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MANEJO DE ENFERMEDADES Y PLAGAS EN EL CULTIVO DE GUAYABA Psidium Guajava L

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MANEJO DE ENFERMEDADES Y PLAGAS EN EL CULTIVO DE GUAYABA Psidium Guajava L MANEJO DE ENFERMEDADES Y PLAGAS EN EL CULTIVO DE GUAYABA Psidium guajava L. (Myrtaceae) EN EL NORTE DEL VALLE DEL CAUCA Carabalí Muñoz, Arturo; Murcia Riaño, Nubia; Ramos Villafañe, Yanet Patricia; Orozco, Freiman; Canacuan, Doris Elisa; Jaramillo, Alejandro; Marín, Gustavo / Manejo de enfermedades y plagas en el cultivo de guayaba Psidium guajava L. (Myrtaceae) en el norte del Valle del Cauca. Bogotá (Colombia): CORPOICA, 2013. 15 p. Palabras Clave: GUAYABA, CONTROL DE ENFERMEDADES, CONTROL DE PLAGAS, DAÑOS A LAS PLANTAS, GESTIÓN DE LUCHA INTEGRADA, INSECTOS DAÑINOS, VALLE DEL CAUCA-COLOMBIA Línea de atención al cliente: 018000121515 [email protected] www.corpoica.org.co ISBN: 978-958-740-133-2 CA: 2940 CUI: 1417 Boletín de investigación Primera edición Tiraje: 1000 ejemplares Diseño: Jorge E. Guzmán Mira Impreso en Colombia Printed in Colombia Contenido MANEJO DE ENFERMEDADES Y PLAGAS EN EL CULTIVO DE GUAYABA PSIDIUM GUAJAVA L. (MYRTACEAE) EN EL NORTE DEL VALLE DEL CAUCA 4 ENFERMEDADES 5 ANTRACNOSIS 5 ROYA 6 COSTRA O ROÑA 8 NEMATODOS 9 INSECTOS PLAGAS 10 ENROLLADOR DE LA GUAYABA 10 ESTADOS BIOLÓGICOS DEL ENROLLADOR DEL COGOLLO DE LA GUAYABA 10 HUEVO 10 LARVA 11 PUPA 12 ADULTO 13 DAÑOS Y SÍNTOMAS 13 BIBLIOGRAFÍA 15 Corpoica Manejo de enfermedades y plagas en el cultivo de guayaba Psidium guajava L. (Myrtaceae) en el norte del Valle del Cauca En Colombia, la guayaba Psidium guajava L. (Myrtaceae) se siembra entre los 0 y 1900 msnm. La mayor producción se concentra en los departamentos de Santander y Boyacá, con 54% del área sembrada. El Valle del Cauca participa con 16% de la produccion nacional y se destaca por tener un rendimiento promedio de 13,2 T.ha-1, el más alto del país después del departamento del Meta (Bolaños et al. 2011). En el Valle del Cauca, la mayor área sembrada es de la variedad comercial Palmira ICA1, conocida como guayaba pera por la forma del fruto y su color verde–amarillento.Las plantas en su madurez pueden alcanzar más de seis metros de altura, pero con un manejo adecuado de podas se pueden obtener cultivos con árboles productivos de hasta tres metros (Carrillo et al.2012). Corpoica, en el seguimiento fitosanitario realizado en los municipios del norte del Valle, La Unión, Toro, Roldanillo, Bolívar y La Victoria, y con los resultados de los análisis de muestras en el laboratorio de fitopatología de Corpoica C.I. Palmira, reportó que el cultivo de guayabo fue afectado por enfermedades como roya, antracnosis, roña y nematodos, presentando diferentes síntomas (Corpoica 2011). El aumento de estas enfermedades en campo está asociado principalmente con los cambios ocurridos a nivel climático, como son aumento en la precipitación y humedad relativa alta. En el cultivo de la guayaba se debe tener especial cuidado con la vigilancia, el monitoreo y el manejo de poblaciones de insectos plaga, entre las que se destacan la mosca de la fruta, Anastrepha spp. El picudo de la guayaba, Conotrachelus psidii Marshall; los Manejo de enfermedades ácaros Tegonotus guavae Boczek, Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) y el y plagas en el cultivo enrollador de las hojas Strepsicrates smithiana. de guayaba Psidium guajava L. (Myrtaceae) en el norte del Valle del 4 Cauca Manejo de enfermedades y plagas en el cultivo de guayaba Psidium guajava L. (Myrtaceae) en el norte del Valle del Cauca Enfermedades ANTRACNOSIS El hongo Colletotrichum gloesporioides Penz. se encontró afectando frutos verdes y maduros (Figura 1). Se presentan lesiones circulares necróticas hundidas de consistencia seca, con halos de color café que van tomando una coloración negra. En condiciones de afección fuerte, el fruto se momifica. a b Figura 1. Síntomas de antracnosis causado por Colletotrichum gloesporioides Penz. En frutos de guayaba en el norte del Valle del Cauca. a) síntomas y signos en frutos inmaduros, b) lesiones en frutos maduros. En las hojas se observan lesiones pequeñas y hundidas de color marrón (Figura 2). Cuando la humedad relativa es alta, las lesiones crecen, coalescen y llegan a deteriorar toda el área foliar. El hongo tiene gran capacidad de adaptación y variabilidad, lo que puede generar resistencia a fungicidas, sobre todo si se realizan aplicaciones de productos químicos de síntesis de manera frecuente. La presencia de esta enfermedad es continua cuando hay condiciones de humedad relativa alta (Lozano et al. 2002). 5 Corpoica a b Figura 2. Síntomas de antracnosis (Colletotrichum gloesporioides Penz.) afectando hojas de guayaba en el norte del Valle del Cauca. a) lesiones jóvenes dispersas, b) coalescencia de lesiones aumentando área afectada. Manejo Las medidas de manejo sugeridas de acuerdo con Lozano et al. (2002) consisten en: Podas sanitarias que proporcionen mayor aireación al cultivo. Realizar cosechas oportunas sin dejar madurar en exceso los frutos. Recolección de frutos maduros presentes en suelo, fertilizaciones edáficas con base a análisis de suelos, y elaboración de drenajes para evitar encharcamiento. Enterrar frutos enfermos para evitar la diseminación de inoculo del patógeno. Para el control químico se recomienda utilizar productos fungicidas con base en el ingrediente activo Mancozeb (Gutiérrez y Gutiérrez, 2003). ROYA El agente causal de la enfermedad se conoce como Puccinia psidii Wint y su mayor incidencia se presenta bajo condiciones de humedad relativa alta. Este patógeno se encontró en huertos afectando hojas y frutos de diferentes tamaños, pero principalmente en frutos verdes en desarrollo (Corpoica, 2011). En estado avanzado de la enfermedad se observan manchas cafés oscuras que se tornan necróticas, de diferente tamaño y sobre estas se presenta un desarrollo micelial con estructuras de reproducción de color amarillo oscuro y apariencia polvosa. Generalmente se produce la pérdida total de la hoja cuando las lesiones coalescen (Lozano et al. 2002). 6 Manejo de enfermedades y plagas en el cultivo de guayaba Psidium guajava L. (Myrtaceae) en el norte del Valle del Cauca La roya en frutos generalmente presenta síntomas similares a los de las hojas, con manchas oscuras de forma circular, que en un estado maduro se cubren de una masa algodonosa de color amarillo. Además, hay hundimiento del tejido afectado generando malformaciones que deterioran la calidad (Figura 3) (Lozano et al. 2002). En muchos casos, la ruptura del tejido a causa de la roya, permite la entrada a otros hongos que colonizan, degradan y pudren el tejido, generando la pérdida total de fruto (Lozano et al. 2002). En el seguimiento fitosanitario realizado a los cultivos, durante el año 2011, se presentaron niveles de incidencia de 70% (Corpoica, 2011). a b Figura 3. Síntomas y signos de roya (Puccinia psidii Wint.) en frutos de guayaba en el norte del Valle del Cauca. a) uredosporas que toman apariencia de polvillo amarillo, b) lesiones con desarrollo micelial de apariencia algodonosa. Manejo Para el manejo de la roya en el cultivo se deben realizar las siguientes prácticas según los sugerido por Lozano et al. (2002): Limpieza, podas y mantenimiento que permitan una buena aireación del huerto para reducir la humedad relativa. Control de las malezas para evitar hospederos transitorios del patógeno dentro del cultivo. Uso de productos químicos con base a los ingredientes activos Mancozeb y oxicloruro de cobre. 7 Corpoica COSTRA O ROÑA El clavo o costra de la guayaba es causado por el hongo Pestalotia versicolor. Se puede encontrar creciendo en diferentes órganos de la planta, como hojas, flores o frutos. En las hojas se observan manchas necróticas dispersas que al coalescer forman una mancha de mayor tamaño con apariencia de alquitran. Cuando se localiza sobre la superficie de frutos, se distribuye de forma irregular, al inicio se observan puntos negros o pústulas de forma globosa lenticular al principio cubiertas y posteriormente se levantan y rompen la cutícula tomando una apariencia de corcho (Insuasty et al. 2006; Lozano et al.2002) (Figura 4). Este hongo es favorecido por la humedad relativa alta y especialmente por el exceso de follaje en los árboles (Lozano et al.2002). a b Figura 4. Síntomas de costra o roña Pestalotia versicolor Speg. en guayaba en el norte del Valle del Cauca. a) lesiones en hojas con apariencia de alquitrán, b) en fruto lesiones necróticas con tejido corchoso. Manejo Según Insuasty et al. (2006) las medidas de manejo recomendadas consisten en: Realizar control de malezas, plateo y la limpieza alrededor de los árboles que permitan disminuir la humedad relativa en el lote. Realizar podas de ramas improductivas, enfermas o viejas para evitar focos de infección del hongo. El control químico es una alternativa para bajar los niveles de incidencia que afecten producción, se recomienda el uso de productos fungicidas con base en el ingrediente activo Kasugamicin aplicados en dosis y frecuencias recomendadas. 8 Manejo de enfermedades y plagas en el cultivo de guayaba Psidium guajava L. (Myrtaceae) en el norte del Valle del Cauca NEMATODOS Los nematodos son mesoorganismos parásitos que afectan las plantas a nivel de diferentes órganos, Meloidogyne spp es uno de los más importantes en el cultivo de guayabo y ha sido registrado en el departamento del Valle del Cauca, y en el departamento de Caldas en cultivos comerciales de guayaba Palmira ICA 1, Manzana, afectando el sistema radical (Mosquera et al. 1997; Guzmán y Castaño, 2010, Bolaños et al. 2011). Los árboles susceptibles que son afectados por estos nematodos presentan en la parte aérea un amarillamiento o clorosis generalizada, pobre desarrollo y debilitamiento de la planta (Figura 5). A nivel de sistema radical se forman agallas o nudosidades en raíces jóvenes, y en estados avanzados, cuando hay altas poblaciones en el suelo, se presenta deformación y necrosis en la raíz principal y pérdida de las raíces secundarias, que puede causar perdida de anclaje y volcamiento del árbol (Mosquera et al. 1995, Mosquera et al. 1997). Las heridas causadas por estos fitoparásitos permiten la entrada de otros hongos que causan pudriciones de la raíz (Mosquera et al.
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