dead coral Soft coral Live coral , Dascyllus trimaculatusDascyllus Acropora globiceps , , Turbinaria stellulata Favites abdita , (0) Browsers (6.46) Scrapers /Excavators (11.73) Grazers /Detritivores Psammocora haimeana , Stegastes fasciolatus Plectroglyphidodon dickii , Acanthurus nigricauda , Cantherhines dumerilii , , Acanthurus triostegus Astreopora listeri , Resistance Bleaching Centropyge flavissima ,

Favia stelligera 0.87 0.81 , , , , Galaxea fascicularis Chromis agilis Gobiid Macropharyngodon meleagris

, Med-High (>avgand

Astreopora myriophthalma Hemigymnus fasciatusHemigymnus , , , 0.57 1.00 Coral Coral Pomacanthus imperator Acanthurus nigrofuscus Fungia scutaria , 4.55 , Chromis margaritifer , Acanthurus xanthopterus Chaetodon auriga , Cephalopholis urodeta , Goniastrea pectinata

% 100 20 40 60 80 , Diversity Gomphosus varius , 0 1.00 1.00 , Coral Coral Pavona duerdeni , Plectroglyphidodon lacrymatus NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NMFS ESA listingof Observed coral specieslistedunderthe , , Synodus Gardineroseris planulata Melichthys vidua Fish size classes (cm) Syndromes , White 4.55 Stylophora mordax , , Monotaxis grandoculis Chaetodon ephippium , , 0-10 Acanthurus olivaceus Chromis xanthura , sp., Rhinecanthus rectangulus , Temperature Temperature , Cyphastrea chalcidicum Variability Chaetodon lunula , , Thalassoma lutescens 0.78 0.78 Hydnophora microconos Amphiprion melanopus High (>avg+1SD) , ,

Gymnothorax javanicus 11-15 Pavona varians Skeletal Eroding Eroding Skeletal , Myripristis kuntee

16-20 Band 0 Herbivore Herbivore , Biomass , Chrysiptera traceyi Goniastrea edwardsiGoniastrea 0.23 0.13 , , , , Acanthurus , Chaetodon quadrimaculatus Naso lituratus Chaetodon lunulatus Pomacentrus vaiuli , , Pavona venosa Thalassoma quinquevittatum , 21-25 , Cyphastrea microphthalma Siganus argenteus NONE , , , Nemateleotris magnifica Anampses caeruleopunctatus Isopora palifera Black Band , Halichoeres hortulanus sp., (wave exposure)

26-30 Accessibility 0 , Anampses twistii , Oxycheilinus digrammus . Low Med-Low Cirripectes variolosus 0.33 0.12 , , Platygyra daedalea Platygyra Leptastrea purpurea Leptastrea , Pygoplites diacanthus , 31-35 Non-herbivores Herbivores , ,

Anomalies , Growth Growth High Med-High , , , 0.66 0.23 0 LBSP , >35 , , , , , ,

10

MED-HIGH SCORE: ISLAND OVERALL SCORE: MED-HIGH 11 -Laolao Bay East, Saipan and sewage treatmentand sewage upgrades. road and storm improvement, drain other erosion control practices near the identified streamLBSP sites bank include: stabilization, reduction. Examples ofactions that implemented can be to reduce detritivores. for site isaland-based This sourcestarget pollution of 75% ofthe total herbivorousbiomass fish grazers/comprised is of is dominated primarily by (49.33%).Greater turfingalgae than bleaching resistance.benthic The has high community on this reef around due Saipan, to itswater calm year round. almost site This inlocated the Bay. site is This one of popularthe most fishing spots came to the islands in theis This 1500s. theeasternmost site by the namegoes “Magicienne from Bay” Spanish explorers who Sargocentron tiere Sargocentron Chaetodon punctatofasciatus Fish SPCs: Coral Swim: Porites vaughani Montipora grisea Coral Quads: Fish community community Benthic Laolao Bay ( East Intra-Island Inter-Island Analysis Low (avg-1SD) , Resilience Favites abdita 0.86 , 0.88 Score , Acanthurus nigricans Heliopora coerula , Scarus psittacusScarus , Stylophora mordax (biomass inkg/ha) Herbivore Functional Groups Non-herbivorous fish(n=48) Herbivorous fish(n=103) , Montipora monasteriata Macroalgae Macroalgae , Favites russelli Cover 0.99 0.99 Crustose coralline algae Other invertebrates Turf algae Macroalgae Pavement Rubble Sand Dead coral Soft coral Live coral Observers: S.McKagan,Observers: J. Maynard,and S.Johnson (0) Browsers (7.37) Scrapers /Excavators (43.52) Grazers /Detritivores , , , Sufflamen fraenatum Chaetodon trifascialis Millepora tuberosa , Acanthurus nigrofuscus Resistance Bleaching ,

Galaxea fascicularis 0.82 0.95 , Pavona varians Med-High (>avgand

Coral Coral 0.19 0.19 , Balistapus undulatus , Goniastrea edwardsiGoniastrea , Platygyra pini Platygyra

% 100 20 40 60 80 Diversity 0 0.96 0.96 Coral Coral , NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NMFS ESA listingof Observed coral specieslistedunderthe Porites cylindrical , Fish size classes (cm) Ctenochaetus striatus , Thalassoma quinquevittatum , Pocillopora damicornis 0-10 , Centropyge flavissima , Temperature Temperature Goniastrea retiformis Goniastrea Variability 0.79 0.76

11-15 High (>avg+1SD) , Porites lutea , Dascyllus trimaculatusDascyllus 16-20 Herbivore Herbivore Biomass 0.39 0.37 , Porites lichen , , Cephalopholis urodeta , Leptastrea purpurea Leptastrea

Zanclus cornutusZanclus 21-25 NONE (wave exposure) , 26-30 Accessibility Porites lobata . Low Med-Low 0.24 , 0.19 Halichoeres hortulanus

31-35 Non-herbivores Herbivores , Leptoria Phrygia Leptoria ,

, Porites rus High Med-High 0.30 0.30 >35 LBSP , , ,

11

MED-HIGH SCORE: ISLAND OVERALL SCORE: MED-HIGH 12 -Tahgong Point, Tinian surveys in May/Junesurveys of2014. Sargocentron spiniferum Lethrinus olivaceus Fish Swim: bursaSufflamen Plectroglyphidodon johnstonianus Neocirrhites armatus Heniochus chrysostomus Chromis acares Cephalopholis urodeta Fish SPCs: Hydnophora microconos Coral Swim: Pocillopora elegans Montastrea valenciennesi Favia matthaii Coral Quads: Fish community community Benthic species coral distinct from the resilience assessment results. The Threatened actions. This site may warrant management attention for reasons criteria for targets we various setto ofmanagement identify types wrasse ( visit this youcan site find as anemonefish and adult Napoleon comprised ofgrazers/detritivores. Bring your camera ifyou Greater than 90%ofthe total herbivorous fishbiomass was (22.67%and 15.33%,respectively).crustose algae coralline but has alotofreef-accreting also substrate; and live coral benthic community isdominated by (43.67%), turfing algae scores recruitment for coral and temperature variability. The for having an abundance ofcrab and lobster. This site has high on acrustacean)a shell its name received itisknown because Tahgong Point ( Intra-Island Inter-Island Analysis Low (avg-1SD) Resilience , , Galaxea fascicularis 0.86 Score 0.90 , Acanthurus nigricans was seen at was seen this site during our , , Acropora humilis Pomacanthus imperator Amphiprion clarkia , Observers: S.McKagan,Observers: J. Maynard,L. Johnston, and L.Raymundo Chrysiptera brownriggii , , (biomass inkg/ha) Herbivore Functional Groups Non-herbivorous fish(n=606) Herbivorous fish(n=109) Scarus rubroviolaceusScarus Acropora gemmifera , Porites lichen , Macroalgae Macroalgae , Myripristis berndti Pocillopora meandrina , , , Chaetodon punctatofasciatus Thalassoma purpureum , , Cover 0.99 0.98 Crustose coralline algae Other invertebrates Turf algae Macroalgae Pavement Rubble Sand Dead coral Soft coral Live coral Lutjanus fulvus Paracanthurus hepatus Montipora efflorescens (0) Browsers (0.76) Scrapers /Excavators (11.10) Grazers /Detritivores , Acropora tenuis , Goniastrea edwardsiGoniastrea , , Acanthurus nigrofuscus Balistoides viridescens , Porites lobata , Resistance Pomacentrus vaiuli Bleaching

, 0.69 0.74 , , Acropora verweyi , Zanclus cornutusZanclus , Cirripectes variolosus Macropharyngodon meleagris Myripristis , , Astreopora myriophthalma Med-High (>avgand

sp.,

Chaetodon quadrimaculatus 0.65 0.37 Coral Coral , Chaetodon auriga , , 0.81 Acanthurus , Pomachromis guamensis Naso lituratus Astreopora listeri , Ctenochaetus striatus

% 100 , 20 40 60 80 , Diversity Montipora tuberculosa Porites lutea 0 sp., 0.97 0.97 Coral Coral , NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NMFS ESA listingof Observed coral specieslistedunderthe Paracirrhites forsteri , , , Fish size classes (cm) Leptastrea purpurea Leptastrea Malacanthus latovittatus , , Syndromes Ptereleotris zebra Anampses caeruleopunctatus Stylophora mordax Favia pallida , Chaetodon reticulatus White 0.81 , Cyphastrea serailia

, 0-10 Valenciennea strigata Temperature Temperature , Variability , Turbinaria stellulata , Rhinecanthus rectangulus Chaetodon ulietensis 0.99 0.99 , Gomphosus varius High (>avg+1SD)

, 11-15 Goniastrea retiformis Goniastrea Skeletal Eroding Eroding Skeletal , , Pterocaesio tile , Pavona duerdeni Paracirrhites hemistictus , Leptoria Phrygia Leptoria Band

, 16-20 0 Favia favus Herbivore Herbivore , Biomass , Cheilinus undulatus Melichthys niger 0.09 0.11 , Aphareus furca , , Halichoeres hortulanus Chlorurus sordidus 21-25 , Sargocentron caudimaculatum Acropora globiceps , , , Favia helianthoides , Pavona varians Stegastes fasciolatus Black Band Heliopora coerula , Millepora platyphylla (wave exposure)

26-30 Accessibility 0 , Melichthys vidua Low Med-Low , 0.29 0.06 Parupeneus insularis , , Caranx melampygus Coris aygula Coris

31-35 Non-herbivores Herbivores , ,

Platygyra pini Platygyra , , , Anomalies , Growth Growth High Med-High , 0.56 0 0.19 LBSP , ,

>35 . , , , ,

12

MED-HIGH SCORE: ISLAND OVERALL SCORE: MED-HIGH 13 -Forbidden Island, Saipan Scarus rubroviolaceusScarus Naso lituratus Epibulus insidiator Caranx melampygus Fish SPCs: daedalea Platygyra Gardineroseris planulata Coral Swim: Pocillopora verrucosa Montipora efflorescens Galaxea fascicularis Astreopora randalli Coral Quads: Fish community community Benthic assessment results. management attention for reasons distinct from the resilience for various ofmanagement types actions. site This may warrant anydid notmeet site This of the criteria we set targets to identify by grazers/detritivores and scrapers/excavators (each ~40%). total herbivorousbiomass fish comprised equalpartswas in near (49%and 44.33%,respectively). Greateralgae than 80%ofthe community isdominated categoriesand by –liveturfing coral two score for herbivore ahigh benthicsite biomass. received The marineno-take areas on protected the This island ofSaipan. hazardouscan be to swimmers. Forbidden Island isone ofthree the atrail follows which island, shores along where strong waves Forbidden Island its name gets for hike the difficult access to Intra-Island Inter-Island Analysis Low (avg-1SD) Resilience , Oxycheilinus unifasciatus , sp., 0.86 Score 0.87 Acanthurus nigricans , Acropora azurea , Porites lutea Forcipiger longirostris , Acropora digitifera , Sufflamen Sufflamen chrysopterum (biomass inkg/ha) Herbivore Functional Groups Non-herbivorous fish(n=127) Herbivorous fish(n=125) , , Montipora grisea Goniastrea retiformis Goniastrea , Macroalgae Macroalgae , Cephalopholis urodeta Cyphastrea ocellina , Cover Hydnophora microconos 1.00 1.00 Crustose coralline algae Other invertebrates Turf algae Macroalgae Pavement Rubble Sand Dead coral Soft coral Live coral Observers: S.McKagan,Observers: J. Maynard,and S.Johnson , (14.47) Browsers (35.14) Scrapers /Excavators (29.79) Grazers /Detritivores Stylophora mordax , Acropora gemmifera , Acanthurus nigrofuscus , , Parupeneus insularis Acropora tenuis , , Halichoeres hortulanus Resistance Bleaching Montipora hoffmeisteri

0.65 0.76 , , , Leptastrea purpurea Leptastrea Sufflamen fraenatum Cyphastrea serailia , Chaetodon meyeri Med-High (>avgand

0.22 0.22 Coral Coral , , Pomacanthus imperator Acanthurus triostegus , , Labroides dimidiatus Montipora nodosa , , Favia favus Leptastrea transversa , , Cheilinus chlorurus Thalassoma amblycephalum % 100 20 40 60 80 Diversity , 0 Acropora monticulosa 0.96 0.96 Coral Coral NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NMFS ESA listingof Observed coral specieslistedunderthe , Acropora verweyi Fish size classes (cm) , Millepora dichodon , Favia matthaii 0-10 , , Aphareus furca Temperature Temperature , Pavona varians Rhinecanthus rectangulus Variability , Macolor macularis , 0.79 0.76 , Chlorurus sordidus Leptoria Phrygia Leptoria 11-15 High (>avg+1SD) , Astreopora listeri , , Favia speciosa Acropora secale , , Thalassoma quinquevittatum Millepora platyphyllia , 16-20 Balistapus undulatus , Herbivore Herbivore Biomass Platygyra pini Platygyra 0.54 0.54 , , Macolor niger Millepora tuberosa ,

, 21-25 Coris gaimard Favites abdita , , NONE , Favia stelligera Astreopora myriophthalma Scarus forsteniScarus , (wave exposure) Pocillopora elegans Accessibility 26-30 -MPAN/A -MPAN/A . Low Med-Low , , , Montipora caliculata Canthigaster solandri Melichthys vidua , , Ctenochaetus striatus Favites russelli Non-herbivores Herbivores , , , 31-35 Montastrea curta

, High Med-High 0.19 0.19 >35 LBSP , , , , , , ,

13

MED-HIGH SCORE: ISLAND OVERALL SCORE: MED-HIGH 14 -Haiña Point, Rota Scarus rubroviolaceusScarus Epinephelus lanceolatus Fish Swim: Thalassoma quinquevittatum Pomacanthus imperator Neocirrhites armatus Cirripectes variolosus Centropyge flavissima Fish SPCs: Favites flexuosa Coral Swim: Pocillopora elegans Hydnophora microconos Coral Quads: Fish community community Benthic in May/Junesurveys of2014. species coral control treatment practices and sewage The upgrades. Threatened stabilization, road and storm improvement, drain other erosion near the identified streamto LBSP reduce site bankinclude: translocation.coral Examples ofactions that implemented can be land-based sources ofpollution reduction restoration/ and reef scores one for ofthe LBSP.received highest for site isa This target ( some of blunthead boasted the sitelargest This parrotfish the herbivorousbiomass fish grazers/detritivores.comprised was of for recruitment implies the site isrecovering. Uniquely, 100%of score and (6.67%), minimal turfinghigh the no macroalgae algae Considering the low cover coral at the site (11%)and that there is score forcoral recruitment.high here. a site This sighted received sharks, parrotfish large even and Giantgroupers beenhave all Haiña Point of isasite known Several species fish. for its large Chlorurus microrhinos Intra-Island Inter-Island Analysis Low (avg-1SD) Resilience was seen at was seen this site during our 0.86 Score 1.00 , , , Acropora gemmifera , Apolemichthys trimaculatus Acanthurus nigrofuscus sp., , Montastrea curta Zanclus cornutusZanclus , , Ctenochaetus striatus Acropora surculosa Observers: S.McKagan,Observers: J. Maynard,S. Johnson,andL. Raymundo Malacanthus brevirostris (biomass inkg/ha) Herbivore Functional Groups Non-herbivorous fish(n=167) Herbivorous fish(n=91) , , Pocillopora verrucosa Chaetodon auriga Macroalgae Macroalgae , , Paracirrhites arcatus Millepora platyphylla Cover 1.00 1.00 Crustose coralline algae Other invertebrates Turf algae Macroalgae Pavement Rubble Sand Dead coral Soft coral Live coral , (0) Browsers (0) Scrapers /Excavators (16.86) Grazers /Detritivores Ptereleotris zebra , Pocillopora eydouxi , Acropora humilis , , Astreopora myriophthalma Acanthurus olivaceus , Resistance Dascyllus reticulatusDascyllus Bleaching

, , 0.74 0.74 Chaetodon citrinellus Chaetodon reticulatus , , Melichthys vidua Porites australiensis , , Paracirrhites forsteri , Med-High (>avgand

0.53 1.00 Coral Coral 7.31 , , Acanthurus pyroferus Decapterus macarellus , Monotaxis grandoculis , , , , Chaetodon quadrimaculatus Favia favus Porites lobata Chlorurus frontalis , 100 ,

Parupeneus multifasciatus % Cyphastrea microphthalma 20 40 60 80 Diversity , 0 1.00 0.99 Coral Coral Montipora grisea NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NMFS ESA listingof Observed coral specieslistedunderthe , Fish size classes (cm) Syndromes Stegastes fasciolatus , White 5.99 Favia pallida ,

Porites lutea 0-10 , Temperature Temperature Acanthurus , Variability Forcipiger longirostris , , Chlorurus microrhinos 0.72 0.78 Naso tonganus High (>avg+1SD) , 11-15 Pavona varians Skeletal Eroding Eroding Skeletal , Favia stelligera , Psammocora haimeana , , sp., , Chrysiptera brownriggii Sufflamen bursaSufflamen Plectroglyphidodon dickii 1.32 , Band

Cyphastrea serailia 16-20 Herbivore Herbivore Acanthurus triostegus Biomass 0.21 0.13 , Scarus forsteniScarus , , Platygyra pini Platygyra Labroides dimidiatus , 21-25 Favites abdita , Acropora globiceps Coris aygula Coris , Black Band Thalassoma amblycephalum (wave exposure) Accessibility , 26-30 0 , Favia helianthoides Scarus oviceps Scarus Low Med-Low , 0.26 0.14 Chrysiptera traceyi , , , Caranx melampygus Pocillopora danae , , Goniastrea retiformis Goniastrea 31-35 Non-herbivores Herbivores

, Anomalies , Growth Growth High Med-High 0.20 0.27 0 LBSP

>35 . , , , , , ,

14

HIGH SCORE: ISLAND OVERALL SCORE: MED-HIGH 15 Lamanibot, - Tinian Parupeneus insularis Halichoeres ornatissimus Chaetodon lunulatus Fish Swim: Thalassoma lutescens Ptereleotris evides Naso lituratus Labroides pectoralis Forcipiger flavissimus Chromis acares Chaetodon lunula Fish SPCs: daedalea Platygyra Coral Swim: Montipora tuberculosa Favites russelli Coral Quads: Fish community community Benthic and catchbag limits, and mooring areas. and no-anchoring this location include increasedenforcement, sizeregulations and Examples ofactions that considered can be for implementation at enforcement restoration/coral and reef translocation activities. regulations and anemonefishes. This sitefor fishery isa target grazers/detritivores.great siteplace isa This to photogenic find than half ofthe total herbivorousbiomass fish comprised was of (14%).Greater (47.67%)andlive crustose coral algae coralline and the site cover. has low macroalgae isdominated This reef by inaccessible. indicator Resilience scores are mostly medium-high stretchnice at ofbeach the bottom ofthethe area cliffs, isnearly Lamanibot isknown for the adjacent While there steep cliffs. is a Intra-Island Inter-Island Analysis Low (avg-1SD) Resilience , , Chromis margaritifer Galaxea fascicularis 0.86 Score 0.96 , , , Amphiprion chrysopterus , Acanthurus nigrofuscus Cyphastrea agassizi Acropora gemmifera Observers: S.McKagan,Observers: J. Maynard,L. Johnston, and L.Raymundo , , (biomass inkg/ha) Herbivore Functional Groups Non-herbivorous fish(n=320) Herbivorous fish(n=428) Pavona duerdeni Paracirrhites arcatus , , Stylophora mordax Scarus niger Scarus , Macroalgae Macroalgae Chaetodon quadrimaculatus Cover 0.86 0.90 Crustose coralline algae Other invertebrates Turf algae Macroalgae Pavement Rubble Sand Dead coral Soft coral Live coral , , Kyphosus (9.21) Browsers (6.05) Scrapers /Excavators (18.75) Grazers /Detritivores , Sargocentron tiere Sargocentron , , Meiacanthus atrodorsalis Chaetodon ulietensis Gomphosus varius , Goniastrea edwardsiGoniastrea , , Chromis xanthura , Cyphastrea microphthalma , Scarus rubroviolaceusScarus Favia favus , , Pavona maldiviensis sp., Acanthurus , Resistance Bleaching Anampses twistii

, 0.87 0.81 Paracirrhites forsteri Lethrinus xanthochilus , , Med-High (>avgand

, , 0.80 0.46 Coral Coral Melichthys vidua , Aphareus furca Pavona varians 7.04 , , , Favites flexuosa Echinopora lamellosa , Paracirrhites hemistictus Stegastes fasciolatus , Lutjanus bohar % 100 20 40 60 80 Diversity 0 0.90 0.90 Coral Coral , NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NMFS ESA listingof Observed coral specieslistedunderthe , Bodianus axillaris Bodianus , Platygyra pini Platygyra , , Fish size classes (cm) Syndromes Heniochus chrysostomus , Myripristis berndti Leptoria Phrygia Leptoria , Centropyge flavissima Cheilinus oxycephalus White 7.04 , , , Herpolitha limax Chrysiptera traceyi Ctenochaetus striatus 0-10 , Temperature Temperature Mulloidichthys vanicolensis , Variability , Stethojulis bandanensis Favia matthaii 0.78 0.78 High (>avg+1SD) , , Porites australiensis

Plectroglyphidodon lacrymatus 11-15 Skeletal Eroding Eroding Skeletal , , Chaetodon auriga Lobophyllia hemprichii , Myripristis kuntee Band , Lobophyllia corymbosa , 16-20 0 , , , Herbivore Herbivore Coris aygula Coris Cephalopholis argus Biomass Cheilinus trilobatus Labrid , , 0.23 0.59 Favia Dascyllus trimaculatusDascyllus sp., sp., 21-25 , , Porites lobata NONE Thalassoma Hardwicke , , Favia Labroides dimidiatus , Oxycheilinus unifasciatus Chaetodon ephippium Black Band Epibulus insidiator , (wave exposure) Myripristis violacea

26-30 Accessibility 0 sp. , Montastrea valenciennesi . Low Med-Low , 0.43 0.25 , ,

Cephalopholis urodeta , Chlorurus sordidus A (grl), A (grl), Pomacentrus vaiuli , Pavona venosa Porites lutea Non-herbivores Herbivores , 31-35

Favia stelligera Anomalies , Growth Growth , , High Med-High , , , 0.20 0.57 0 Porites rus LBSP

, >35 , , , , , ,

15

HIGH SCORE: ISLAND OVERALL SCORE: MED-HIGH 16 -West Harbor_MMT, Rota Scarus psittacusScarus Neoniphon opercularis Cheilinus trilobatus Fish Swim: Stegastes fasciolatus Plectroglyphidodon johnstonianus Labroides bicolor Ctenochaetus striatus Chaetodon ornatissimus anthoidesBodianus Fish SPCs: Pavona duerdeni Coral Swim: purpurea Leptastrea Favites abdita Coral Quads: Fish community community Benthic resilience assessment results. may warrant management attention for reasons distinct from the for targets various ofmanagementidentify types actions. site This of browsers. anydid notmeet site This of the criteria we set to than 50%ofthe total herbivorousbiomass fish comprised was (42.67%)and(26.33%).Greater live coral crustose algae coralline andvariability herbivore biomass.This isdominated reef by recruitmentfor coral but medium-low scores for temperature Monitoring Team score high a BECQ. site This received ofCNMI andRota isone ofthe long-term monitoring sites ofthe Marine West Harbor_MMT just islocated outside ofthe West Harbor on Intra-Island Inter-Island Analysis Low (avg-1SD) Resilience sp., , 0.85 Score 0.99 , Acanthurus nigricans , , Favites russelli , Pomacanthus imperator Acanthurus xanthopterus Fungia repanda Lethrinus xanthochilus , , , Sufflamen fraenatum Acropora surculosa Zanclus cornutusZanclus , Observers: S.McKagan,Observers: J. Maynard,S. Johnson,andL. Raymundo , , Pavona varians , Caranx melampygus Chromis margaritifer , (biomass inkg/ha) Herbivore Functional Groups Non-herbivorous fish(n=276) Herbivorous fish(n=71) Macolor niger Porites australiensis , Macroalgae Macroalgae Gobiid Cover 1.00 0.99 Crustose coralline algae Other invertebrates Turf algae Macroalgae Pavement Rubble Sand Dead coral Soft coral Live coral , , Galaxea fascicularis Parupeneus multifasciatus (1.74) Browsers (0.77) Scrapers /Excavators (13.67) Grazers /Detritivores , sp., Leptastrea transversa , , , Acanthurus nigrofuscus Melichthys vidua Halichoeres biocellatus Platygyra pini Platygyra , Astreopora myriophthalma , , , Resistance Macropharyngodon meleagris Pomacentrus vaiuli Bleaching , Thalassoma amblycephalum ,

Chaetodon auriga , Centropyge flavissima , 0.72 0.72 Porites lobata Chrysiptera brownriggii Med-High (>avgand

, Rhinecanthus rectangulus 0.48 0.89 Coral Coral Psammocora nierstraszi , , , , 2.74 Halichoeres hortulanus Acanthurus Pomachromis guamensis Chaetodon ephippium , , Cephalopholis urodeta Cyphastrea microphthalma , 100 Chrysiptera traceyi , ,

, % Thalassoma quinquevittatum Paracirrhites arcatus 20 40 60 80 Diversity Malacanthus latovittatus , 0 Goniastrea retiformis Goniastrea sp., 0.93 0.94 Coral Coral NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NMFS ESA listingof Observed coral specieslistedunderthe , Fish size classes (cm) Syndromes Pocillopora elegans Anampses caeruleopunctatus , White 2.74 Montipora floweri 0-10 , , , Temperature Temperature Sargocentron caudimaculatum Chaetodon melannotus Hemigymnus fasciatusHemigymnus Variability , Ptereleotris evides 0.83 0.89 , , Cirripectes variolosus Chaetodon citrinellus 11-15 High (>avg+1SD) , Paracirrhites forsteri Skeletal Eroding Eroding Skeletal , , Heliopora coerula , Cyphastrea serailia Pocillopora verrucosa , , Myripristis berndti Band Montipora hoffmeisteri 16-20 0 , Herbivore Herbivore Zebrasoma flavescens Biomass 0.22 0.12 , , Sargocentron tiere Sargocentron Aphareus furca , , Heniochus chrysostomus

Chaetodon quadrimaculatus 21-25 , , NONE Ctenochaetus cyanocheilus Chaetodon lunula , , Plagiotremus tapeinosomaPlagiotremus Hydnophora microconos Black Band , , Favia danae (wave exposure) Scarus forsteniScarus , , Naso hexacanthus 26-30 Accessibility Stylophora mordax 0 . Low Med-Low 0.36 0.36 , , Oulophyllia crispa , Scarus rubroviolaceusScarus Non-herbivores Herbivores

, 31-35 Favia stelligera

, , Scarus oviceps Scarus Anomalies , Growth Growth High Med-High , 0.20 0 0.71 LBSP , , , >35 , , , , ,

16

HIGH SCORE: ISLAND OVERALL SCORE: MED-HIGH 17 -Laolao Saipan Bay Mids, assessment results. management attention for reasons distinct from the resilience for various ofmanagement types actions. site This may warrant any notmeet site did ofthe criteria targets we setto identify by parts grazers/detritivoresequal and scrapers/excavators. This 75% ofthe total herbivorousbiomass fish comprised was in near this site isdominated primarily Roughly by (72.5%). turfingalgae at toseen oftataga the this part site.due in school The at large reef score in high the herbivore a site This biomassreceived indicator, Sufflamen fraenatum Oxycheilinus unifasciatus Halichoeres ornatissimus Chaetodon trifascialis Canthigaster solandri Fish SPCs: Pocillopora woodjonesi Cyphastrea japonica Coral Swim: Stylocoeniella armata Montipora nodosa edwardsiGoniastrea Cyphastrea chalcidicum Coral Quads: Fish community community Benthic bluespine unicorn fish( camera ifyouvisit this youcan site find as anemonefish and large to address waswhich established overharvesting issues. Bring your justlies outside the the LaolaoBayCucumber Sea Sanctuary, Laolao Bay Mids within islocated central LaolaoBay. site This Intra-Island Inter-Island Analysis Low (avg-1SD) Resilience , Acropora gemmifera 0.86 , 0.85 Score Acanthurus lineatus , Acanthastrea echinata , , Pocillopora damicornis Goniastrea retiformis Goniastrea , Chamorro = (biomass inkg/ha) Herbivore Functional Groups Non-herbivorous fish(n=77) Herbivorous fish(n=88) , , Leptoria Phrygia Leptoria Scolopsis lineata , , Macroalgae Macroalgae Thalassoma quinquevittatum , Echinopora lamellosa Cephalopholis urodeta Cover 0.99 0.99 Crustose coralline algae Other invertebrates Turf algae Macroalgae Pavement Rubble Sand Dead coral Soft coral Live coral Observers: S.McKagan,Observers: J. Maynard,and S.Johnson , Cheilinus chlorourus (16.32) Browsers (20.81) Scrapers /Excavators (28.35) Grazers /Detritivores , Labroides dimidiatus , , Acropora robusta Acanthurus nigricans tataga , , Acropora digitifera Resistance Bleaching , , Siganus spinus ,

Pocillopora danae Goniopora minor Lobophyllia hemprichii ) here. 0.64 0.74 , Favia favus , Med-High (>avgand

Stethojulis bandanensis , 0.31 0.31 Coral Coral Acanthurus nigrofuscus , , , Acropora humilus , Favia matthaii Pocillopora meandrina Hydnophora microconos , Montipora efflorescens , , Chaetodon citrinellus 100

Acropora surculosa % , 20 40 60 80 Diversity Ctenochaetus striatus 0 0.94 0.94 Coral Coral NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NMFS ESA listingof Observed coral specieslistedunderthe , Fish size classes (cm) Favia speciosa , Astreopora listeri , Stethojulis strigiventer , 0-10 Amphiprion chrysopterus , Temperature Temperature Pocillopora verrucosa , , Variability Naso lituratus Montastrea curta 0.79 0.76 , , High (>avg+1SD) Montipora grisea Acropora tenuis ,

, 11-15 Favites abdita Chaetodon lunula , Forcipiger longirostris , Astreopora myriophthalma 16-20 Herbivore Herbivore , Biomass Naso unicornis 0.44 0.45 , , Sufflamen bursaSufflamen Pavona varians , , , Favites russelli Porites lobata , Acropora vaughani , Montipora hoffmeisteri

Balistapus undulatus 21-25 , NONE Chaetodon mertensii , (wave exposure) , Halichoeres hortulanus Novaculichthys taeniourus

26-30 Accessibility . , Low Med-Low , , 0.21 0.26 Porites rus , Galaxea fascicularis Sufflamen Sufflamen chrysopterum Pocillopora eydouxi , Astreopora randalli Non-herbivores Herbivores

, 31-35

, , , , High Med-High 0.21 0.21 >35 LBSP , , , , , ,

17

MED-HIGH SCORE: ISLAND OVERALL SCORE: MED-HIGH 18 -Lanyas_MMT, Saipan Sufflamen Sufflamen chrysopterum Halichoeres Cephalopholis urodeta Fish SPCs: Porites lutea monasteriata Cyphastrea chalcidicum Coral Swim: Porites lobata Montipora grisea Galaxea fascicularis Astreopora myriophthalma Coral Quads: Fish community community Benthic resilience assessment results. site may warrant management attention for reasons distinct from the atwas seen this site during in May/June our surveys of2012.This scrapers/excavators. The Threatened species coral was comprised in by parts near grazers/detritivores equal and (45%).Greatercoral than 80%ofthe total herbivorousbiomass fish benthic community ismade up by bare pavement (54%)and live and temperature diversity coral has high also variability. 99%ofthe for the temperaturehigh scored This reef indicatorvariability and here. site is This within the Managaha Marine Conservation Area. to express theto feeling need after this feeling surviving riding waves surfers surprisemild Local chosethis name to complete due disgust. ‘Laña Intra-Island Inter-Island Analysis Low (avg-1SD) Resilience , , , 0.86 , 0.85 Stylophora mordax Score Acanthurus nigricans Acropora Millepora Montipora tuberculosa , Acropora gemmifera , Melichthys vidua (biomass inkg/ha) Herbivore Functional Groups Non-herbivorous fish(n=81) Herbivorous fish(n=121) , , , Pavona varians , Goniastrea retiformis Goniastrea Chaetodon citrinellus Hydnophora microconos Macroalgae Macroalgae , Cover , 1.00 1.00 Crustose coralline algae Other invertebrates Turf algae Macroalgae Pavement Rubble Sand Dead coral Soft coral Live coral Observers: S.McKagan,Observers: J. Maynard,and S.Johnson Thalassoma quinquevittatum Cyphastrea serailia (6.48) Browsers (15.22) Scrapers /Excavators (20.25) Grazers /Detritivores Acropora globiceps , Acropora monticulosa , , Acanthurus nigrofuscus , Acropora humilis , Naso lituratus Pavona duerdeni , Platygyra pini Platygyra Resistance Bleaching

0.60 0.69 , , Leptastrea purpurea Leptastrea Chlorurus sordidus , , Favia favus Leptoria Phrygia Leptoria Med-High (>avgand

, Parupeneus multifasciatus , , Recruitment , Acropora surculosa Pocillopora danae Pocillopora eydouxi ,

Acropora nasuta 0.24 0.24 , Coral Coral Zanclus cornutusZanclus , , Balistapus undulatus Favia matthaii , , Ctenochaetus striatus , Millepora platyphyllia Millepora dichodon

% 100 20 40 60 80 Diversity 0 , 0.98 0.98 Coral Coral , , Pocillopora elegans NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NMFS ESA listingof Observed coral specieslistedunderthe Acropora robusta Acropora tenuis , Fish size classes (cm) Pocillopora woodjonesi , Favia speciosa , Ptereleotris evides

, 0-10 Cantherhines pardalis Temperature Temperature Variability , , 1.00 0.96 Millepora tuberosa Halichoeres hortulanus , High (>avg+1SD) ,

Montipora efflorescens 11-15 Acropora vaughani , , , Favia stelligera Acropora secale Pocillopora meandrina , , Scarus forsteniScarus 16-20 Porites australiensis Herbivore Herbivore Biomass 0.29 0.29 , Centropyge flavissima , , , Montastrea curta Favites abdita Astreopora randalli 21-25 , Acropora globiceps Acropora verweyi , , Halichoeres ornatissimus , Montipora floweri Scarus psittacusScarus (wave exposure) , Pocillopora verrucosa Accessibility 26-30 -MPAN/A -MPAN/A , Low Med-Low Porites lichen , Favites russelli , Non-herbivores Herbivores Montipora 31-35 , , ,

Astreopora listeri , , , High Med-High 0.19 0.19 LBSP , , . ,

, >35 ,

18

MED-HIGH SCORE: ISLAND OVERALL SCORE: MED-HIGH 19 -Peysonnelia Reef, Saipan Stethojulis bandanensis Chlorurus sordidus Fish SPCs: daedalea Platygyra Coral Swim: Pavona duerdeni Favites russelli Coral Quads: Fish community community Benthic regulations &bag/catch limits. location include road &storm improvements drain and size of actions that considered can be for implementation at this restoration/coraland reef translocation strategies. Examples regulations &enforcement reduction, fishery for LBSP target scores to foraccessible LBSP. fishers and has high This site isa cover coral (>60%).However,high this highly site isalso bleaching resistance and temperature variability. The site has scores anemonefishes. for This sitefind has high photogenic of encrusting fleshy This site isagreat spot to macroalgae. Peysonnelia dominated isareef by Reef Intra-Island Inter-Island Analysis Low (avg-1SD) Resilience 0.85 Score 0.87 , , , , Amphiprion melanopus Goniastrea pectinata Platygyra pini Platygyra Acropora vaughani , Acanthastrea hillae (biomass inkg/ha) Herbivore Functional Groups Non-herbivorous fish(n=25) Herbivorous fish(n=53) , Halichoeres Peysonnelia Macroalgae Macroalgae Cover 1.00 1.00 Crustose coralline algae Other invertebrates Turf algae Macroalgae Pavement Rubble Sand Dead coral Soft coral Live coral Observers: S.McKagan,Observers: J. Maynard,and S.Johnson , Thalassoma quinquevittatum , (4.34) Browsers (2.71) Scrapers /Excavators (3.25) Grazers /Detritivores Pocillopora damicornis , sp., , Cyphastrea chalcidicum , agenus Goniastrea retiformis Goniastrea , , Hemigymnus melapterus Hemigymnus Chaetodon melannotus Echinopora lamellosa Resistance Bleaching

0.86 1.00 Med-High (>avgand

0.29 0.29 Coral Coral , , Leptastrea purpurea Leptastrea , Zanclus cornutusZanclus Goniastrea edwardsiGoniastrea , Favia favus , Chaetodon quadrimaculatus , Naso lituratus , Porites rus % 100 20 40 60 80 Diversity 0 0.81 0.81 Coral Coral , NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NMFS ESA listingof Observed coral specieslistedunderthe Favia matthaii Fish size classes (cm) , , , Stylocoeniella armata Leptoseris mycetoseroides Oxycirrhites typus , 0-10 Goniopora fruticosa Temperature Temperature Variability 1.00 0.96 High (>avg+1SD) , 11-15 Favia rotumana , Chaetodon reticulatus

, 16-20 Parupeneus insularis Herbivore Herbivore Biomass , , 0.07 0.07 Isopora palifera Stylophora mordax , Montastrea curta ,

Favites abdita 21-25 NONE , (wave exposure) Cheilinus trilobatus

26-30 Accessibility , Leptoria Phrygia Leptoria . Low Med-Low , 0.66 0.68 Scarus rubroviolaceusScarus , Favites flexuosa , Pavona divaricata 31-35 Non-herbivores Herbivores

High Med-High , , 1.00 1.00 >35 LBSP , , ,

19

MED-HIGH SCORE: ISLAND OVERALL SCORE: MED-HIGH 20 -Coral Ocean Point, Saipan Oxycheilinus unifasciatus Halichoeres hortulanus Centropyge heraldi Fish SPCs: Pocillopora verrucosa Coral Swim: Pocillopora eydouxi Montipora floweri retiformis Goniastrea Astreopora randalli Coral Quads: Fish community community Benthic outreachtargeted and stewardship programs. limits, increasedmonitoring during warm seasons or developing road &storm improvements, drain sizeregulations &bag/catch that considered can be for implementation at this location include for targets managementset to identify actions. Example ofactions activities. is This sitethe only that met4 (or more) of the criteria tourism wellas supporting as outreach recovery and stewardship & regulations enforcement,fishery bleaching monitoring and for site isa land-basedThis sourcestarget pollution of reduction, to accessible fishers scoreLBSP. forand amedium-high has highly total herbivorousbiomassThis site fish grazers. comprised is is of (57.33%and 36.67%,respectively). Greateralgae than 50%ofthe community at the site ismade up by either or live turfing coral and temperature variability. Greater than 90%ofthe benthic Point Ocean Coral score recruitment for coral has ahigh great anemonefishes. site isa This to photogenic spot find Point Ocean Coral on islocated the southern shores ofSaipan. Intra-Island Inter-Island Analysis Low (avg-1SD) Resilience , , Acropora robusta 0.85 0.85 Score Acropora digitifera , , Acanthurus nigrofuscus Porites vaughani , Montipora hoffmeisteri (biomass inkg/ha) Herbivore Functional Groups Non-herbivorous fish(n=79) Herbivorous fish(n=68) , , Sufflamen bursaSufflamen Chaetodon citrinellus Macroalgae Macroalgae , , Cyphastrea serailia Porites lobata , Cover Leptastrea purpurea Leptastrea 1.00 1.00 Crustose coralline algae Other invertebrates Turf algae Macroalgae Pavement Rubble Sand Dead coral Soft coral Live coral Observers: S.McKagan,Observers: J. Maynard,and S.Johnson , , Halichoeres ornatissimus (8.15) Browsers (3.46) Scrapers /Excavators (15.90) Grazers /Detritivores Favia speciosa , , Acropora gemmifera Stylocoenelia armata , Amphiprion chrysopterus , Resistance Bleaching , Sufflamen Sufflamen chrysopterum

Montipora monasteriata 0.60 0.51 , , , Lobophyllia hemprichii Favia favus Chaetodon reticulatus , Leptoria Phrygia Leptoria Med-High (>avgand

, 0.45 0.45 Coral Coral Favia matthaii , , Balistapus undulatus , Sufflamen fraenatum , Montipora verrilli Millepora tuberosa , 100 , Chaetodon unimaculatus % Pocillopora danae 20 40 60 80 Diversity 0 , 1.00 1.00 Coral Coral , Acropora tenuis NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NMFS ESA listingof Observed coral specieslistedunderthe Favia stelligera Fish size classes (cm) ,

Labrid 0-10 Temperature Temperature Variability , , , Pavona duerdeni Montipora caliculata Canthigaster solandri 0.97 0.94 , , Thalassoma lutescens Pocillopora elegans sp., , High (>avg+1SD) ,

Acropora verweyi 11-15 Favites abdita Macolor niger , Chlorurus sordidus 16-20 Herbivore Herbivore Biomass 0.19 0.19 , , Pavona varians Favites russelli , , , , Astreopora myriophthalma Naso lituratus

Pocillopora meandrina 21-25 , Montipora efflorescens , Centropyge flavissima NONE Thalassoma quinquevittatum , (wave exposure) Ctenochaetus striatus

26-30 Accessibility . , Low Med-Low , 0.58 0.61 Goniastrea edwardsiGoniastrea Platgyra piniPlatgyra ,

31-35 Non-herbivores Herbivores

, , , , High Med-High , 0.27 0.27 LBSP , >35 ,

20

MED-HIGH SCORE: ISLAND OVERALL SCORE: MED-HIGH 21 -Elbow Reef, Saipan Lethrinus rubrioperculatus Cantherhines pardalis Fish SPCs: Pocillopora eydouxi Coral Swim: Pocillopora verrucosa purpurea Leptastrea Cyphastrea serailia Coral Quads: Fish community community Benthic monitored during upcoming warm seasons. for bleaching monitoring and be supporting soshould recovery anemonefish yellowlip and emperors.large This site isa target grazers/detritivores.great site isa This to photogenic spot find than 80%ofthe total herbivorousbiomass fish comprised was of community was dominated by (64.33%).Greater turfingalgae temperature and variability herbivorebenthic biomass. The indicator but has medium-low scores for bleaching resistance, currents. for the recruitment coral high scored Elbow reef wave has high exposure strongthe and lagoon very Saipan of part barrier Conservationthe This Area. surroundingreef just islocated insideElbow Reef the Managaha Marine Intra-Island Inter-Island Analysis Low (avg-1SD) Resilience , 0.85 0.85 Favia matthaii Score , , Acropora nasuta Acropora secale , , Acanthurus olivaceus Porites lobata , (biomass inkg/ha) Herbivore Functional Groups Non-herbivorous fish(n=89) Herbivorous fish(n=74) Montipora hoffmeisteri Macroalgae Macroalgae , Cephalopholis urodeta Cover 1.00 1.00 , Crustose coralline algae Other invertebrates Turf algae Macroalgae Pavement Rubble Sand Dead coral Soft coral Live coral Observers: S.McKagan,Observers: J. Maynard,and S.Johnson Favia stelligera , (2.12) Browsers (0) Scrapers /Excavators (15.68) Grazers /Detritivores , Acropora tenuis , Porites lutea Acropora vaughani , Melichthys vidua , Amphiprion chrysopterus Resistance Bleaching

0.64 0.74 , , , Psammocora haimeana Favites abdita Montipora nodosa , Acropora verweyi , Med-High (>avgand

0.52 0.52 Coral Coral , Favites russelli , , , Aprion virescens Pavona varians Astreopora listeri , Paracanthurus hepatus , 100 Stylocoeniella armata % 20 40 60 80 Diversity , Forcipiger longirostris 0 0.99 0.99 Coral Coral NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NMFS ESA listingof Observed coral specieslistedunderthe , , Montipora grisea Galaxea fascicularis Fish size classes (cm) , ,

Pocillopora ankeli 0-10 Balistapus undulatus , Astreopora myriophthalma Temperature Temperature Variability 0.82 0.79 High (>avg+1SD) , 11-15 Parupeneus multifasciatus , Stylophora mordax , Pavona duerdeni , Halichoeres margaritaceus , Goniastrea edwardsiGoniastrea 16-20 , Herbivore Herbivore Pocillopora elegans Biomass 0.13 0.13 ,

21-25 , , NONE Pocillopora danae Astreopora randalli (wave exposure) , , Accessibility 26-30 -MPAN/A -MPAN/A Sufflamen Sufflamen chrysopterum Goniastrea retiformis Goniastrea , . Low Med-Low Pocillopora meandrina , Labroides dimidiatus

31-35 Non-herbivores Herbivores

, , High Med-High 0.19 0.19 >35 LBSP , , ,

21

MED-HIGH SCORE: ISLAND OVERALL SCORE: MED-HIGH 22 -Point Break Reef, Saipan Thalassoma lutescens Parupeneus insularis Ctenochaetus striatus Cephalopholis urodeta Fish SPCs: Porites lichen Montipora monasteriata Hydnophora microconos Cyphastrea chalcidicum Coral Quads: Fish community community Benthic size regulations &bag/catch limits. at this location include road and storm improvements drain and Examples ofactions that considered can be for implementation regulations and enforcementreduction and fishery activities. for LBSP. for This site land-based isatarget sources ofpollution to accessible fishers score and has amedium-high ishighly Reef fish biomass was comprised ofgrazers/detritivores. Point Break coverand coral is24%.Greater than 80%ofthe total herbivorous The benthic community isdominated by (41.33) turfing algae indicators excepting bleaching resistance, ismedium-low. which temperature other scores for and all variability medium-high score for anemonefish. This site has ahigh find photogenic at the Pacific Islands Club resort. This site isagreat spot to breaking ‘wave’ —the Point Break flowrider wave mechanical The here reef isadjacent to the island’s most consistent Point isone ofthe Break southeastern Reef on Saipan. reefs Intra-Island Inter-Island Analysis Low (avg-1SD) Resilience 0.84 0.85 Score , Acanthurus nigrofuscus , Acropora digitifera (biomass inkg/ha) Herbivore Functional Groups Non-herbivorous fish(n=86) Herbivorous fish(n=89) , Chaetodon lunula , , , Macroalgae Macroalgae Pavona duerdeni Favia matthaii Halichoeres hortulanus , Leptoria Phrygia Leptoria Cover 1.00 1.00 Crustose coralline algae Other invertebrates Turf algae Macroalgae Pavement Rubble Sand Dead coral Soft coral Live coral Observers: S.McKagan,Observers: J. Maynard,and S.Johnson , Ptereleotris evides (1.67) Browsers (3.33) Scrapers /Excavators (28.51) Grazers /Detritivores , Zanclus cornutusZanclus , , Acropora surculosa Amphiprion chrysopterus Resistance , Bleaching ,

Favia stelligera , Chaetodon ornatissimus 0.62 0.72 Pavona varians , Montastrea curta , Sargocentron caudimaculatum , Med-High (>avgand

, , Favites abdita 0.30 0.30 Coral Coral Acropora tenuis , Platygyra pini Platygyra , Montipora caliculata , Aphareus furca , Chaetodon reticulatus

% 100 20 40 60 80 Diversity , , 0 Melichthys vidua Galaxea fascicularis 0.95 0.95 Coral Coral , NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NMFS ESA listingof Observed coral specieslistedunderthe , Astreopora myriophthalma Pocillopora danae Fish size classes (cm) , Scarus psittacusScarus ,

Balistapus undulatus 0-10 Temperature Temperature , Variability Montipora floweri 0.92 0.96 High (>avg+1SD) , , 11-15 Naso lituratus Chaetodon ulietensis , , Goniastrea edwardsiGoniastrea Pocillopora meandrina , Stethojulis strigiventer 16-20 Herbivore Herbivore Biomass , 0.25 0.24 , Astreopora randalli Centropyge flavissima , , Montipora grisea Oxycheilinus unifasciatus 21-25 NONE , Chlorurus sordidus , Goniastrea retiformis Goniastrea (wave exposure) ,

26-30 Accessibility Porites australiensis , . Low Med-Low Sufflamen fraenatum 0.66 0.68 , , Montipora hoffmeisteri Non-herbivores Herbivores , 31-35

, , High Med-High , 0.31 0.31 LBSP

, >35 , ,

22

MED-HIGH SCORE: ISLAND OVERALL SCORE: MED-HIGH 23 -Unai Chulu, Tinian Plectroglyphidodon dickii Lutjanus bohar Cirripectes variolosus Chaetodon lunulatus Fish Swim: Thalassoma lutescens Sargocentron caudimaculatum Oxycheilinus unifasciatus Gnathodentex aureolineatus Chlorurus sordidus Balistapus undulatus Fish SPCs: Coral Swim: versipora Plesiastrea purpurea Leptastrea Favia favus Coral Quads: Fish community community Benthic adjacent to this site during in May/June our surveys of2014. species distinct from the resilience assessment results. The Threatened coral actions. site This may warrant management attention for reasons criteria for targets we various setto ofmanagement identify types comprised ofscrapers/excavators. anydid notmeet site This of the 75%ofthe total herbivorousTinian. Roughly biomass fish was cover macroalgae when compared to thehas high other sites near site (35%)and (18.33%).This live coral crustose algae coralline benthicThe community isdominated accretingby reef substrate; for bleaching resistance, and herbivore diversity coral biomass. scores recruitment for coral site scores has high and medium-high sighting occurred at This this site, the ofour one only in all surveys. unlikely Arare an amphibious squid landing. daylight to place stage were for their strategically selected small sizemaking them an anforces invasion as during beach World Warbeaches These II. Unai Chulu, with along Unai p. by 10),was used US (see Babui Intra-Island Inter-Island Analysis Low (avg-1SD) Resilience , Sargocentron tiere Sargocentron , 0.84 Score 0.94 Acanthurus nigricans , , Naso lituratus Acanthurus guttatus , , Acanthastrea echinata Chromis agilis , Pavona maldiviensis Observers: S.McKagan,Observers: J. Maynard,L. Johnston, and L.Raymundo , Lobophyllia hemprichii , (biomass inkg/ha) Herbivore Functional Groups Non-herbivorous fish(n=288) Herbivorous fish(n=191) Porites lobata , , , Macroalgae Macroalgae Favites russelli Gobiid Centropyge flavissima , , Cover 0.56 0.69 Chaetodon quadrimaculatus Crustose coralline algae Other invertebrates Turf algae Macroalgae Pavement Rubble Sand Dead coral Soft coral Live coral Parupeneus insularis , (0) Browsers (26.17) Scrapers /Excavators (9.28) Grazers /Detritivores Order Teuthida , , Scarus niger Scarus sp., Chromis margaritifer , Labroides dimidiatus , , , Acanthurus nigrofuscus Anampses twistii Gomphosus varius Porites , , , , Astreopora listeri Rhinecanthus rectangulus Porites rus Resistance Bleaching Fungia scutaria

0.80 0.87 , , sp. Montastrea valenciennesi Scarus oviceps Scarus ,

Paracirrhites forsteri , 2648, Cephalopholis urodeta , Med-High (>avgand

, , Macropharyngodon meleagris Galaxea fascicularis Cyphastrea chalcidicum 0.83 0.48 Chaetodon reticulatus Coral Coral , , Scarus psittacusScarus 2.92 Acanthurus , Scarus rubroviolaceusScarus , , Paracirrhites hemistictus Coris gaimard 100

, % 20 40 60 80 Diversity , Montipora nodosa Chaetodon punctatofasciatus 0 sp., 0.98 0.98 Coral Coral , NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NMFS ESA listingof Observed coral specieslistedunderthe Cephalopholis argus , Fish size classes (cm) Syndromes Stegastes fasciolatus Anampses caeruleopunctatus , , Goniastrea edwardsiGoniastrea , Psammocora White 2.92 Kyphosus cinerascens , Cheilinus chlorourus , , 0-10 Pomacentrus vaiuli Cyphastrea microphthalma , Temperature Temperature Ctenochaetus cyanocheilus Variability , 0.78 0.78 Melichthys vidua , High (>avg+1SD) Siphamia ,

Pavona varians 11-15 sp. Skeletal Eroding Eroding Skeletal , , Parupeneus cyclostomus

2627 Chaetodon ephippium , Stethojulis bandanensis Band , sp., 16-20 0 Goniastrea retiformis Goniastrea , Herbivore Herbivore , Biomass Lethrinus xanthochilus , , Cheilinus oxycephalus 0.62 0.25 Chromis xanthura Ptereleotris evides Thalassoma purpureum , , , Oxycheilinus digrammus Aphareus furca Platygyra daedalea Platygyra 21-25 , , NONE Cyphastrea serailia Ctenochaetus striatus Black Band (wave exposure) , , 26-30 Accessibility 0 Chaetodon lunula Pempheris oualensis . Low Med-Low , , 0.35 0.14 , , , Sufflamen fraenatum Pygoplites diacanthus Hydnophora microconos Chrysiptera brownriggii , , Non-herbivores Herbivores ,

, 31-35 Platygyra pini Platygyra Zanclus cornutusZanclus

, Favia danae , Anomalies , Growth Growth High Med-High , 0.56 0 0.19 >35 LBSP , , , , , , ,

23

MED-HIGH SCORE: ISLAND OVERALL SCORE: MED-HIGH 24 -GrandHotel_MMT, Saipan Thalassoma lutescens Chlorurus sordidus Fish SPCs: Pavona duerdeni Coral Swim: Porites rus purpurea Leptastrea Cyphastrea serailia Coral Quads: Fish community community Benthic improvements and sizeregulations &bag/catch limits. for implementation at this location include road &storm drain enforcement activities. Examples ofactions that considered can be sources ofpollution and reductionregulations and fishery score for LBSP.medium-high for site isaland-based This target excavators. fishing Grand access Hotel_MMTand a has high comprised in by parts near grazers/detritivores equal and scrapers/ pavement (37.67%).The herbivoroustotal biomass fish was community at this site isdominated by (37%)and live coral excepting herbivore biomass, ismedium-low. which benthic The other scores for all indicators and high variability medium score for temperature BECQ. sitehigh This a has CNMI term monitoring sites ofthe Marine Monitoring Team of known the as Grand Saipan Hotel) and isone ofthe long- Grand Hotel_MMT isadjacent to (formerly the KanoaResort Intra-Island Inter-Island Analysis Low (avg-1SD) Resilience 0.84 0.85 Score , , , Centropyge flavissima Favia stelligera Acropora robusta , Pocillopora verrucosa , Acropora azurea , Millepora foveolata (biomass inkg/ha) Herbivore Functional Groups Non-herbivorous fish(n=37) Herbivorous fish(n=70) , Gomphosus varius Macroalgae Macroalgae Cover 1.00 1.00 Crustose coralline algae Other invertebrates Turf algae Macroalgae Pavement Rubble Sand Dead coral Soft coral Live coral Observers: S.McKagan,Observers: J. Maynard,and S.Johnson , (0) Browsers (9.59) Scrapers /Excavators (7.38) Grazers /Detritivores Favites abdita , , Stylophora mordax , Zebrasoma flavescens Echinopora lamellosa , Acropora monticulosa , Cephalopholis urodeta , Resistance Bleaching Montipora grisea ,

Halichoeres hortulanus 0.81 0.70 , Favites russelli Med-High (>avgand

, 0.27 0.27 Coral Coral , , Pavona varians Acropora palifera Galaxea fascicularis , Chaetodon mertensii , Labroides dimidiatus

% 100 20 40 60 80 Diversity 0 0.98 0.98 Coral Coral NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NMFS ESA listingof Observed coral specieslistedunderthe , Platygyra daedalea Platygyra Fish size classes (cm) , , Acropora tenuis Isopora palifera , Goniastrea edwardsiGoniastrea

, 0-10 Chaetodon reticulatus Temperature Temperature Variability 0.92 0.96 , Novaculichthys taeniourus 11-15 High (>avg+1SD) , , Millepora platyphyllia Acropora verweyi , Platygyra pini Platygyra

, 16-20 Herbivore Herbivore Goniastrea retiformis Goniastrea Biomass 0.12 0.12 , Cheilinus chlorourus 21-25 , NONE , Porites lichen Astreopora myriophthalma , (wave exposure) , Scarus psittacusScarus Millepora tuberosa

26-30 Accessibility . Low Med-Low 0.69 0.71 , Hydnophora microconos , Non-herbivores Herbivores Porites lobata

, 31-35

, High Med-High , 0.27 0.27 LBSP

, >35 , ,

24

MED-HIGH SCORE: ISLAND OVERALL SCORE: MED-HIGH 25 -Aguigan Island_MMT, Tinian surveys in May/Junesurveys of2014. Thalassoma lutescens Chromis xanthura Fish Swim: Ptereleotris evides Parupeneus multifasciatus Labroides dimidiatus Coris gaimard Chaetodon punctatofasciatus Fish SPCs: Millepora tuberosa Coral Swim: Porites vaughani Pocillopora danae Leptastrea transversa Favites abdita Cyphastrea chalcidicum Coral Quads: Fish community community Benthic species coral monitored duringbe upcoming warm The seasons. Threatened for bleaching monitoring and supporting soshould recovery biomass iscomprised ofgrazers/detritivores. This site isatarget (11.67%).Greater thanalgae 75%ofthe total herbivorous fish accretingreef substrate; (43%)and live crustose coral coralline biomass. The benthic community ismade up by greater than 50% but medium-low scores for bleaching resistance and herbivore score for temperature This site has ahigh surveyed. variability temperature resilience variability indicator sites compared to all currently score for the uninhabited.ahigh This site received The tosmall access. island soisdifficult and has is nobeaches Marine Monitoring Team BECQ. The island is ofCNMI Tinian and isone ofthe long-term monitoring sites ofthe Island_MMT just islocated west miles of afew Aguigan Intra-Island Inter-Island Analysis Low (avg-1SD) Resilience Galaxea fascicularis , 0.84 Score 0.87 , , was seen at was seen this site during our Forcipiger flavissimus , , Scarus psittacusScarus Acanthurus nigrofuscus Aphareus furca Acropora globiceps , , , , Dascyllus reticulatusDascyllus Montipora aequituberculata Acropora humilis Pocillopora meandrina , Montipora caliculata (biomass inkg/ha) Herbivore Functional Groups Non-herbivorous fish(n=316) Herbivorous fish(n=78) , Psammocora nierstraszi , Macroalgae Macroalgae Zebrasoma flavescens Cover 1.00 1.00 Crustose coralline algae Other invertebrates Turf algae Macroalgae Pavement Rubble Sand Dead coral Soft coral Live coral Observers: S.McKagan,Observers: J. Maynard,and S.Johnson (0) Browsers (4.34) Scrapers /Excavators (20.99) Grazers /Detritivores , , , Stegastes fasciolatus Apolemichthys trimaculatus Goniastrea edwardsiGoniastrea , , , Cyphastrea serailia , Melichthys vidua Plectroglyphidodon johnstonianus Acropora secale , , Forcipiger longirostris Acropora selago , , , Balistapus undulatus Chlorurus sordidus Gomphosus varius Resistance Bleaching

, , 0.63 0.68 Pocillopora verrucosa Montipora monticulosa , , Stylophora mordax Montipora grisea Med-High (>avgand

0.43 0.25 Coral Coral , , Malacanthus latovittatus , Halichoeres biocellatus , Chromis agilis , Arothron meleagris Centropyge flavissima , Porites australiensis , , Pocillopora eydouxi , Favia favus Montipora nodosa , Plectroglyphidodon lacrymatus 100 , , % Astreopora listeri 20 40 60 80 Echinopora lamellosa Diversity 0 0.99 0.99 Coral Coral NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NMFS ESA listingof Observed coral specieslistedunderthe , , Chromis margaritifer Fish size classes (cm) Heliopora coerula , , Thalassoma amblycephalum Neocirrhites , Favia helianthoides , Chaetodon citrinellus

, 0-10 Halichoeres ornatissimus , Temperature Temperature , Centropyge shepardi , Variability Naso lituratus , Porites lichen , Pocillopora woodjonesi Montipora venosa , 0.95 0.95 Astreopora myriophthalma High (>avg+1SD) , 11-15 armatus , Favia matthaii , Hydnophora microconos , Chromis vanderbilti , , , 16-20 , , Porites lobata Herbivore Herbivore Favia pallida Paracirrhites arcatus Oxycheilinus digrammus Pomacentrus vaiuli Biomass , 0.27 0.19 Chaetodon ornatissimus , , , Cephalopholis urodeta Pavona duerdeni Thalassoma quinquevittatum , , 21-25 Hemigymnus fasciatusHemigymnus Millepora platyphylla Acropora globiceps , , Favia stelligera Porites lutea , (wave exposure) Astreopora randalli

26-30 Accessibility , , Leptastrea purpurea Leptastrea Cirripectes variolosus Low Med-Low , 0.34 , 0.12 Pomachromis guamensis Paracirrhites forsteri , Pavona varians Non-herbivores Herbivores ,

, 31-35 , Porites rus ,

, , , Labrid High Med-High , 0.56 0.19 LBSP

>35 . , , sp., , , , ,

25

MED-HIGH SCORE: ISLAND OVERALL SCORE: MED-HIGH 26 -Suicide Cliff, Tinian Pterocaesio marri Chaetodon mertensii Fish Swim: Thalassoma amblycephalum Ptereleotris evides Pempheris oualensis Neocirrhites armatus sp., Forcipiger flavissimus Chaetodon reticulatus Anampses caeruleopunctatus Fish SPCs: Pavona varians Goniastrea pectinata Coral Swim: Pocillopora verrucosa Leptastrea transversa Coral Quads: Fish community community Benthic and mooring areas. and no-anchoring increased enforcement, and catch sizeregulations and bag limits, consideredcan be for implementation at this location include restoration/coral translocation activities. Examples ofactions that and regulations enforcement forsite fishery isatarget and reef herbivorousbiomass fish grazers/detritivores.comprised is of This bare pavement Greater and live coral. than 80%ofthe total of the benthic community ismade up in by parts near equal and temperature diversity for coral variability. 75% Roughly but alow score for bleaching resistance and medium-low scores scores recruitment for coral site has high and herbivore biomass bluefin swamLarge trevallys throughat ourThis site. this surveys is one of This three sites whereoccurred suicides CNMI. in many Japanese civilians leapt to their deaths during World War II. Suicide Cliff islocated on the southeastern of coast Tinian where Intra-Island Inter-Island Analysis Labrid Low (avg-1SD) Resilience , , Acanthurus lineatus Pocillopora ankeli 0.84 Score 0.92 , , , Apolemichthys trimaculatus Acropora surculosa Acropora humilis , Lutjanus fulvus , Montastrea curta (biomass inkg/ha) Herbivore Functional Groups Non-herbivorous fish(n=178) Herbivorous fish(n=100) , , , Porites lobata Rhinecanthus rectangulus , Chromis agilis , Macroalgae Macroalgae Neoniphon opercularis , , Gnathodentex aureolineatus Caranx melampygus , Decapterus macarellus , Millepora platyphylla Cover Plectroglyphidodon imparipennis 0.91 0.94 Crustose coralline algae Other invertebrates Turf algae Macroalgae Pavement Rubble Sand Dead coral Soft coral Live coral Observers: S.McKagan,Observers: J. Maynard,and S.Johnson , (5.02) Browsers (2.90) Scrapers /Excavators (63.92) Grazers /Detritivores , Scarus rubroviolaceusScarus Pocillopora eydouxi , , Acanthurus nigricans , Acropora latistella , Astreopora listeri Melichthys vidua , Porites lutea , , Chromis margaritifer Montipora foveolata Resistance Bleaching

, 0.45 0.49

Aprion virescens , , Centropyge flavissima Paracirrhites arcatus , , , Med-High (>avgand

0.84 0.48 Coral Coral , , , Montipora tuberculosa , Bodianus anthoidesBodianus Coris aygula Coris Plectroglyphidodon johnstonianus , , , , 100 , Scarus niger Scarus , Astreopora myriophthalma Montipora aequituberculata

Paracirrhites forsteri % Gomphosus varius 20 40 60 80 Cephalopholis argus Diversity , 0 0.90 0.90 Coral Coral Favia helianthoides NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NMFS ESA listingof Observed coral specieslistedunderthe , Ctenochaetus striatus Fish size classes (cm) , Halichoeres hortulanus , , Acanthurus olivaceus , ,

Cephalopholis urodeta 0-10 Myripristis berndti Sufflamen Sufflamen chrysopterum , Temperature Temperature Montipora venosa Variability 0.80 0.80 , High (>avg+1SD) Hemigymnus fasciatusHemigymnus

, 11-15 , Paracirrhites hemistictus Chaetodon ornatissimus , Favia matthaii , , , Pomacentrus vaiuli Favia danae Dascyllus reticulatusDascyllus ,

Montipora grisea 16-20 Herbivore Herbivore Biomass , , , , Myripristis kuntee 0.52 0.77 Acanthurus Halichoeres ornatissimus Pocillopora elegans , Chaetodon ephippium , Sufflamen fraenatum

, 21-25 Favia stelligera , NONE Favia pallida , Paracanthurus hepatus sp., , (wave exposure) , , , Parupeneus multifasciatus Chaetodon quadrimaculatus Pomachromis guamensis Pavona duerdeni 26-30 Accessibility , Ecsenius bicolorEcsenius . Low Med-Low , 0.36 0.51 Naso lituratus , Pocillopora meandrina , , Non-herbivores Herbivores Favites russelli Leptastrea purpurea Leptastrea 31-35 , ,

Kyphosus , , High Med-High , , , 0.56 0.19 >35 LBSP

, , , , , ,

26

MED-HIGH SCORE: ISLAND OVERALL SCORE: MED-HIGH 27 -ManagahaMPA_MMT, Saipan mooring areas. and no-anchoring enforcement, and catch sizeregulations and bag limits, and considered for implementation at increased this location include: translocationcoral activities. Examples ofactions that can be and regulations enforcementfor fishery and restoration/reef biomass iscomprised ofgrazers/detritivores. site isa This target (43.33%).Greaterlive coral than half ofthe total herbivorous fish and the mainbenthic report). The community isdominated by photo to the (this right isthe source photo for the covers ofthis Parupeneus cyclostomus Heniochus chrysostomus Chromis viridis Chaetodon citrinellus Fish SPCs: Porites vaughani Lobophyllia hemprichii Coral Swim: Pocillopora damicornis Montipora caliculata retiformis Goniastrea Coral Quads: Fish community community Benthic dominated by the coral but alow score diversity. for coral The habitat here is primarily scores for temperaturehigh and variability herbivore biomass of the Marine Monitoring Team BECQ. site This has ofCNMI Conservation Area and isone ofthe long-term monitoring sites in islocated theManagaha_MMT Managaha Marine Intra-Island Inter-Island Analysis Low (avg-1SD) Resilience 0.84 0.85 Score , , Acropora tenuis Abudefduf vaigiensis , Acropora verweyi , Gomphosus varius , , Heliopora coerula , which isshown, which in the (biomass inkg/ha) Herbivore Functional Groups Non-herbivorous fish(n=86) Herbivorous fish(n=145) Scolopsis lineata , , Stylocoenellia armata , , Macroalgae Macroalgae Montipora floweri Chaetodon mertensii Montipora monasteriata , Cover 0.87 0.87 Crustose coralline algae Other invertebrates Turf algae Macroalgae Pavement Rubble Sand Dead coral Soft coral Live coral Lethrinus harak Observers: S.McKagan,Observers: J. Maynard,and S.Johnson (7.74) Browsers (19.40) Scrapers /Excavators (36.48) Grazers /Detritivores , Favia matthaii , Astreopora myriophthalma , , Acanthurus nigricans , Halichoeres hortulanus , Thalassoma Hardwicke Hydnophora microconos Resistance Bleaching

0.83 0.71 , Montipora hoffmeisteri , , Mulloidichthys flavolineatus , Stylophora mordax , Chaetodon punctatofasciatus Favia speciosa Med-High (>avgand

Coral Coral 0.18 0.18 , Acanthurus nigrofuscus , , , Favites abdita , Halichoeres trimaculatus Thalassoma lutescens , Astreopora randalli Isopora palifera , Porites australiensis % 100 20 40 60 80 Diversity 0 0.80 0.80 Coral Coral , NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NMFS ESA listingof Observed coral specieslistedunderthe , Pavona varians Myripristis berndti Fish size classes (cm) , , Chaetodon reticulatus Favites russelli ,

Leptastrea bottae 0-10 , , Temperature Temperature , Favia favus Acanthurus nigroris Variability Thalassoma 1.00 0.96 , , Porites compressa High (>avg+1SD) Hemigymnus fasciatusHemigymnus

, 11-15 Platygyra daedala Platygyra , Goniastrea edwardsiGoniastrea , Myripristis violacea , Favia stelligera sp., , , 16-20 Leptastrea purpurea Leptastrea Cheilinus trilobatus Herbivore Herbivore Biomass Zanclus cornutusZanclus 0.45 0.45 , Centropyge flavissima , Porites lobata 21-25 , NONE Platygyra pini Platygyra , , Hemigymnus melapterus Hemigymnus Galaxea fascicularis , , Goniastrea pectinata Naso lituratus (wave exposure) Accessibility 26-30 -MPAN/A -MPAN/A , , . Zebrasoma flavescens Low Med-Low , , Chlorurus sordidus Leptoria Phrygia Leptoria Porites lutea , 31-35 Non-herbivores Herbivores ,

, , , High Med-High , 0.19 0.19 LBSP

, >35 , ,

27

MED-HIGH SCORE: ISLAND OVERALL SCORE: MED-HIGH 28 -Ladder Beach, Saipan Sufflamen Sufflamen chrysopterum Novaculichthys taeniourus Gomphosus varius Fish SPCs: Coral Swim: Porites australiensis Pavona divaricate Millepora platyphyllia Favia stelligera Astreopora myriophthalma Coral Quads: Fish community community Benthic limits, and increasedmonitoring during warm seasons. storm improvements drain and sizeregulations and bag/catch considered for implementation at this location include road and fortargets management action. Examples ofactions that can be fouronly sites that metat 3ofthe least 6criteria setto identify bleaching monitoring &supporting recovery. site is This one of pollution and regulations reduction,enforcement, fishery and for site isaland-based This sourcestarget of sites surveyed. to all whencompared scoreLBSP fishing for access and amedium-high byparts grazers/detritivores and browsers. Ladder has high Beach of the total herbivorousbiomass fish comprised is equal in near 90%made up in by parts and near Roughly livesand. equal coral 75%ofthebleaching resistance. benthic community Roughly is recruitment and temperature but variability alow score for scores forcoral for campers. beach sitea popular high This has Ladder on islocated the Beach southern and ofSaipan is coast Intra-Island Inter-Island Analysis Low (avg-1SD) Resilience Favites russelli Galaxea fascicularis 0.84 0.84 Score , , , Acropora humilus Balistapus undulatus Porites lobata , Pavona varians (biomass inkg/ha) Herbivore Functional Groups Non-herbivorous fish(n=103) Herbivorous fish(n=64) , Montastrea curta Macroalgae Macroalgae , , Fungia scutaria , Halichoeres ornatissimus , Cyphastrea chalcidicum , Cover 1.00 1.00 Crustose coralline algae Other invertebrates Turf algae Macroalgae Pavement Rubble Sand Dead coral Soft coral Live coral Observers: S.McKagan,Observers: J. Maynard,and S.Johnson Thalassoma amblycephalum Porites lutea , (3.38) Browsers (0.94) Scrapers /Excavators (3.68) Grazers /Detritivores Goniastrea edwardsiGoniastrea , , Platygyra pini Platygyra Acropora monticulosa , Parupeneus insularis , Centropyge flavissima , Resistance Bleaching Montipora caliculata ,

Porites vaughani 0.63 0.54 , Pocillopora danae Med-High (>avgand

Parupeneus multifasciatus

, Thalassoma lutescens 0.49 0.49 Coral Coral , , Psammocora haimeana Cephalopholis urodeta , Montipora floweri sp., , Pocillopora elegans 100 Labroides dimidiatus % 20 40 60 80 , Diversity , Cyphastrea serailia 0 Acropora surculosa , 1.00 1.00 Coral Coral Hydnophora microconos NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NMFS ESA listingof Observed coral specieslistedunderthe Fish size classes (cm) , Thalassoma quinquevittatum , Montipora grisea , , 0-10 , Stylophora mordax Chaetodon ornatissimus Rhinecanthus rectangulus Temperature Temperature , Variability Pocillopora meandrina 0.97 0.94 High (>avg+1SD)

, 11-15 , , Echinopora lamellosa Acropora vaughani Melichthys vidua , , Leptastrea purpurea Leptastrea Montipora hoffmeisteri 16-20 Herbivore Herbivore Biomass 0.05 0.05 , , Coris gaimard Pocillopora verrucosa 21-25 , , , Naso lituratus Scarus psittacusScarus NONE Acropora verweyi , Favia matthaii (wave exposure)

26-30 Accessibility , Leptoria Phrygia Leptoria . Low Med-Low 0.54 , 0.57 Montipora nodosa , Ctenochaetus striatus , Non-herbivores Herbivores ,

Sufflamen bursaSufflamen 31-35 , , , Favia speciosa

Astreopora listeri High Med-High , 0.29 0.29 >35 LBSP , , , , ,

28

MED-LOW SCORE: ISLAND OVERALL SCORE: MED-HIGH 29 Barangka, - Tinian Oxycheilinus unifasciatus Fish Swim: Sufflamen chrysopterum Plectroglyphidodon johnstonianus Paracirrhites forsteri Halichoeres hortulanus Chromis vanderbilti Chaetodon lunula Apolemichthys trimaculatus Fish SPCs: Stylophora mordax Coral Swim: Pocillopora meandrina Montipora nodosa Hydnophora microconos Favia danae Acropora surculosa Coral Quads: Fish community community Benthic site during in May/June our surveys of2014. The Threatened species coral and catchbag limits, and mooring areas. and no-anchoring this location include increased enforcement, sizeregulations and Examples ofactions that considered can be for implementation at regulations and enforcement. forThis site fishery isatarget herbivorous fishbiomass was comprised ofgrazers/detritivores. the was >70%.Greater time ofsurveys than 85%ofthe total resistance. sites This where isone afew ofonly cover coral at score recruitment for coral high and alow score for bleaching saw ablacktip shark reef within This site has a our fishsurveys. coastline with This isone ofthe sites where nobeaches. few we ( Barangka Intra-Island Inter-Island Analysis Low (avg-1SD) sp., Resilience , Acropora globiceps 0.84 , Score 0.90 Acanthurus olivaceus Acanthurus lineatus , Montipora tuberculosa Pomacanthus imperator , Acropora globiceps , Acropora azurea , Acropora verweyi , , (biomass inkg/ha) Herbivore Functional Groups Non-herbivorous fish(n=212) Herbivorous fish(n=92) Coris gaimard Favia pallida , Macroalgae Macroalgae Chaetodon quadrimaculatus , , , , , Pocillopora woodjonesi Balistapus undulatus Leptoria Phrygia Leptoria , Lutjanus bohar Parupeneus barberinus Cover 1.00 1.00 Crustose coralline algae Other invertebrates Turf algae Macroalgae Pavement Rubble Sand Dead coral Soft coral Live coral Observers: S.McKagan,Observers: J. Maynard,and S.Johnson Thalassoma quinquevittatum (3.65) Browsers (0.44) Scrapers /Excavators (38.95) Grazers /Detritivores was seen at was seen this , Sargocentron tiere Sargocentron , , , Acanthurus nigricans Cirrhilabrus katherinae , , , Acropora digitifera Favia speciosa Acropora secale Ctenochaetus striatus , , Acropora digitifera Montipora verrilli , Resistance Pomachromis guamensis Bleaching

0.52 0.49 , Melichthys vidua ,

Montipora efflorescens , , Carcharhinus melanopterus Med-High (>avgand

, , , 0.80 0.46 , Pavona duerdeni Coral Coral Acanthurus nigrofuscus Astreopora myriophthalma , Zanclus cornutusZanclus , Dascyllus reticulatusDascyllus Heniochus chrysostomus , Naso lituratus , Stegastes fasciolatus , , Favites abdita , Montipora foveolata , 100 Scarus rubroviolaceusScarus , Astreopora listeri % Porites lichen 20 40 60 80 Diversity 0 1.00 1.00 Coral Coral NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NMFS ESA listingof Observed coral specieslistedunderthe , , Fish size classes (cm) Pavona varians Parupeneus multifasciatus , , , , Acropora humilis Neocirrhites armatus Chlorurus sordidus Centropyge flavissima , Ecsenius bicolorEcsenius , , 0-10 Amanses scopas Galaxea fascicularis , Temperature Temperature , Porites lobata , Variability , Monotaxis grandoculis Cyphastrea microphthalma Stethojulis bandanensis , 0.80 0.80 Montastrea curta , High (>avg+1SD) Montipora grisea 11-15 , , Siphamia Platygyra pini Platygyra , Acropora nana , , , Chromis agilis Forcipiger flavissimus , , Anampses caeruleopunctatus 16-20 Porites lutea , Oxycheilinus digrammus Herbivore Herbivore Biomass Cephalopholis urodeta sp., , 0.46 0.31 , Plectroglyphidodon dickii Goniastrea edwardsiGoniastrea , Variola louti Montipora aequituberculata , , Montipora monasteriata Pocillopora elegans

, 21-25 Myripristis berndti , , NONE Sufflamen bursaSufflamen Acropora samoensis , , Porites vaughani , Chromis margaritifer Cyphastrea serailia (wave exposure)

26-30 Accessibility , . Low Med-Low Halichoeres biocellatus 0.43 0.24 , , Chaetodon citrinellus , Goniastrea retiformis Goniastrea Non-herbivores Herbivores Paracirrhites arcatus ,

, 31-35 , , ,

, , , , High Med-High , 0.62 0.21 >35 LBSP , , , ,

29

MED-HIGH SCORE: ISLAND OVERALL SCORE: MED-HIGH 30 -Asiga Point,30 Tinian Fish Swim: Thalassoma quinquevittatum Plectroglyphidodon dickii Melichthys niger bicolorEcsenius Chromis agilis Chaetodon citrinellus Anampses caeruleopunctatus Fish SPCs: Montastrea curta Coral Swim: Porites vaughani Pavona varians purpurea Leptastrea Cyphastrea serailia Coral Quads: Fish community community Benthic during in May/June our surveys of2014. The Threatened species coral attention for reasons distinct from the resilience assessment results. ofmanagementtypes actions. site This may warrant management anynot meet ofthe criteria for targets we various setto identify biomassfish grazers/detritivores.comprised was of didThis site more was ~70%.Slightly thansurveys half ofthe total herbivorous sites site is This afew whereone of only cover coral at the time of indicators excepting bleaching resistance, ismedium-low. which allscoresanemonefishes. medium-high resilienceThis site for has manygreat seaturtles.also a siteto isphotogenic This spot find as teamwe saw for the survey point highlight This a was Chiget. point of Tinian. This separates Unai Dangkulu from Unai PointAsiga ( Intra-Island Inter-Island Analysis Low (avg-1SD) Resilience , Acropora globiceps Acanthurus nigricans 0.84 Score 0.97 , Naso lituratus , , Acropora globiceps Pocillopora meandrina , , Chrysiptera traceyi Acropora digitifera , , , , Montipora tuberculosa Pavona duerdeni Favia matthaii Forcipiger flavissimus , , (biomass inkg/ha) Herbivore Functional Groups Non-herbivorous fish(n=165) Herbivorous fish(n=196) Chaetodon quadrimaculatus Scarus psittacusScarus Macroalgae Macroalgae , Cover , 1.00 1.00 Crustose coralline algae Other invertebrates Turf algae Macroalgae Pavement Rubble Sand Dead coral Soft coral Live coral Observers: S.McKagan,Observers: J. Maynard,and S.Johnson Oxycheilinus digrammus Neocirrhites armatus was seen at was seen this site (16.19) Browsers (10.68) Scrapers /Excavators (27.60) Grazers /Detritivores , , , Acanthurus nigrofuscus Acropora latistella Balistapus undulatus , Favia stelligera , , , , Cirrhilabrus katherinae Acropora gemmifera Platygyra pini Platygyra Scarus rubroviolaceusScarus , Resistance Bleaching Pocillopora verrucosa

, Gomphosus varius 0.55 , 0.59 Montipora aequituberculata , Med-High (>avgand

Blenniid 0.45 0.26 Coral Coral , , Acanthurus olivaceus , Acropora surculosa , Halichoeres biocellatus , Stegastes fasciolatus Pocillopora woodjonesi , Ctenochaetus striatus sp., , Favites russelli 100 Centropyge flavissima % 20 40 60 80 Diversity , , , 0 , , Paracirrhites arcatus 0.98 0.98 Coral Coral Acropora tenuis Montipora grisea Pocillopora eydouxi Zanclus cornutusZanclus NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NMFS ESA listingof Observed coral specieslistedunderthe , Chaetodon unimaculatus Fish size classes (cm) , Astreopora myriophthalma , ,

Amanses scopas 0-10 Sufflamen Sufflamen chrysopterum , , Halichoeres hortulanus Goniastrea edwardsiGoniastrea Temperature Temperature , , Variability Dascyllus reticulatusDascyllus Porites australiensis 0.86 0.86 , High (>avg+1SD) Acropora verweyi , , 11-15 Cephalopholis argus Montipora hoffmeisteri , , Paracirrhites hemistictus Psammocora nierstraszi , Amphiprion chrysopterus 16-20 Herbivore Herbivore , Biomass Cheilinus trilobatus 0.37 1.00 , , Hydnophora microconos , Labroides dimidiatus , , , , Porites lobata Cyphastrea microphthalma Thalassoma lutescens Dascyllus trimaculatusDascyllus Millepora platyphylla 21-25 , Acropora globiceps Chaetodon auriga , Montipora (wave exposure) , 26-30 Accessibility Parupeneus multifasciatus Low Med-Low , 0.00 0.24 Porites lutea , Chlorurus sordidus , Non-herbivores Herbivores sp. , 31-35 Macolor niger , ,

, , ,

2, , , High Med-High 0.56 0.19 LBSP

>35 . , , ,

30

HIGH SCORE: ISLAND OVERALL SCORE: MED-HIGH 31 -Agatasi, Rota Sargocentron tiere Sargocentron Coris gaimard Fish Swim: Zebrasoma veliferum Pomachromis guamensis Paracirrhites arcatus Decapterus macarellus Chaetodon citrinellus Apolemichthys trimaculatus Fish SPCs: Millepora platyphylla Coral Swim: Porites lobata purpurea Leptastrea Cyphastrea serailia Coral Quads: Fish community community Benthic atwas seen this site during in May/June our surveys of2014. assessment results. The Threatened species coral management attention for reasons distinct from the resilience for various ofmanagement types actions. site This may warrant anydid notmeet site This of the criteria we set targets to identify herbivorousbiomass fish grazers/detritivores.comprised was of and bare pavement.crustose algae, coralline Uniquely, 100%of the benthic community was made up in by parts near live equal coral, temperature variability, 80%ofthe has which alow score. Roughly resilience scores indicatorssite for has all medium-high excepting endangered Marianas Crow ( knownhistorically been apreferred to be nesting area ofthe ison theAgatasi southeastern site This has ofRota. coast Intra-Island Inter-Island Analysis Low (avg-1SD) Resilience aga , , Melichthys niger , 0.83 Score 0.95 , Acanthurus pyroferus Favia helianthoides , Astreopora listeri , — crow, — Scarus oviceps Scarus Acanthurus lineatus , , Platygyra pini Platygyra Acropora cophydactyla Observers: S.McKagan,Observers: J. Maynard,S. Johnson,andL. Raymundo (biomass inkg/ha) Herbivore Functional Groups Non-herbivorous fish(n=212) Herbivorous fish(n=131) Macroalgae Macroalgae tasi , , Montipora monasteriata Parupeneus multifasciatus , , Cover 1.00 1.00 Crustose coralline algae Other invertebrates Turf algae Macroalgae Pavement Rubble Sand Dead coral Soft coral Live coral Labroides dimidiatus — ocean). This —ocean). Stegastes fasciolatus , , (0) Browsers (0) Scrapers /Excavators (35.97) Grazers /Detritivores Scarus rubroviolaceusScarus Monotaxis grandoculis , , Acropora globiceps , Caranx melampygus Astreopora randalli Chromis xanthura , , Pocillopora elegans , Favia pallida Aphareus furca , Acanthurus nigrofuscus Resistance Bleaching ,

Acropora gemmifera 0.73 0.73 , , Favia stelligera Sufflamen bursaSufflamen Med-High (>avgand

, , Lutjanus kasmira , , , Caesio teres Pavona duerdeni , Chrysiptera brownriggii , , Favia favus Scarus schlegeliScarus , Mean diseaseprevalence (%) Centropyge flavissima Pocillopora eydouxi Plectroglyphidodon dickii Myripristis kuntee Recruitment Total Prevalence

0.58 0.31 Coral Coral , 7.78 Acanthurus olivaceus , , Acropora monticulosa , , Chaetodon ephippium Favites abdita Goniastrea edwardsiGoniastrea , Sufflamen Sufflamen chrysopterum , , , 100 Thalassoma purpureum Melichthys vidua

Porites vaughani % 20 40 60 80 Diversity 0 , 0.95 0.95 Coral Coral , Naso lituratus NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NMFS ESA listingof Observed coral specieslistedunderthe Pocillopora meandrina , Fish size classes (cm) Syndromes Cephalopholis argus , Cirripectes variolosus White 5.59 , , Favites russelli Plectroglyphidodon johnstonianus 0-10 , Acanthurus Temperature Temperature , Variability , Astreopora myriophthalma , , Heliopora coerula , , 0.72 0.78 Cheilinus trilobatus Psammocora haimeana Neocirrhites armatus Paracirrhites hemistictus 11-15 High (>avg+1SD) , Sufflamen fraenatum Skeletal Eroding Eroding Skeletal , Variola louti , sp., Goniastrea retiformis Goniastrea , , Cephalopholis urodeta 2.19 Band Pocillopora verrucosa , 16-20 Acanthurus triostegus Ctenochaetus striatus Herbivore Herbivore Biomass 0.27 0.45 , Isopora palifera , Zanclus cornutusZanclus , 21-25 Chlorurus sordidus , Paracanthurus hepatus Acropora globiceps , , , Black Band , Cyphastrea microphthalma Sargocentron caudimaculatum Thalassoma quinquevittatum Pomacanthus imperator (wave exposure) ,

26-30 Accessibility Hydnophora microconos 0 , , Low Med-Low Porites australiensis , , 0.17 0.17 Chaetodon Auriga , Leptoria Phrygia Leptoria Dascyllus reticulatusDascyllus

31-35 Non-herbivores Herbivores ,

Coris aygula Coris Anomalies , Growth Growth High Med-High 0 0.67 0.19 LBSP

>35 . , , , , , , , , , ,

31

HIGH SCORE: ISLAND OVERALL SCORE: MED-HIGH 32 Man By -Old the Sea, Saipan Thalassoma quinquevittatum Ctenochaetus striatus Cephalopholis urodeta Fish SPCs: Pocillopora verrucosa Coral Swim: Pocillopora elegans Phrygia Leptoria Favia stelligera Coral Quads: Fish community community Benthic distinct from the resilience assessment results. actions. site This may warrant management attention for reasons criteria for targets we various settoofmanagement identify types comprised ofgrazers/detritivores. anydid notmeet site This of the Greatercoral. than 75%ofthe total herbivorousbiomass fish is 50% ofthe benthic community at this site ismade up by live indicators excepting temperature variability, islow. which Roughly scoresall resilience site forproper This medium-high has angle. the profile ofa man when fromcoastlinethe is sea viewed at the and visitors. both formation Arock locals amongst resembles Saipan’s eastern OldMan coast. by site theisapopular Sea Old Man By on pocket the isone beaches ofthe Sea secluded Intra-Island Inter-Island Analysis Low (avg-1SD) , Resilience Zanclus cornutusZanclus Acropora vaughani Favites russelli , 0.84 0.83 Score Acanthurus nigricans , , Acropora digitifera Montipora efflorescens (biomass inkg/ha) Herbivore Functional Groups Non-herbivorous fish(n=50) Herbivorous fish(n=87) , , Chaetodon citrinellus Porites rus Macroalgae Macroalgae , , Galaxea fascicularis Halichoeres Cover 0.92 0.92 Crustose coralline algae Other invertebrates Turf algae Macroalgae Pavement Rubble Sand Dead coral Soft coral Live coral , (6.79) Browsers (3.60) Scrapers /Excavators (39.11) Grazers /Detritivores Observers: S.McKagan,Observers: P. Houk,and S.Johnson Acropora verweyi , , , Stylocoeniella armata Acropora gemmifera Acanthurus nigrofuscus sp., , Resistance Montipora foveolata Bleaching

0.81 0.70 Kyphosus vaigiensis , Chaetodon lunula , Goniastrea retiformis Goniastrea , Med-High (>avgand

Acropora secale 0.30 0.30 Coral Coral , , Acanthurus triostegus Montipora grisea , Melichthys vidua , Chaetodon ornatissimus 100 , % Hydnophora microconos 20 40 60 80 Diversity , , 0 Millepora tuberosa 0.97 0.97 Coral Coral Acropora surculosa NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NMFS ESA listingof Observed coral specieslistedunderthe Fish size classes (cm) , Montipora hoffmeisteri ,

Naso lituratus 0-10 , Cantherhines pardalis Temperature Temperature Variability 0.77 0.74 , High (>avg+1SD)

Chaetodon quadrimaculatus 11-15 , , Pavona duerdeni Astreopora listeri , Leptastrea purpurea Leptastrea , Scarus psittacusScarus 16-20 Herbivore Herbivore Biomass 0.36 0.35 , Pavona diffluens , Centropyge flavissima 21-25 , , Pocillopora eydouxi NONE Favia favus , Scarus rubroviolaceusScarus , (wave exposure) Leptastrea transversa

26-30 Accessibility , . Low Med-Low Chlorurus sordidus , 0.09 0.15 Pavona varians , Favia matthaii

31-35 Non-herbivores Herbivores ,

, High Med-High , 0.20 0.20 , LBSP

, >35 , ,

32

MED-LOW SCORE: ISLAND OVERALL SCORE: MED-HIGH 33 -Tank Beach, Saipan Oxycheilinus unifasciatus Chaetodon lunula Fish SPCs: Pocillopora woodjonesi Favites russelli Coral Swim: Pocillopora verrucosa Montipora foveolata retiformis Goniastrea Astreopora listeri Coral Quads: Fish community community Benthic treatmentand sewage upgrades. road and storm improvement, drain other erosion control practices near the identifiedLBSP stream site includes: bank stabilization, reduction. Examples ofactions that implemented can be to reduce detritivores. for site isaland-based This sourcestarget pollution of of the total herbivorousbiomass fish grazers/comprised is of benthic community ismade up Greater by live coral. than 90% temperature and variability herbivore biomass. Nearly 50%ofthe score recruitment for coral has ahigh but medium-low scores for Tank isawell-documented Beach turtle nesting site site. This Marine Sanctuary, on northeastern the exposed sideofSaipan. Tank Tank Beach within islocated Beach the Forbidden Island Intra-Island Inter-Island Analysis Low (avg-1SD) Resilience , Acropora monticulosa , 0.84 0.83 Score Acanthurus nigrofuscus , , Acanthastrea hillae Montipora hoffmeisteri , , (biomass inkg/ha) Herbivore Functional Groups Non-herbivorous fish(n=88) Herbivorous fish(n=26) Porites lichen Goniastrea edwardsiGoniastrea Macroalgae Macroalgae , , Echinopora lamellosa Cover Leptastrea bottae 1.00 1.00 Crustose coralline algae Other invertebrates Turf algae Macroalgae Pavement Rubble Sand Dead coral Soft coral Live coral , Chaetodon ulietensis (0) Browsers (1.13) Scrapers /Excavators (12.04) Grazers /Detritivores Observers: S.McKagan,Observers: P. Houk,and S.Johnson , , Scarus psittacusScarus Acropora robusta , Porites rus , Aphareus furca , Acropora digitifera Resistance Bleaching

, 0.80 0.69 , Goniopora fruiticosa Montipora turgescens , Leptoria Phrygia Leptoria , Porites vaughani , Favia favus , Med-High (>avgand

0.42 0.42 Coral Coral , Acropora gemmifera , Favia matthaii , , , Lobophyllia hemprichii Heliopora coerula , Psammocora haimeana Pavona divaricata , Acropora surculosa % 100 20 40 60 80 Diversity , 0 Halichoeres hortulanus 0.99 0.99 Coral Coral , NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NMFS ESA listingof Observed coral specieslistedunderthe Thalassoma quinquevittatum , Fish size classes (cm) Caesionid , Favia stelligera , Acropora humilis 0-10 , Leptastrea purpurea Leptastrea Temperature Temperature , Variability Pavona duerdeni sp., , 0.81 0.78 , Acropora tenuis , Montastrea curta High (>avg+1SD) Stylocoeniella armata 11-15 Centropyge flavissima , Favites abdita , Labroides dimidiatus ,

Acropora vaughani 16-20 Herbivore Herbivore Biomass , 0.10 0.10 Pavona varians , , , Cyphastrea chalcidicum Montipora grisea Thalassoma trilobatum , Montipora efflorescens , 21-25 Galaxea fascicularis NONE , Stylophora mordax , Cephalopholis urodeta (wave exposure) Accessibility N/A -MPAN/A -MPAN/A , 26-30 , Acropora verweyi , Melichthys vidua . Low Med-Low Pocillopora elegans , Pocillopora danae

31-35 Non-herbivores Herbivores , ,

, High Med-High , , , 0.30 0.30 >35 LBSP , ,

33

MED-LOW SCORE: ISLAND OVERALL SCORE: MED-HIGH 34 - Dynasty_MMT, Tinian 34 -Dynasty_MMT, Lethrinus Fish Swim: Zebrasoma flavescens Stethojulis bandanensis Oxycheilinus digrammus Macropharyngodon meleagris Gomphosus varius Corythoichthys flavofasciatus Chaetodon reticulatus Anampses twistii Fish SPCs: daedalea Platygyra Coral Swim: retiformis Goniastrea Coral Quads: Fish community community Benthic regulations and bag/catch limits. this location include road and storm improvements drain and size Examples ofactions that considered can be for implementation at regulations &enforcement restoration/coral and reef translocation. other reduction, fishery LBSP sites for on site Tinian. isa This target when compared to the LBSP and high sites surveyed compared to all fishing access when of grazers/detritivores. has high Dynasty_MMT Greater than 75%ofthe total herbivorousbiomass fish comprised is community ismade up in by parts near sand equal and live coral. and 75%ofthevariability herbivore benthic biomass. Roughly scores recruitment for coral high and diversity, temperature wellas as score forbleachinghere. siteresistancehigh This a buthas medium- seaturtles ofconvictgreen schools be found and surgeonfish large can camera when snorkeling in front anemonefish, hotel as of the Dynasty sites ofthe Marine Monitoring Team BECQ. Bring ofCNMI your from seen be the water. site is This one of the long-term monitoring named in reference to the Hotel Tinian Dynasty &Casino, can which offof islocated Dynasty_MMT Beach Thissite on was Tinian. Taga Intra-Island Inter-Island Analysis Low (avg-1SD) Resilience Caranx melampygus Goniastrea edwardsiGoniastrea Monotaxis grandoculis 0.83 0.85 Score , Acanthurus nigrofuscus , , Balistapus undulatus Leptastrea purpurea Leptastrea (biomass inkg/ha) Herbivore Functional Groups Non-herbivorous fish(n=251) Herbivorous fish(n=98) , , Porites lobata , Cyphastrea chalcidicum Halichoeres trimaculatus , Macroalgae Macroalgae Cheilodipterus macrodon , , Plectroglyphidodon lacrymatus Thalassoma Hardwicke Cover Observers: S.McKagan,Observers: J. Maynard,and L.Johnston 0.96 0.94 Crustose coralline algae Other invertebrates Turf algae Macroalgae Pavement Rubble Sand Dead coral Soft coral Live coral , (2.20) Browsers (3.54) Scrapers /Excavators (18.96) Grazers /Detritivores Parupeneus barberinus , , Cheilinus trilobatus Goniopora minor , Myripristis berndti , Ctenochaetus striatus , Acanthurus triostegus , , Resistance Bleaching Cantherhines pardalis Montipora efflorescens

0.88 0.95 , Cyphastrea microphthalma , Med-High (>avgand

, Pomacentrus vaiuli 0.20 Coral Coral 0.11 , Dascyllus aruanus Dascyllus sp., , Amphiprion melanopus , , Pavona varians Centropyge flavissima Chromis margaritifer

% 100 20 40 60 80 , Diversity , Chromis agilis 0 , 0.91 0.91 Coral Coral , Thalassoma quinquevittatum Myripristis , Heniochus chrysostomus NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NMFS ESA listingof Observed coral specieslistedunderthe Montipora danae , , Fish size classes (cm) , Parupeneus multifasciatus Favia favus Ptereleotris evides , , Dascyllus reticulatusDascyllus Platygyra pini Platygyra 0-10 Temperature Temperature sp., , Variability , Coris aygula Coris , , Amphiprion perideraion Chaetodon auriga Chromis viridis 0.82 0.82 , Naso lituratus Favia matthaii 11-15 High (>avg+1SD) , Montipora , , Sargocentron tiere Sargocentron Porites lichen , , Epibulus insidiator

Labroides bicolor 16-20 , Herbivore Herbivore Biomass Dascyllus trimaculatusDascyllus , 0.31 , , 0.18 , Un-id fish Neoniphon argenteus Sufflamen Sufflamen chrysopterum , Chrysiptera brownriggii sp. , Faviid Chaetodon lunula

, 21-25 , Montipora verrilli Porites lutea NONE , sp., Anampses caeruleopunctatus , sp., Stegastes fasciolatus (wave exposure) Favites abdita , , Labroides dimidiatus Accessibility

Gnathodentex aureolineatus 26-30 Zanclus cornutusZanclus . Low Med-Low 0.64 0.52 , Porites rus , , , 31-35 Non-herbivores Herbivores , ,

, , High , Med-High 0.34 0.99 >35 LBSP , , ,

34

MED-LOW SCORE: ISLAND OVERALL SCORE: MED-HIGH 35 Tinian -Naftan Rock, Nebrius ferrugineus Fish Swim: Stegastes fasciolatus Plectroglyphidodon johnstonianus Neocirrhites armatus Halichoeres hortulanus Chromis vanderbilti Cephalopholis argus Fish SPCs: Pocillopora ankeli Coral Swim: Pocillopora verrucosa Montipora hoffmeisteri Galaxea fascicularis Cyphastrea serailia Coral Quads: Fish community community Benthic monitored during upcoming warm seasons. for bleaching monitoring be &supporting soshould recovery is comprised ofgrazers/detritivores. only site isa This target Uniquely,by live coral. the herbivorousbiomass fish at sitethis Greater than 50%ofthe benthic community here ismade up but the arevariability score high for bleaching resistance islow. runners.rainbow recruitment for Scores coral and temperature likely why itisthe site only where we saw tawny nurse sharks or influence atpelagic Therethis site, which congregate. is isa large place isa wherebirds sea offofAguijan, come located rock to Naftan ( Rock Intra-Island Inter-Island Analysis Low (avg-1SD) Resilience , Acanthurus nigricans 0.86 0.82 Score , , Pomacanthus imperator , Elagatis bipinnulata Acropora humilis , , Acropora robusta Thalassoma quinquevittatum , Porites vaughani (biomass inkg/ha) Herbivore Functional Groups Non-herbivorous fish(n=242) Herbivorous fish(n=65) , , , , , Favia danae Heliopora coerula Porites lobata , Montipora , Coris aygula Coris Macroalgae Macroalgae Neoniphon opercularis Chaetodon ornatissimus , , Cover 1.00 1.00 Crustose coralline algae Other invertebrates Turf algae Macroalgae Pavement Rubble Sand Dead coral Soft coral Live coral Observers: S.McKagan,Observers: J. Maynard,and S.Johnson Heniochus chrysostomus Rhinecanthus rectangulus (0) Browsers (0) Scrapers /Excavators (20.84) Grazers /Detritivores , , sp. , Acanthurus nigrofuscus Astreopora listeri , Acropora secale Favia helianthoides , , , Ctenochaetus striatus Forcipiger longirostris Porites lutea 2 , , Resistance Pomacentrus vaiuli Bleaching , Montipora venosa

Leptastrea purpurea Leptastrea 0.53 0.49 , , Oxycheilinus digrammus Un-id fish , Med-High (>avgand

Favia matthaii 0.40 0.70 Coral Coral , , , sp. Acanthurus olivaceus , , Pavona varians Dascyllus reticulatusDascyllus Macolor niger Pomachromis guamensis , Leptoria Phrygia Leptoria 100

, % 20 40 60 80 , Scarus oviceps Scarus Diversity Hydnophora microconos , 0 0.97 0.97 Coral Coral Favia , NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NMFS ESA listingof Observed coral specieslistedunderthe Paracirrhites arcatus , , , , Fish size classes (cm) Melichthys niger Stylophora mordax Labroides pectoralis Platygyra pini Platygyra sp., , , Chaetodon reticulatus , , , Astreopora randalli Apolemichthys trimaculatus Montipora c.f. floweri Gnathodentex aureolineatus 0-10 Favia stelligera Temperature Temperature , Variability , Scarus rubroviolaceusScarus Sargocentron caudimaculatum 0.95 0.95

11-15 High (>avg+1SD) , Pocillopora damicornis , Naso hexacanthus , , , Paracirrhites forsteri Montastrea curta Melichthys vidua ,

Favites abdita 16-20 Herbivore Herbivore , Biomass Cyphastrea microphthalma , 0.18 0.15 , Chromis acares Montipora caliculata ,

Zanclus cornutusZanclus 21-25 , , Centropyge flavissima NONE Halichoeres biocellatus , Naso lituratus , , , Favites c.f. russelli , Montipora foveolata Myripristis berndti Pocillopora meandrina (wave exposure) , , Plectroglyphidodon dickii 26-30 Accessibility Sargocentron tiere Sargocentron , Chromis margaritifer . Low Med-Low 0.29 0.06 , Non-herbivores Herbivores Montipora grisea

, 31-35 ,

, , , , High Med-High , , 0.56 0.19 >35 LBSP , , , ,

35

MED-LOW SCORE: ISLAND OVERALL SCORE: MED-HIGH 36 - Unai36 - Lamlam, Tinian Plectroglyphidodon imparipennis Gymnothorax javanicus Fish Swim: Stethojulis strigiventer Plectroglyphidodon lacrymatus Oxycheilinus digrammus Labroides bicolor Chrysiptera brownriggii Centropyge flavissima Fish SPCs: Pocillopora elegans Coral Swim: pini Platygyra Montastrea valenciennesi Favia matthaii Coral Quads: Fish community community Benthic during in May/June our surveys of2014. globiceps resilience assessment results. The Threatened species coral may warrant management attention for reasons distinct from the for targets various ofmanagementidentify types action. site This detritivores. anydid notmeet site This of the criteria we set to half ofthe total herbivorousbiomass fish grazers/comprised was of among divided 5other equally Greater categories. roughly than and the remainingby and live crustose coral algae half coralline was half theroughly benthic cover was comprised in parts near equal diversity.coral benthic The community diverse; at site this was very scores for bleachingmedium-high resistance, recruitment coral and score for here. temperature siteeels high This a has and variability if youvisit this youcan site find as giant anemonefish moray and ofthe because this beach brilliant white Bring sand. your camera Lamlam, the Chamorro word for “shiny” or “radiant”, to isgiven Unai Lamlam on islocated the western ofTinian. coast Intra-Island Inter-Island Analysis Low (avg-1SD) Resilience , , , Pomacentrus vaiuli Galaxea fascicularis 0.85 0.82 Score , Acanthurus nigrofuscus , Ptereleotris evides Acanthurus nigricans , , Acanthastrea echinata Favia pallida Observers: S.McKagan,Observers: J. Maynard,L. Johnston, and L.Raymundo , , , Ctenochaetus cyanocheilus (biomass inkg/ha) Herbivore Functional Groups Non-herbivorous fish(n=246) Herbivorous fish(n=83) Macropharyngodon meleagris Porites australiensis , Macroalgae Macroalgae , Psammocora haimeana , Thalassoma quinquevittatum Chaetodon ornatissimus Cover 0.65 0.75 , Crustose coralline algae Other invertebrates Turf algae Macroalgae Pavement Rubble Sand Dead coral Soft coral Live coral , Kyphosus Pavona duerdeni (0.34) Browsers (6.06) Scrapers /Excavators (10.78) Grazers /Detritivores , Goniastrea pectinata , , , , Pomachromis guamensis Paracirrhites arcatus Sargocentron microstoma Sargocentron Goniastrea edwardsiGoniastrea , , Bodianus axillaris Bodianus Acanthurus sp., , Astreopora listeri Acropora Resistance Bleaching

, Lethrinus xanthochilus 0.73 0.78 Porites lutea , , Pavona minuta Ctenochaetus striatus Med-High (>avgand

Porites rus

Zebrasoma flavescens , Chaetodon citrinellus , Cyphastrea microphthalma 0.50 0.29 Coral Coral Sargocentron tiere Sargocentron , Scarus ghobbanScarus 3.00 , Pavona varians , , Monotaxis grandoculis Stylophora mordax , 100 ,

Melichthys vidua % 20 40 60 80 Gomphosus varius , Diversity Lobophyllia corymbosa 0 0.98 0.98 Coral Coral NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NMFS ESA listingof Observed coral specieslistedunderthe , Chlorurus sordidus , Fish size classes (cm) Syndromes Siganus argenteus , Scarus psittacusScarus , White 3.00 , , Chaetodon lunulatus Isopora palifera Anampses twistii , , Pempheris oualensis Platygyra c.f.Platygyra 2547 daedalea 0-10 Temperature Temperature , Variability Cyphastrea serailia , , 0.99 0.99 Turbinaria stellulata Myripristis kuntee , High (>avg+1SD) , Halichoeres hortulanus 11-15 Naso lituratus Skeletal Eroding Eroding Skeletal , , Stegastes fasciolatus , Chromis acares , Lobophyllia hemprichii Leptastrea purpurea Leptastrea , Band Aphareus furca 16-20 0 Herbivore Herbivore , Biomass , Chaetodon ulietensis 0.23 0.12 Plectroglyphidodon johnstonianus , , Favia danae Paracirrhites forsteri , Neoniphon opercularis 21-25 , , NONE Platygyra daedalea 2564 daedalea Platygyra Chromis agilis , , Black Band , Kyphosus vaigiensis Balistapus undulatus Stethojulis bandanensis (wave exposure) ,

26-30 Accessibility Leptoria Phrygia Leptoria 0 , , Favia favus . Low Med-Low Plesiastrea versipora Plesiastrea 0.09 0.31 , Forcipiger longirostris Non-herbivores Herbivores , ,

Chromis xanthura 31-35

, , Anomalies , Growth Growth High Med-High , , , , 0.20 0.57 0 LBSP

, >35 , , ,

36

MED-LOW SCORE: ISLAND OVERALL SCORE: MED-HIGH 37 -Puntan Kastiyu, Tinian Gnathodentex aureolineatus Fish Swim: Rhinecanthus rectangulus Parupeneus multifasciatus Melichthys vidua Ctenochaetus striatus Chaetodon ephippium Fish SPCs: Porites vaughani Millepora platyphylla Coral Swim: Porites lobata Montipora tuberculosa Hydnophora microconos Astreopora myriophthalma Coral Quads: Fish community community Benthic May/June of2014. Acropora globiceps mooring The areas. andThreatened no-anchoring species coral enforcement, and catch sizeregulations and bag limits, and considered for implementation at this location include increased regulations &enforcement. Examples ofactions that can be comprised ofgrazers/detritivores. for site fishery isa This target Greatercoral. than 75%ofthe total herbivorousbiomass fish is Greater than 50%ofthe benthic community iscomprised oflive recruitmentfor coral but alow score for bleaching resistance. scoretrevally during seen sitehigh This a has these surveys. resident whitetip shark,seaturtles reef green and the giant only a castle. site This of had a wide range marinefauna including a formation rock large near the site that resembles the tower of Puntan or Castle Kastiyu, Point, receivesits name due to the Intra-Island Inter-Island Analysis Low (avg-1SD) Resilience , , Acropora gemmifera Acanthurus lineatus 0.89 0.82 Score , Acropora digitifera , , Platygyra pini Platygyra Oxycheilinus digrammus (biomass inkg/ha) Herbivore Functional Groups Non-herbivorous fish(n=178) Herbivorous fish(n=88) , Montastrea curta , , Forcipiger longirostris Favia pallida , Macroalgae Macroalgae , Caranx ignobilis , Naso lituratus Leptoria Phrygia Leptoria Cover , 0.98 0.97 Crustose coralline algae Other invertebrates Turf algae Macroalgae Pavement Rubble Sand Dead coral Soft coral Live coral Observers: S.McKagan,Observers: J. Maynard,and S.Johnson , Chlorurus sordidus Stegastes fasciolatus (0) Browsers (5.44) Scrapers /Excavators (33.07) Grazers /Detritivores , , , , Stylophora mordax Acropora globiceps Acanthurus nigrofuscus Plectroglyphidodon imparipennis , Pocillopora elegans , , Acropora humilis Favia stelligera Resistance , Bleaching ,

Montipora verrilli Scarus oviceps Scarus , 0.46 0.42 Caranx melampygus , Montipora caliculata , , Paracanthurus hepatus Gomphosus varius , Chromis margaritifer , Med-High (>avgand

Acropora latistella , 0.89 0.51 Coral Coral Apolemichthys trimaculatus , Pavona duerdeni , , Chelonia , Halichoeres biocellatus , Montipora efflorescens , Plectroglyphidodon johnstonianus Acropora vaughani , 100 ,

Favites russelli % 20 40 60 80 , Diversity Paracirrhites arcatus Chrysiptera brownriggii 0 0.99 0.99 Coral Coral NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NMFS ESA listingof Observed coral specieslistedunderthe sp., , Fish size classes (cm) Acropora surculosa , , , Pocillopora danae Coris aygula Coris Thalassoma quinquevittatum Pocillopora verrucosa 0-10 Temperature Temperature , Variability Galaxea fascicularis , Centropyge flavissima , 0.80 0.80 Echinopora lamellosa , High (>avg+1SD) ,

Halichoeres ornatissimus 11-15 Montipora foveolata , , Coris gaimard Paracirrhites forsteri , , Acropora tenuis , Chrysiptera traceyi Pocillopora eydouxi 16-20 Herbivore Herbivore , Biomass Porites australiensis , 0.39 0.28 Pomacanthus imperator , Goniastrea retiformis Goniastrea ,

Epinephelus hexagonatus 21-25 , , , Cephalopholis argus Triaenodon obesus Acropora globiceps , Favia favus , Montipora nodosa Astreopora listeri , Paracirrhites hemistictus , , (wave exposure) Labroides dimidiatus Cirripectes variolosus ,

26-30 Accessibility Pocillopora woodjonesi Low Med-Low 0.48 0.31 , , Porites lichen Favia helianthoides Non-herbivores Herbivores

, 31-35 , ,

, Zanclus cornutusZanclus , , , High Med-High , 0.56 0.19 LBSP , . , >35 , , ,

37

MED-HIGH SCORE: ISLAND OVERALL SCORE: MED-HIGH 38 -ManagahaPatch_MMT, Saipan Scarus psittacusScarus Halichoeres trimaculatus Chaetodon lunulatus Fish SPCs: Montipora lobulata Coral Swim: Stylocoenellia armata Millepora tuberosa Galaxea fascicularis Coral Quads: Fish community community Benthic size regulations and bag/catch limits. at this location include road and storm improvements drain and Examples ofactions that considered can be for implementation of pollution regulations and enforcement. reduction and fishery scrapers/excavators. for This site land-based isatarget sources 75% ofthe total herbivorous fishbiomass iscomprised of the benthic community ismade up by Roughly turfing algae. resistance, has which amedium-low score. Greater than 40%of resilience scores indicators for all exceptinghigh bleaching to representMMCA the various habitats. This site has medium- Marine by theestablished CNMI Monitoring Team within the Marine Conservation Area (MMCA). This isone ofthree sites Managaha Patch_MMT within islocated the Managaha Intra-Island Inter-Island Analysis Low (avg-1SD) Resilience 0.83 0.82 Score , , , Thalassoma lutescens Acanthurus triostegus Acropora tenuis , Cyphastrea chalcidicum , Montipora tuberculosa (biomass inkg/ha) Herbivore Functional Groups Non-herbivorous fish(n=92) Herbivorous fish(n=95) , Goniastrea retiformis Goniastrea , , Montipora verrilli Chlorurus sordidus Macroalgae Macroalgae Cover 0.94 0.94 Crustose coralline algae Other invertebrates Turf algae Macroalgae Pavement Rubble Sand Dead coral Soft coral Live coral Observers: S.McKagan,Observers: J. Maynard,and S.Johnson , (5.30) Browsers (26.23) Scrapers /Excavators (4.41) Grazers /Detritivores Labroides dimidiatus , Acropora verweyi , Thalassoma quinquevittatum , Canthigaster janthinoptera Resistance Bleaching

, , Cyphastrea serailia 0.65 0.75 , , Pavona varians Pavona duerdeni , Chromis viridis Heliopora coerula , Med-High (>avgand

0.28 0.28 Coral Coral , Pocillopora elegans , , Ctenochaetus striatus , Platygyra pini Platygyra Echinophyllia aspera , Isopora palifera , , Chaetodon auriga Zanclus cornutusZanclus , , Oxycheilinus unifasciatus Astreopora myriophthalma % 100 20 40 60 80 Diversity 0 0.95 0.95 Coral Coral NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NMFS ESA listingof Observed coral specieslistedunderthe Fish size classes (cm) , Pocillopora verrucosa , , Porites lichen Leptastrea bottae 0-10 , , Gomphosus varius Temperature Temperature , , Fungia scutaria Chaetodon ephippium Variability Zebrasoma flavescens 0.88 0.85

11-15 High (>avg+1SD) , , Porites lobata Parupeneus barberinus , Astreopora randalli , ,

Leptastrea purpurea Leptastrea 16-20 Psammacora nierstzi Herbivore Herbivore , Biomass Goniastrea edwardsiGoniastrea , 0.24 0.24 Halichoeres hortulanus , , Chaetodon lunula 21-25 Porites vaughani NONE , (wave exposure) Favia favus Accessibility N/A -MPAN/A -MPAN/A , 26-30 Parupeneus insularis , . Low Med-Low , Leptoria Phrygia Leptoria Psammocora haimeana , Montipora grisea Non-herbivores Herbivores , , , Scolymia australis 31-35 ,

Favia matthaii High Med-High 0.64 0.64 LBSP

, >35 , , , ,

38

MED-LOW SCORE: ISLAND OVERALL SCORE: MED-HIGH 39 -East Wedding Cake, Rota Sufflamen bursaSufflamen microstoma Sargocentron Parupeneus insularis Lutjanus kasmira Ctenochaetus cyanocheilus Scarus schlegeliScarus Myripristis kuntee Gnathodentex aureolineatus Fish Swim: Chaetodon ornatissimus Canthigaster solandri Fish SPCs: Coral Swim: Porites australiensis Favia favus Coral Quads: Fish community community Benthic atdiversity the site and itisaccessible. because translocationcoral activities due to the low cover coral and and scrapers/excavators. restoration/ for This site reef isatarget biomass iscomprised in by parts near grazers/detritivores equal 75%ofthe total herbivorousbenthic Roughly fish cateogries. by with turfing the remaining algae split among 8other roughly 40%ofthe community roughly ismade diverse; upsite isvery low score recruitment. for coral The benthic community at this survey. score for bleaching resistance This site has ahigh but a some ofthe mini-fin parrotfish largest boasted on seen any mountain resembles atiered cake. wedding Wedding East Cake Connected to the rest ofthe island by athin isthmus, the On the southwestern tip isWedding ofRota Cake Mountain. Intra-Island Inter-Island Analysis Low (avg-1SD) Fungia scutaria Resilience 0.82 Score 0.90 , , , Acanthurus nigrofuscus Porites massive (australiensis Synodus sp., , , , Astreopora listeri Oxycheilinus digrammus Observers: S.McKagan,Observers: J. Maynard,L. Johnston, and L.Raymundo Chaetodon reticulatus (biomass inkg/ha) Herbivore Functional Groups Non-herbivorous fish(n=482) Herbivorous fish(n=144) Hemigymnus melapterus Hemigymnus , Thalassoma amblycephalum , sp., , Macroalgae Macroalgae Scarus altipinnisScarus Centropyge shepardi , Galaxea fascicularis Cover , 0.97 0.96 Crustose coralline algae Other invertebrates Turf algae Macroalgae Pavement Rubble Sand Dead coral Soft coral Live coral Zanclus cornutusZanclus , Monotaxis grandoculis , Dascyllus trimaculatusDascyllus (9.31) Browsers (18.18) Scrapers /Excavators (14.18) Grazers /Detritivores Heliopora coerula , , Chlorurus sordidus Pomacanthus imperator , Astreopora myriophthalma , Acanthurus nigroris Resistance Bleaching ,

, Scarus forsteniScarus Chlorurus frontalis 0.82 0.82 , , , Parupeneus multifasciatus lobata , Cephalopholis urodeta , Zebrasoma veliferum , Heniochus chrysostomus , Pocillopora elegans Leptastrea purpurea Leptastrea Med-High (>avgand

, Scarus psittacusScarus 0.06 Coral Coral 0.11 , Pomacentrus vaiuli , Acanthurus olivaceus , Chromis xanthura , Cyphastrea chalcidicum , , Naso unicornis , , Pocillopora eydouxi , Porites rus Chaetodon auriga 100 Chromis agilis , % 20 40 60 80 Montastrea valenciennesi Diversity , , Pempheris oualensis 0 0.88 0.89 Lutjanus bohar Coral Coral , , NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NMFS ESA listingof Observed coral specieslistedunderthe Stegastes fasciolatus Thalassoma quinquevittatum , Fish size classes (cm) Gomphosus varius , Pomachromis guamensis , ,

, 0-10 Acanthurus pyroferus Coris aygula Coris Nemateleotris magnifica , Temperature Temperature Chromis margaritifer Variability , Chaetodon citrinellus , 0.83 0.89 , Pocillopora meandrina , High (>avg+1SD) Meiacanthus atrodorsalis Cyphastrea microphthalma 11-15 , Scarus frenatus Scarus , , Stethojulis bandanensis , Labroides bicolor , Decapterus macarellus Pavona varians 16-20 Herbivore Herbivore Biomass 0.28 0.59 , , Ptereleotris evides , Acanthurus Zebrasoma flavescens , Chrysiptera brownriggii , , , Neoniphon argenteus 21-25 Chaetodon ephippium Scarus rubroviolaceusScarus NONE , , Pocillopora verrucosa , Labroides dimidiatus Platygyra pini Platygyra , Mulloidichthys vanicolensis (wave exposure) sp., ,

26-30 Accessibility Cyphastrea serailia , , Stethojulis strigiventer . Low Med-Low 0.33 0.33 , Aphareus furca Pygoplites diacanthus

31-35 Non-herbivores Herbivores ,

, , , , Coris gaimard , , Porites lutea High Med-High , 0.20 0.70 , >35 LBSP , , , ,

39

MED-HIGH SCORE: ISLAND OVERALL SCORE: MED-HIGH 40 -Unai Asiga,40 Tinian Oxycheilinus digrammus Chaetodon quadrimaculatus Fish Swim: Stethojulis bandanensis Plectroglyphidodon johnstonianus Melichthys vidua Gomphosus varius Cheilinus chlorourus Cephalopholis argus Fish SPCs: Acropora vaughani Coral Swim: Porites lutea Pavona duerdeni purpurea Leptastrea Favia stelligera Cyphastrea microphthalma Coral Quads: Fish community community Benthic during in May/June our surveys of2014. The Threatened species coral other erosion control treatment practices and sewage upgrades. stream stabilization, bank road and storm improvement, drain implementedbe near the identified toLBSP reduce sites include: sources ofpollutionbased reduction. Examples ofactions that can detritivores and scrapers/excavators. for site isa land- This target grazers/total herbivorous between biomass fish split roughly was 90%ofthecommunity was comprised Roughly oflive coral. biomass, ismedium-low. which Nearly 50%ofthe benthic resilience scores indicators for all medium-high except herbivore the are two separated by asmall outcropping. rock site This has Unai Beach”) (“Salty isa“sub-beach” Asiga ofUnai Dangkolo; Intra-Island Inter-Island Analysis Low (avg-1SD) , Resilience Acropora globiceps Favites russelli , 0.86 , 0.82 Score Acanthurus nigrofuscus , Neocirrhites armatus , , Pavona duerdeni Plectroglyphidodon lacrymatus , Acanthurus olivaceus Acropora surculosa , , , Acropora digitifera Chlorurus sordidus Coscinarea columna , Montipora aequituberculata (biomass inkg/ha) Herbivore Functional Groups Non-herbivorous fish(n=276) Herbivorous fish(n=25) , , Thalassoma lutescens Halichoeres hortulanus , Macroalgae Macroalgae Chaetodon auriga , Galaxea fascicularis , Cover 0.93 0.95 Crustose coralline algae Other invertebrates Turf algae Macroalgae Pavement Rubble Sand Dead coral Soft coral Live coral Observers: S.McKagan,Observers: J. Maynard,and S.Johnson , Echinopora c.f. pacificus , Stylophora mordax was seen at was seen this site , (0.63) Browsers (4.69) Scrapers /Excavators (4.77) Grazers /Detritivores Parupeneus cyclostomus Chrysiptera brownriggii , Platygyra daedalea Platygyra , , Paracirrhites arcatus Acropora tenuis , , , Acropora globiceps , Acanthurus Anampses twistii , Chromis margaritifer Heliopora coerula Resistance Bleaching

0.69 0.74 , , Chaetodon ephippium Thalassoma quinquevittatum , , , Pomacentrus vaiuli Halichoeres ornatissimus Goniastrea edwardsiGoniastrea , Med-High (>avgand

, Acropora humilis , 0.56 0.32 Paracirrhites forsteri Coral Coral Pocillopora ankeli , Chromis vanderbilti , , Chaetodon lunula Pomachromis guamensis , , 100 Pocillopora elegans , Goniastrea pectinata

, % Balistoides viridescens 20 40 60 80 Diversity Astreopora myriophthalma , 0 Montipora floweri , 0.99 0.99 Coral Coral Labroides dimidiatus NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NMFS ESA listingof Observed coral specieslistedunderthe , , , , Zanclus cornutusZanclus Acropora latistella Fish size classes (cm) Favia danae Cirripectes variolosus , , , Pocillopora danae Scarus rubroviolaceusScarus , Canthigaster solandri Parupeneus multifasciatus 0-10 , Dascyllus reticulatusDascyllus Temperature Temperature Variability , Chaetodon reticulatus 0.86 0.86 , , Pocillopora verrucosa High (>avg+1SD) Favia favus

, 11-15 , Goniastrea retiformis Goniastrea Montipora nodosa , , Scarus psittacusScarus , Chaetodon ornatissimus Acropora robusta , , Pocillopora eydouxi Macolor niger , , Coris aygula Coris Astreopora randalli

, 16-20 , Herbivore Herbivore Thalassoma amblycephalum , Biomass Centropyge flavissima Favia matthaii 0.07 0.16 , Forcipiger longirostris , Plectroglyphidodon dickii 21-25 , , , Stegastes fasciolatus Chaetodon unimaculatus , , , Acropora globiceps Porites australiensis Montipora , Macropharyngodon meleagris Coris gaimard Acropora secale , Hydnophora microconos , (wave exposure) , Pocillopora woodjonesi Accessibility , 26-30 Favia pallida , Astreopora listeri Low Med-Low 0.28 0.05 sp. , 2 Non-herbivores Herbivores , , ,

Epibulus insidiator 31-35 Gobiid , Montipora verrilli ,

, Zanclus cornutusZanclus , , Porites lobata , sp., High Med-High , , 0.34 0.97 LBSP , >35 . , , , ,

40

MED-LOW SCORE: ISLAND OVERALL SCORE: MED-HIGH 41 -Long Beach_MMT, Tinian Epibulus insidiator Fish Swim: Stethojulis bandanensis Plectroglyphidodon dickii Labroides dimidiatus reticulatusDascyllus Chaetodon ornatissimus Fish SPCs: Porites lobata Acropora verweyi Coral Swim: Porites rus Pavona duerdeni Montipora efflorescens edwardsiGoniastrea Cyphastrea chalcidicum Coral Quads: Fish community community Benthic monitored during be should upcoming warm seasons. for bleaching monitoringis atarget and supporting so recovery total herbivorousbiomass fish comprised was of browsers.This site the benthicwere community. to classify used Nearly 75%ofthe sites whereis one afew ofonly ten ofthe all benthic categories benthicbiomass. The thiscommunity diverse; at highly site is this for bleaching resistance, temperature and variability herbivore score recruitment for coral site has ahigh but medium-low scores Turkey Rare beach. at this site. moray were This eels observed forces made one oftheirmilitary at amphibious this landings Chamorro here islocated and during village World War US II, sites of the Marine Monitoring Team BECQ. An ancient of CNMI on Tinian’sbeach sideand east isone ofthe long-term monitoring Long Beach_MMT, or Unai Dánkolo, isthe stretch largest of Intra-Island Inter-Island Analysis Low (avg-1SD) Resilience , Acropora c.f. striata , 0.82 Score 0.93 Acanthurus nigricans , , Pavona venosa , Calotomus carolinus Psammocora nierstraszi , Acropora latistella , , (biomass inkg/ha) Herbivore Functional Groups Non-herbivorous fish(n=144) Herbivorous fish(n=48) Gymnothorax meleagris Naso lituratus , Montipora foveolata , , Hydnophora microconos Macroalgae Macroalgae Favia danae , , Echinopora lamellosa Pomachromis guamensis , , Cover 0.98 0.97 Crustose coralline algae Other invertebrates Turf algae Macroalgae Pavement Rubble Sand Dead coral Soft coral Live coral Observers: S.McKagan,Observers: J. Maynard,and S.Johnson Sufflamen bursaSufflamen Chromis agilis , (13.68) Browsers (0.15) Scrapers /Excavators (5.07) Grazers /Detritivores Platygyra pini Platygyra , Acropora digitifera , , , Acanthurus nigrofuscus Oxycheilinus digrammus Chaetodon citrinellus , , Acropora samoensis Favia matthaii , Resistance Bleaching , Stylophora mordax

Plectroglyphidodon lacrymatus 0.62 0.67 , , Montipora grisea Chromis margaritifer , , , Sufflamen Sufflamen chrysopterum Pocillopora danae Halichoeres biocellatus , , Med-High (>avgand

, 0.42 Coral Coral 0.74 , Acropora surculosa , Chlorurus sordidus Balistapus undulatus , , , Favia helianthoides Montipora hoffmeisteri Paracirrhites arcatus , Pocillopora elegans , Cirrhilabrus katherinae , 100 , Favia stelligera

, % Halichoeres hortulanus , 20 40 60 80 Leptastrea transversa Diversity Thalassoma quinquevittatum , 0 , 1.00 1.00 Coral Coral Acropora humilis Pomacentrus vaiuli NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NMFS ESA listingof Observed coral specieslistedunderthe Fish size classes (cm) , Astreopora listeri , Chrysiptera brownriggii ,

, 0-10 Pocillopora eydouxi Cephalopholis urodeta , , Temperature Temperature , Paracirrhites forsteri Pocillopora meandrina Variability , Favites abdita Montipora nodosa 0.78 0.78 High (>avg+1SD)

, 11-15 , Acropora robusta , Coris aygula Coris , Leptoria Phrygia Leptoria , Scarus psittacusScarus Hemigymnus fasciatusHemigymnus , Astreopora myriophthalma

, 16-20 Herbivore Herbivore Favites russelli , Biomass , Zanclus cornutusZanclus 0.51 0.11 Pocillopora verrucosa , , , , Chrysiptera traceyi , Montipora venosa Parupeneus multifasciatus Ctenochaetus striatus Chaetodon melannotus , ,

Porites lichen 21-25 Acropora secale , , NONE Stegastes fasciolatus Millepora platyphylla , (wave exposure) Galaxea fascicularis ,

26-30 Accessibility Labrid . Low Med-Low 0.08 0.31 , , Porites lutea , , , Astreopora randalli , Montipora verrilli Coris gaimard Porites australiensis sp., Non-herbivores Herbivores Acropora tenuis

, 31-35

, , , , High Med-High , , 0.56 0.19 >35 LBSP , , , , ,

41

MED-HIGH SCORE: ISLAND OVERALL SCORE: MED-HIGH 42 - North Dakota,42 -North Saipan Sargocentron tiere Sargocentron Lethrinus obsoletus Chaetodon quadrimaculatus Fish SPCs: Coral Swim: Pocillopora elegans Montipora caliculata Galaxea fascicularis Astreopora listeri Coral Quads: Fish community community Benthic treatment upgrades. improvement,drain other erosion control practices and sewage identified stream site includes: bank stabilization, road and storm of actions that implemented can be near the toLBSP reduce Examplesreduction. LBSP for also a sitetarget is This seasons. monitored during be soshould recovery upcoming warm forbleaching site monitoring isa This target and supporting total herbivorousbiomass fish grazers/detritivores.comprised is of by and parts near livebare coral equal pavement. Nearly 75%ofthe 80%ofthe benthicbiomass. community Roughly ismade up in for bleaching resistance, temperature and variability herbivore score recruitment for coral has ahigh but medium-low scores emperors swam through at ourThis site site. this fish surveys millionaire who went missing yellow striped in the Large 1980s. near the estate abandoned the Hilbloom, estranged ofLarry North Dakota in islocated the reef southern half ofLaolaoBay Intra-Island Inter-Island Analysis Low (avg-1SD) Resilience , , Acanthurus nigricauda Favia stelligera 0.82 Score 0.81 , , Acropora gemmifera Melichthys vidua , Sufflamen Sufflamen chrysopterum , Montipora hoffmeisteri (biomass inkg/ha) Herbivore Functional Groups Non-herbivorous fish(n=116) Herbivorous fish(n=90) , , Goniastrea retiformis Goniastrea Pocillopora verrucosa Macroalgae Macroalgae , Cyphastrea ocellina , Cover 1.00 1.00 Crustose coralline algae Other invertebrates Turf algae Macroalgae Pavement Rubble Sand Dead coral Soft coral Live coral Observers: S.McKagan,Observers: J. Maynard,and S.Johnson Millepora platyphyllia (3.79) Browsers (0.44) Scrapers /Excavators (11.38) Grazers /Detritivores , Chlorurus sordidus , Naso lituratus , , Acropora monticulosa Acanthurus nigrofuscus Resistance Bleaching

, Sufflamen fraenatum 0.65 0.75 , , Montipora nodosa , Leptastrea purpurea Leptastrea , Porites lutea Cyphastrea serailia , Med-High (>avgand

0.41 0.41 Coral Coral , , Acropora nasuta Stylocoeniella armata , Aphareus furca , , Montipora tuberculosa Thalassoma quinquevittatum , , Leptastrea transversa Favia favus

% 100 20 40 60 80 Diversity 0 0.98 0.98 Coral Coral , NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NMFS ESA listingof Observed coral specieslistedunderthe Forcipiger longirostris , , Fish size classes (cm) , Acropora secale Pomacanthus imperator Balistapus undulatus , Favia matthaii

, 0-10 Stylophora mordax Temperature Temperature Variability , 0.79 Pavona duerdeni 0.76 , Leptoria Phrygia Leptoria 11-15 High (>avg+1SD) , Acropora surculosa , , Favia stelligera Zebrasoma flavescens , Halichoeres margaritaceus

, 16-20 Centropyge flavissima Herbivore Herbivore , Biomass Rhinecanthus rectangulus 0.11 0.11 , Pavona varians , Millepora tuberosa 21-25 , NONE , Favites abdita Acropora vaughani (wave exposure)

26-30 Accessibility . Low Med-Low 0.29 0.25 , , Pocillopora ankeli Cephalopholis urodeta , Labroides dimidiatus Non-herbivores Herbivores , , Favites russelli 31-35 Montastrea curta ,

, High Med-High 0.33 0.33 >35 LBSP , , , , ,

42

MED-LOW SCORE: ISLAND OVERALL SCORE: MED-HIGH 43 Agingan - Point, Saipan Scarus psittacusScarus Halichoeres hortulanus Canthigaster solandri Fish SPCs: Coral Swim: Stylophora mordax Pocillopora danae Phrygia Leptoria Cyphastrea serailia Coral Quads: Fish community community Benthic improvements and sizeregulations and bag/catch limits. for implementation at this location include road and storm drain upcoming warm Examples seasons. ofactions that considered can be for management actions.be monitored during site should This four sites that metat three least ofthe criteria targets setto identify bleaching monitoring and supporting recovery. is one of This only and regulations reduction,enforcement fishery for LBSP and biomass was comprised ofgrazers/detritivores. site isa This target Greater and live coral. thanalgae 75%ofthe total herbivorous fish of the benthic community was made up in by parts near turf equal resistance, recruitment coral and 80% herbivore biomass. Roughly for temperature but variability medium-low scores for bleaching score at this site site.high This a has moray was observed eel edge from and the deep 100feet Arare coast. 90feet yellow- roughly treatmentoutfall point from asewage plant at islocated this site, PointAgingan isthe southwestern most An point on Saipan. Intra-Island Inter-Island Analysis Low (avg-1SD) Goniopora minor Resilience , Acanthurus nigricans 0.83 Score 0.81 , , Sufflamen Sufflamen chrysopterum Acropora gemmifera , Favites abdita , , Montipora grisea Pocillopora meandrina (biomass inkg/ha) Herbivore Functional Groups Non-herbivorous fish(n=60) Herbivorous fish(n=56) Macroalgae Macroalgae , Cephalopholis urodeta Cover , 1.00 1.00 Crustose coralline algae Other invertebrates Turf algae Macroalgae Pavement Rubble Sand Dead coral Soft coral Live coral Observers: S.McKagan,Observers: J. Maynard,and S.Johnson Montastrea curta , (3.96) Browsers (0.53) Scrapers /Excavators (18.42) Grazers /Detritivores , Melichthys vidua Favites russelli , Acanthurus nigrofuscus , , Montipora hoffmeisteri Acropora surculosa , Sufflamen fraenatum Resistance Bleaching

, Pocillopora verrucosa 0.67 0.78 , , Fungia scutaria Pocillopora ankeli , , Naso lituratus Med-High (>avgand

Coral Coral 0.15 0.15 , , Acanthurus olivaceus Montipora monasteriata , Thalassoma lutescens , , , Galaxea fascicularis Paracanthurus hepatus Porites lichen , Chaetodon citrinellus % 100 20 40 60 80 Diversity 0 0.94 0.94 Coral Coral , NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NMFS ESA listingof Observed coral specieslistedunderthe Astreopora myriophthalma Fish size classes (cm) , Porites lobata ,

Aphareus furca 0-10 , , Temperature Temperature Thalassoma quinquevittatum , Hydnophora microconos Variability Montipora tuberculosa , 0.97 0.94 Rhinecanthus rectangulus High (>avg+1SD)

, 11-15 Ctenochaetus striatus , Porites vaughani , Balistapus undulatus 16-20 Herbivore Herbivore Biomass , Astreopora randalli 0.16 0.17

, 21-25 , Montipora verrilli Leptastrea purpurea Leptastrea NONE , Stylocoeniella armata , Gymnothorax flavimarginatus , Sargocentron caudimaculatum (wave exposure)

26-30 Accessibility , . Low Med-Low Cantherhines pardalis 0.64 0.62 , Cyphastrea chalcidicum

31-35 Non-herbivores Herbivores ,

Pavona varians , , High Med-High 0.27 0.27 >35 LBSP , , , , ,

43

MED-LOW SCORE: ISLAND OVERALL SCORE: MED-HIGH 44 -Happy44 Days, Tinian Scarus rubroviolaceusScarus Neoniphon opercularis Lutjanus kasmira Chaetodon unimaculatus Fish Swim: Pseudocheilinus tetrataenia Paracirrhites arcatus Labroides dimidiatus reticulatusDascyllus Cephalopholis urodeta Fish SPCs: Hydnophora microconos Coral Swim: Porites australiensis Montipora Heliopora coerula Cyphastrea serailia Coral Quads: Fish community community Benthic May/June of2014. species monitored during upcoming warm The seasons. Threatened coral for bleaching monitoring and be supporting soshould recovery biomass was comprised ofgrazers/detritivores. site isa This target Greater and live coral. thanalgae 80%ofthe total herbivorous fish community was made up in by parts near crustose equal coralline and medium-low 60%ofthe herbivore benthic biomass. Roughly temperatureseason but variability had low bleaching resistance Fonz”.of “The This site was among those with greatest the warm to dive. Thename team decided the site Happy Days, in honor towas able show us some dolphins before heading in for this morning working our from boat, captain, our boat Fonz, survey Happy Days ison the southern Island. sideofAguijan After along Intra-Island Inter-Island Analysis Low (avg-1SD) Resilience , , 0.84 Score 0.81 , Acanthurus guttatus Favia helianthoides Acropora globiceps , , , , Porites lutea Pavona varians Acanthurus olivaceus Acropora humilis , Mulloidichthys flavolineatus , , Coris gaimard Leptoria Phrygia Leptoria , (biomass inkg/ha) Herbivore Functional Groups Non-herbivorous fish(n=472) Herbivorous fish(n=52) Chaetodon reticulatus Macroalgae Macroalgae , Forcipiger longirostris , , Scarus psittacusScarus Sufflamen fraenatum Cover 1.00 1.00 , Crustose coralline algae Other invertebrates Turf algae Macroalgae Pavement Rubble Sand Dead coral Soft coral Live coral , Observers: S.McKagan,Observers: J. Maynard,and S.Johnson , Plectroglyphidodon dickii Psammocora haimeana , Montipora foveolata (1.29) Browsers (0.28) Scrapers /Excavators (17.47) Grazers /Detritivores Rhinecanthus rectangulus , , , Platygyra pini Platygyra , Acropora latistella , Melichthys vidua , Favia matthaii Acanthurus nigricans , Astreopora listeri Gnathodentex aureolineatus , , Acanthurus pyroferus Montipora c.f. floweri Resistance Bleaching

0.53 0.49 , , Stegastes fasciolatus Cheilinus chlorourus , , , Plesiastrea versipora Plesiastrea Gomphosus varius Mulloidichthys vanicolensis , Med-High (>avgand

Sargocentron caudimaculatum Amanses scopas 0.29 0.51 Coral Coral , , Anampses caeruleopunctatus Montipora caliculata , , , , Sufflamen bursaSufflamen Favia stelligera Gobiid Cheilinus oxycephalus , Halichoeres biocellatus , , 100

Pocillopora danae % Pavona duerdeni 20 40 60 80 Diversity , Valenciennea strigata 0 sp., , 0.97 0.97 Coral Coral , Aphareus furca Turbinaria stellulata NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NMFS ESA listingof Observed coral specieslistedunderthe , , Acropora secale Fish size classes (cm) Naso lituratus , Kyphosus Myripristis berndti , , Astreopora randalli , Favites abdita 0-10 Thalassoma amblycephalum , Montipora grisea Temperature Temperature Variability sp., , , , 1.00 1.00 , Chromis agilis Pocillopora eydouxi Pocillopora meandrina , Sargocentron tiere Sargocentron High (>avg+1SD) , , Caesio teres , ,

Pomacentrus vaiuli 11-15 Lethrinus xanthochilus , Balistapus undulatus Neocirrhites armatus Acropora surculosa Halichoeres hortulanus , Zebrasoma flavescens , Galaxea fascicularis , Naso tonganus 16-20 Herbivore Herbivore , , Biomass Cyphastrea microphthalma , Montipora hoffmeisteri , 0.20 0.14 Chaetodon quadrimaculatus Chromis margaritifer , , Scarus forsteniScarus

Porites vaughani 21-25 , , , Acropora globiceps Pomachromis guamensis Acropora tenuis , Thalassoma quinquevittatum , , , Pocillopora verrucosa Centropyge flavissima Naso unicornis Oxycheilinus digrammus , Lutjanus bohar , (wave exposure) , Halichoeres ornatissimus Goniastrea edwardsiGoniastrea

26-30 Accessibility Low Med-Low 0.34 0.12 , Scarus oviceps Scarus , , Ctenochaetus striatus Non-herbivores Herbivores Montipora nodosa

, 31-35 Fungia scutaria , ,

, , , , High Med-High , 0.56 0.19 LBSP , , >35 . , , , , ,

44

MED-LOW SCORE: ISLAND OVERALL SCORE: MED-LOW 45 - Senhanom Wall, Rota Senhanom - 45 Scarus rubroviolaceusScarus Fish Swim: Thalassoma quinquevittatum forsteniScarus Parupeneus multifasciatus Naso lituratus Coris gaimard Chaetodon quadrimaculatus Balistapus undulatus Fish SPCs: Pocillopora ankeli Heliopora coerula Coral Swim: Pocillopora verrucosa edwardsiGoniastrea Coral Quads: Fish community community Benthic resilience assessment results. may warrant management attention for reasons distinct from the for targets various ofmanagementidentify types actions. site This and browsers. anydid notmeet site This of the criteria we set to the remaining scrapers/excavators split between half roughly herbivorousbiomass fish grazers/detritivorescomprised is of with community 50%of the ismadetotalRoughly up ofturfingalgae. low 40%ofthe score recruitment. for benthic coral Roughly scoreat for herbivore this site site.high This a biomasshas but Adult Napoleon us below wrasses during were observed surveys opening at the top ofacavern cave where can shinedown. light by an divehighlighted The is most dive popular site in Rota. senhanom isChamorro for great water. the is arguably This Senhanom WallRota’s dive offof iswall southwestpoint; Intra-Island Inter-Island Analysis Low (avg-1SD) Resilience Stegastes fasciolatus Valenciennea strigata Score 0.81 0.93 , , Acanthurus nigricauda Astreopora listeri , Cheilinus undulatus , , Acropora cerealis Porites lichen , Observers: S.McKagan,Observers: J. Maynard,L. Johnston, and L.Raymundo Porites lutea , Neocirrhites armatus (biomass inkg/ha) Herbivore Functional Groups Non-herbivorous fish(n=550) Herbivorous fish(n=163) , , , Ctenochaetus striatus , Montastrea valenciennesi Leptoria Phrygia Leptoria Cephalopholis argus Macroalgae Macroalgae Cover 0.80 0.87 Crustose coralline algae Other invertebrates Turf algae Macroalgae Pavement Rubble Sand Dead coral Soft coral Live coral (14.57) Browsers (23.47) Scrapers /Excavators (32.33) Grazers /Detritivores , , Stethojulis strigiventer , , , , Psammocora haimeana , Stylophora mordax Astreopora myriophthalma Variola louti Chlorurus sordidus Plectroglyphidodon johnstonianus , Acropora gemmifera , , Coris aygula Coris Acanthurus nigrofuscus Resistance Bleaching

, , Millepora platyphylla 0.71 0.71 Oxycheilinus digrammus , , Gobiid Cephalopholis urodeta , Zanclus cornutusZanclus , Med-High (>avgand

Psammocora nierstraszi Acropora humilis Halichoeres margaritaceus 0.09 Coral Coral 0.17 , Cyphastrea chalcidicum , Acanthurus olivaceus , , Zebrasoma flavescens Montipora verrucosa , , , Pomacentrus vaiuli 100 Chaetodon auriga Oxycheilinus unifasciatus % 20 40 60 80 Diversity , , Pavona varians 0 Sufflamen Sufflamen chrysopterum 0.88 0.89 Coral Coral , NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NMFS ESA listingof Observed coral specieslistedunderthe , Hemigymnus fasciatusHemigymnus , Acropora quelchi Fish size classes (cm) Chrysiptera brownriggii

0-10 , Temperature Temperature Labroides dimidiatus , , Variability Acanthurus , Favia favus , Pavona duerdeni , , 0.86 Zebrasoma veliferum 0.79 , Chaetodon citrinellus Pocillopora elegans High (>avg+1SD) Pomachromis guamensis 11-15 , Acropora tenuis , Paracirrhites arcatus , , , sp., Thalassoma amblycephalum Naso unicornis Favia matthaii 16-20 Herbivore Herbivore , Biomass Chrysiptera traceyi Aphareus furca 0.48 1.00 , Platygyra daedalea Platygyra , Melichthys vidua , Pocillopora meandrina , 21-25 Cyphastrea agassizi , NONE Chaetodon ornatissimus , , , Parupeneus cyclostomus Favia stelligera Ptereleotris zebra (wave exposure) , , Paracirrhites forsteri 26-30 Accessibility Apolemichthys trimaculatus . Low Med-Low , 0.32 0.32 Cirripectes variolosus , , Naso brevirostris Non-herbivores Herbivores Platygyra pini Platygyra , 31-35

, , , , , High Med-High 0.67 0.19 LBSP , , >35 , , , ,

45

MED-HIGH SCORE: ISLAND OVERALL SCORE: MED-LOW 46 -WingBeach,Saipan Sufflamen bursaSufflamen Halichoeres ornatissimus Centropyge flavissima Fish SPCs: Coral Swim: Porites lobata Montipora hoffmeisteri Galaxea fascicularis Acropora vaughani Coral Quads: Fish community community Benthic mooring areas. and no-anchoring enforcement, and catch sizeregulations and bag limits, and considered for implementation at this location include increased regulations and enforcement. Examples ofactions that can be during upcoming warm for fishery also a sitetarget is This seasons. monitoring monitored and be supporting soshould recovery comprised ofgrazers/detritivores. forbleaching site isa This target Greatercoral. than 75%ofthe total herbivorousbiomass fish is Greater than 50%ofthe benthic community ismade up by live score recruitment for coral but alow score for bleaching resistance. high anemonefishes. This a greatsite spot to has findphotogenic turtles,see sharks and other charismatic site is This a megafauna. Marine Monitoring Team site. days, On calm divers often survey Wing on islocated the Beach northwest and sideofSaipan isa Intra-Island Inter-Island Analysis Low (avg-1SD) Resilience , 0.80 Score 0.81 Acropora digitifera , , Acanthurus nigrofuscus Acropora secale , Astreopora listeri (biomass inkg/ha) Herbivore Functional Groups Non-herbivorous fish(n=101) Herbivorous fish(n=72) , , , Leptastrea purpurea Leptastrea Thalassoma quinquevittatum Montipora tuberculosa Macroalgae Macroalgae , Chaetodon citrinellus Cover 1.00 1.00 , Crustose coralline algae Other invertebrates Turf algae Macroalgae Pavement Rubble Sand Dead coral Soft coral Live coral Observers: S.McKagan,Observers: J. Maynard,and S.Johnson Lethrinus xanthochilus , (3.26) Browsers (1.82) Scrapers /Excavators (20.29) Grazers /Detritivores , Stylocoeniella armata , Favia stelligera Acropora humilis , Astreopora myriophthalma , Acanthurus olivaceus Resistance Bleaching

0.59 0.51 , Leptastrea transversa , , Pavona varians Goniastrea retiformis Goniastrea , Chaetodon quadrimaculatus Med-High (>avgand

0.40 0.40 Coral Coral , Amphiprion chrysopterus , , Pocillopora elegans Astreopora randalli , Millepora tuberosa 100 , % Montastrea curta 20 40 60 80 , Diversity Naso lituratus 0 , 0.98 0.98 Coral Coral Acropora nasuta NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NMFS ESA listingof Observed coral specieslistedunderthe Fish size classes (cm) , Cheilinus chlorourus 0-10 , Pocillopora meandrina Temperature Temperature , Variability Cyphastrea serailia , , , Montipora efflorescens Odonus niger Odonus , 0.84 Balistapus undulatus 0.81 Platygyra pini Platygyra High (>avg+1SD)

, 11-15 Acropora surculosa

16-20 , Herbivore Herbivore , Biomass Ctenochaetus striatus Paracanthurus hepatus 0.18 0.19 , Pocillopora ankeli , Favia matthaii ,

Pocillopora verrucosa 21-25 , , , Montipora floweri Cantherhines pardalis NONE Acropora tenuis (wave exposure)

26-30 Accessibility . Low Med-Low , 0.52 0.49 Favites russelli , , Pocillopora eydouxi , Non-herbivores Herbivores Scarus forsteniScarus , 31-35 , ,

Montipora grisea Porites lichen , High Med-High , 0.19 0.19 >35 LBSP , , ,

46

MED-LOW SCORE: ISLAND OVERALL SCORE: MED-LOW 47 -Mochong, Rota Scarus psittacusScarus Cheilinus trilobatus Fish Swim: frenatus Scarus Melichthys vidua Cirripectes variolosus Caranx melampygus Fish SPC: Montipora grisea Acropora verweyi Coral Swim: Porites australiensis Favites russelli Astreopora myriophthalma Coral Quad: Fish community community Benthic May/June of2014. species from the resilience assessment results. The Threatened coral site This may warrant management attention for distinctreasons for targets we various settoofmanagement identify types actions. and scrapers/excavators. anydid notmeet site This of the criteria biomass by parts grazers/detritivores equal iscomprised in roughly nearly 50%ofthe benthic community. The herbivoroustotal fish cover. macroalgae and high Turf make and macroalgae up algae score recruitment for coral butlow herbivore has very biomass seaturtlesgreen blunthead and large parrotfish. This site high has a ofmarinerange fauna including aresident blacktip shark, reef constructs that are unique to the Marianas. site This had a wide you can find a latte stone quary. Latte stones are architectural Mochong isone sites ofseveral on the island where ofRota Intra-Island Inter-Island Analysis Low (avg-1SD) Resilience sp., , , Acropora cophydactyla Acanthurus lineatus 0.80 Score 0.87 , , Chlorurus microrhinos , Acanthurus triostegus Porites lobata , Ctenochaetus striatus Sufflamen Sufflamen chrysopterum , , , Leptastrea purpurea Leptastrea Acanthastrea echinata , Favia matthaii Observers: S.McKagan,Observers: J. Maynard,S. Johnson,andL. Raymundo , , Spratelloides delicatulus Oulophyllia crispa Neoniphon argenteus (biomass inkg/ha) Herbivore Functional Groups Non-herbivorous fish(n=136) Herbivorous fish(n=52) , Cephalopholis urodeta Macroalgae Macroalgae Cover , 0.46 0.65 Crustose coralline algae Other invertebrates Turf algae Macroalgae Pavement Rubble Sand Dead coral Soft coral Live coral Cyphastrea microphthalma , (0) Browsers (3.30) Scrapers /Excavators (2.85) Grazers /Detritivores Porites lutea , , Acanthurus nigrofuscus , Favites flexuosa Acropora gemmifera , , , Aphareus furca Halichoeres biocellatus , Chlorurus sordidus , Millepora platyphylla Resistance Pavona duerdeni Bleaching ,

, Acropora abrotenoides , Thalassoma quinquevittatum , 0.80 0.80 Paracirrhites arcatus , Stylophora mordax Thalassoma purpureum , Chaetodon citrinellus Med-High (>avgand

Acropora globiceps , Favia danae , 0.49 0.93 Coral Coral , Platygyra daedalea Platygyra Acanthurus Kyphosus 1.33 , , Halichoeres hortulanus Montipora hoffmeisteri , , Plectroglyphidodon dickii Acropora digitifera sp., , 100 , Chromis acares , , % Hydnophora microconos sp., Carcharhinus melanopterus 20 40 60 80 Favia pallida Diversity , 0 Lutjanus bohar 0.98 0.97 Coral Coral Valenciennea strigata NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NMFS ESA listingof Observed coral specieslistedunderthe Anampses caeruleopunctatus , Fish size classes (cm) Acropora humilis Syndromes , White Pocillopora elegans 1.33 0-10 , Temperature Temperature , , Acropora monticulosa Favia Variability , , Chrysiptera brownriggii Pavona varians Halichoeres ornatissimus 0.89 0.82 , High (>avg+1SD) Melichthys niger

, 11-15 sp., Pomacanthus imperator Skeletal Eroding Eroding Skeletal , , Acropora samoensis , Favia speciosa Montipora floweri Zebrasoma flavescens , Band Pocillopora meandrina , 16-20 0 Chaetodon auriga Herbivore Herbivore Biomass , 0.04 0.07 , Pocillopora damicornis Balistapus undulatus , , Naso lituratus Acropora surculosa 21-25 , , Favia stelligera Acropora globiceps Chrysiptera traceyi , Labroides dimidiatus , , Black Band Montipora foveolata Acropora tenuis , (wave exposure) Rhinecanthus rectangulus , 26-30 Accessibility 0 Chaetodon ulietensis Low Med-Low 0.12 0.12 , , Porites vaughani Parupeneus cyclostomus , , Non-herbivores Herbivores , , Favites abdita Carangoides ferdau

Pocillopora danae 31-35

, , Anomalies Growth Growth , , High Med-High 0 0.67 0.19 LBSP

>35 . , , , , , ,

47

MED-HIGH SCORE: ISLAND OVERALL SCORE: MED-LOW 48 -Sasanhaya_MMT,48 Rota Parupeneus barberinus fasciatusHemigymnus Fish Swim: Stegastes fasciolatusStegastes nigricans Pomacentrus vaiuli Myripristis kuntee Halichoeres hortulanus Ctenochaetus striatus Chlorurus sordidus Centropyge shepardi Fish SPCs: Pavona venosa Fungia scutaria Coral Swim: Porites vaughani Montipora hoffmeisteri Favia Coral Quads: Fish community community Benthic for reasons distinct from the resilience assessment results. management action.site This may warrant management attention any ofthe criteria for targets we various setto of identify types biomass iscomprised ofgrazers/detritivores. did notmeet site This Nearly and macroalgae. 75%ofthealgae total herbivorous fish biomass. Nearly 50%ofthe benthic community ismade up by turf scores recruitment, for coral temperature and variability herbivore Monitoring Team BECQ. site This medium-lowhas ofCNMI Bay and isone ofthe long-term monitoring sites ofthe Marine onSasanhaya_MMT islocated the northwestern end ofSasanhaya Intra-Island Inter-Island Analysis sp., Low (avg-1SD) Resilience 0.80 0.86 Score , , , Acropora surculosa Acanthurus nigrofuscus Neoniphon argenteus , , Plesiastrea versipora Plesiastrea Chromis agilis , , , Heliopora coerula , Astreopora myriophthalma Stethojulis bandanensis Observers: S.McKagan,Observers: J. Maynard,S. Johnson,andL. Raymundo Aphareus furca , , (biomass inkg/ha) Herbivore Functional Groups Non-herbivorous fish(n=257) Herbivorous fish(n=87) , Favites russelli Pavona varians Psammocora nierstraszi , , Macroalgae Macroalgae Chaetodon lunulatus , , Lutjanus monostigma Pseudanthias pascalus Forcipiger flavissimus Cover 0.84 0.89 , Crustose coralline algae Other invertebrates Turf algae Macroalgae Pavement Rubble Sand Dead coral Soft coral Live coral Scarus altipinnisScarus , (0.63) Browsers (6.84) Scrapers /Excavators (18.19) Grazers /Detritivores Heniochus chrysostomus , Chromis margaritifer , Acropora tenuis , Cantherhines dumerilii , , , , Millepora tuberosa Fungia scutaria Paracirrhites forsteri , Pocillopora danae , Platygyra pini Platygyra Acanthurus pyroferus Resistance Bleaching

, 0.78 0.78 Thalassoma lutescens , , , Scarus forsteniScarus Astreopora randalli Chaetodon ornatissimus , , , Malacanthus latovittatus Forcipiger longirostris Med-High (>avgand

Porites annae Montipora foveolata , 0.30 Coral Coral 0.16 Parupeneus insularis , 0.90 Chaetodon quadrimaculatus , , Anampses caeruleopunctatus Zanclus cornutusZanclus , Thalassoma quinquevittatum , , Cyphastrea microphthalma Sargocentron caudimaculatum % 100 20 40 60 80 , Diversity , Gnathodentex aureolineatus 0 Chaetodon reticulatus 0.93 0.94 Coral Coral , , NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NMFS ESA listingof Observed coral specieslistedunderthe , , Echinopora lamellosa Chrysiptera traceyi Naso brevirostris Goniastrea retiformis Goniastrea Fish size classes (cm) Syndromes , , , Porites australiensis Montipora grisea White Meiacanthus atrodorsalis 0.90 , , Parupeneus multifasciatus Zebrasoma veliferum 0-10 Temperature Temperature Variability 0.83 0.89 High (>avg+1SD) , ,

Cheilinus oxycephalus 11-15 Anampses twistii , Skeletal Eroding Eroding Skeletal Oxycheilinus digrammus , , Coris aygula Coris , , , Favia danae Chaetodon ulietensis , Zebrasoma flavescens Montipora nodosa , Favia matthaii Band , Leptastrea purpurea Leptastrea Porites lobata

, 16-20 0 Herbivore Herbivore Scarus niger Scarus , Biomass Gomphosus varius 0.31 0.19 , Monotaxis grandoculis , , Plectroglyphidodon lacrymatus , , Ctenochaetus cyanocheilus 21-25 Favia favus NONE , , , , Favites flexuosa Epibulus insidiator Porites lutea Black Band Scarus psittacusScarus , Pavona duerdeni (wave exposure) , Cheilinus trilobatus 26-30 Accessibility , 0 , Oxycheilinus unifasciatus Leptastrea transversa , . Low Med-Low , 0.35 0.35 Favia pallida Non-herbivores Herbivores ,

Porites rus 31-35 , ,

, Fungia repanda Anomalies , , Growth Growth , , High Med-High 0.83 0 0.24 LBSP , , >35 , , , ,

48

MED-HIGH SCORE: ISLAND OVERALL SCORE: MED-LOW 49 -Coral49 Gardens_MMT, Rota Myripristis berndti melapterus Hemigymnus Ctenochaetus cyanocheilus Chaetodon ornatissimus axillaris Bodianus Parupeneus multifasciatus Chaetodon punctatofasciatus Fish swim: Thalassoma hardwicke Plectroglyphidodon lacrymatus Fish SPCs: Fungia fungites Coral Swim: Porites rus Montipora foveolata Coral Quads: Fish community community Benthic during in May/June our surveys of2014. The Threatened species coral attention for reasons distinct from the resilience assessment results. ofmanagementtypes actions. site This may warrant management anynot meet ofthe criteria for targets we various setto identify biomassfish comprised is ofscrapers/excavators. didThis site 75%ofthe totalwas madeherbivorous up Roughly by live coral. temperature variability. 75%ofthe benthic community Roughly biomass but low scores recruitment, for coral and diversity coral scoresbleaching for siteresistancehigh This has and herbivore of colonies BECQ. Gardens Coral CNMI dive isapopular site large because the long-term monitoring sites ofthe Marine Monitoring Team of Preserve and there are many fish at large Thissite site. is this one of Gardens_MMTCoral in islocated the Sasanhaya Bay Fish Intra-Island Inter-Island Analysis Low (avg-1SD) , , Resilience Acropora globiceps Pomacentrus vaiuli Favites abdita , 0.80 Score 0.91 Acropora surculosa , Acanthurus nigricans sp., corals dominate corals the reefscape. , , Fungia repanda , Naso lituratus Pavona varians Observers: S.McKagan,Observers: J. Maynard,S. Johnson,andL. Raymundo Labroides bicolor (biomass inkg/ha) Herbivore Functional Groups Non-herbivorous fish(n=411) Herbivorous fish(n=129) , sp., , Scarus rubroviolaceusScarus Centropyge heraldi Macroalgae Macroalgae , , Thalassoma quinquevittatum Galaxea fascicularis Hemigymnus fasciatusHemigymnus , Cover 1.00 1.00 Crustose coralline algae Other invertebrates Turf algae Macroalgae Pavement Rubble Sand Dead coral Soft coral Live coral Forcipiger flavissimus , , was seen at was seen this site Chaetodon ulietensis (17.19) Browsers (47.97) Scrapers /Excavators (6.51) Grazers /Detritivores , Arothron nigropunctatus Ptereleotris evides , , Astreopora listeria Nemateleotris magnifica , , Heliopora coerula Pocillopora verrucosa,Porites australiensis , , Labroides dimidiatus Acanthurus nigrofuscus Resistance Bleaching

0.96 0.96 , Cephalopholis sonnerati , Zanclus cornutusZanclus , Goniastrea edwardsiGoniastrea , , Med-High (>avgand

Cantherhines pardalis Un-id fish , 0.03 0.01 Coral Coral Neoniphon argenteus , 9.83 Lutjanus monostigma , , Acanthurus Zebrasoma veliferum sp., , , 100 , Goniastrea retiformis Goniastrea Lutjanus bohar % Cephalopholis urodeta , 20 40 60 80 Diversity Zebrasoma flavescens Sargocentron caudimaculatum , , , 0 0.63 0.63 Coral Coral Pocillopora danae Gnathodentex aureolineatus Chromis acares NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NMFS ESA listingof Observed coral specieslistedunderthe sp., Fish size classes (cm) Syndromes , Porites c.f. deformis White , 9.63 , , Centropyge shepardi Anampses twistii Oxycheilinus digrammus Cyphastrea microphthalma

, 0-10 Macolor niger Temperature Temperature Variability , Lutjanus gibbus 0.73 0.67 , Chromis agilis High (>avg+1SD)

, 11-15 , Goniopora fruticosa Porites annae Skeletal Eroding Eroding Skeletal , Chaetodon auriga , , , Melichthys vidua Band Aphareus furca Porites lichen 16-20 0 , Herbivore Herbivore Biomass Chaetodon bennetti , , 0.47 0.98 , Gomphosus varius Scarus altipinnisScarus , Meiacanthus atrodorsalis Chromis margaritifer , , Paracirrhites arcatus Turbinaria stellulata

, 21-25 Diploastrea heliopora Acropora globiceps , , Leptastrea purpurea Leptastrea , Porites lobata Black Band , Chaetodon ephippium , Balistapus undulatus Mulloidichthys vanicolensis (wave exposure) 0.20 Accessibility 26-30 -MPAN/A -MPAN/A , Stegastes fasciolatus Low Med-Low , , Halichoeres hortulanus Chaetodon lunulatus , , Non-herbivores Herbivores Chrysiptera traceyi , Pempheris oualensis 31-35 Porites lutea

, , Favia matthaii Anomalies , Growth Growth High Med-High , , 0.68 0.20 0 LBSP

>35 . , , , , , , , ,

49

MED-HIGH SCORE: ISLAND OVERALL SCORE: MED-LOW 50 -AchuDangkulu, Saipan Thalassoma quinquevittatum Lethrinus rubrioperculatus Chaetodon ornatissimus Fish SPCs: Coral Swim: Porites vaughani Pocillopora ankeli Montipora floweri Fungia scutaria Astreopora randalli Coral Quads: Fish community community Benthic increased monitoring during warm seasons. and catch sizeregulationsthis and bag location limits and include: Examples ofactions that considered can be for implementation at enforcement and bleaching monitoring and supporting recovery. grazers/detritivores.Thisregulations and for site fishery isa target Nearly 75%ofthe total herbivorousbiomass fish comprised is of sites is biomass. afew whereone of This only cover coral is>70%. bleaching resistance, temperature variability, and herbivore anavigationas site landmark. This medium-lowhas scores for at rocks this site thatlarge the fishers of use Tanapag village Achu Dangkulu translates to “Big Rock”. Theregroup isa of Intra-Island Inter-Island Analysis Low (avg-1SD) Resilience Zebrasoma flavescens 0.80 Score 0.81 , Acropora gemmifera , , Balistapus undulatus , , Acropora nasuta Montipora hoffmeisteri Goniastrea edwardsiGoniastrea (biomass inkg/ha) Herbivore Functional Groups Non-herbivorous fish(n=139) Herbivorous fish(n=73) , Pocillopora danae Macroalgae Macroalgae , , Cyphastrea serailia Naso lituratus Cover 1.00 1.00 Crustose coralline algae Other invertebrates Turf algae Macroalgae Pavement Rubble Sand Dead coral Soft coral Live coral Observers: S.McKagan,Observers: J. Maynard,and S.Johnson (4.18) Browsers (0) Scrapers /Excavators (9.67) Grazers /Detritivores , , Heliopora coerula , Cheilinus chlorourus Acropora humilus , , Cantherhines pardalis Goniopora fruiticosa Resistance Bleaching , , ,

Pocillopora elegans Montipora monasteriata Oxycheilinus unifasciatus 0.68 0.79 , Favia favus Med-High (>avgand

, Ctenochaetus striatus 0.27 0.27 Coral Coral Favia matthaii , , Leptastrea purpurea Leptastrea , Pocillopora meandrina Centropyge flavissima , , Montipora nodosa Sufflamen Sufflamen chrysopterum % 100 , 20 40 60 80 Diversity Acropora vaughani 0 0.98 0.98 Coral Coral , NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NMFS ESA listingof Observed coral specieslistedunderthe Favia speciosa Fish size classes (cm) , Lobophyllia hemprichii , Halichoeres margaritaceus

, 0-10 Leptastrea transversa Temperature Temperature , , Variability Centropyge shepardi Pocillopora verrucosa , Montipora 0.82 0.79 , High (>avg+1SD) Favia stelligera

, 11-15 Acropora verweyi , Sufflamen fraenatum

sp. 16-20 Herbivore Herbivore #1 Biomass , 0.10 0.10 Millepora tuberosa , , , Leptoria Phrygia Leptoria Favites abdita , Pavona varians , , Cephalopholis urodeta Labroides dimidiatus Porites lichen

, 21-25 Astreopora myriophthalma NONE , (wave exposure) Thalassoma lutescens

26-30 Accessibility , . Low Med-Low Favites russelli , 0.64 0.62 , , Porites lobata , Platygyra pini Platygyra Montastrea curta Montipora caliculata

31-35 Non-herbivores Herbivores ,

, , High Med-High , , , 0.19 0.19 LBSP , >35 ,

50

MED-LOW SCORE: ISLAND OVERALL SCORE: MED-LOW 51 -Coconut Village, Rota Plectroglyphidodon johnstonianus fasciatusHemigymnus Fish Swim: Stethojulis bandanensis Plectroglyphidodon lacrymatus Oxycheilinus digrammus Halichoeres ornatissimus Chrysiptera traceyi Chaetodon auriga,Chaetodon lunula Fish SPCs: Psammocora nierstraszi Montipora nodosa Fungia fungites Coral Swim: Pavona frondifera Leptastrea transversa Favia pallida Coral Quads: Fish community community Benthic May/June of2014. Acropora globiceps restoration translocation. and coral The Threatened species coral is comprised ofgrazers/detritivores. for site isa This reef target Greater thanalgae. 50%ofthe total herbivorousbiomass fish 50% ofthe benthic community ismade up by crustose coralline biomass cover. and has aboveaveragemacroalgae Uniquely, nearly scores for most indicatorshigh but has medium-low herbivore holiday getaway and tourists. for locals site This medium- has shore was once an exotic adjacent to this site. Coconut Village oftropical isacollection the along bungalows Coconut Village Intra-Island Inter-Island Analysis Low (avg-1SD) Resilience , , Pomacentrus vaiuli , 0.80 0.86 Score , Pomacanthus imperator Acanthurus nigricans sp., Galaxea fascicularis , , Acropora globiceps Porites australiensis , , Labroides dimidiatus Chaetodon reticulatus Acropora digitifera Observers: S.McKagan,Observers: J. Maynard,S. Johnson,andL. Raymundo , , Millepora tuberosa Pavona venosa (biomass inkg/ha) Herbivore Functional Groups Non-herbivorous fish(n=197) Herbivorous fish(n=85) , , Ctenochaetus cyanocheilus Thalassoma quinquevittatum , Macroalgae Macroalgae Goniastrea edwardsiGoniastrea , , Cover 0.63 0.76 Paracirrhites forsteri Crustose coralline algae Other invertebrates Turf algae Macroalgae Pavement Rubble Sand Dead coral Soft coral Live coral Caesio teres , (4.46) Browsers (3.57) Scrapers /Excavators (11.57) Grazers /Detritivores Lethrinus xanthochilus , Sargocentron caudimaculatum , , Acropora robusta , Goniopora djiboutiensis , , Acanthurus nigrofuscus , Porites lobata Pocillopora damicornis Ptereleotris evides , Acropora surculosa , , Resistance , , Bleaching Macropharyngodon meleagris Montipora efflorescens Chlorurus sordidus

Cheilinus trilobatus 0.76 0.76 , Goniastrea retiformis Goniastrea , , Med-High (>avgand

, 0.50 0.27 Coral Coral Astreopora myriophthalma , , , Heliopora coerula 2.99 , Acanthurus Pocillopora danae , Chromis acares Cirrhilabrus katherinae , , , Montipora hoffmeisteri Sargocentron diadema Stylophora mordax , 100 Goniopora minor % , , 20 40 60 80 , Diversity Cyphastrea microphthalma Myripristis kuntee , Forcipiger flavissimus 0 sp., , 0.98 0.97 Coral Coral Scarus altipinnisScarus Parupeneus cyclostomus NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NMFS ESA listingof Observed coral specieslistedunderthe Fish size classes (cm) Syndromes , Anampses twistii , , Monotaxis grandoculis Chromis agilis , White Isopora palifera 2.57 Pocillopora elegans 0-10 Temperature Temperature Variability , Echinopora lamellosa , , , , 0.85 0.92 Hydnophora microconos Coris aygula Coris Montipora Scarus psittacusScarus , High (>avg+1SD) , Scarus forsteniScarus 11-15 Naso lituratus Skeletal Eroding Eroding Skeletal , , Chromis margaritifer , , Gomphosus varius Cephalopholis urodeta Montipora aequituberculata , 0.21 Band Pempheris oualensis , , sp.

Pocillopora eydouxi 16-20 Cyphastrea serailia Herbivore Herbivore , , Biomass Coris gaimard Parupeneus multifasciatus 2 0.29 0.14 , , , Scarus rubroviolaceusScarus , Stegastes fasciolatus Oulophyllia crispa Neoniphon opercularis

, 21-25 Favia danae Acropora globiceps , , Leptastrea purpurea Leptastrea Black Band Halichoeres hortulanus , , (wave exposure) Chrysiptera brownriggii 0.21 Epibulus insidiator ,

26-30 Accessibility , , , Plectroglyphidodon dickii Favia stelligera Porites annae Low Med-Low 0.22 0.22 , Favia matthaii , , Montipora floweri , , Pavona duerdeni Non-herbivores Herbivores Zebrasoma flavescens 31-35 , ,

Anomalies , , Growth Growth Porites rus , High Med-High , 0.20 0 0.70 , LBSP ,

>35 . , , , , ,

51

MED-HIGH SCORE: ISLAND OVERALL SCORE: MED-LOW 52 -OleaiRocks, Saipan Zebrasoma flavescens Pempheris oualensis Gomphosus varius Chaetodon lunula Fish SPCs: Lobophyllia corymbosa Coral Swim: Psammacora haimeana Montipora hoffmeisteri retiformis Goniastrea Cyphastrea chalcidicum Coral Quads: Fish community community Benthic resilience assessment results. may warrant management attention for reasons distinct from the for targets various ofmanagementidentify types action. This site excavators. any This notmeet site did ofthe criteria we setto of the total herbivorous fishbiomass iscomprised ofscrapers/ by parts and live bareequal coral pavement. Greater than 50% 70%ofthe benthic communityRoughly ismade up in near resistance, recruitment coral and temperature variability. sites further south. This site has medium-low scores for bleaching take divers to this areabeen using aback-up as to more popular on islocated the western Rocks Oleai Dive operators sideofSaipan. Intra-Island Inter-Island Analysis Low (avg-1SD) Resilience 0.80 Score 0.79 , , Acropora humilis Acanthurus nigrofuscus , Acropora azurea , Sargocentron caudimaculatum (biomass inkg/ha) Herbivore Functional Groups Non-herbivorous fish(n=76) Herbivorous fish(n=130) , , Pavona duerdeni , Pavona varians , Hemigymnus fasciatusHemigymnus , Macroalgae Macroalgae Chaetodon unimaculatus Favia matthaii , Cover Leptastrea purpurea Leptastrea 1.00 1.00 Crustose coralline algae Other invertebrates Turf algae Macroalgae Pavement Rubble Sand Dead coral Soft coral Live coral Observers: S.McKagan,Observers: J. Maynard,and S.Johnson (1.70) Browsers (24.60) Scrapers /Excavators (13.71) Grazers /Detritivores , Acropora monticulosa , Acropora digitifera , , , Resistance Aphareus furca , Platygyra pini Platygyra Bleaching Pocillopora danae

Favia speciosa 0.68 0.59 , Heniochus chrysostomus , Montipora caliculata Med-High (>avgand

Favia stelligera

Bodianus axillaris Bodianus Acropora robusta Coral Coral 0.16 0.16 , Porites australiensis , Thalassoma lutescens % 100 , 20 40 60 80 Diversity , , Montipora efflorescens , , 0 Astreopora listeri Favites abdita Chlorurus sordidus 0.96 0.96 Coral Coral Labroides dimidiatus , NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NMFS ESA listingof Observed coral specieslistedunderthe , Acropora vaughani , Pocillopora verrucosa Fish size classes (cm) Canthigaster solandri

0-10 Temperature Temperature Variability , Favites russelli 0.85 0.82 , High (>avg+1SD) ,

Astreopora myriophthalma 11-15 Thalassoma quinquevittatum , Coris aygula Coris , , , Montipora floweri Acropora verweyi Lutjanus fulvus , Porites lichen ,

Centropyge flavissima 16-20 Herbivore Herbivore Biomass , 0.28 0.28 Galaxea fascicularis , Ctenochaetus striatus 21-25 NONE , , , Porites lobata Myripristis kuntee , Favia favus Montipora grisea (wave exposure) ,

26-30 Accessibility Astreopora randalli . Low Med-Low , 0.65 , 0.67 Zanclus cornutusZanclus Cephalopholis urodeta , Goniastrea edwardsiGoniastrea , Non-herbivores Herbivores Isopora palifera ,

Porites rus 31-35 ,

, , Naso lituratus High Med-High 0.19 0.19 LBSP ,

, >35 , , , , ,

52

MED-LOW SCORE: ISLAND OVERALL SCORE: MED-LOW 53 -Sunset Villa_MMT, Rota Naso lituratus Chaetodon quadrimaculatus Fish Swim: Stethojulis strigiventer Paracirrhites forsteri Gomphosus varius Chrysiptera brownriggii Balistapus undulatus Fish SPCs: Stylophora mordax Leptastrea transversa Coral Swim: sp. Galaxea fascicularis Coral Quads: Fish community community Benthic monitored during upcoming warm seasons. for bleaching monitoring and be supporting soshould recovery biomass iscomprised ofgrazers/detritivores. site isa This target Greater than algae. coralline 75%ofthe total herbivorous fish of the benthic community ismade up by and livecrustose coral biomass cover. and has aboveaveragemacroalgae Greater than 50% low scores for bleaching resistance, and herbivore diversity coral score forcoral recruitment sitehigh This a buthas medium- has had toResort closedue to recent in steepvisitor declines numbers. BECQ. Like manyCNMI ofthe other the small resorts on Rota, long-term monitoring sites ofthe Marine Monitoring Team of onshore islocated which from site thisis This one of reef. the isnearSunset the Sunset now-closed Resort, Villa_MMT Villa Intra-Island Inter-Island Analysis 0447 Low (avg-1SD) , Resilience Rhinecanthus rectangulus , , 0.89 Score 0.79 , Acanthurus olivaceus sp. Acanthurus guttatus Acropora gemmifera 0460 , Acropora verweyi Observers: S.McKagan,Observers: J. Maynard,L. Johnston, and L.Raymundo , , (biomass inkg/ha) Herbivore Functional Groups Non-herbivorous fish(n=248) Herbivorous fish(n=56) Chaetodon lunula , Pocillopora meandrina , , , Goniastrea retiformis Goniastrea Plectroglyphidodon dickii Montipora Labroides bicolor Macroalgae Macroalgae , Coris aygula Coris Cover 0.83 0.75 Crustose coralline algae Other invertebrates Turf algae Macroalgae Pavement Rubble Sand Dead coral Soft coral Live coral (0) Browsers (2.57) Scrapers /Excavators (12.55) Grazers /Detritivores , Forcipiger longirostris , , , sp. Anampses caeruleopunctatus Acropora surculosa Acanthurus lineatus , Cyphastrea chalcidicum , 0463 Scarus rubroviolaceusScarus Resistance , , Bleaching Chaetodon ornatissimus , Ctenochaetus cyanocheilus

Labroides dimidiatus 0.64 0.64 , , Pavona duerdeni , Heliopora coerula Pocillopora verrucosa , Med-High (>avgand

Acanthurus nigricans 0.42 0.78 Coral Coral , , Siganus argenteus , Cyphastrea serailia , Pocillopora elegans , , Leptoria Phrygia Leptoria Anampses twistii Monotaxis grandoculis , Chaetodon ulietensis , , Ctenochaetus striatus 100 Scarus psittacusScarus % 20 40 60 80 Diversity 0 0.90 0.91 Coral Coral NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NMFS ESA listingof Observed coral specieslistedunderthe Fish size classes (cm) , Acanthurus nigrofuscus , , , , ,

, 0-10 Favia favus Lethrinus xanthochilus Montastrea valenciennesi Pocillopora eydouxi Cantherhines pardalis Favites flexuosa Temperature Temperature , Variability Stegastes fasciolatus , 0.85 0.92 , Cheilinus trilobatus Myripristis murdjan High (>avg+1SD) , 11-15 Epinephelus , Favia matthaii

, 16-20 Goniopora minor Herbivore Herbivore Biomass , 0.18 0.11 , sp., Porites lobata Acanthurus , , , Cephalopholis argus Stethojulis bandanensis Lutjanus bohar Epinephelus tauvina , , 21-25 Montipora hoffmeisteri Chlorurus sordidus , , Paracirrhites arcatus NONE Favia stelligera sp., (wave exposure) , , Accessibility

Porites lutea 26-30 Hydnophora microconos . Low Med-Low Aphareus furca 0.27 0.27 , Melichthys vidua Non-herbivores Herbivores , , 31-35 , ,

, , , , Montipora High Med-High , 0.21 0.73 >35 LBSP , ,

53

MED-HIGH SCORE: ISLAND OVERALL SCORE: MED-LOW 54 -Puntan Lamanibot Sanhilo, Tinian Thalassoma amblycephalum Pomachromis guamensis Paracirrhites arcatus Halichoeres ornatissimus Chromis agilis Rhinecanthus rectangulus Myripristis berndti Ctenochaetus cyanocheilus Fish Swim: Centropyge flavissima Fish SPCs: Montipora aequituberculata Coral Swim: Porites lutea Phrygia Leptoria Cyphastrea serailia Coral Quads: Fish community community Benthic atwas seen this site during in May/June our surveys of2014. assessment results. The Threatened species coral management attention for reasons distinct from the resilience for various ofmanagement types action.site This may warrant anydid notmeet site This of the criteria we set targets to identify total herbivorousbiomass fish grazers/detritivores.comprised is of 75%ofthe Roughly up by and livecrustose coral algae. coralline and diversity. 50%ofthe benthic community Roughly ismade herbivore biomass and medium-low scores recruitment for coral War soldiersthrew II into site This alow the scorehas for ocean. bottles where– aplace diversthat can find Coca-Cola World area isjust around the corner from an area known Dump as Coke the Puntan Lamanibot designates Sanhilo the northern portion of Intra-Island Inter-Island Analysis Lamanibot Low (avg-1SD) Resilience , , Acanthurus nigricans Fungia scutaria , 0.83 Score 0.78 Favia favus , Montastrea valenciennesi , , Astreopora listeri , Observers: S.McKagan,Observers: J. Maynard,L. Johnston, and L.Raymundo Naso unicornis Coris gaimard (biomass inkg/ha) Herbivore Functional Groups Non-herbivorous fish(n=789) Herbivorous fish(n=67) , , , Sargocentron tiere Sargocentron Apogon Parupeneus multifasciatus , Chaetodon lunulatus Macroalgae Macroalgae , , Favia matthaii , , Gymnothorax meleagris Macropharyngodon meleagris Cover Platygyra daedalea Platygyra 0.51 0.93 Crustose coralline algae Other invertebrates Turf algae Macroalgae Pavement Rubble Sand Dead coral Soft coral Live coral , , Goniastrea pectinata Stylophora mordax sp., (2.14) Browsers (6.20) Scrapers /Excavators (23.20) Grazers /Detritivores , Acropora globiceps Thalassoma quinquevittatum , Acanthurus nigrofuscus , Chaetodon lunula , Ctenochaetus striatus Paracirrhites forsteri , Astreopora myriophthalma , Sargocentron microstoma Sargocentron , Resistance Bleaching Scarus ghobbanScarus ,

, Favia stelligera 0.85 0.72 Montipora floweri , Chaetodon reticulatus , , Pocillopora elegans Plectroglyphidodon johnstonianus Med-High (>avgand

, , Heliopora coerula Hemigymnus fasciatusHemigymnus , Mean diseaseprevalence (%) Chaetodon ornatissimus Recruitment Total Prevalence , , , ,

Acanthurus Scarus psittacusScarus

, Dascyllus reticulatusDascyllus Parupeneus barberinus , 0.56 Melichthys vidua Coral Coral 0.16 Galaxea fascicularis 2.40 , , Valenciennea strigata Montipora , , Astreopora randalli Scarus oviceps Scarus , , Cheilinus oxycephalus sp., Pocillopora verrucosa , % 100 Hydnophora microconos 20 40 60 80 Diversity , Anampses twistii Scarus rubroviolaceusScarus 0 0.87 0.95 Coral Coral sp., NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NMFS ESA listingof Observed coral specieslistedunderthe , , Naso lituratus Labroides pectoralis Fish size classes (cm) Syndromes , Epibulus insidiator Montipora , , White 2.34 Chaetodon ulietensis , Goniastrea edwardsiGoniastrea , Zebrasoma veliferum Parupeneus cyclostomus

, 0-10 Plectroglyphidodon lacrymatus Temperature Temperature , Variability Cyphastrea agassizi , 0.78 0.95 , Aphareus furca sp. , Cheilinus trilobatus High (>avg+1SD) , Turbinaria stellulata

Nemateleotris magnifica 11-15 3051 Skeletal Eroding Eroding Skeletal , Scarus schlegeliScarus , Lobophyllia corymbosa , Lutjanus bohar , Forcipiger longirostris Band ,

Pavona varians 16-20 0 , , Herbivore Herbivore Chromis margaritifer Biomass Goniastrea retiformis Goniastrea 0.40 0.02 , Balistapus undulatus , , Pempheris oualensis Cyphastrea microphthalma , ,

Stegastes fasciolatus 21-25 Chlorurus sordidus Acropora globiceps , , Meiacanthus atrodorsalis Black Band Pomacentrus vaiuli , , Oxycheilinus digrammus Platygyra pini Platygyra (wave exposure) 0.07

26-30 Accessibility , , Lobophyllia hemprichii Halichoeres hortulanus Low Med-Low 0.20 0.45 , , Leptastrea purpurea Leptastrea , Caranx melampygus Non-herbivores Herbivores , , , 31-35 Sufflamen bursaSufflamen Chromis acares

, Porites lobata Anomalies , , Growth Growth High Med-High 0.56 0.20 0 LBSP

>35 . , , , , , , , , ,

54

MED-LOW SCORE: ISLAND OVERALL SCORE: MED-LOW 55 -Masilok Beach Wall, Tinian Neocirrhites armatus Gnathodentex aureolineatus Fish Swim: Stegastes fasciolatus Pomacanthus imperator Halichoeres marginatus Ctenochaetus cyanocheilus Cephalopholis urodeta Fish SPCs: Pocillopora verrucosa Coral Swim: Psammocora haimeana Montipora hoffmeisteri Galaxea fascicularis Cyphastrea microphthalma Coral Quads: Fish community community Benthic upcoming warm seasons. monitored duringand be supporting soshould recovery functional for This site groups. bleaching monitoring isatarget biomass iscomprised in nearly by parts the equal three herbivore The herbivorousby and live crustose coral algae. fish coralline 50%ofthe benthicbiomass. community Roughly ismade up bleaching resistance, temperature and variability herbivore score recruitment for coral site has ahigh but has medium-low steep characterizes wall Tinian. Avery the at reef this site. This Masilok Wall Beach isnear Masilok on Beach the eastern sideof Intra-Island Inter-Island Analysis Low (avg-1SD) Resilience , , Chaetodon ephippium , Millepora platyphylla 0.85 Score 0.79 Acanthurus nigrofuscus , Porites lutea , Acropora gemmifera , (biomass inkg/ha) Herbivore Functional Groups Non-herbivorous fish(n=103) Herbivorous fish(n=97) Variola louti , Goniopora fruticosa , Macroalgae Macroalgae , , Stethojulis strigiventer Pomachromis guamensis Chaetodon lunula , , , Stylocoeniella guentheri , Cover Observers: S.McKagan,Observers: J. Maynard,and L.Johnston 1.00 1.00 Naso lituratus Crustose coralline algae Other invertebrates Turf algae Macroalgae Pavement Rubble Sand Dead coral Soft coral Live coral Pavona varians , Echinopora lamellosa Dascyllus reticulatusDascyllus (3.16) Browsers (5.14) Scrapers /Excavators (4.00) Grazers /Detritivores , Macropharyngodon meleagris , , Montastrea curta Chaetodon reticulatus , Aphareus furca , Astreopora gracilis Resistance Bleaching

, , 0.56 0.61 Oxycheilinus digrammus Hydnophora microconos , , Platygyra daedalea Platygyra Chaetodon melannotus , Sufflamen Sufflamen chrysopterum Med-High (>avgand

, 0.66 0.38 Coral Coral , Cheilinus trilobatus Astreopora listeri , , , Favia favus Malacanthus latovittatus Platygyra pini Platygyra , , Leptastrea purpurea Leptastrea , 100 Oxycheilinus unifasciatus

Chlorurus sordidus % 20 40 60 80 Diversity , Pocillopora ankeli 0 1.00 1.00 Coral Coral , , NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NMFS ESA listingof Observed coral specieslistedunderthe Gomphosus varius Thalassoma lutescens , Ptereleotris evides Fish size classes (cm) , , Favia matthaii Astreopora myriophthalma , , , Chromis acares Balistapus undulatus Pocillopora woodjonesi 0-10 Temperature Temperature Variability 0.78 0.78 , , High (>avg+1SD) , Leptoria Phrygia Leptoria Chrysiptera traceyi

, 11-15 Pocillopora elegans Melichthys vidua , , , Favia stelligera Halichoeres biocellatus Pygoplites diacanthus , , , Paracirrhites arcatus Chromis agilis Thalassoma quinquevittatum 16-20 Herbivore Herbivore Biomass , Calotomus carolinus 0.08 0.25 , Porites australiensis , Cyphastrea chalcidicum , , Montastrea valenciennesi

, 21-25 , , Faviid Monotaxis grandoculis Coris gaimard , Pocillopora meandrina NONE Cirrhitichthys falco sp. , (wave exposure) , , Scarus psittacusScarus Halichoeres hortulanus Parupeneus multifasciatus 26-30 Accessibility 0193 . Low Med-Low 0.33 0.12 , , Centropyge flavissima , Porites , Non-herbivores Herbivores Faviid 31-35

, , sp. , , sp. , , ?0206 High Med-High 0209 0.56 0.19 >35 LBSP , , , , ,

55

MED-LOW SCORE: ISLAND OVERALL SCORE: MED-LOW 56 -Achugao, Saipan Sufflamen fraenatum Halichoeres margaritaceus Cephalopholis urodeta Fish SPCs: Pocillopora woodjonesi Gardineroseris planulata Coral Swim: Porites lutea Montipora nodosa purpurea Leptastrea Astreopora myriophthalma Coral Quads: Fish community community Benthic monitoring during warm seasons. and catch sizeregulations and bag limits and increased include: actions that considered can be for implementation at this location bleaching monitoring and supporting recovery. Examples of regulations and forenforcement site fishery isa This target and herbivorousbiomass fish grazers/detritivores.comprised is of community 90%ofthe total ismade up Roughly by live coral. andvariability herbivore biomass. Greater than 50%ofthe benthic but low bleaching resistance and medium-low temperature recruitment coral anemonefishes.This site high has photogenic with in it”in anode Chamorro.great site isa This to spot find justname ofthe onshore village ofthis reef. Achugao on islocated the Achugao northeast isthe sideofSaipan. Intra-Island Inter-Island Analysis Low (avg-1SD) Resilience , Stylophora mordax , Score 0.79 0.79 Acropora palifera , Acropora gemmifera , Amphiprion chrysopterus (biomass inkg/ha) Herbivore Functional Groups Non-herbivorous fish(n=139) Herbivorous fish(n=88) , , Pavona varians , Lobophyllia corymbosa Favia stelligera Macroalgae Macroalgae Achugao Cover 1.00 1.00 Crustose coralline algae Other invertebrates Turf algae Macroalgae Pavement Rubble Sand Dead coral Soft coral Live coral Observers: S.McKagan,Observers: J. Maynard,and S.Johnson , (1.02) Browsers (0) Scrapers /Excavators (11.73) Grazers /Detritivores , , Millepora platyphyllia Labroides dimidiatus Acropora robusta , Chaetodon quadrimaculatus , means “rock Acropora secale , , Pocillopora elegans Resistance Bleaching Favites abdita

, 0.40 Apolemichthys trimaculatus 0.47 , Montipora efflorescens , Med-High (>avgand

0.55 0.55 Coral Coral , Pocillopora meandrina , Cheilinus chlorourus , Cyphastrea chalcidicum 100

, % , 20 40 60 80 , Diversity , Galaxea fascicularis , Montipora floweri Balistapus undulatus 0 Acropora vaughani Naso lituratus 0.97 0.97 Coral Coral , NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NMFS ESA listingof Observed coral specieslistedunderthe Pavona duerdeni Fish size classes (cm)

0-10 , Pocillopora verrucosa Temperature Temperature , Variability Gomphosus varius , 0.84 0.81 Sufflamen bursaSufflamen High (>avg+1SD) ,

, 11-15 Montipora grisea , Cyphastrea serailia , , Goniastrea edwardsiGoniastrea Acropora verweyi Platygyra pini Platygyra , Cantherhines pardalis

16-20 Herbivore Herbivore Biomass 0.09 0.10 , , Halichoeres hortulanus , Sufflamen Sufflamen chrysopterum Porites lichen , , Pocillopora ankeli 21-25 Montipora hoffmeisteri , , Astreopora listeri NONE Favia speciosa , Heliopora coerula (wave exposure) , Centropyge flavissima 26-30 Accessibility , . Porites lobata Low Med-Low 0.64 0.62 , Non-herbivores Herbivores ,

Pocillopora eydouxi 31-35 , ,

, , , , High Med-High 0.19 0.19 >35 LBSP , ,

56

LOW SCORE: ISLAND OVERALL SCORE: MED-LOW 57 Laolao, -South Saipan Sufflamen bursaSufflamen Halichoeres Cephalopholis urodeta Fish SPCs: Millepora platyphyllia Coral Swim: Pocillopora elegans retiformis Goniastrea Favia favus Coral Quads: Fish community community Benthic distinct from the resilience assessment results. actions. site This may warrant management attention for reasons criteria for targets we various settoofmanagement identify types comprised ofgrazers/detritivores. anydid notmeet site This of the 90%of the herbivoroustotal Roughly turfing biomass fish algae. is half ofthe benthic community was made up and by macroalgae herbivore biomass cover. and has above averagemacroalgae Nearly recruitment but medium-low scores for temperature and variability high score for coral This anemonefish. a site has findphotogenic to other locations within LaolaoBay.great site isa This tospot There is unusuallywavehigh exposure at site this comparisonin South Laolaoisthe most southerly in LaolaoBay. site surveyed Intra-Island Inter-Island Analysis Low (avg-1SD) Resilience , Score 0.79 0.78 , , Astreopora listeri Porites rus , Acanthurus nigrofuscus Acropora tenuis , Melichthys vidua (biomass inkg/ha) Herbivore Functional Groups Non-herbivorous fish(n=82) Herbivorous fish(n=94) , , , Platygyra daedalea Platygyra Thalassoma lutescens Favia stelligera Macroalgae Macroalgae , Stylocoeniella armata , Cover Leptastrea purpurea Leptastrea 0.66 0.54 Crustose coralline algae Other invertebrates Turf algae Macroalgae Pavement Rubble Sand Dead coral Soft coral Live coral Observers: S.McKagan,Observers: J. Maynard,and S.Johnson (0) Browsers (1.67) Scrapers /Excavators (21.99) Grazers /Detritivores , , Astreopora myriophthalma Acropora verweyi , Cheilinus chlorourus , Oxycheilinus unifasciatus , , Acanthurus triostegus Favites abdita Resistance Bleaching

, 0.94 0.74 Pocillopora meandrina , Thalassoma quinquevittatum , , Stylophora mordax Leptoria Phrygia Leptoria Med-High (>avgand

0.36 0.37 Coral Coral , Cyphastrea chalcidicum , Amphiprion chrysopterus , Parupeneus multifasciatus , , Pocillopora verrucosa Pavona duerdeni 100

, % , 20 40 60 80 Diversity Fungia scutaria Favites russelli 0 0.99 0.98 Coral Coral NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NMFS ESA listingof Observed coral specieslistedunderthe , Fish size classes (cm) Coris aygula Coris

0-10 , Temperature Temperature Cyphastrea ocellina , Variability Pavona varians , , Galaxea fascicularis , 0.79 0.76 Goniopora fruiticosa Cantherhines pardalis , High (>avg+1SD) Halichoeres hortulanus

, 11-15 Pomacanthus imperator

16-20 Herbivore Herbivore Biomass , Platygyra pini Platygyra 0.17 0.17 , Cyphastrea serailia , Goniastrea edwardsiGoniastrea , 21-25 Goniopora minor , NONE Centropyge flavissima , Halichoeres margaritaceus , (wave exposure) Stethojulis bandanensis , Accessibility

Pocillopora ankeli 26-30 . Low Med-Low 0.35 0.27 , Echinopora lamellosa Non-herbivores Herbivores

, 31-35 ,

, High Med-High , 0.25 0.24 >35 LBSP , , ,

57

MED-LOW SCORE: ISLAND OVERALL SCORE: MED-LOW 58 -Iota Salvage_MMT, Rota Oxycheilinus unifasciatus Lutjanus monostigma Chromis agilis Fish Swim: Pomachromis guamensis Paracirrhites hemistictus Epibulus insidiator Cheilinus chlorourus Fish SPCs: Stylophora mordax Montipora aequituberculata Goniopora djiboutiensis Coral Swim: Pocillopora meandrina purpurea Leptastrea Favia danae Coral Quads: Fish community community Benthic atwas seen this site during in May/June our surveys of2014. assessment results. The Threatened species coral management attention for reasons distinct from the resilience for various ofmanagement types actions. site This may warrant anydid notmeet site This of the criteria we set targets to identify herbivorousbiomass fish grazers/detritivores.comprised is of community ismade up Greater by live coral. than 75%ofthe total and half herbivore diversity ofthecoral benthic biomass. Roughly has alow score recruitment for coral and medium-low scores for inreef the 1600sand the site contains many site artifacts. This by the IOTA ran company into occurred. the ASpanish galleon iswhereandIota excavation dredging Salvage_MMT activities Intra-Island Inter-Island Analysis Low (avg-1SD) Resilience , , 0.82 Score 0.78 , Acanthurus nigricans Acanthurus olivaceus Acropora globiceps , , Forcipiger longirostris Acropora gemmifera , Observers: S.McKagan,Observers: J. Maynard,S. Johnson,andL. Raymundo Millepora tuberosa , , (biomass inkg/ha) Herbivore Functional Groups Non-herbivorous fish(n=151) Herbivorous fish(n=66) , , Melichthys vidua Favia pallida Stegastes fasciolatus Chlorurus sordidus , , Halichoeres hortulanus , Macroalgae Macroalgae Pocillopora damicornis Heliopora coerula Cover 0.99 0.99 Crustose coralline algae Other invertebrates Turf algae Macroalgae Pavement Rubble Sand Dead coral Soft coral Live coral , (0.51) Browsers (3.93) Scrapers /Excavators (15.16) Grazers /Detritivores Parupeneus multifasciatus Acropora globiceps , Acropora humilis , , Anampses twistii , Acanthurus nigrofuscus , Favia stelligera Sargocentron tiere Sargocentron , , , , Acropora surculosa Resistance Pavona duerdeni Monotaxis grandoculis Bleaching Gnathodentex aureolineatus

, , 0.77 0.77 Stethojulis bandanensis , Chrysiptera brownriggii Hydnophora microconos , , Hemigymnus fasciatusHemigymnus Pocillopora elegans Med-High (>avgand

, Acropora robusta , , Balistapus undulatus Favites abdita Mean diseaseprevalence (%) Recruitment , Total Prevalence Scarus oviceps Scarus

, , 0.06 Plectroglyphidodon dickii Coral Coral 0.11 Pavona varians , , Astreopora myriophthalma 0.95 Acanthurus , Naso hexacanthus , , , Thalassoma quinquevittatum , Galaxea fascicularis , , Cirripectes variolosus , Pocillopora verrucosa 100 , Isopora palifera Gomphosus varius

Acropora tenuis % Scarus rubroviolaceusScarus 20 40 60 80 Diversity , 0 sp., Labroides dimidiatus 0.86 0.87 Coral Coral , , NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NMFS ESA listingof Observed coral specieslistedunderthe Chaetodon auriga Platygyra daedalea Platygyra Fish size classes (cm) Syndromes Centropyge flavissima White 0.95

, 0-10 Naso tonganus , Temperature Temperature Plectroglyphidodon johnstonianus , Variability , Lobophyllia hemprichii Acropora verweyi , , 0.85 0.92 Cyphastrea microphthalma , Kyphosus cinerascens Goniastrea edwardsiGoniastrea High (>avg+1SD) , , 11-15 Ctenochaetus cyanocheilus Porites australiensis , , Skeletal Eroding Eroding Skeletal Zebrasoma flavescens Chaetodon citrinellus , , Naso lituratus Platygyra pini Platygyra , Naso unicornis Band

, 16-20 0 Cephalopholis urodeta Herbivore Herbivore Biomass 0.24 0.14 , Favites flexuosa

, 21-25 , , Labroides bicolor , , Millepora platyphylla Paracirrhites arcatus , Goniastrea retiformis Goniastrea Acropora globiceps Pocillopora danae Porites lobata , Oxycheilinus digrammus , Black Band , Zebrasoma veliferum , Chaetodon lunula (wave exposure) Cyphastrea serailia ,

26-30 Accessibility , Ctenochaetus striatus 0 Pomacentrus vaiuli Low Med-Low , 0.25 0.25 Fungia fungites , Chaetodon reticulatus , Non-herbivores Herbivores , Porites lutea

Lutjanus bohar 31-35 ,

, , , Anomalies , Growth Growth , High Med-High 0.68 0.20 , 0 LBSP ,

>35 . , , , , ,

58

MED-LOW SCORE: ISLAND OVERALL SCORE: MED-LOW 59 -Puntan Lamanibot Sampapa, Tinian Sargocentron caudimaculatum Mulloidichthys vanicolensis Halichoeres hortulanus Cirrhitichthys falco Fish Swim: Thalassoma amblycephalum Ptereleotris zebra Paracirrhites forsteri Epinephelus hexagonatus Chaetodon citrinellus Fish SPCs: Montipora venosa Coral Swim: lobata Pocillopora elegans Montipora c.f. studeri Favia favus Coral Quads: Fish community community Benthic mooring areas. and no-anchoring enforcement, and catch sizeregulations and bag limits, and considered for implementation at these locations include increased and enforcement activities. Examples ofactions that can be is scrapers/excavators.regulations for site fishery isa This target biomass iscomprised ofgrazers/detritivores and the other half of half the herbivoroustotal Roughly and turfingcoral fishalgae. of the benthic community ismade up in by parts near live equal butvariability alow score for 75% herbivore biomass. Roughly cavern. scoresubmerged for temperature sitehigh This a has famousThe Tinian Grotto isnearfully site, isa this which the Lamanibot area; Puntan Lamanibot Sampapa refers to the southern point of Intra-Island Inter-Island Analysis Low (avg-1SD) Resilience , , isChamorro for “to below”, be , Scarus forsteniScarus Acropora paniculata Score 0.79 0.78 Acanthurus nigricans , , Acropora gemmifera , Ctenochaetus striatus , Acanthurus olivaceus Pavona venosa Observers: S.McKagan,Observers: J. Maynard,L. Johnston, and L.Raymundo , sp., Pocillopora meandrina , (biomass inkg/ha) Herbivore Functional Groups Non-herbivorous fish(n=818) Herbivorous fish(n=309) Chaetodon ornatissimus , Parupeneus multifasciatus , , Naso lituratus , Macroalgae Macroalgae Montipora danae Galaxea fascicularis Scarus psittacusScarus , , Cover Scarus niger Scarus Stylophora mordax 0.90 0.93 , Crustose coralline algae Other invertebrates Turf algae Macroalgae Pavement Rubble Sand Dead coral Soft coral Live coral Lutjanus bohar (0) Browsers (1.54) Scrapers /Excavators (1.87) Grazers /Detritivores , , , Pocillopora danae Acropora surculosa Labroides dimidiatus , , Aphareus furca Astreopora myriophthalma , , Ecsenius opsifrontalisEcsenius , Acanthurus Naso unicornis , Resistance Bleaching Variola louti ,

Scarus rubroviolaceusScarus , 0.77 0.72 , Montipora efflorescens Pocillopora , , Macolor niger Goniastrea edwardsiGoniastrea , , Chaetodon quadrimaculatus Turbinaria reniformis Med-High (>avgand

Melichthys vidua 0.28 Coral Coral 0.16

, , , 2.45 Pocillopora verrucosa Epibulus insidiator Macropharyngodon meleagris , , Astreopora randalli Stegastes fasciolatus , , Montipora foveolata Hydnophora microconos , 100 Chaetodon ulietensis , % Leptoria Phrygia Leptoria 20 40 60 80 Diversity 0 0.87 0.87 Coral Coral NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NMFS ESA listingof Observed coral specieslistedunderthe , Neocirrhites armatus Fish size classes (cm) Syndromes , , Chrysiptera brownriggii Apolemichthys trimaculatus White 1.77 , , Forcipiger flavissimus ,

Parupeneus cyclostomus 0-10 Porites australiensis , , Temperature Temperature , Plectroglyphidodon johnstonianus Cyphastrea microphthalma Variability Sufflamen bursaSufflamen , , 0.95 0.95 Montipora nodosa Millepora platyphylla High (>avg+1SD)

, 11-15 , Chaetodon unimaculatus , Melichthys niger Skeletal Eroding Eroding Skeletal Leptastrea purpurea Leptastrea , Paracanthurus hepatus 0.68 16-20 Band Herbivore Herbivore Biomass , , , 0.02 0.05 , Cirripectes variolosus Sufflamen Sufflamen chrysopterum Porites lobata Gnathodentex aureolineatus , , , Plectroglyphidodon dickii Cephalopholis urodeta Pavona varians

, 21-25 Monotaxis grandoculis , NONE Montastrea curta , , Cyphastrea serailia Black Band Montastrea valenciennesi (wave exposure) , , Chlorurus sordidus Accessibility

Porites massive (australiensis 26-30 0 , Pomachromis guamensis . Low Med-Low , 0.27 0.45 Paracirrhites arcatus , , Platygyra pini Platygyra Dascyllus reticulatusDascyllus Non-herbivores Herbivores

, 31-35 ,

, , , , , Anomalies Growth Growth High Med-High , 0.20 0.57 0 >35 LBSP , , , , , ,

59

MED-LOW SCORE: ISLAND OVERALL SCORE: MED-LOW 60 -Honey60 Gardens, Rota Pocillopora elegans Heniochus MonocerosHeniochus Caranx melampygus Fish Swim: Thalassoma lutescens Pomacentrus vaiuli Monotaxis grandoculis Halichoeres biocellatus Chromis margaritifer Chaetodon ornatissimus Centropyge heraldi Fish SPCs: Echinopora lamellosa Coral Swim: Pavona varians Coral Quads: Fish community community Benthic for reasons distinct from the resilience assessment results. management actions. site This may warrant management attention of the criteria for targets we various setto of identify types is comprised ofscrapers/excavators. anydid notmeet site This Porites rus the benthic primarily community was comprised oflive coral; scores recruitment for coral and diversity. Greater than half of score forbleachinghere. siteresistancehigh This a buthas low its namereceived due nature to the honeycomb-like ofthe reef and site isone ofthe This most dives popular sites on Rota. Honey Gardens in islocated the Sasanhaya Bay Fish Reserve Intra-Island Inter-Island Analysis Low (avg-1SD) Resilience Porites massive (australiensis , 0.83 Score 0.77 , Acanthurus thompsoni , Acropora Acanthurus nigrofuscus , Fungia paumotensis , , Acropora humilis Observers: S.McKagan,Observers: J. Maynard,L. Johnston, and L.Raymundo Scarus altipinnisScarus , , (biomass inkg/ha) Herbivore Functional Groups Non-herbivorous fish(n=337) Herbivorous fish(n=84) Chaetodon melannotus , Cephalopholis sonnerati , Chrysiptera traceyi , sp. Naso hexacanthus , Porites lobata Macroalgae Macroalgae Lutjanus bohar 0743 , Cover 0.90 0.93 Crustose coralline algae Other invertebrates Turf algae Macroalgae Pavement Rubble Sand Dead coral Soft coral Live coral Hemigymnus fasciatusHemigymnus (9.52) Browsers (19.39) Scrapers /Excavators (8.39) Grazers /Detritivores , , Triaenodon obesus Acropora tenuis , Chaetodon reticulatus , , , Acanthurus triostegus Galaxea fascicularis , Scarus forsteniScarus , , Fungia scutaria Porites lutea Anampses twistii , Resistance Bleaching , lobata

, Lutjanus kasmira , Ctenochaetus cyanocheilus Naso lituratus 1.00 1.00 , , Chaetodon ulietensis Cephalopholis urodeta , lutea complex) , Med-High (>avgand

, , Aphareus furca , 0.09 0.05 Coral Coral Oxycheilinus digrammus Goniopora fruticosa Cheilinus oxycephalus , , Anampses caeruleopunctatus Naso vlamingii , Porites rus , , Dascyllus trimaculatusDascyllus Stegastes fasciolatus , 100 , ,

Ctenochaetus striatus % Chaetodon auriga 20 40 60 80 Labroides dimidiatus Diversity 0 , 0.53 0.53 Coral Coral Balistapus undulatus NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NMFS ESA listingof Observed coral specieslistedunderthe , , Fish size classes (cm) Psammocora nierstraszi , Goniastrea retiformis Goniastrea , Sargocentron tiere Sargocentron , Cyphastrea microphthalma Heliopora coerula ,

Chlorurus sordidus 0-10 , Temperature Temperature Parupeneus multifasciatus Variability , 0.83 0.89 , , Stethojulis bandanensis Arothron meleagris High (>avg+1SD) Chaetodon bennetti 11-15 , , Epibulus insidiator , Forcipiger longirostris Lutjanus monostigma , , Carcharhinus melanopterus Zanclus cornutusZanclus , Leptastrea purpurea Leptastrea ,

Montipora 16-20 Herbivore Herbivore , Biomass Chromis acares 0.53 0.25 , Diploastrea heliopora

, 21-25 , Carangoides orthogrammus sp. , Chaetodon ephippium NONE , Plectroglyphidodon lacrymatus , Hemitaurichthys polylepis Sufflamen bursaSufflamen 0732 , , Zebrasoma veliferum Gomphosus varius , (wave exposure) Melichthys vidua , Accessibility 26-30 -MPAN/A -MPAN/A , Chromis agilis , Montastrea valenciennesi . Low Med-Low Pavona c.f. frondifera(grl) , Centropyge flavissima 31-35 Non-herbivores Herbivores ,

, , , , , High Med-High 0.67 0.19 LBSP ,

, >35 , , , ,

60

MED-LOW SCORE: ISLAND OVERALL SCORE: MED-LOW 61 Dakota, -South Saipan Stethojulis strigiventer Halichoeres marginatus Cheilinus trilobatus Fish SPCs: Pocillopora ankeli Acropora vaughani Coral Swim: Porites lobata Montipora efflorescens Galaxea fascicularis Cyphastrea ocellina Coral Quads: Fish community community Benthic assessment results. management attention for reasons distinct from the resilience for various ofmanagement types action.site This may warrant any notmeet site did ofthe criteria targets we setto identify comprised ofgrazers/detritivores and scrapers/excavators. This Greater than 75%ofthe total herbivorousbiomass fish is is made up in by parts and near livemacroalgae. equal coral cover.average macroalgae 75%ofthe benthic community Roughly temperature and variability herbivore biomass and has above score for bleaching resistancehigh but medium-low scores for resemblance to the ofthat rolling hills U.S. state. site This has a South site watershed.was named The Dakotasurvey due to its South Dakota within islocated reef LaolaoBay, in the Dan Dan Intra-Island Inter-Island Analysis Low (avg-1SD) Resilience , Acropora digitifera , Score 0.77 0.79 Acanthurus nigrofuscus , Acropora secale , , , Psammacora haimeana , Oxycheilinus unifasciatus Echinopora lamellosa (biomass inkg/ha) Herbivore Functional Groups Non-herbivorous fish(n=100) Herbivorous fish(n=81) Coris gaimard , , Montipora hoffmeisteri Goniopora fruiticosa Macroalgae Macroalgae , Cover 0.54 0.54 , Crustose coralline algae Other invertebrates Turf algae Macroalgae Pavement Rubble Sand Dead coral Soft coral Live coral Observers: S.McKagan,Observers: J. Maynard,and S.Johnson Favites flexuosa Thalassoma lutescens (2.81) Browsers (2.76) Scrapers /Excavators (18.17) Grazers /Detritivores , Acropora gemmifera , Acropora tenuis , , Ctenochaetus striatus Centropyge flavissima Resistance Bleaching

, 0.81 0.94 Favia favus , , , Stylophora mordax Millepora dichedom Hydnophora microconos , , Pavona varians Parupeneus multifasciatus Med-High (>avgand

0.36 0.36 Coral Coral , Gomphosus varius , Chaetodon ephippium , Pocillopora danae , Millepora platyphyllia , 100 , Astreopora listeri

, % Leptastrea purpurea Leptastrea 20 40 60 80 Diversity , Acropora monticulosa Favia stelligera 0 0.98 0.98 Coral Coral , NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NMFS ESA listingof Observed coral specieslistedunderthe Rhinecanthus rectangulus Fish size classes (cm) , Halichoeres hortulanus

, 0-10 Pocillopora elegans , Temperature Temperature Chaetodon lunula Variability , , 0.79 0.76 Astreopora randalli Favites abdita , High (>avg+1SD) Montipora caliculata

, 11-15 Leptastrea transversa , Acropora nasuta

16-20 , Herbivore Herbivore Biomass , Scarus psittacusScarus , , Pocillopora verrucosa , 0.17 0.17 Halichoeres margaritaceus Favites russelli Chaetodon quadrimaculatus ,

Cyphastrea chalcidicum 21-25 , , NONE Acropora robusta Pavona duerdeni , Leptoria Phrygia Leptoria (wave exposure) , , 26-30 Accessibility Stethojulis bandanensis Fungia scutaria . Low Med-Low 0.32 0.27 , Porites lichen 31-35 Non-herbivores Herbivores , ,

, , , , , High Med-High 0.24 0.24 LBSP , >35 ,

61

LOW SCORE: ISLAND OVERALL SCORE: MED-LOW 62 Atgidon, - Tinian Variola louti Parupeneus cyclostomus Halichoeres ornatissimus Fish Swim: Sufflamen chrysopterum Plectroglyphidodon johnstonianus Labroides dimidiatus Coris gaimard Chaetodon citrinellus Fish SPCs: Pavona duerdeni Coral Swim: Stylophora mordax Montipora verrilli Montipora aequituberculata Favia favus Coral Quads: Fish community community Benthic May/June of2014. species increased monitoring during warm The seasons. Threatened coral and catch sizeregulations and bag location limits and include: of actions that considered can be for implementation at this bleaching monitoring &supporting activities. recovery Examples regulations and forenforcement site fishery isa This target and total herbivorousbiomass fish grazers/detritivores.comprised is of baresand, pavement Greater and macroalgae. than 75%ofthe live coral, made up in by parts near crustose equal algae, coralline cover.and has aboveaveragemacroalgae benthic The community is medium-low scores for herbivore biomass and bleaching resistance score for temperaturetrees. sitehigh This a has but variability of The Tinian is region knownAtgidon for having many of these is the name for the cotton tree found in the Mariana Islands. Atgidon (Chamorro for “cotton”, derived from the Spanish Intra-Island Inter-Island Analysis Low (avg-1SD) Resilience , Acropora vaughani 0.80 , Score 0.77 , Pocillopora elegans , Acropora gemmifera , Pomacentrus vaiuli , Aphareus furca Acanthurus olivaceus , Ecsenius bicolorEcsenius Observers: S.McKagan,Observers: J. Maynard,L. Johnston, and L.Raymundo , , (biomass inkg/ha) Herbivore Functional Groups Non-herbivorous fish(n=1596) Herbivorous fish(n=145) Oxycheilinus digrammus Pavona varians Macroalgae Macroalgae Cover 0.72 0.61 Crustose coralline algae Other invertebrates Turf algae Macroalgae Pavement Rubble Sand Dead coral Soft coral Live coral , Goniastrea edwardsiGoniastrea (0) Browsers (6.98) Scrapers /Excavators (14.84) Grazers /Detritivores , , , , Apogon angustatus Astreopora myriophthalma Chaetodon quadrimaculatus Montipora floweri , , , , Thalassoma quinquevittatum Forcipiger longirostris Acropora humilis Pomachromis guamensis , , , Sargocentron caudimaculatum Malacanthus latovittatus , Pocillopora meandrina Acanthurus pyroferus Resistance Bleaching

algodón 0.60 0.55 , Paracirrhites arcatus Med-High (>avgand

, 0.32 0.55 Halichoeres hortulanus Coral Coral , 0.80 , Astreopora randalli , , Ptereleotris evides , Acanthurus Porites lichen Chlorurus sordidus , Melichthys niger , Valenciennea strigata , , , Leptastrea purpurea Leptastrea Sargocentron tiere Sargocentron 100 , Parupeneus insularis % Acropora verweyi 20 40 60 80 Diversity 0 0.97 0.97 Coral Coral sp., NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NMFS ESA listingof Observed coral specieslistedunderthe , , , Centropyge heraldi Fish size classes (cm) Syndromes Montipora monasteriata Porites lobata Centropyge flavissima White 0.80 , , Scarus forsteniScarus , Cyphastrea microphthalma , Naso lituratus , 0-10 Halichoeres margaritaceus Chromis acares Temperature Temperature Variability , , 0.95 0.95 Scarus ghobbanScarus , Goniastrea retiformis Goniastrea High (>avg+1SD) Leptoria irregularis Leptoria , , 11-15 Parupeneus multifasciatus Porites lutea Skeletal Eroding Eroding Skeletal , , Centropyge shepardi , Scarus psittacusScarus Neocirrhites armatus Band , Chromis margaritifer

, 16-20 0 Herbivore Herbivore Cephalopholis urodeta , Biomass Montipora 0.27 0.16 , , Porites Siganus argenteus ,

, 21-25 Cyphastrea serailia , Halichoeres ornatissimus , Montastrea valenciennesi Acropora globiceps Lobophyllia corymbosa , sp. Stegastes fasciolatus sp. Black Band 2775 , 2794 (wave exposure) Chromis xanthura , , 26-30 Accessibility Plagiotremus tapeinosomaPlagiotremus 0 Novaculichthys taeniourus Low Med-Low , , 0.34 0.50 Psammocora haimeana Cirrhitichthys falco , , , Montipora tuberculosa Sufflamen fraenatum Chaetodon auriga 31-35 Non-herbivores Herbivores ,

Favia danae , Anomalies , Growth Growth , High Med-High , , 0.56 0 0.19 LBSP

>35 . , , , , , , , ,

62

MED-LOW SCORE: ISLAND OVERALL SCORE: MED-LOW 63 -Okgok_MMT, Rota Thalassoma amblycephalum Ptereleotris evides Parupeneus insularis Labroides dimidiatus in May/Junesurveys of2014. Ptereleotris zebra Gnathodentex aureolineatus axillaris Bodianus Fish Swim: Coris gaimard Chaetodon citrinellus Fish SPCs: Pocillopora eydouxi Echinopora lamellosa,Favia matthaii Coral Swim: Montipora foveolata Favia stelligera Coral Quads: Fish community community Benthic species coral distinct from the resilience assessment results. The Threatened action. site This may warrant management attention for reasons criteria for targets we various settoofmanagement identify types comprised ofgrazers/detritivores. anydid notmeet site This of the site. Greater than 50%ofthe total herbivorousbiomass fish is benthic the categories were community in used classifying at this benthicThe community 8of the 10diverse; at site is this very temperature cover. and variability has aboveaveragemacroalgae bleaching resistance recruitment and coral but has low scores for Marine Monitoring Team BECQ. sitehigh This has ofCNMI river. site is This one of the long-term monitoring sites of the inlocated the Talakhaya watershed, and isdownstream from a subwatershed, isnear the is which Okgok Okgok_MMT Intra-Island Inter-Island Analysis Low (avg-1SD) Resilience Favites russelli , was seen at was seen this site during our 0.84 Score 0.77 Acanthurus guttatus , , Acropora humilis Acanthurus olivaceus , , , , Melichthys vidua Epinephelus hexagonatus Platygyra pini Platygyra , Acropora surculosa Favites flexuosa Observers: S.McKagan,Observers: J. Maynard,S. Johnson,andL. Raymundo , , Scarus forsteniScarus Chaetodon reticulatus (biomass inkg/ha) Herbivore Functional Groups Non-herbivorous fish(n=249) Herbivorous fish(n=75) , , Macroalgae Macroalgae Pocillopora verrucosa Galaxea fascicularis , Cover 0.46 0.65 Plectroglyphidodon johnstonianus Crustose coralline algae Other invertebrates Turf algae Macroalgae Pavement Rubble Sand Dead coral Soft coral Live coral , , , Cheilinus trilobatus (0.41) Browsers (8.22) Scrapers /Excavators (13.96) Grazers /Detritivores Thalassoma quinquevittatum Scarus rubroviolaceusScarus , Pocillopora danae , , Lethrinus xanthochilus , Acropora latistella , , , Acanthurus nigricans Naso lituratus Fungia scutaria Scarus psittacusScarus , , Astreopora myriophthalma Acanthurus Resistance Bleaching

, , 0.85 0.85 Gomphosus varius Chlorurus sordidus , , Goniastrea edwardsiGoniastrea Porites annae sp., , Med-High (>avgand

, Acanthurus pyroferus 0.43 0.81 Coral Coral Lutjanus bohar , 1.45 , Zanclus cornutusZanclus , , Psammocora haimeana Halichoeres hortulanus Plectroglyphidodon lacrymatus , , Chromis agilis Cyphastrea microphthalma , Goniastrea retiformis Goniastrea , Centropyge flavissima 100

, % , 20 40 60 80 Porites lobata Diversity , Sufflamen bursaSufflamen 0 Decapterus macarellus 0.87 0.87 Coral Coral , , NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NMFS ESA listingof Observed coral specieslistedunderthe Oxycheilinus digrammus , Lutjanus gibbus Fish size classes (cm) , Acropora tenuis Syndromes Millepora platyphylla , , Zebrasoma flavescens Chromis margaritifer White , 1.45 Acanthurus xanthopterus 0-10 Temperature Temperature , , , Porites lutea Variability Halichoeres margaritaceus Stylophora mordax , 0.73 0.67 , Heliopora coerula Sufflamen Sufflamen chrysopterum High (>avg+1SD)

, 11-15 , , Cephalopholis urodeta , Favia danae , Monotaxis grandoculis Skeletal Eroding Eroding Skeletal Cyphastrea serailia Pomacentrus vaiuli , Epinephelus fasciatus , Band Porites vaughani ,

, 16-20 , 0 Montipora c.f. hoffmeisteri Paracirrhites arcatus Herbivore Herbivore Chrysiptera brownriggii Biomass 0.26 0.16 , Favia favus , , Leptastrea purpurea Leptastrea 21-25 Acropora globiceps , , , Halichoeres ornatissimus , Diploastrea heliopora , Pomachromis guamensis Black Band Sufflamen fraenatum Chaetodon auriga , , Stylocoeniella armata Parupeneus cyclostomus (wave exposure) , , Favia pallida

26-30 Accessibility Forcipiger longirostris 0 Low Med-Low , 0.23 0.23 Paracirrhites forsteri , Cirrhitichthys falco Non-herbivores Herbivores , ,

Pocillopora elegans 31-35 Leptoria Phrygia Leptoria

, , Anomalies , Growth Growth , High Med-High , 0.20 0.69 0 , LBSP

>35 . , , , , , ,

63

MED-HIGH SCORE: ISLAND OVERALL SCORE: MED-LOW 64 -Malilok Point,64 Rota Sufflamen Sufflamen chrysopterum Oxycheilinus unifasciatus Halichoeres ornatissimus Chaetodon quadrimaculatus Fish Swim: cornutusZanclus Rhinecanthus rectangulus Parupeneus multifasciatus Labroides dimidiatus Coris gaimard Centropyge flavissima Fish SPCs: Pocillopora damicornis Montipora aequituberculata Echinopora lamellosa Coral Swim: Pocillopora verrucosa Favia stelligera Coral Quads: Fish community community Benthic atwas seen this site during in May/June our surveys of2014. assessment results. The Threatened species coral management attention for reasons distinct from the resilience for various ofmanagement types action. site This may warrant anydid notmeet site This of the criteria we set targets to identify total herbivorousbiomass fish grazers/detritivores.comprised is of 90%ofthe Roughly up by and live crustose coral algae. coralline recruitment. Greater than half ofthe benthic community ismade andvariability medium-low scores for bleaching resistance and coral toa welcome divers. site sight This alow scorehas for temperature Napoleon large WrasseSeveral have here and sighted are been always a gently sloping eventually which reef, drops off to a steep wall. Malilok Point site on features This islocated the south ofRota. coast Intra-Island Inter-Island Analysis Low (avg-1SD) Resilience , 0.86 Score 0.77 Acanthurus nigricans , , Favia helianthoides Acanthurus thompsoni , , , Goniastrea edwardsiGoniastrea , Acropora gemmifera Dascyllus reticulatusDascyllus Acropora surculosa Observers: S.McKagan,Observers: J. Maynard,S. Johnson,andL. Raymundo , Herbivorous fish(n=102) (biomass inkg/ha) Herbivore Functional Groups Non-herbivorous fish(n=270) , , Naso lituratus , , Stegastes fasciolatus Pocillopora elegans Porites lichen Macolor niger Macroalgae Macroalgae , Chaetodon citrinellus Cover 1.00 1.00 Crustose coralline algae Other invertebrates Turf algae Macroalgae Pavement Rubble Sand Dead coral Soft coral Live coral , Sargocentron caudimaculatum Acropora globiceps (1.29) Browsers (2.53) Scrapers /Excavators (33.56) Grazers /Detritivores , Cheilinus trilobatus , , Favites abdita Acanthurus nigrofuscus , , , Neocirrhites armatus , , Porites lobata , , , Melichthys vidua Montipora floweri Acropora tenuis , Goniastrea retiformis Goniastrea Acropora globiceps Cephalopholis argus Forcipiger longirostris Resistance Bleaching ,

, , Pomacanthus imperator Pocillopora meandrina 0.59 0.59 Sufflamen bursaSufflamen

, Chlorurus sordidus Med-High (>avgand

Monotaxis grandoculis , , 0.27 Coral Coral Montipora hoffmeisteri 0.14 Acropora humilis , , , Oxycheilinus digrammus , 0.61 , , Chaetodon ephippium Acanthurus olivaceus Synodus Scarus oviceps Scarus Leptastrea purpurea Leptastrea , Gobiid , , Porites vaughani , , Stylophora mordax Heliopora coerula Pomacentrus vaiuli , 100 sp., Chromis margaritifer sp., , % 20 40 60 80 Chromis agilis Diversity 0 0.96 0.96 Coral Coral Thalassoma purpureum NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NMFS ESA listingof Observed coral specieslistedunderthe Halichoeres hortulanus , , Fish size classes (cm) Syndromes Scarus psittacusScarus Acropora monticulosa White 0.61 , Naso tonganus , , ,

Montipora venosa 0-10 , , , Acanthurus Millepora tuberosa Cyphastrea microphthalma Psammocora haimeana Chaetodon lunula Temperature Temperature , , Variability , Paracirrhites arcatus Hydnophora microconos Coris aygula Coris , 0.72 0.78 Pomachromis guamensis 11-15 High (>avg+1SD) , , Chrysiptera brownriggii Skeletal Eroding Eroding Skeletal Scarus rubroviolaceusScarus sp., , Naso unicornis , , Band , Thalassoma quinquevittatum Halichoeres margaritaceus , Acanthurus triostegus

Acropora robusta 16-20 0 , Epinephelus hexagonatus Herbivore Herbivore Biomass Pavona venosa , , 0.27 0.47 Pavona varians Chaetodon ornatissimus , Paracirrhites forsteri 21-25 , , Acropora globiceps , Leptoria Phrygia Leptoria Cyphastrea serailia Novaculichthys taeniourus , Ptereleotris evides Black Band , , Siganus argenteus (wave exposure) , , Pocillopora ankeli Cirripectes variolosus Acropora samoensis 26-30 Accessibility 0 , Platygyra pini Platygyra Low Med-Low , 0.19 0.19 Canthigaster solandri , , 31-35 Non-herbivores Herbivores , , , ,

Variola louti , , Favia pallida Anomalies , , Growth Growth , High Med-High , 0.68 0.20 0 LBSP

>35 . , , , , ,

64

MED-HIGH SCORE: ISLAND OVERALL SCORE: MED-LOW 65 - South Point_MMT,65 -South Tinian Sufflamen bursaSufflamen melapterus Hemigymnus Fish Swim: Zebrasoma flavescens oviceps Scarus Labroides dimidiatus Chrysiptera traceyi Cephalopholis urodeta Fish SPCs: Coral Swim: Porites lobata purpurea Leptastrea Coral Quads: Fish community community Benthic increased monitoring during warm seasons. and catch sizeregulations and bag location limits and include: of actions that considered can be for implementation at this bleaching monitoring and supporting activities. recovery Examples regulations and forenforcement site fishery isa This target and herbivorousbiomass fish grazers/detritivores.comprised was of Greater and rubble. sand, byparts live than coral, 60%ofthe total 75%ofthe benthic communityRoughly was made up in near equal diversity,coral temperature and variability herbivore biomass. structure. site This medium-lowhas scores forbleaching resistnace, consisting primarilysurveyed, reef and limited boulders oflarge among unique reef the sites geologically BECQ. isa This CNMI long-term monitoring sites ofthe Marine Monitoring Team of southernmost point on the island site ofTinian. is This one of the South Point_MMT near islocated Carolinas Point, isthe which Intra-Island Inter-Island Analysis Low (avg-1SD) Montipora foveolata Resilience , Stethojulis bandanensis 0.80 Score 0.76 , , Acanthurus nigrofuscus Cephalopholis argus , , Coris gaimard Paracanthurus hepatus (biomass inkg/ha) Herbivore Functional Groups Non-herbivorous fish(n=574) Herbivorous fish(n=68) , Cyphastrea serailia Macroalgae Macroalgae , Cheilinus chlorourus , Cover Observers: S.McKagan,Observers: J. Maynard,and L.Johnston 0.89 0.92 Crustose coralline algae Other invertebrates Turf algae Macroalgae Pavement Rubble Sand Dead coral Soft coral Live coral Montipora efflorescens (0) Browsers (9.85) Scrapers /Excavators (6.85) Grazers /Detritivores , , Melichthys vidua Montipora verrucosa , , , Ctenochaetus striatus Chaetodon ephippium Sufflamen bursaSufflamen , Acanthurus Resistance Bleaching

, 0.63 0.68 Favia favus , Paracirrhites forsteri , , Chlorurus sordidus Med-High (>avgand

, 0.45 0.26 Coral Coral Gobiid , Chaetodon lunula sp., , Scarus frenatus Scarus , 100 Chromis acares ,

Halichoeres biocellatus % , , , 20 40 60 80 Montipora studeri Diversity , Parupeneus multifasciatus Balistapus undulatus Platygyra daedalea Platygyra Galaxea fascicularis 0 0.88 0.88 Coral Coral NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NMFS ESA listingof Observed coral specieslistedunderthe Fish size classes (cm) , , Epibulus insidiator Thalassoma lutescens

, 0-10 Scarus rubroviolaceusScarus Temperature Temperature , Variability Chromis margaritifer 0.82 0.82 , High (>avg+1SD)

Montipora monasteriata 11-15 , , Pocillopora elegans , , Goniastrea edwardsiGoniastrea Halichoeres hortulanus Centropyge flavissima , Pomachromis guamensis , 16-20 Forcipiger longirostris Herbivore Herbivore , Biomass Thalassoma quinquevittatum 0.26 0.12 , Stethojulis bandanensis ,

Chrysiptera brownriggii 21-25 NONE , Porites lutea , , Hydnophora microconos Pavona varians , (wave exposure) Centropyge shepardi ,

26-30 Accessibility Halichoeres ornatissimus . Low Med-Low 0.60 0.47 , Hemigymnus fasciatusHemigymnus , Scarus forsteniScarus 31-35 Non-herbivores Herbivores

, , , , Porites lichen High Med-High 0.56 0.19 LBSP , >35 , , , , ,

65

MED-LOW SCORE: ISLAND OVERALL SCORE: MED-LOW 66 - Barcinas Bay_MMT, Tinian -Barcinas66 Bay_MMT, Myripristis violacea Fish Swim: Zebrasoma flavescens tiere Sargocentron Neoniphon argenteus Halichoeres ornatissimus Chlorurus sordidus Centropyge flavissima Fish SPCs: Pocillopora verrucosa Lobophyllia corymbosa Coral Swim: retiformis Goniastrea Coral Quads: Fish community community Benthic and catchbag limits, and mooring areas. and no-anchoring these locations include increasedenforcement, sizeregulations and Examples ofactions that considered can be for implementation at regulations and forenforcement. site fishery isa This target in by parts near grazers/detritivores equal and scrapers/excavators. 90%ofthe total herbivorousRoughly biomass fish comprised is 50%ofthe benthic communityRoughly ismade up by live coral. but medium-low or low other scores for all resilience indicators. score forbleaching BECQ. siteresistancehigh This a has CNMI long-term monitoring sites ofthe Marine Monitoring Team of much ofthe land surrounding this bay. site is This one of the one ofthe on Tinian. major The Barcinas families family owns Barcinas isnamed Bay_MMT for the Barcinas clan, is which Intra-Island Inter-Island Analysis Low (avg-1SD) Resilience , Acropora robusta Score 0.78 0.76 , Acanthurus nigrofuscus , , , Chrysiptera brownriggii Stegastes fasciolatus Chaetodon ephippium , Acropora gemmifera (biomass inkg/ha) Herbivore Functional Groups Non-herbivorous fish(n=140) Herbivorous fish(n=90) , , Porites lutea Leptastrea purpurea Leptastrea Macroalgae Macroalgae , Chaetodon auriga , Cover 0.68 Observers: S.McKagan,Observers: J. Maynard,and L.Johnston , 0.77 Crustose coralline algae Other invertebrates Turf algae Macroalgae Pavement Rubble Sand Dead coral Soft coral Live coral Paracirrhites forsteri , Montastrea valenciennesi , Labroides dimidiatus (1.55) Browsers (7.56) Scrapers /Excavators (8.77) Grazers /Detritivores Acropora tenuis , , Stylophora mordax Stethojulis bandanensis , , , Aphareus furca Acropora surculosa Chaetodon lunula Resistance , Bleaching Ctenochaetus cyanocheilus

1.00 0.93 , Leptoria Phrygia Leptoria , , Chaetodon lunulatus Cyphastrea serailia , Med-High (>avgand

0.22 Coral Coral 0.13 , , Kyphosus Favia danae , Thalassoma Hardwicke , Pavona varians , Fungia scutaria , , Chaetodon ornatissimus Ctenochaetus striatus sp., % 100 20 40 60 80 Diversity , 0 0.75 Coral Coral 0.76 Lethrinus xanthochilus , Favia matthaii , NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NMFS ESA listingof Observed coral specieslistedunderthe Pavona duerdeni Plectroglyphidodon lacrymatus Fish size classes (cm) , Bodianus axillaris Bodianus , , Platygyra pini Platygyra Melichthys niger 0-10 , Hydnophora microconos Temperature Temperature , Variability Thalassoma lutescens 0.81 0.81 , High (>avg+1SD) Galaxea fascicularis , 11-15 Gomphosus varius , , Platygyra daedalea Platygyra Chaetodon reticulatus , Porites rus , , Carcharhinus melanopterus , Meiacanthus atrodorsalis

Monotaxis grandoculis 16-20 Herbivore Herbivore Biomass 0.28 0.13 , Pomacentrus vaiuli , Thalassoma quinquevittatum , 21-25 Isopora palifera , , Halichoeres hortulanus Goniastrea edwardsiGoniastrea NONE , Pocillopora danae , (wave exposure) Cheilinus trilobatus

26-30 Accessibility . Low Med-Low 0.43 0.57 , Naso lituratus , Myripristis berndti , , Non-herbivores Herbivores ,

Ptereleotris evides 31-35

, , , High Med-High , , 0.24 0.70 LBSP , >35 , ,

66

MED-LOW SCORE: ISLAND OVERALL SCORE: MED-LOW 67 -Teteto, Rota Ptereleotris evides aygula Coris Fish Swim: Plectroglyphidodon lacrymatus Paracirrhites arcatus Gnathodentex aureolineatus Chromis margaritifer Balistapus undulatus Fish SPCs: Leptastrea transversa Coral Swim: Lobophyllia corymbosa Cyphastrea microphthalma Coral Quads: Fish community community Benthic atseen this site during in May/June our surveys of2014. warm The seasons. Threatened species coral monitored duringand be supporting soshould recovery upcoming grazers/detritivores. forbleaching site monitoring isa This target 90%ofthe total herbivorousRoughly biomass fish comprised is of 50%ofthe benthic communityRoughly ismade up by live coral. medium-low scoresand herbivore diversity for coral biomass. round. site This alow scorehas forbleaching resistance and Familyisland ofRota. gatherings are commonly heldhere, year Teteto isone ofthe most recreational popular on the beaches Intra-Island Inter-Island Analysis Low (avg-1SD) Resilience , Scolopsis lineata , , 0.84 Score 0.75 Acropora tenuis Acanthurus lineatus , Acanthurus olivaceus , Lethrinus , Acropora digitifera Observers: S.McKagan,Observers: J. Maynard,S. Johnson,andL. Raymundo , (biomass inkg/ha) Herbivore Functional Groups Non-herbivorous fish(n=204) Herbivorous fish(n=77) , Favia pallida , Scarus psittacusScarus Parupeneus cyclostomus , , Macroalgae Macroalgae Pavona varians Chaetodon auriga Acropora globiceps , , sp., Cover 0.96 0.94 , Crustose coralline algae Other invertebrates Turf algae Macroalgae Pavement Rubble Sand Dead coral Soft coral Live coral Chrysiptera traceyi , Oulophyllia crispa Halichoeres hortulanus , Stegastes fasciolatus (1.54) Browsers (0.08) Scrapers /Excavators (15.2) Grazers /Detritivores Favia favus Lutjanus bohar , Acanthurus nigricans , , Favia stelligera Caesio teres , , Acropora robusta Scarus rubroviolaceusScarus Resistance Bleaching ,

, Platygyra daedalea Platygyra 0.53 0.53 Favia matthaii , Chaetodon bennetti was was , , , , Platygyra pini Platygyra Parupeneus multifasciatus Cirrhilabrus katherinae , , Melichthys vidua Med-High (>avgand

, Acropora surculosa Acanthurus nigrofuscus 0.25 0.47 Coral Coral , Favites flexuosa 4.93 , , Stethojulis bandanensis , Pocillopora ankeli sp., Pocillopora damicornis , Chaetodon reticulatus , , Myripristis berndti Thalassoma quinquevittatum Galaxea fascicularis

% 100 20 40 60 80 Diversity , 0 , 0.88 0.88 Coral Coral Chaetodon citrinellus Cirripectes variolosus NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NMFS ESA listingof Observed coral specieslistedunderthe , , , Pempheris oualensis , Fungia repanda Fish size classes (cm) Syndromes Naso lituratus Acropora verweyi White 4.38 , , Pocillopora meandrina 0-10 Acanthurus Temperature Temperature Variability , , , Thalassoma purpureum Pocillopora danae Myripristis kuntee 0.85 , , 0.92 Goniastrea edwardsiGoniastrea Cheilinus chlorourus High (>avg+1SD)

, 11-15 Neocirrhites armatus , Skeletal Eroding Eroding Skeletal Heliopora coerula , sp., , , Astreopora myriophthalma , Ctenochaetus cyanocheilus Cheilinus trilobatus Plectroglyphidodon dickii 0.28 Band Anampses caeruleopunctatus 16-20 Herbivore Herbivore Biomass 0.23 0.12 , , Porites lobata , Pocillopora elegans Novaculichthys taeniourus 21-25 , , , Goniastrea retiformis Goniastrea Chlorurus sordidus Acropora globiceps Hydnophora microconos , Black Band Oxycheilinus digrammus , (wave exposure) Cheilodipterus macrodon

26-30 Accessibility 0 , Turbinaria stellulata Low Med-Low 0.23 0.23 , , , Cyphastrea c.f. ocellina Ctenochaetus striatus , Non-herbivores Herbivores Pocillopora verrucosa

, 31-35 Anampses twistii

, , Anomalies , Growth Growth 0.28 High Med-High , 0.68 0.20 LBSP

>35 . , , , , ,

67

MED-HIGH SCORE: ISLAND OVERALL SCORE: MED-LOW 68 -Harnom68 Point, Rota Sargocentron spiniferum Lutjanus monostigma Chromis agilis Fish Swim: bursaSufflamen Pomachromis guamensis Parupeneus insularis Labroides dimidiatus Chromis margaritifer Centropyge shepardi Fish SPCs: pini Platygyra Coral Swim: Porites lichen Hydnophora microconos Coral Quads: Fish community community Benthic assessment results. management attention for reasons distinct from the resilience for various ofmanagement types actions. site This may warrant anydid notmeet site This of the criteria we set targets to identify herbivorousbiomass fish grazers/detritivores.comprised is of Greater and than crustosecoral algae. coralline 50%ofthe total Greater than 50%ofthe benthic community ismade up by live temperature cover. and variability has aboveaveragemacroalgae medium-low scores recruitment for coral and and for diversity their distance us below during at this site site. This surveys has fish. Adult pelagic wrasseNapoleon ( this isadynamic dive that wall often includes encounters with Harnom Point isone ofRota’s most well-known dive sites because Intra-Island Inter-Island Analysis Low (avg-1SD) Resilience Decapterus macarellus , Acropora surculosa 0.80 Score 0.75 , Acanthurus nigrofuscus , , Balistoides viridescens , , Acropora digitifera Observers: S.McKagan,Observers: J. Maynard,L. Johnston, and L.Raymundo Cheilinus undulatus Porites lobata Thalassoma quinquevittatum , (biomass inkg/ha) Herbivore Functional Groups Non-herbivorous fish(n=492) Herbivorous fish(n=81) Naso brevirostris , Ctenochaetus cyanocheilus , , , , lobata Macroalgae Macroalgae Rhinecanthus rectangulus Chaetodon auriga Scarus altipinnisScarus , , Montipora verrilli Myripristis kuntee Cover 0.64 0.45 Crustose coralline algae Other invertebrates Turf algae Macroalgae Pavement Rubble Sand Dead coral Soft coral Live coral , Plectroglyphidodon dickii (4.55) Browsers (6.37) Scrapers /Excavators (24.17) Grazers /Detritivores , , lutea complex) Astreopora myriophthalma , , Porites vaughani Epibulus insidiator , , , Cyphastrea serailia Naso lituratus Acanthurus olivaceus , Resistance Bleaching ) kept Cephalopholis argus

, 0.78 0.78 Scarus oviceps Scarus , Chaetodon ephippium , , Pavona duerdeni , Naso tonganus Psammocora haimeana Med-High (>avgand

, , 0.37 Coral Coral 0.19 Scarus rubroviolaceusScarus Favia favus , , Cyphastrea agassizi , , Acanthurus Chaetodon quadrimaculatus Parupeneus cyclostomus , Pavona varians , Chaetodon lunula

% 100 , 20 40 60 80 Diversity Favia matthaii , , 0 0.86 0.87 Coral Coral Zanclus cornutusZanclus Halichoeres biocellatus sp., NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NMFS ESA listingof Observed coral specieslistedunderthe , Fish size classes (cm) Oxycheilinus digrammus , Aphareus furca Hemigymnus melapterus Hemigymnus , , , Scarus Favia pallida Pocillopora danae 0-10 , Scarus forsteniScarus Temperature Temperature Variability , , , Pseudanthias pascalus Chaetodon reticulatus sp., Favia stelligera 0.86 0.79 High (>avg+1SD) , 11-15 Pomacanthus imperator , Variola louti Cheilinus trilobatus , Canthigaster solandri , Favites flexuosa , Halichoeres hortulanus , ,

Scarus psittacusScarus 16-20 Pocillopora elegans Herbivore Herbivore Biomass , , 0.48 0.25 Paracirrhites arcatus , Goniastrea edwardsiGoniastrea , Lethrinus xanthochilus Zebrasoma veliferum 21-25 , , Pygoplites diacanthus Chlorurus sordidus NONE , , Galaxea fascicularis Cheilinus undulatus , , , Stegastes fasciolatus Pomacentrus vaiuli (wave exposure) Centropyge flavissima

26-30 Accessibility , Pocillopora verrucosa . , Low Med-Low 0.31 0.31 Labroides bicolor , , Paracirrhites forsteri Goniastrea retiformis Goniastrea 31-35 Non-herbivores Herbivores , Lutjanus gibbus

, Chromis acares , , , , , High Med-High 0.67 0.19 >35 LBSP , , , , , , ,

68

MED-LOW SCORE: ISLAND OVERALL SCORE: LOW 69 -Cave69 Museum_MMT, Rota was seen atwas seen this site during in May/June our surveys of2014. assessment results. The Threatened species coral management attention for reasons distinct from the resilience for various ofmanagement types actions. site This may warrant anydid notmeet site This of the criteria we set targets to identify herbivorousbiomass fish grazers/detritivores.comprised is of Greater and than crustosecoral algae. coralline 50%ofthe total Greater than 50%ofthe benthic community ismade up by live and herbivore biomass cover. and has above averagemacroalgae medium-low scores recruitment, for coral temperature variability Scarus rubroviolaceusScarus Monotaxis grandoculis Coris gaimard Fish Swim: Synodus Pomacanthus imperator Oxycheilinus digrammus Halichoeres ornatissimus Chaetodon quadrimaculatus Fish SPCs: Stylophora mordax Coral Swim: Porites lobata purpurea Leptastrea Cyphastrea microphthalma Coral Quads: Fish community community Benthic trevallys ( Cave Museum onshore islocated bluefin near this Large reef. of the Marine Monitoring TeamRota BECQ. The ofCNMI Cave Museum_MMT isone ofthe long-term monitoring sites Intra-Island Inter-Island Analysis Low (avg-1SD) Resilience , ) were at seen this site site. This has , Psammocora haimeana Score 0.77 0.74 Acanthurus pyroferus , Favites flexuosa , Acanthurus olivaceus , , Decapterus macarellus Acropora gemmifera Observers: S.McKagan,Observers: J. Maynard,L. Johnston, and L.Raymundo , Montastrea valenciennesi , , (biomass inkg/ha) Herbivore Functional Groups Non-herbivorous fish(n=1116) Herbivorous fish(n=87) Favia favus , Thalassoma quinquevittatum Naso tonganus , Macroalgae Macroalgae , Variola louti , Pomachromis guamensis Chromis margaritifer Cover 0.65 0.77 , Crustose coralline algae Other invertebrates Turf algae Macroalgae Pavement Rubble Sand Dead coral Soft coral Live coral Macropharyngodon meleagris , , (3.11) Browsers (0) Scrapers /Excavators (7.13) Grazers /Detritivores Paracirrhites arcatus Fungia scutaria Acropora globiceps , , Favia matthaii Anampses caeruleopunctatus , , , Zanclus cornutusZanclus Acanthurus , Plectroglyphidodon lacrymatus Acropora surculosa Resistance Bleaching ,

Epibulus insidiator 0.72 0.72 , Pavona varians , Hydnophora microconos , Chrysiptera brownriggii Med-High (>avgand

, sp., Favia stelligera , Rhinecanthus rectangulus , Paracirrhites forsteri Valenciennea strigata Recruitment Caranx melampygus ,

Zebrasoma veliferum 0.24 Coral Coral 0.13 , , Astreopora listeri Melichthys vidua , , Hemigymnus melapterus Hemigymnus Plesiastrea versipora Plesiastrea , Aphareus furca , Favites russelli

% 100 , 20 40 60 80 Diversity Ptereleotris evides , 0 , 0.96 0.95 Coral Coral Montipora floweri , Parupeneus insularis NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NMFS ESA listingof Observed coral specieslistedunderthe Cirrhitichthys falco Fish size classes (cm) , , Cephalopholis argus , , Astreopora myriophthalma Naso lituratus Stegastes fasciolatus , , Centropyge flavissima 0-10 Galaxea fascicularis , Temperature Temperature Pocillopora danae Variability , 0.83 0.89 Malacanthus latovittatus , High (>avg+1SD)

Scarus altipinnisScarus 11-15 , Platygyra daedalea Platygyra , Nemateleotris magnifica , , Cirripectes variolosus Plectroglyphidodon johnstonianus , , Cephalopholis urodeta

Sufflamen bursaSufflamen 16-20 Herbivore Herbivore Biomass , , 0.07 0.17 , Pocillopora eydouxi Goniastrea edwardsiGoniastrea Cheilinus trilobatus , Cyphastrea chalcidicum ,

Scarus forsteniScarus 21-25 Acropora globiceps , Pocillopora elegans , Melichthys niger , , (wave exposure) Sufflamen Sufflamen chrysopterum Halichoeres biocellatus Accessibility

, 26-30 Neocirrhites armatus Low Med-Low , 0.31 0.31 , , Scarus psittacusScarus Porites lichen , , Goniastrea retiformis Goniastrea Coris aygula Coris 31-35 Non-herbivores Herbivores

, , , , Porites lutea High Med-High 0.22 0.75 , LBSP , >35 . , , , , , ,

69

MED-LOW SCORE: ISLAND OVERALL SCORE: LOW 70 -Takta Sagua, Rota Sufflamen Sufflamen chrysopterum Pomacentrus vaiuli Oxycheilinus digrammus Heniochus chrysostomus Epinephelus Monotaxis grandoculis Fish Swim: Chromis agilis Chaetodon ornatissimus Centropyge flavissima Fish SPCs: Pocillopora danae Coral Swim: Pavona varians Coral Quads: Fish community community Benthic the resilience assessment results. site may warrant management attention for reasons distinct from for targets variousset to ofmanagement identify types action. This grazers/detritivores. anydid notmeet site This of the criteria we than 50%ofthe total herbivorousbiomass fish comprised is of 50% ofthe benthic community was made up Greater by live coral. scores for temperature and variability herbivore biomass. Roughly low scores recruitment for coral and and medium-low diversity flat scoresto bleachingthe forereef.for This site resistance high has name here isused due to the many channels that leadfrom the reef Sagua Takta isjust inside Sagua the Sasanhaya Fish Preserve in Rota. Intra-Island Inter-Island Analysis Low (avg-1SD) Resilience Score 0.73 0.74 , Acanthurus nigrofuscus , Acropora surculosa , , , Acanthurus olivaceus Porites lobata , , Chrysiptera brownriggii Pocillopora meandrina Gnathodentex aureolineatus Observers: S.McKagan,Observers: J. Maynard,S. Johnson,andL. Raymundo (biomass inkg/ha) Herbivore Functional Groups Non-herbivorous fish(n=384) Herbivorous fish(n=66) , , , Labroides dimidiatus Favia danae Cephalopholis sonnerati Macroalgae Macroalgae , , Ptereleotris evides , , Scarus psittacusScarus Thalassoma quinquevittatum Paracirrhites forsteri Cover 0.60 0.74 Crustose coralline algae Other invertebrates Turf algae Macroalgae Pavement Rubble Sand Dead coral Soft coral Live coral (5.42) Browsers (1.51) Scrapers /Excavators (8.79) Grazers /Detritivores , Porites lutea , , Chaetodon reticulatus Cyphastrea microphthalma , Favia favus , Acanthurus pyroferus , Aphareus furca Resistance Bleaching

, , , 0.85 0.85 Pocillopora verrucosa Chrysiptera traceyi , Stethojulis bandanensis Ptereleotris heteroptera , , Meiacanthus atrodorsalis Porites rus , , , Gomphosus varius , Parupeneus multifasciatus Cephalopholis urodeta Med-High (>avgand

,

, Porites vaughani Chaetodon ulietensis Valenciennea strigata 0.04 0.07 Coral Coral , 5.73 Acanthurus , Ctenochaetus cyanocheilus , Galaxea fascicularis , , Porites cylindrical Favites abdita , , Halichoeres hortulanus Ptereleotris zebra % 100 20 40 60 80 , , Diversity Melichthys vidua Chaetodon auriga 0 sp., 0.80 0.81 Coral Coral NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NMFS ESA listingof Observed coral specieslistedunderthe , , Stylocoeniella armata Plagiotremus tapeinosomaPlagiotremus Fish size classes (cm) Syndromes Balistapus undulatus , , , White 4.09 Cheilinus chlorourus Coris aygula Coris , Zebrasoma flavescens Goniastrea edwardsiGoniastrea 0-10 , , Turbinaria stellulata Temperature Temperature Montipora foveolata , Variability Sargocentron caudimaculatum 0.83 0.89 , , High (>avg+1SD) Ctenochaetus striatus , Naso lituratus , 11-15 Chaetodon citrinellus Halichoeres ornatissimus , Skeletal Eroding Eroding Skeletal Hemigymnus fasciatusHemigymnus 0.65 , Band Bodianus axillaris Bodianus

, 16-20 Herbivore Herbivore Chlorurus sordidus Biomass , , Leptastrea purpurea Leptastrea Plectroglyphidodon lacrymatus 0.26 0.11 , Nemateleotris magnifica , Pavona venosa 21-25 , NONE Epinephelus fasciatus , Chaetodon lunula Black Band , , (wave exposure) 0.99 Macolor niger , Hemitaurichthys polylepis , Stegastes fasciolatus Accessibility 26-30 -MPAN/A -MPAN/A Canthigaster janthinoptera , . Low Med-Low Chromis acares , Platygyra pini Platygyra , Montipora nodosa

31-35 Non-herbivores Herbivores

, , , , Anomalies , Growth Growth High Med-High , , , 0 0.67 0.19 >35 LBSP , , ,

70

MED-LOW SCORE: ISLAND OVERALL SCORE: LOW 71 -Talakhaya_MMT, Rota Pomacanthus imperator Chlorurus microrhinos Fish Swim: bursaSufflamen Plectroglyphidodon johnstonianus Neocirrhites armatus Forcipiger flavissimus Chaetodon ephippium Fish SPCs: Pocillopora elegans Hydnophora microconos Coral Swim: Stylocoeniella armata Pocillopora meandrina Favia matthaii Coral Quads: Fish community community Benthic atseen this site during in May/June our surveys of2014. climate change.The Threatened species coral likely to resist and recover disturbance as frequencies increase under example). The resilience siteindicators is this among suggest the least resilience sites outside marine established p. 1for areas (see protected marine established The are areas. primary protected targets high the for conservationbecause efforts itisalow resilience site that isoutside is comprised ofgrazers/detritivores. Talakhaya target isasecondary Greatermacroalgae. than 50%ofthe total herbivorousbiomass fish the benthic community at the site ismade up by turfingand algae biomass cover. and has above average macroalgae half of Roughly resistance but has low scores for temperature and variability herbivore swimming score at forbleaching observed this site site.high This a has blunthead The Large parrotfish ( monitoring sites ofthe Marine Monitoring Team BECQ. ofCNMI Chamorro word for ‘look south’. site is This one of the long-term the island that ofRota south, faces towards Guam; Talakhaya_MMT isnear Talakhaya, watershed isalarge which on Intra-Island Inter-Island Analysis Low (avg-1SD) Resilience Favia speciosa Score 0.72 0.75 Chlorurus microrhinos , Halichoeres hortulanus , Pomacentrus vaiuli , Acanthurus olivaceus , Acanthurus Acropora secale , Acropora humilis Observers: S.McKagan,Observers: J. Maynard,S. Johnson,andL. Raymundo (biomass inkg/ha) Herbivore Functional Groups Non-herbivorous fish(n=413) Herbivorous fish(n=50) , , , Chrysiptera brownriggii , Thalassoma quinquevittatum Paracirrhites forsteri Coris aygula Coris Macroalgae Macroalgae , , Favia stelligera Acropora globiceps Porites australiensis , , Cover 0.55 0.31 Scarus forsteniScarus Crustose coralline algae Other invertebrates Turf algae Macroalgae Pavement Rubble Sand Dead coral Soft coral Live coral Montipora efflorescens sp., (2.91) Browsers (0) Scrapers /Excavators (3.88) Grazers /Detritivores Talakhaya , Aphareus furca Acropora surculosa , ) can be be can ) Pomachromis guamensis , , , Astreopora myriophthalma , Acanthurus pyroferus Lutjanus fulvus Halichoeres ornatissimus Resistance Bleaching ,

isthe Goniastrea retiformis Goniastrea , 0.86 0.86 Scarus rubroviolaceusScarus was was , Parupeneus cyclostomus , Porites lichen , , Coris gaimard Canthigaster solandri Med-High (>avgand

0.58 0.31 Coral Coral , , 3.11 Anampses twistii , Rhinecanthus rectangulus Porites lobata , , , Ctenochaetus , Leptastrea purpurea Leptastrea Labroides dimidiatus Cyphastrea microphthalma , Synodus 100 , , , % Parupeneus multifasciatus Malacanthus latovittatus 20 40 60 80 Montipora monasteriata , Diversity Cephalopholis urodeta 0 , 0.92 0.93 Coral Coral Favites abdita NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NMFS ESA listingof Observed coral specieslistedunderthe sp., , , Fish size classes (cm) Syndromes Porites lutea Variola louti sp., , Carangoides ferdau White 2.35 Zanclus cornutusZanclus

Ctenochaetus striatus 0-10 Temperature Temperature , Variability Montipora hoffmeisteri , , Lutjanus bohar , 0.73 0.67 Stegastes fasciolatus , Goniastrea edwardsiGoniastrea High (>avg+1SD) Porites vaughani 11-15 Skeletal Eroding Eroding Skeletal , Favia danae , , Chaetodon auriga , , Montipora nodosa , Monotaxis grandoculis Zebrasoma flavescens Plagiotremus tapeinosomaPlagiotremus Band ,

Caranx melampygus 16-20 0 Herbivore Herbivore Biomass 0.05 0.12 , , Epinephelus hexagonatus Melichthys vidua , , Favia favus Psammocora haimeana , Stethojulis strigiventer

, 21-25 , Pavona varians Heliopora coerula Acropora globiceps , Black Band , Chaetodon citrinellus Platygyra pini Platygyra (wave exposure) 0.76

26-30 Accessibility , , Favia helianthoides , Low Med-Low Naso hexacanthus Cheilinus trilobatus 0.22 0.22 , Naso lituratus , , Non-herbivores Herbivores

Pocillopora danae 31-35 ,

, , , , Anomalies Growth Growth High Med-High , , 0 0.67 0.19 LBSP

>35 . , , , ,

71

MED-LOW SCORE: ISLAND OVERALL SCORE: LOW 72 -Joanne’s Reef, Rota Scarus rubroviolaceusScarus Plectroglyphidodon lacrymatus Meiacanthus atrodorsalis fasciatusHemigymnus Fish Swim: Stethojulis strigiventer Parupeneus multifasciatus Labroides dimidiatus Cirrhitichthys falco Cephalopholis urodeta Fish SPCs: daedalea Platygyra Galaxea fascicularis Coral Swim: Montastrea valenciennesi Coral Quads: Fish community community Benthic frequencies increase under climate change. site isamong the likely least to resist and recover disturbance as p. 1for example).areas (see The resilience indicatorsthis suggest resilienceare sites outside the marine high established protected is outside marine established The areas. primary protected targets for conservationbecausetarget effortsitisalow resilience site that is comprised ofgrazers/detritivores. Joanne’s isasecondary Reef Greatermacroalgae. than 75%ofthe total herbivorousbiomass fish benthic community at this and site iscomprised ofturf algae biomass cover. and aboveaveragemacroalgae Nearly 75%ofthe diversity, medium-low temperature and variability herbivore at This site site.recruitment this has fish low coral surveys and ( ray octopus are commonly at seen round this site. Alarge ribbontail there isawide variety fishhere.Lionfish, ofreef sting rays and Joanne’s ischaracterized Reef and by clear calm water and Intra-Island Inter-Island Analysis Taeniura meyeni Low (avg-1SD) Resilience , , , Pseudodax moluccanus Score 0.71 0.71 Apogon Ctenochaetus striatus , Acanthurus olivaceus , Acropora cerealis Observers: S.McKagan,Observers: J. Maynard,L. Johnston, and L.Raymundo , , , , Leptoria Phrygia Leptoria Monotaxis grandoculis Porites rus sp., Porites lobata (biomass inkg/ha) Herbivore Functional Groups Non-herbivorous fish(n=217) Herbivorous fish(n=98) , Cyphastrea agassizi , Macroalgae Macroalgae Chaetodon auriga Chaetodon lunula , , Zanclus cornutusZanclus Cover 0.81 Taeniura meyeni 0.71 , Crustose coralline algae Other invertebrates Turf algae Macroalgae Pavement Rubble Sand Dead coral Soft coral Live coral Labroides bicolor (1.29) Browsers (2.38) Scrapers /Excavators (13.11) Grazers /Detritivores , Psammocora haimeana , Pomacentrus vaiuli , , , Decapterus macarellus Myripristis murdjan , Acropora digitifera , Ptereleotris zebra Acanthurus pyroferus , Millepora platyphylla Resistance Bleaching

, 0.80 0.80 , , , Myripristis kuntee Favia matthaii Chlorurus sordidus Chaetodon ornatissimus , Thalassoma lutescens , Lutjanus bohar Med-High (>avgand

Stylophora mordax Naso unicornis , 0.00 0.00 Coral Coral Forcipiger longirostris , , Acanthurus Goniastrea edwardsiGoniastrea , , Montipora Naso lituratus , , Chromis agilis Lutjanus kasmira , Thalassoma quinquevittatum , 100

Chromis acares % 20 40 60 80 sp., Diversity , sp. 0 0.77 Coral Coral 0.76 Neoniphon opercularis NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NMFS ESA listingof Observed coral specieslistedunderthe Aphareus furca 0722 , , Fish size classes (cm) , , Acropora tenuis Turbinaria stellulata Oxycheilinus unifasciatus , Scarus altipinnisScarus , Ptereleotris evides Chromis margaritifer , Gobiid , ,

Goniastrea retiformis Goniastrea 0-10 , Montipora Lutjanus monostigma Temperature Temperature , Variability Dascyllus trimaculatusDascyllus sp., 0.83 0.89 High (>avg+1SD) , 11-15 Caranx melampygus Halichoeres hortulanus , sp. Astreopora listeri , Scarus frenatus Scarus , , , 0794 Paracirrhites forsteri Scarus forsteniScarus Valenciennea strigata 16-20 , Herbivore Herbivore Chrysiptera brownriggii Biomass , , 0.22 0.12 Paracirrhites arcatus , Montipora Leptastrea purpurea Leptastrea , Macropharyngodon meleagris 21-25 , Gomphosus varius , , , NONE , Cyphastrea serailia Scarus ghobbanScarus Stegastes fasciolatus Centropyge flavissima , sp. Halichoeres margaritaceus (wave exposure) , , 0806 Accessibility

Pempheris oualensis 26-30 Zebrasoma flavescens . Low Med-Low 0.33 0.33 , , Parupeneus insularis , , Pavona varians Non-herbivores Herbivores

, 31-35 , Scarus psittacusScarus

, , Favia stelligera , High Med-High , 0.21 0.73 LBSP

, >35 , , , , ,

72

LOW SCORE: ISLAND OVERALL SCORE: LOW 73 IChenchon -South Park, Rota Oxycheilinus digrammus Gnathodentex aureolineatus Fish Swim: Thalassoma lutescens Rhinecanthus rectangulus Parupeneus insularis Halichoeres ornatissimus Cirripectes variolosus Chaetodon auriga sp., Fish SPCs: Porites lutea Goniopora fruticosa Coral Swim: pini Platygyra Favites abdita Coral Quads: Fish community community Benthic in May/Juneour surveys of2014. Threatened coral species recover disturbance as frequencies increase under climate change.The thisindicators site isamong the suggest likely least to resist and marine p. 1for example). areas (see protected The resilience The resiliencesitesareprimary outsidetargets high the established resilience site that isoutside marine established areas. protected forPark conservationbecause target effortsitisalow isasecondary biomassfish grazers/detritivores.comprised is of South I Chenchon Greater and macroalgae. turf than algae 75%ofthe total herbivorous cover. Nearly 50%ofthe benthic community at this site ismade up by andvariability herbivore biomass and has above average macroalgae site This medium-lowhas diversity, scores forcoral temperature sharks reef bluefin and ( large grey trevally site This of had a wide range marinefauna green including sea turtles, I Chenchon Park, isabirdon which the sanctuary island ofRota. South IChenchon Park just islocated off the southernpoint of the Intra-Island Inter-Island Analysis Acanthurus triostegus Low (avg-1SD) Resilience , Turbinaria stellulata , Score 0.73 0.71 , Acanthurus blochii Acanthurus pyroferus , , , Psammocora nierstraszi Acropora globiceps Coris gaimard , , Hydnophora microconos , Astreopora myriophthalma Observers: S.McKagan,Observers: J. Maynard,S. Johnson,andL. Raymundo Millepora platyphylla , (biomass inkg/ha) Herbivore Functional Groups Non-herbivorous fish(n=423) Herbivorous fish(n=79) , Chaetodon lunula Caranx melampygus Balistapus undulatus was seen at was seen this site during Macroalgae Macroalgae , Macolor niger Cover 0.45 0.17 Crustose coralline algae Other invertebrates Turf algae Macroalgae Pavement Rubble Sand Dead coral Soft coral Live coral , , , Plectroglyphidodon dickii , Spratelloides delicatulus (0) Browsers (4.72) Scrapers /Excavators (20.79) Grazers /Detritivores Lutjanus fulvus Scarus forsteniScarus , Ctenochaetus striatus , , Zanclus cornutusZanclus , Acanthurus guttatus Acropora surculosa , Anampses caeruleopunctatus , Resistance Stylophora mordax , Bleaching , ,

Cheilio inermis , Melichthys vidua Montipora floweri Leptastrea purpurea Leptastrea 0.71 0.71 ). ). , , Canthigaster solandri , Siganus argenteus , Favia danae Monotaxis grandoculis Med-High (>avgand

, 0.27 0.51 Coral Coral Chlorurus sordidus , , 2.57 Paracirrhites arcatus Favia favus , Pavona duerdeni , , Leptoria Phrygia Leptoria Siganus , Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos , Caranx melampygus 100

, % 20 40 60 80 Diversity Mulloidichthys vanicolensis , 0 0.88 0.87 Favia helianthoides Coral Coral sp., NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NMFS ESA listingof Observed coral specieslistedunderthe , Sufflamen bursaSufflamen , Fish size classes (cm) Syndromes Halichoeres biocellatus , , Thalassoma purpureum Chromis margaritifer Acanthurus nigrofuscus White 2.30 , , Pocillopora meandrina , Pomachromis guamensis , , Paracirrhites hemistictus 0-10 Millepora tuberosa Favites russelli Temperature Temperature Variability 0.89 0.82 , High (>avg+1SD)

Centropyge flavissima 11-15 , , Skeletal Eroding Eroding Skeletal Sufflamen fraenatum Favia matthaii , Chaetodon ornatissimus , 0.26 Band , Galaxea fascicularis 16-20 , Naso hexacanthus , Herbivore Herbivore Halichoeres hortulanus Chrysiptera brownriggii Biomass , , 0.30 Montipora turgescens 0.19 , Acanthurus olivaceus Porites australiensis , , Pygoplites diacanthus Parupeneus cyclostomus

, 21-25 Favia pallida Acropora globiceps , Cephalopholis urodeta Black Band , Thalassoma amblycephalum (wave exposure) Accessibility , 26-30 0 , Naso lituratus Goniastrea edwardsiGoniastrea Low Med-Low 0.07 0.07 , Chelonia , , , , Favia stelligera , Porites lobata Pavona varians , Acanthurus 31-35 Non-herbivores Herbivores ,

, sp., Anomalies , Growth Growth High Med-High ,

0 0.67 0.19 LBSP .

, >35 , , , ,

73

LOW SCORE: ISLAND OVERALL SCORE: LOW 74 -Leprosarium, Tinian Zanclus cornutusZanclus opsifrontalisEcsenius Fish Swim: Thalassoma quinquevittatum Spratelloides delicatulus tapeinosomaPlagiotremus Meiacanthus atrodorsalis Gobiid Chromis margaritifer Centropyge flavissima Fish SPCs: Galaxea fascicularis Coral Swim: Montipora efflorescens Coral Quads: Fish community community Benthic during in May/June our surveys of2014. Threatened coral species bleaching monitoring wellas as and supporting recovery. The regulations and forenforcement fishery also a sitetarget is This recover disturbance as frequencies increase under climate change. thisindicators site isamong the suggest likely least to resist and marine p. 1for example). areas (see protected The resilience The resilience sitesareprimary outsidetargets high the established resilience site that isoutside marine established areas. protected for conservationbecause target effortsitisalow is asecondary biomassfish grazers/detritivores.comprised is of Leprosarium is made up Uniquely, by live coral. 100%ofthe herbivorous cover.has low macroalgae 50%ofthe benthic community Roughly bleaching resistance, recruitment coral and herbivore biomass but counted duringThis site has scoreslow one ofthefor fish surveys. seaturtlegreen approached us at this to site, get closeenough duringwas established the times. Spanish Afriendly colonial Leprosarium offshore from islocated where oldleperan colony Intra-Island Inter-Island Analysis Low (avg-1SD) Resilience Valenciennea strigata Halichoeres hortulanus , 0.68 Score 0.69 Acanthurus nigrofuscus , , , Anampses caeruleopunctatus Acropora digitifera Paracirrhites forsteri , Observers: S.McKagan,Observers: J. Maynard,L. Johnston, and L.Raymundo Pavona explanulata (biomass inkg/ha) Herbivore Functional Groups Non-herbivorous fish(n=591) Herbivorous fish(n=43) , Cyphastrea chalcidicum

, , Macroalgae Macroalgae , Montipora tuberculosa Oxycheilinus digrammus was seen at was seen this site , Stethojulis bandanensis Chaetodon ornatissimus , Cover 1.00 0.99 Crustose coralline algae Other invertebrates Turf algae Macroalgae Pavement Rubble Sand Dead coral Soft coral Live coral Cirripectes variolosus (0) Browsers (0) Scrapers /Excavators (5.37) Grazers /Detritivores , Plectroglyphidodon johnstonianus , Halichoeres margaritaceus , , Acropora gemmifera Acanthurus olivaceus , Parupeneus insularis , Resistance Bleaching Porites rus

0.54 0.58 , Aphareus furca , , Favia favus Montipora venosa , , Med-High (>avgand

, 0.00 0.00 Coral Coral Acropora surculosa , , , 1.96 Acanthurus Favia matthaii Sargocentron caudimaculatum , , Labroides dimidiatus Caesio caerulaurea , , Pavona duerdeni Sufflamen Sufflamen chrysopterum , 100 Plectroglyphidodon lacrymatus % 20 40 60 80 Diversity sp., 0 0.89 0.89 Coral Coral NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NMFS ESA listingof Observed coral specieslistedunderthe , Cheilinus chlorourus Fish size classes (cm) , Syndromes Apogon angustatus , , Goniastrea edwardsiGoniastrea , Paracirrhites arcatus Ctenochaetus striatus Acropora tenuis White 1.96 0-10 , Chaetodon auriga Temperature Temperature , , Variability Pavona varians Lutjanus bohar 0.81 0.81

11-15 High (>avg+1SD) , , Skeletal Eroding Eroding Skeletal Scarus psittacusScarus Thalassoma amblycephalum , Cyphastrea serailia , , Apogon Cheilinus trilobatus , Band , Leptastrea purpurea Leptastrea ,

Parupeneus multifasciatus 16-20 0 Ecsenius bicolorEcsenius , Herbivore Herbivore Biomass , Pomacentrus vaiuli , , Pocillopora verrucosa Chlorurus sordidus Macropharyngodon meleagris 0.04 0.05 sp., Balistapus undulatus

, 21-25 Scarus rubroviolaceusScarus Acropora globiceps Black Band , Favia danae , (wave exposure) Forcipiger longirostris ,

26-30 Accessibility Chelonia 0 , Montastrea valenciennesi Low Med-Low , 0.46 0.59 , , Pomachromis guamensis Coris aygula Coris Thalassoma lutescens , Porites lutea , Non-herbivores Herbivores

sp., 31-35 , Favia pallida

, , , Anomalies Growth Growth , High Med-High 0.34 1.00 0 LBSP

>35 . , , , , ,

74

LOW SCORE: ISLAND OVERALL SCORE: LOW 75 -Rota Resort_MMT, Rota Zebrasoma flavescens Pomachromis guamensis Naso lituratus Fish Swim: Oxycheilinus unifasciatus Chrysiptera brownriggii Fish SPCs: Heliopora coerula Coral Swim: Pocillopora verrucosa Fungia scutaria Coral Quads: Fish community community Benthic in May/Juneour surveys of2014. Threatened coral species monitored during be soshould recovery upcoming warm The seasons. forbleaching monitoringalso a sitetarget is This and supporting and recover disturbance as frequencies increase under climate change. resilience this indicators site isamong the suggest likely least to resist outside marine established p. 1for example). areas (see protected The The resilience sites are areas. primary protected targets high the itisalowbecause resilience site that isoutside marine established for conservation target efforts isasecondary Resort_MMT Rota of the herbivorousbiomass fish grazers/detritivores.comprised was of Uniquely, and liveis made coral. up by crustose algae coralline 100% Greater ismedium-high. which than 50%ofthe benthic community low other scores for all indicators excepting temperature variability, BECQ. site This alow scorehas for herbivorebiomass and medium- long-term monitoring sites ofthe Marine Monitoring Team ofCNMI where rays during we saw site is This eagle one of the our surveys. ClubGolf on is theone of This sites northernthe few ofRota. coast just islocated & offshore from Resort Rota Resort_MMT Rota the Intra-Island Inter-Island Analysis Low (avg-1SD) Resilience , Paracirrhites forsteri , Score 0.69 0.71 Astreopora myriophthalma , Aetobatus narinari , , , Acanthurus Acropora cophydactyla Goniastrea edwardsiGoniastrea Observers: S.McKagan,Observers: J. Maynard,S. Johnson,andL. Raymundo , (biomass inkg/ha) Herbivore Functional Groups Non-herbivorous fish(n=385) Herbivorous fish(n=29) , , Halichoeres biocellatus was seen at was seen this site during Porites vaughani Porites lichen Macroalgae Macroalgae Cover 0.52 0.69 Crustose coralline algae Other invertebrates Turf algae Macroalgae Pavement Rubble Sand Dead coral Soft coral Live coral , , sp., Rhinecanthus rectangulus Parupeneus multifasciatus (0) Browsers (0) Scrapers /Excavators (1.46) Grazers /Detritivores , Pomacanthus imperator Centropyge flavissima , Anampses caeruleopunctatus , Porites lobata , Leptastrea purpurea Leptastrea Resistance , , Bleaching Acropora humilis

Cyphastrea serailia 0.57 0.57 , Halichoeres hortulanus Med-High (>avgand

, , , Stegastes fasciolatus 0.40 0.21 Cephalopholis urodeta Plagiotremus tapeinosomaPlagiotremus Coral Coral Scarus psittacusScarus , Acropora tenuis , 1.75 , Montipora foveolata Favia danae , , Aphareus furca Stylophora mordax

% 100 , 20 40 60 80 Diversity Labrid 0 0.91 0.91 Coral Coral , , NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NMFS ESA listingof Observed coral specieslistedunderthe Scarus rubroviolaceusScarus Favia favus , Fish size classes (cm) Syndromes Astreopora randalli , Thalassoma lutescens White 1.40 sp., , , Balistapus undulatus ,

Chaetodon citrinellus 0-10 Pavona varians Labroides dimidiatus Temperature Temperature , Variability Plectroglyphidodon johnstonianus , Favia pallida 0.85 0.92

11-15 High (>avg+1SD) Skeletal Eroding Eroding Skeletal , , Favia matthaii 0.00 Variola louti Band ,

Platygyra daedalea Platygyra 16-20 , Herbivore Herbivore , Biomass Thalassoma quinquevittatum Favites abdita , 0.02 0.01 Cephalopholis argus , Cheilinus trilobatus , Lethrinus olivaceus 21-25 Acropora globiceps , Goniopora djiboutiensis Black Band , (wave exposure) 0.00 Favites russelli

26-30 Accessibility , Pocillopora elegans Low Med-Low , 0.19 0.19 Pomacentrus vaiuli , Chromis acares Non-herbivores Herbivores , Chromis agilis , 31-35 Melichthys vidua

, , Anomalies Growth Growth 0.35 High Med-High , 0.29 1.00 LBSP .

, >35 , , , ,

75

LOW SCORE: ISLAND OVERALL SCORE: LOW 76 -Tuturam, Saipan Thalassoma quinquevittatum Pomacanthus imperator Halichoeres margaritaceus Chaetodon punctatofasciatus Fish SPCs: Coral Swim: Porites lobata Leptastrea transversa Favia stelligera Astreopora randalli Coral Quads: Fish community community Benthic land-based sources ofpollution. Evenrealigned. so,this for site continued isatarget reduction in improvements have made been and the natural stream has been frequencies increase under climate road and change. Recent drainage site isamong the likely least to resist and recover disturbance as p. 1for example).areas (see The resilience indicatorsthis suggest resilienceare sites outside the marine high established protected is outside marine established The areas. primary protected targets for conservationbecausetarget efforts itisalow resilience site that biomass iscomprised ofgrazers/detritivores. Tuturam isasecondary cover.macroalgae Greater than 75%ofthe total herbivorous fish cover. 75%ofthe benthic community Roughly was made up by and macroalgae variability herbivore biomass high and has very score recruitment for coral but medium-low scores for temperature at this duringseen site site.high This a has was observed our surveys oftheparts Bay.pastel The only ring wrasse ( this, causingchanged heavy sedimentation issues for this and other flowed right through butthe reef, construction of an access road Tuturam in islocated Laolao Bay. Anatural stream once drainage Intra-Island Inter-Island Analysis Low (avg-1SD) , Resilience Zanclus cornutusZanclus Favites russelli , 0.68 Score 0.67 Acanthurus nigrofuscus , , Acropora digitifera Stylocoeniella armata , Montipora floweri (biomass inkg/ha) Herbivore Functional Groups Non-herbivorous fish(n=118) Herbivorous fish(n=76) Macroalgae Macroalgae , Cyphastrea ocellina , Hologymnosus doliatusHologymnosus Fungia scutaria Cover 0.00 0.00 Crustose coralline algae Other invertebrates Turf algae Macroalgae Pavement Rubble Sand Dead coral Soft coral Live coral Observers: S.McKagan,Observers: J. Maynard,and S.Johnson (11.7) Browsers (0.77) Scrapers /Excavators (14.37) Grazers /Detritivores , , Labroides dimidiatus Scarus psittacusScarus , , Acanthurus olivaceus Acropora humilis , , Cheilinus chlorourus Resistance Montipora hoffmeisteri Bleaching ,

Stylophora mordax , 0.84 0.72 Galaxea fascicularis , Cyphastrea serailia , Stethojulis bandanensis Med-High (>avgand

Acropora nasuta 0.48 0.48 Coral Coral , Balistapus undulatus , Cheilinus trilobatus , , Montipora nodosa Goniastrea edwardsiGoniastrea , Echinopora lamellosa

% 100 20 40 60 80 Diversity , 0 , 0.98 0.98 Coral Coral Naso lituratus , Sufflamen Sufflamen chrysopterum NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NMFS ESA listingof Observed coral specieslistedunderthe Acropora tenuis Fish size classes (cm) , , 0-10 Cantherhines dumerilii Coris gaimard , Pavona divaricata Temperature Temperature Variability , Goniastrea retiformis Goniastrea , 0.79 0.76 , Naso unicornis Favia favus High (>avg+1SD)

, 11-15 Astreopora listeri , , Ctenochaetus striatus

Thalassoma lutescens 16-20 Herbivore Herbivore , Biomass Favia matthaii , 0.13 0.12 Pavona varians , Oxycheilinus unifasciatus , Cephalopholis urodeta , ,

Leptastrea purpurea Leptastrea 21-25 Astreopora myriophthalma NONE (wave exposure) , Favia speciosa 26-30 Accessibility , , Pocillopora damicornis . , Low Med-Low Halichoeres hortulanus 0.28 0.24

31-35 Non-herbivores Herbivores

, , , , High Med-High , 0.42 0.42 >35 LBSP , ,

76

LOW SCORE: ISLAND OVERALL SCORE: LOW 77 Puntan - Diapblo, Tinian Scarus oviceps Scarus Katsuwonus pelamis Chaetodon ephippium Fish Swim: Stegastes fasciolatus Pomacanthus imperator Naso unicornis reticulatusDascyllus Cephalopholis urodeta Fish SPCs: Pocillopora eydouxi Phrygia Leptoria Astreopora gracilis Coral Swim: purpurea Leptastrea Coral Quads: Fish community community Benthic during in May/June our surveys of2014. The areas. Threatened species coral and catchregulations and bag limits, and mooring and no-anchoring implementation at increased enforcement, this location include: size and enforcement. Examples ofactions that considered can be for under regulations climate for fishery also a sitetarget is change.This the likely least to resist and recover disturbance as frequencies increase p. 1for example).(see The resilience siteindicators is this among suggest resilience are targets primary sites outside the MPAs high established a low resilience site outside marine established The areas. protected for conservation because target effortsitis Diapblo isasecondary herbivorousbiomass fish grazers/detritivores.comprised is of Puntan community ismade up Greater by macroalgae. than 50%ofthe total 50%ofthe benthic Roughly resistance, ismedium-high. which low or low other scores for all resilience indicators except bleaching site This alow scorehas for herbivoresurveys. biomass, and medium- anemonefish and skipjackthe only during tunaobserved ourbe to site had ofmarine awide range fauna including ablacktip shark, reef treacherous waters that have to leave/enter passed to be Tinian. This Puntan Diapblo,translates which to “Devil’s Point”, isnamed for the Intra-Island Inter-Island Analysis Low (avg-1SD) Resilience , 0.64 0.62 Score Astreopora myriophthalma , Acropora globiceps , Acanthurus xanthopterus Acanthurus olivaceus , , , Acropora cerealis Siphamia , Sufflamen Sufflamen chrysopterum Observers: S.McKagan,Observers: J. Maynard,L. Johnston, and L.Raymundo Ctenochaetus cyanocheilus , (biomass inkg/ha) Herbivore Functional Groups Non-herbivorous fish(n=643) Herbivorous fish(n=88) , Montipora foveolata , Paracanthurus hepatus Chaetodon reticulatus , , , Macroalgae Macroalgae Pocillopora verrucosa , , Montipora tuberculosa Favia danae Pomachromis guamensis Halichoeres hortulanus Cover 0.30 sp., 0.00 Crustose coralline algae Other invertebrates Turf algae Macroalgae Pavement Rubble Sand Dead coral Soft coral Live coral (0.77) Browsers (2.18) Scrapers /Excavators (4.03) Grazers /Detritivores , was seen at was seen this site Stethojulis strigiventer Malacanthus latovittatus , Acropora digitifera , , Favites flexuosa Acanthurus Resistance , Bleaching ,

Cyphastrea serailia , Balistapus undulatus , 0.77 0.72 Montipora nodosa Thalassoma amblycephalum , , , , Cheilinus chlorourus Epibulus insidiator Paracirrhites arcatus Porites lobata , Pocillopora elegans Med-High (>avgand

0.40 0.23 Coral Coral , Neocirrhites armatus 0.75 , , Porites lutea , Favia favus Montipora verrucosa , Canthigaster solandri , Forcipiger longirostris , , , Chromis margaritifer Parupeneus insularis , Psammocora haimeana , 100 Zanclus cornutusZanclus ,

Rhinecanthus rectangulus % Galaxea fascicularis 20 40 60 80 Diversity , 0 0.85 0.85 Coral Coral , Thalassoma quinquevittatum , NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NMFS ESA listingof Observed coral specieslistedunderthe Favia helianthoides Stylocoeniella guentheri , Fish size classes (cm) Syndromes Acropora humilis , Labroides dimidiatus White 0.60 , , Bothus mancus Plectrogyphidodon phoenixensis Plectrogyphidodon 0-10 , Temperature Temperature Pavona varians Variability , Carcharhinus melanopterus 0.81 0.81 , , High (>avg+1SD) , Halichoeres ornatissimus Parupeneus multifasciatus

, 11-15 Chrysiptera brownriggii Goniopora minor , Skeletal Eroding Eroding Skeletal Stylophora mordax , , Favia matthaii Acropora latistella , , Scarus psittacusScarus Centropyge flavissima 0.15 Band

, 16-20 , Turbinaria stellulata , Herbivore Herbivore Melichthys vidua Biomass Platygyra daedalea Platygyra 0.05 , 0.11 Valenciennea strigata

21-25 , , Goniopora pendulus Acropora globiceps Favia stelligera , , , Spratelloides delicatulus Black Band Acropora tenuis Scarus forsteniScarus , , , Heniochus chrysostomus Ctenochaetus striatus (wave exposure) , Chaetodon citrinellus Plagiotremus tapeinosomaPlagiotremus Accessibility

, 26-30 0 Naso lituratus , Low Med-Low , Cephalopholis argus 0.54 0.39 Platygyra pini Platygyra , Non-herbivores Herbivores , Zebrasoma flavescens 31-35 ,

, Scarus ghobbanScarus , Anomalies , Growth Growth High Med-High , 0.56 0 , 0.19 LBSP , . , >35 , , , ,

77

LOW SCORE: ISLAND OVERALL SCORE: LOW 78 -Sailigai Point, Rota frequencies increase under climate change. site isamong the likely least to resist and recover disturbance as p. 1for example).areas (see The resilience indicatorsthis suggest resilienceare sites outside the marine high established protected is outside marine established The areas. primary protected targets for conservationbecausetarget effortsitisalow resilience site that is comprised Point ofgrazers/detritivores. Sailigai isasecondary 75%of the total herbivorous Roughly bybiomass macroalgae. fish 50%ofthe benthicindicators. community Roughly ismade up butvariability has low or medium-low other scores for all resilience temperaturethe sitehigh This otherhas 77forereef sites surveyed. having as site isassessed the lowest resilience potential relative to duringwhereThis seaturtle agreen was the observed fish surveys. at this is are site.one of This sites commonlythe few observed Novaculichthys taeniourus Cheilinus trilobatus Fish Swim: cornutusZanclus Rhinecanthus rectangulus Paracirrhites arcatus Forcipiger longirostris Chaetodon ornatissimus Fish SPCs: Stylophora mordax Fungia scutaria Coral Swim: Montastrea valenciennesi Coral Quads: Fish community community Benthic seabreamthe Goldspot ( Point isChamorro which Sailigai isnamed for Sailigai, name for Intra-Island Inter-Island Analysis Low (avg-1SD) Resilience sp., , 0.56 0.62 Score Astreopora myriophthalma , Chromis acares , Centropyge flavissima Acanthurus olivaceus , , Acropora gemmifera Hydnophora microconos Observers: S.McKagan,Observers: J. Maynard,L. Johnston, and L.Raymundo (biomass inkg/ha) Herbivore Functional Groups Non-herbivorous fish(n=212) Herbivorous fish(n=99) , , , Platygyra daedalea Platygyra Plagiotremus tapeinosomaPlagiotremus Stegastes fasciolatus Macroalgae Macroalgae , , Chromis margaritifer Halichoeres hortulanus Cover 0.34 0.00 Crustose coralline algae Other invertebrates Turf algae Macroalgae Pavement Rubble Sand Dead coral Soft coral Live coral (0.63) Browsers (2.89) Scrapers /Excavators (10.83) Grazers /Detritivores , Coris aygula Coris , Paracanthurus hepatus ). Thesefish , , , Chaetodon bennetti Acanthurus Acropora quelchi Resistance , Bleaching

Favia danae , , 0.59 0.59 Pocillopora ankeli , Platygyra pini Platygyra , Sufflamen bursaSufflamen Lethrinus obsoletus , Chrysiptera brownriggii Med-High (>avgand

Acropora tenuis , 0.00 0.00 Coral Coral Parupeneus multifasciatus , , Pocillopora verrucosa Chaetodon lunula , , Sufflamen Sufflamen chrysopterum Pocillopora elegans , Macropharyngodon meleagris , Favia matthaii

% 100 20 40 60 80 Diversity 0 , , 0.89 0.89 Coral Coral Acropora verweyi Cirrhitichthys falco , NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NMFS ESA listingof Observed coral specieslistedunderthe Cephalopholis urodeta Fish size classes (cm) , Labroides dimidiatus , Chaetodon quadrimaculatus , , Porites c.f. (grl) densa

Pocillopora eydouxi 0-10 , Goniastrea retiformis Goniastrea Temperature Temperature , , Variability Scarus rubroviolaceusScarus Pomacanthus imperator , Thalassoma lutescens 1.00 0.92

11-15 High (>avg+1SD) , Cyphastrea chalcidicum , Coris gaimard , Monotaxis grandoculis , Chaetodon auriga , 16-20 Melichthys vidua Herbivore Herbivore Biomass , Porites lichen 0.10 0.18 , Porites deformis , Goniopora minor , , ,

Chaetodon ulietensis 21-25 Thalassoma quinquevittatum Ctenochaetus striatus , NONE Pomachromis guamensis , , (wave exposure) , Porites lobata Favites abdita , Accessibility Chaetodon citrinellus 26-30 Naso lituratus , Neocirrhites armatus , . Low Med-Low 0.30 0.30 Porites vaughani , Heliopora coerula 31-35 Non-herbivores Herbivores

, , , , Porites lutea , High Med-High , 0.67 0.19 >35 LBSP , , , , ,

78

LOW SCORE: ISLAND 79 - Fishing Base Staghorn_MMT, Saipan

Fishing Base Staghorn is near the Fishing Base Boat Ramp, which is one of four small boat launching areas for accessing the Saipan Lagoon. This site, just a few hundred yards from the pier onshore, contains one of Saipan’s largest stands of staghorn Acropora. The reef extends well over 500 meters and is a preferred spot for juvenile Napoleon Wrasse (Cheilinus undulatus). Uniquely, the benthic community at this site consisted of 100% coral cover (all staghorn Acropora) at the time of surveys. This site is highly bleaching susceptible given branching Acropora species are among the most susceptible of all coral types to thermal bleaching. There are bleaching reports from this site in 2013 so the benthic community is likely to have changed since these surveys were conducted in May/June of 2012. Greater than 75% of the total herbivorous fish biomass is comprised of scrapers/excavators. This site has high fishing access (given the adjacent boat ramp) and also has high values for LBSP.

Accessibility Analysis (wave exposure) LBSP Low (avg and avg - 1 SD) High (>avg + 1 SD)

Benthic community Live coral Soft coral Observed coral species listed under the Dead coral NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NONE. Sand Rubble Pavement Macroalgae Turf algae Other invertebrates Crustose coralline algae

Fish community Fish size classes (cm) Herbivore Functional Groups 100 (biomass in kg/ha) Herbivores 80 Non-herbivores Grazers / Detritivores (3.08) 60

Scrapers / Excavators % 40 (9.90) Browsers 20 (0) 0 Herbivorous fish (n = 196) 0-10 >35 Non-herbivorous fish (n = 94) 11-15 16-20 21-25 26-30 31-35

Coral Quads: Acropora aspera, Acropora muricata

Coral Swim: Goniastrea retiformis, Heliopora coerula

Fish SPCs: Acanthurus blochii, Arothron nigropunctatus, Aulostomus chinensis, Chaetodon auriga, Chaetodon ephippium, Chaetodon lunula, Chaetodon lunulatus, Chaetodon melannotus, Chaetodon punctatofasciatus, Chlorurus sordidus, Ctenochaetus striatus, Halichoeres trimaculatus, Hemigymnus melapterus, Heniochus chrysostomus, Hyporhamphus Species, Labrid sp., Myripristis violacea, Neoniphon argenteus, Neoniphon opercularis, Oxycirrhites typus, Parupeneus barberinus, Scarus psittacus, Scolopsis lineata, Stethojulis bandanensis, Stethojulis strigiventer, Thalassoma Hardwicke, Zanclus cornutus, Zebrasoma flavescens, Zebrasoma velifer

Observers: S. McKagan, J. Maynard, and S. Johnson 79 80 - Marianas Resort_MMT, Saipan

Marianas Resort is named for the adjacent Marianas Resort Hotel & Spa, which opened on Saipan nearly 40 years ago. This site lies near a secluded little beach where guests and residents can snorkel or kayak over to the reef, which is home to stands of staghorn Acropora species. Tawny nurse sharks (Nebrius ferrugineus) can often be seen at this site. Nearly 50% of the benthic community is made up by live coral with most of the remainder split between turfing algae and macroalgae. There are bleaching reports from this site in 2013 so the benthic community is likely to have changed since these surveys were conducted in May/June of 2012. Greater than 75% of the total herbivorous fish biomass is comprised of scrapers/excavators. This site has the highest scores possible for both fishing access and LBSP.

Accessibility Analysis (wave exposure) LBSP Low (avg and avg - 1 SD) High (>avg + 1 SD)

Benthic community Live coral Soft coral Observed coral species listed under the Dead coral NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NONE. Sand Rubble Pavement Macroalgae Turf algae Other invertebrates Crustose coralline algae

Fish community Fish size classes (cm) Herbivore Functional Groups 100 (biomass in kg/ha) Herbivores 80 Non-herbivores Grazers / Detritivores (3.36) 60

Scrapers / Excavators % 40 (34.61) Browsers 20 (4.65) 0 Herbivorous fish (n = 302) 0-10 >35 Non-herbivorous fish (n = 119) 11-15 16-20 21-25 26-30 31-35

Coral Quads: Goniastrea retiformis, Pavona divaricata, Pocillopora damicornis, Pocillopora juv., Porites lobata, Porites lutea

Coral Swim: Platygyra pini, Psammocora stellata

Fish SPCs: Arothron nigropunctatus, Carcharhinus melanopterus, Centropyge flavissima, Chaetodon auriga, Chaetodon lunula, Chaetodon melannotus, Cheilinus trilobatus, Cheilio inermis, Chlorurus sordidus, Ctenochaetus striatus, Gomphosus varius, Halichoeres hortulanus, Halichoeres trimaculatus, Hemigymnus melapterus, Lethrinus harak, Myripristis sp., Naso lituratus, Naso unicornis, Neoniphon samara, Rhinecanthus rectangulus, Scarus psittacus, Scolopsis lineata, Siganus spinus, Stethojulis bandanensis, Thalassoma Hardwicke, Thalassoma lutescens, Thalassoma quinquevittatum, Zebrasoma flavescens

Observers: S. McKagan, J. Maynard, and S. Johnson 80 81 - Oleai Staghorn_MMT, Saipan

Oleai Staghorn is named for a village established on the southern part of Saipan known as Oleai. Residents of the Micronesian atoll Woleai moved to Saipan and established this village after a typhoon devastated their home. The staghornAcropora reef that forms this site is just offshore from the village and is a prime fishing ground for parrotfish and wrasses. Roughly 20% of the benthic community is live coral and nearly all of the remainder is bare pavement. There are bleaching reports from this site in 2013 so the benthic community is likely to have changed since these surveys were conducted in May/June of 2012. Roughly 75% of the herbivorous fish community is comprised of scrapers/excavators. This site has high scores for both LBSP and fishing access.

Accessibility Analysis (wave exposure) LBSP Low (avg and avg - 1 SD) High (>avg + 1 SD)

Benthic community Live coral Soft coral Observed coral species listed under the Dead coral NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NONE. Sand Rubble Pavement Macroalgae Turf algae Other invertebrates Crustose coralline algae

Fish community Fish size classes (cm) Herbivore Functional Groups 100 (biomass in kg/ha) Herbivores 80 Non-herbivores Grazers / Detritivores (23.62) 60

Scrapers / Excavators % 40 (69.25) Browsers 20 (0.63) 0 Herbivorous fish (n = 406) 0-10 >35 Non-herbivorous fish (n = 155) 11-15 16-20 21-25 26-30 31-35

Coral Quads: Acropora aspera, Favia favus, Goniastrea retiformis, Leptastrea purpurea, Pocillopora damicornis, Stylocoeniella armata

Coral Swim: Favia speciosa, Favites abdita, Favites russelli, Lobophyllia hemprichii, Montipora hoffmeisteri, Pavona varians, Platygyra pini, Porites rus

Fish SPCs: Abudefduf sexfasciatus, Acanthurus nigricans, Acanthurus nigrofuscus, Acanthurus triostegus, Chaetodon bennetti, Chaetodon ephippium, Chaetodon lunula, Chaetodon lunulatus, Cheilinus trilobatus, Chlorurus sordidus, Ctenochaetus striatus, Epibulus insidiator, Fistularia commersonii, Halichoeres trimaculatus, Hemigymnus fasciatus, Hemigymnus melapterus, Lutjanus kasmira, Myripristis sp., Myripristis violacea, Naso lituratus, Neoniphon opercularis, Neoniphon samara, Oxycirrhites typus, Scarus psittacus, Scolopsis lineata, Siganus spinus, Stethojulis bandanensis, Stethojulis strigiventer, Thalassoma Hardwicke, Zanclus cornutus, Zebrasoma flavescens, Zebrasoma velifer

Observers: S. McKagan, J. Maynard, and S. Johnson 81 82 - Pak Pak Beach_MMT, Saipan

Pak Pak Beach_MMT is named for Pak Pak Beach, which is the southernmost beach of the Saipan Lagoon. Pak Pak is Chamorro for “popping sound”. One theory as to how the beach received its name is due to the popping noises that would be made as the US military would dump scrap metal and waste off of the cliffs just south of this beach. This site is one of the long-term monitoring sites of the Marine Monitoring Team of CNMI BECQ. Nearly 50% of the benthic community is made up by live coral. There are bleaching reports from this site in 2013 so the benthic community is likely to have changed since these surveys were conducted in May/June of 2012. Greater than 75% of the total herbivorous fish biomass is comprised of grazers/detritivores. This site has high scores for both LBSP and fishing access.

Accessibility Analysis (wave exposure) LBSP Low (avg and avg - 1 SD) High (>avg + 1 SD)

Benthic community Live coral Soft coral Observed coral species listed under the Dead coral NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NONE. Sand Rubble Pavement Macroalgae Turf algae Other invertebrates Crustose coralline algae

Fish community Fish size classes (cm) Herbivore Functional Groups 100 (biomass in kg/ha) Herbivores 80 Non-herbivores Grazers / Detritivores (4.22) 60

Scrapers / Excavators % 40 (0.64) Browsers 20 (0) 0 Herbivorous fish (n = 76) 0-10 >35 Non-herbivorous fish (n = 204) 11-15 16-20 21-25 26-30 31-35

Coral Quads: Acanthastrea echinata, Acropora aspera, Acropora monticulosa, Acropora pulchra, Acropora tenuis, Acropora vaughani, Cyphastrea sp. 1, Favites russelli, Goniastrea edwardsi, Goniastrea retiformis, Heliopora coerula, Hydnophora microconos, Leptoria Phrygia, Montipora nodosa, Pavona divaricata, Pocillopora damicornis, Porites lutea, Stylocoeniella armata, Stylophora mordax

Coral Swim: Astreopora myriophthalma, Favia matthaii, Favites abdita, Fungia scutaria, Leptastrea purpurea, Pavona varians, Platygyra pini, Porites lobata, Porites rus, Porites vaughani, Psammacora digitata

Fish SPCs: Abudefduf septemfasciatus, Abudefduf sexfasciatus, Acanthurus nigricans, Acanthurus nigrofuscus, Acanthurus triostegus, Canthigaster solandri, Chaetodon auriga, Chaetodon citrinellus, Chaetodon ephippium, Chaetodon lunula, Chaetodon lunulatus, Chaetodon melannotus, Cheilinus chlorourus, Cheilinus trilobatus, Cheilio inermis, Chlorurus sordidus, Ctenochaetus striatus, Gomphosus varius, Halichoeres trimaculatus, Hemigymnus melapterus, Heniochus chrysostomus, Myripristis kuntee, Myripristis sp., Myripristis vittata, Naso lituratus, Neoniphon argenteus, Oxycirrhites typus, Sargocentron microstoma, Scarus psittacus, Siganus spinus, Stethojulis bandanensis, Stethojulis strigiventer, Thalassoma Hardwicke, Zebrasoma flavescens

Observers: S. McKagan, P. Houk, and S. Johnson 82 83 - Quartermaster Staghorn_MMT, Saipan

Quartermaster Staghorn is named for Quartermaster Road, which is a short secondary road that connects the two main roads of Saipan, Beach Road and Chalan Pale Arnold. An old American M4 Sherman Tank from World War II is on display where Quartermaster and Beach Road meet. This is a well known landmark on the island and is used to help identify the location of this staghorn Acropora reef. Roughly 60% of the benthic community is made up by live coral. There are bleaching reports from this site in 2013 so the benthic community is likely to have changed since these surveys were conducted in May/June of 2012. Greater than 75% of the total herbivorous fish biomass is comprised of scrapers/excavators. This site has high scores for both LBSP and fishing access.

Accessibility Analysis (wave exposure) LBSP Low (avg and avg - 1 SD) High (>avg + 1 SD)

Benthic community Live coral Soft coral Observed coral species listed under the Dead coral NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NONE. Sand Rubble Pavement Macroalgae Turf algae Other invertebrates Crustose coralline algae

Fish community Fish size classes (cm) Herbivore Functional Groups 100 (biomass in kg/ha) Herbivores 80 Non-herbivores Grazers / Detritivores (18.12) 60

Scrapers / Excavators % 40 (48.14) Browsers 20 (3.44) 0 Herbivorous fish (n = 221) 0-10 >35 Non-herbivorous fish (n = 72) 11-15 16-20 21-25 26-30 31-35

Coral Quads: Acropora aspera, Favia favus, Favia matthaii, Goniastrea retiformis, Leptastrea purpurea

Coral Swim: Acropora azurea, Acropora tenuis, Astreopora myriophthalma, Favites abdita, Isopora palifera, Leptastrea transversa, Lobophyllia corymbosa, Montipora hoffmeisteri, Platygyra daedalea, Platygyra pini, Pocillopora damicornis, Porites cylindrical, Porites lobata, Porites rus

Fish SPCs: Acanthurus nigricans, Acanthurus nigrofuscus, Acanthurus triostegus, Canthigaster solandri, Chaetodon melannotus, Chaetodon miliaris, Chaetodon ornatissimus, Cheilinus chlorourus, Cheilinus trilobatus, Chlorurus sordidus, Ctenochaetus striatus, Epibulus insidiator, Gomphosus varius, Halichoeres trimaculatus, Hemigymnus melapterus, Heniochus chrysostomus, Labroides dimidiatus, Leptoscarus vaigiensis, Mulloidichthys flavolineatus, Myripristis violacea, Naso lituratus, Neoniphon opercularis, Oxycirrhites typus, Parupeneus barberinus, Scarus psittacus, Scolopsis lineata, Siganus spinus, Stethojulis bandanensis, Thalassoma Hardwicke, Zanclus cornutus, Zebrasoma flavescens, Zebrasoma velifer

Observers: S. McKagan, J. Maynard, and S. Johnson 83 84 - Tanapag Staghorn_MMT, Saipan

Tanapag Staghorn is named for a village in the north of Saipan called Tanapag: In the early 19th century, the Refaluwasch people migrated from their home atolls (Satawal and Woleai) after a typhoon devastated their islands. They landed on Guam and received permission from the Spanish governor to settle recently vacated Saipan. The residents of Stawal settled to the north of Saipan, in the village now called Tanapag. Roughly 50% of the benthic community is made up by live coral. Roughly 70% of the total herbivorous fish biomass is comprised of grazers/detritivores with the remainder equally split between scrapers/excavators and browsers. There are bleaching reports from this site in 2013 so the benthic community is likely to have changed since these surveys were conducted in May/June of 2012. This site has high scores for both LBSP and fishing access.

Accessibility Analysis (wave exposure) LBSP Low (avg and avg - 1 SD) High (>avg + 1 SD)

Benthic community Live coral Soft coral Observed coral species listed under the Dead coral NMFS ESA listing of 2014: NONE. Sand Rubble Pavement Macroalgae Turf algae Other invertebrates Crustose coralline algae

Fish community Fish size classes (cm) Herbivore Functional Groups 100 (biomass in kg/ha) Herbivores 80 Non-herbivores Grazers / Detritivores (13.47) 60

Scrapers / Excavators % 40 (3.75) Browsers 20 (5.13) 0 Herbivorous fish (n = 154) 0-10 >35 Non-herbivorous fish (n = 176) 11-15 16-20 21-25 26-30 31-35

Coral Quads: Acanthastrea brevis, Acropora aspera, Acropora cuneata, Acropora surculosa, Fungia scutaria, Goniastrea retiformis, Heliopora coerula, Isopora palifera, Montipora hoffmeisteri, Montipora monasteriata, Montipora nodosa, Pavona cactus, Pavona divaricata, Pocillopora damicornis, Stylocoeniella armata

Coral Swim: Acropora gemmifera, Acropora humilis, Acropora tenuis, Favia matthaii, Galaxea fascicularis, Leptoria Phrygia, Lobophyllia hemprichii, Pavona varians

Fish SPCs: Abudefduf sexfasciatus, Acanthurus lineatus, Acanthurus nigricans, Acanthurus nigrofuscus, Amphiprion chrysopterus, Canthigaster solandri, Chaetodon auriga, Chaetodon ephippium, Chaetodon lunula, Chaetodon melannotus, Chaetodon ulietensis, Chaetodon unimaculatus, Chlorurus sordidus, Ctenochaetus striatus, Gymnothorax undulatus, Halichoeres trimaculatus, Hemigymnus melapterus, Heniochus chrysostomus, Labrid sp., Labroides dimidiatus, Myripristis kuntee, Myripristis sp., Myripristis violacea, Naso lituratus, Neoniphon argenteus, Oxycirrhites typus, Sargocentron caudimaculatum, Scarus ghobban, Scarus psittacus, Siganus spinus, Stethojulis bandanensis, Stethojulis strigiventer, Thalassoma Hardwicke, Zanclus cornutus, Zebrasoma flavescens

Observers: S. McKagan, J. Maynard, and S. Johnson 84 86

United States Department of Commerce Penny S. Pritzker Secretary

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Dr. Kathryn D. Sullivan Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmospheres

National Ocean Service Dr. Russell Callender Assistant Administrator for the National Ocean Service

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