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Relationships Between Czechs and Slovaks in the United States During the First World War

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Relationships Between Czechs and Slovaks in the United States During the First World War Nebraska History posts materials online for your personal use. Please remember that the contents of Nebraska History are copyrighted by the Nebraska State Historical Society (except for materials credited to other institutions). The NSHS retains its copyrights even to materials it posts on the web. For permission to re-use materials or for photo ordering information, please see: http://www.nebraskahistory.org/magazine/permission.htm Nebraska State Historical Society members receive four issues of Nebraska History and four issues of Nebraska History News annually. For membership information, see: http://nebraskahistory.org/admin/members/index.htm Article Title: Relationships between Czechs and Slovaks in the United States during the First World War Full Citation: Karel Pichlík, “Relationships between Czechs and Sklovaks in the United States during the First World War,” Nebraska History 74 (1993): 189-194 URL of article: http://www.nebraskahistory.org/publish/publicat/history/full-text/NH1993CARelationships.pdf Date: 3/23/2015 Article Summary: Pichlík describes the rapport of Czech and Slovak ethnic organizations in the United States during the fight for an independent Czechoslovakia. During this exceptional period the interests of their adopted country coincided with the aspirations of their Old World relatives. Cataloging Information: Names: Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, Albert Mamatey, Jan Janák, Milan Ratislav Štefánik, Štefan Osuský Place Names: Slovakia, Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia, Hungary, Russia Czech and Slovak Organizations in the US: Slovak League, Bohemian National Alliance of America, Union of Czecho-Slovak Associations Keywords: American Enlightenment; Czech Foreign Committee (later Czechoslovak National Council); Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk; Milan Ratislav Štefánik; Štefan Osuský; Cleveland Agreement, 1915; Kiev Memorandum, 1916; Pittsburg Agreement, 1918; Czechoslovak Army Photographs / Images: fig 68: ZČBJ lodge Jan Kollár 101, near DuBois; fig 69: map of Europe showing the Czech lands; fig 70: Omaha author Jan Janák; fig 71: Woodrow Wilson and Tomáš Masaryk, depicted on the backdrop curtain from the Vyšehrad ZČBJ Hall, Niobrara; fig 72: group at the Stamford, Connecticut, recruiting center for the Czechoslovak Army in France; fig 73: Czech-American troops at the Stamford recruiting center RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CZECHS AND SLOVAKS IN THE UNITED STATES DURING THE FIRST WORLD WAR By Karel Pichlik This article addresses the compli­ the circumstances, events, and deci­ In order that the Czech and Slovak cated and controversial history of sions at the origin of the Czechoslovak past may be better understood today, I cooperation between Czech-Americans Republic during the First World War. have decided in this article to address and Slovak-Americans during the First It is widely believed in Slovakia that the history of the mutual relationship World War in helping Czechs and the Czechs in the first Czechoslovak between American Czech and Slovak Slovaks overseas fight for an indepen­ Republic did not keep the promises and ethnic organizations during the fight dent Czechoslovakia. Eventually a agreements that were concluded in the for an independent Czechoslovakia. mutually perceived need for coopera­ United States between the Czechoslovak This struggle began in the spring of tion came to prevail over differences of National Council CCeskoslovens!ai 1915 when a group of Czech politi­ opinion regarding the nature and struc­ Narodni Rada) and representatives of cians, led by Professor Tomas Garrigue ture of the new Czechoslovak state; but American Czech and Slovak ethnic Masaryk, announced its intention to after independence was won, neither organizations. create an independent Czechoslovak these differences of opinion nor the means of their wartime resolution ever ceased to be topics for political discus­ sion and historical analysis.' Such reassessment has always involved the interests and somewhat different his­ torical experiences of two proud nationalities. On January 1, 1993, Czechoslovakia split into two independent states: the Czech Republic and the Slovak Repub­ lic. On the causes and probable conse­ quences of the establishment of these new republics, judgements and opin­ ions have been expressed which do not always fit the historical facts. Though most Czechs reluctantly agreed to allow this division to take place as the least undesirable of a number of bad alternatives, increasing numbers of Czechs began in 1992 to question the wisdom of their ever having entered into a common state with the Slovaks. Some Slovak publicists and commenta­ tors still seek to find the causes of the recent breakup of Czechoslovakia in Dr. Karel Pichlik is director ofthe Fig.68. ZGBJ lodge Jan Kollar 101 near Dubois. Nebraska. whose members built their Historical Institute of the Army ofthe hall and theatre in 1921. is named after the Czech-language poet who promoted the Czech Republic in Prague unity ofall Slavic peoples. (D . Murphy) 189 ........ ....... Kingdom of Bohemia, c.l400 ------ Habsburg Empire, 1718 -"'-'" Austria-Hungary/ Austro-Hungarian Empire, 1914 confidence for two peoples fighting ..--_/- Czechoslovakia, 1919 together to create an independent state. --- Czech Republic, 1993 This idea gave expression to what appeared to be the most advantageous solution to the difficulties of maintain­ Warsaw ing Slovak national existence. At the time of the disintegration of the Habsburg Monarchy in October 1918, the primarily agrarian Slovak people did not possess the material means to achieve an independent national exist­ ence; and to have remained a part of Hungary would have meant subjecting themselves to a continuation of that aggressive Magyarization that had severely oppressed them from 1867 to 1918 and threatened their survival as a distinct Slavic nationality. 3 On the other hand, the idea of a unified Czechoslovak nation, both in its definition and possible implementation, was the source of serious disputes between Czechs and Slovaks at home and abroad. In the interest of defeating Germany and Austria-Hungary, these disputes were soft-pedaled during the war but were never resolved or over­ come.4 Although during the war, the idea of a 'unified nation gradually Fig.69. Map ofEurope showing the Czech lands. prevailed among the inhabitants of the Czech lands and Slovakia, the situation state on the basis of a British, French, vaks could build upon their coopera­ was more complicated among Czech and Russian victory in the war begun tion-forged by wartime necessity-to and Slovak immigrants, emigres, and by Germany and Austria-Hungary in create together a single, unified politi­ expatriates in Russia and the United August 1914 (fig. 69).2 Very concrete cal nation in spite of their speaking two States. Czech interests conditioned all efforts different but mutually intelligible For Slovaks residing in Russia, the to create this independent state through languages and having had different traditional idea of Pan-Slavic mutuality the combination of the provinces of cultural traditions and historical experi­ was still alive. Many of the Slovaks in Bohemia, Moravia, and Austrian ences. Surely this effort to create a Russia therefore advocated the creation Silesia with the counties of northern unified Czechoslovak nation was also of an independent Slovakia under Hungary, where most Slovaks lived. an expression of kinship, for which one Russian patronage and would even One Czech objective in joining could hardly find an analogy anywhere have preferred the eventual annexation Slovakia to the historic Kingdom of else in the world (fig. 68). For the of Slovakia to Russia over its integra­ Bohemia was to break out of German Czechs, uniting with Slovaks was also tion with the Czech lands in any encirclement by establishing a strategic a political necessity: only by this means Czechoslovak state. These Slovaks connection with Russia by means of a could they obtain overwhelming nu­ were, of course, supported by the high­ Slovak corridor. Many Czechs also merical superiority over the German­ est political authorities in Czarist Rus­ persuaded themselves or were per­ speaking minority of three million in sia, who saw in this Slovak affection suaded by the eloquence of T. G. the new Czechoslovak state. for Russia a possibility for realizing Masaryk to expect that, given sufficient The idea of a unified Czechoslovak Russian expansionistic goals and inter­ time and good will, Czechs and Slo­ nation was also a source of strength and ests in the eastern part of Central Europe.5 190 Pichlik . Czech and Slovak Relationships In the United States, Slovak separat­ states of Illinois or Pennsylvania can­ nation in Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia, ism and desire for national indepen­ not and may not interfere in the internal and Slovakia."9 dence had different roots. At the matters of New York state. "7 During the first year of the war, the beginning of the First World War, The same words - the United States greatest obstacle to close cooperation American Slovaks numbered approxi­ of Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia, and between American Czech and Slovak mately one-fifth of all Slovaks world­ Slovakia - had already been published organizations and the leaders of the wide and constituted the most by Jan Janak, the editor of the Czech Czech political emigration, including consolidated and politically active Professor Masaryk, was the unwilling­ Slovak ethnic group in the world. ness of these organizations to commit Their opinions were influenced by the themselves to explicit
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