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Mangrove Clam Polymesoda Erosa (Solander 1876) in the Mangrove Ecosystem

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Mangrove Clam Polymesoda Erosa (Solander 1876) in the Mangrove Ecosystem ECOLOGY AND POPULATION DYNAMICS OF THE MANGROVE CLAM POLYMESODA EROSA (SOLANDER 1876) IN THE MANGROVE ECOSYSTEM Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In Marine Science Goa University By Miss Sandhya Clemente M.Sc. National Institute of Oceanography Dona-Paula, Goa • F INDIA s i/o R 4'--415nder the Guidance of Dr. B.S. Ingole Scientist F Biological Oceanography Division National Institute of Oceanography Dona-Paula, Goa August 2007 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the thesis entitled ' Ecology and Population Dynamics of the Mangrove Clam Polymesoda erosa (Solander, 1876) in the Mangrove Ecosystem' submitted by Sandhya Clemente for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Marine Science is based on original studies carried by her under my supervision. The thesis or any part thereof has not been previously submitted for any degree or diploma in any Universities or Institutions. Place: Dona Paula r. B.S. ng i le Date: AD, .2,0 0+ Research Guide r--0-Tri-4-7-<">'■ 7 - 17 .6' N \ Scientist, /0 ,„ css s , ,National Institute of Oceanography if - ' T ----------- — -4 n 41 1 ,.. ; [i ,I . ,, I onaD Paula, Goa-403 004 i i I f - ,/, -Vet. Co- 1- g.--e-4-1_;144) e_x;72 .e/) 1-rDvo 9_7O cvvvo 'NI. 7'S kfia,i e DECLARATION As required under the University Ordinance 0.19.8 (iv), I hereby declare that the present thesis entitled 'Ecology and Population Dynamics of the Mangrove Clam Polymesoda erosa (Solander, 1876) in the Mangrove Ecosystem' is my original work carried out in the National Institute of Oceanography, Dona-Paula, Goa and the same has not been submitted in part or in full elsewhere for any other degree or diploma. To the best of my knowledge, the present research is the first comprehensive work of its kind from the area studied. Sandhya Clemente ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Finally, this thesis is a result of four and half years of work whereby I have been accompanied and supported by many people. It is a pleasant aspect that I have now the opportunity to express my gratitude for all of them. First of all, I express my sincere and deep gratitude to my guide, Dr. B.S. Ingole for being a patient supervisor and for supporting this work with ideas, criticism, encouragement, etc. I would like to gratefully acknowledge the supervision of Dr. Rivonkar as a co- guide during this work. I am grateful to Dr. Satish Shetye, Director, National Institute of Oceanography, Goa and Dr. Ehlrich D,Sa, Former Director NIO, Goa, for providing me the necessary facilities to carry out this research work. I am grateful to Dr. G.N. Nayak, Head, Marine Science Dept., Goa University, for allowing me to register for Ph.D in his Dept. I would also like to thank all the members of my PhD committee who monitored my work and took effort in reading my reports and providing me with valuable comments. My thanks are due Dr. Dhargalkar, Dr.Rathod and Dr. Verlekar. During all these years I have known Dr. Dhargalkar to be concerned about my academics. Dr. Rathod was always there to help out in anything at anytime. I am very thankful, to Mr. Shaik, Mr. Mahesh, Mr. Chitari, and Mr. Pawaskar for the photography and drawings. My thanks are due Dr. T.C. Vidya, Institute of Science, Bangalore for her timely help in aiding me in understanding the Statistica package. I would also like to thank P.P. Shen, for providing the manuscripts related to my work. I am very thankful to Sanitha, who was there with me since the beginning of this research and also inspired me in conceiving the ideas for this thesis and has helped thereafter whenever needed. A special thanks goes to Kishan, Janhavi, Reshma, Mandar to whom I have known for many years now and who showed to be kind, mostly helpful and trustful friends. I am deeply indebted to them for embarking with me on this thesis journey. I could not have wished for better friends and colleagues. Since my work was based on sampling conducted in the interior mangrove forest areas, it would have been impossible for me to enter the forests alone. I especially thank my colleagues who regularly accompanied me to the field irrespective of the weather conditions. Sini has always been by my side for everything — especially offering continual support that fuelled my skills in handling the computer over the years- a big Thank-You Rouchelle and Vinod are thanked for everything they did for me especially for their assistance with technical problems related to glasswares, chemicals and instruments whenever needed. Though I came close to Joereen very recently, her readiness in helping in anything I wanted to do is something which I am greatly indebted and also for her help in getting my thesis much formal in a correct way. For providing me with a very challenging environment when I needed and for the numerous discussions we had related to research, I want to thank Shantanu. I had the pleasure to supervise and work with students- Kuldeep and Russell, who worked in my project and have been somehow beneficial for this thesis. My thanks are due to Aditya, Rubail and Sabya for their support and help rendered to me in whatever things I wanted. My thanks are also due to Mr. Muske, Kiran and Santosh from Kolhapur University for their help in providing me with the necessary literature. I acknowledge, Lidita, Dattesh, Samir and Sushma, for their eagerness in helping me whenever needed. Being in NIO, gave me an opportunity to meet many good friends Ramila, Priya, Sharon, Siddhi, Christine, Shamina, Xavita, Christabelle, Suraksha, Ibtisam, Shilpa, Jane, Veronica, Manguesh, Chetan, Ravi, Sahana, Karma, Sandeep, Chaitanya, Uddhav, Aneesh, Pawan, Santosh, and Dhillan. I thank you all for your help and support and also having shared many experiences and thoughts with me throughout the last years. I am grateful to my friends Alba, Teja and Rosila from Goa University, for being the surrogate family during the many years I stayed there and for their continued moral support thereafter. Finally, I have to say 'thank-you' to: all the members of my family, wherever they are. A very special thank you to my uncle Paulo, who always took pride in whatever I did and was actually the person who inspired me to do this Ph.D. I am forever indebted to my parents and feel a deep sense of gratitude for my mother who formed part of my vision and taught me the good things that really matter in life, which provides a persistent inspiration for my journey in this life. I am grateful for my brothers, Seby and Manuel for rendering me all the support I could expect from brothers. My cousin Jerry, Lazia, Franky, Succour, Elisha, Macklon, Akash, Elish, Aron, Daniel and all my small lovely dolls Eva, Sara, Joyce and lisa are all fondly remembered for their sweet smiles and love. In particular, I would like to thank Josephine for being the best friend one could ever ask, for her understanding, endless patience and encouragement when it was most required and for her "long" phone calls! Last but not least, all my words fall short to thank that one person who made me a happy person and gave me the extra strength, motivation and love necessary to get things done. The chain of my gratitude would be definitely incqmplete if I would forget to thank the first cause of this chain, the 'Almighty God'. My deepest gratitude and reverence to God for inspiring and guiding to such a peak. THANK YOU ALL!! "Focus on where you want to go, instead of where you have been." - John M. Templeton This thesis is dedicated to my loving parents CONTENTS Page no. CHAPTER 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1.1 The Mangrove Ecosystem 2-6 1.2 Threat to biodiversity 6-7 1.3 Man and Molluscs 7-8 1.4 Bivalves 8-12 1.5 Need to study the unknown bivalves like P. erosa 12 1.5.1 Documentation and Conservation 12-13 1.5.2 Food Security 13-14 1.6 The clam resources of India 14-15 1.7 Polymesoda erosa — hope for the future 15-17 1.8 Aims and objectives 17-19 1.8.1 Objectives 19 1.9 Significance of the study 19 CHAPTER 2: STUDY AREA AND SAMPLING 2.1 Description of study sites (for distribution and abundance) 20 2.1.1 Shirgoa and Kalbadevi, Ratnagiri 20-21 2.1.2 Kolamb creek, Malvan 21-22 2.1.3 Terekhol and Sinquerim Goa 22-23 2.1.4 Alvenondi-Alvekodi Island, Kumta 23 2.2 Choice for selecting Chorao as site for comprehensive study 23 2.3 Description of Chorao island 24 2.3.1 Location 24 2.3.2 The Mandovi River 24-26 2.3.3 Tides and currents in the Mandovi estuary 26 2.3.4 Chorao island 26-27 2.3.5 Climatological Features 27-28 2.4 Sampling 28 2.4.1 Sampling protocol 28 2.4.2 Sampling Design 28-29 2.4.3 Sampling for clam population 29 2.4.4 Sampling of environmental parameters 29-30 (Sediment and Water) CHAPTER 3: MORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES 3.1 Introduction 31-32 3.2 Materials and Methods 32-33 3.2.1 Growth measurements 34 3.2.2 Size at first maturity 34 3.2.3 Sex ratio 34 3.2.4 Morphometric relationship 34-35 3.3 Results 35 3.3.1 Structural Morphology 35 3.3.1.1 The Shell 35-36 3.3.1.2 The Siphons 36 3.3.1.3 The pedal gape 37 3.4 Size variation of P.
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