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Case Study of Oguta Lake, Southeastern Nigeria C 8112 C. A. Ahiarakwem et al./ Elixir Pollution 46 (2012) 8112-8116 Available online at www.elixirpublishers.com (Elixir International Journal) Pollution Elixir Pollution 46 (2012) 8112-8116 Constituent budget and flushing model of a tropical fresh water lake: case study of Oguta lake, southeastern Nigeria C. A. Ahiarakwem*, G.I. Nwankwor and A.I.Opara. Department of Geosciences, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria. ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: The water budget, constituent budget and flushing model of Oguta Lake were determined Received: 8 March 2012; using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS), digital meters and standard equations. Received in revised form: Results revealed that the total annual water inflow into the lake is about 29,461,800m 3 while 15 April 2012; the total annual outflow is about 13,476,300m 3 which implies a water storage of Accepted: 28 April 2012; 16,185,500m 3/year. The investigation further revealed that about 87.6% of the total water inflow into the lake comes from channel flow from Rivers Njaba, Utu and Awbana while Keywords about 70.2% of the water outflow is from channel outflow. Similarly, there seems to be Constituent budget, continuous loading of constituents into the lake but at a very low rate; the low loading rate is Flushing rate, actually attributed to the moderately high flushing rate of constituents in the lake. Total -1 Atomic absorption spectrophotometer, alkalinity has the highest loading rate (0.40 mgl /year) while phosphate has the lowest -1 Eutrophication and (0.003 mgl /year). The results also showed that the highest annual maximally flushed Niger Delta. constituent in the lake is bicarbonate while the lowest is magnesium. The lake witnessed low influx of nutrients (phosphate, nitrate and dissolved silica) during the study period thus indicating low level of eutrophication. Excessive flushing rate can cause nutrient imbalance and this can alter the resource status and usefulness of the lake. In conclusion, the constituent budget and flushing model of the Oguta lake are therefore favorable for water supply , irrigation activities and fisheries development. © 2012 Elixir All rights reserved. Introduction from surface water resources; hence another way of monitoring Oguta Lake is the largest natural fresh water resource in nutrient imbalance in water. Imo State, Southeastern Nigeria. It is located in a low – lying The Oguta Lake is of tremendous benefit to the local platform (about 50m) within approximately latitudes 5 0 41 1 and community and environs as well as the Imo State Government of 50 44 1 North and longitudes 6 0 45 1 and 6 0 51 1 East (Fig.1). The Nigeria. To the former, it is the main source of domestic water maximum and mean depths of the lake are 8.0 and 5.5m supply and is also useful for transportation, recreation, fishing respectively while the length of the shoreline is 10km. The and sand mining activities. To the latter, it provides a focal point surface areas of the lake during the dry and wet seasons are 1.8 for research, tourism development and other recreation and 2.5km 2 respectively. The lake is believed to have originated activities. from a natural depression. Climate, geomorphology and geology of the study area Although some studies (Ahiarakwem, 2007; Ahiarakwem, The study area (Fig. 1) is located within the equatorial rain 2011; Nwadiaro and Umeham, 1985;Odigi and Nwadiaro, 1988) forest belt with a mean annual rainfall of 2,500mm, most of have been carried out in some aspects of the lake. However, the which falls between the months of May and October. This water budget, the constituent budget and flushing rate of the lake period is characterized by moderate temperatures and high are yet to be fully established. The Lake Chad in North Eastern relative humidity. The months of November to April have scanty Nigeria, for instance is currently witnessing a rapid decline in rains, higher temperatures and low relative humidity (National water storage and this has been linked to the effect of climate Root Crop Research Institute, 2011). The vegetation cover of the change. There is need therefore for regular monitoring of the area is characterized by shrubs, short trees, Indian bamboo, palm water budget of our surface water resources as this could help in trees and raffia palms. However, most of the rain forest has been detecting the ones that are having water budget deficit. Water removed due to human activities in the study area (such as oil budget analysis is therefore essential in sustainable development and natural gas exploration/exploitation as well as construction of water resources. Similarly, the constituent budget of a tropical of civil structures). lake is essential in the monitoring of the nutrient balance of The modern Niger delta started its growth after the lakes and other surface water resources. Excessive loading of Paleocene transgression which was followed by a cycle of nutrients can cause water pollution; it can also cause nutrient deposition in the Eocene and continued till the present day (chemical) imbalance of the water resource. High influx of (Hospers, 1965). The local geological setting of Oguta Lake nutrients (phosphates, nitrate and dissolved silica) into surface indicates that it falls within the Benin Formation which consists water resources causes eutrophication. In addition, the flushing of friable sands with intercalations of shale/clay lenses and some rate gives an idea of the quantity of nutrients that are released isolated units of gravels, conglomerates and very coarse sandstones (Ananaba et. al ., 1993). It is Pliocene to Miocene in Tele: E-mail addresses: [email protected] © 2012 Elixir All rights reserved 8113 C. A. Ahiarakwem et al./ Elixir Pollution 46 (2012) 8112-8116 age and has a mean thickness of about 800m around the study chemical oxygen demand (BOD 5 ) was determined after area (Avbovbo, 1978). The surface geology of the Oguta area incubating the sample in the dark at 20 oC for five days and shows that it is characterized by ferruginized sands that are measuring the amount of oxygen that has been consumed. The occasionally pebbly and massively bedded (Odigi and constituents considered in the constituent budget are sodium, Nwadiaro, 1988). calcium, magnesium, potassium, bicarbonate, sulphate, chloride, nitrate, dissolved silica, bio- chemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen and total alkalinity. The constituent budget (C b) is expressed as shown in equation 1 (Clark et. al., 1977) . Cb = C u – C o = ………………………………………(1) where, C u= constituent input per time ;C o = constituent output per time; change in the concentration of constituent and .The change in the concentration of constituents was determined by comparing the current chemical data with that of Umeham and Nwadiaro (1985 ). The water budget of Oguta Lake was computed using both approximate methods and standard equations (Clark et. al., 1977). The general equation for computation of water budget is as given below: ( I o + I s + I g +P +R ) – ( E + T +G s + Q s + W ) = S ………………………………………………………..……(2) Where I o = Overland flow, I s = Channel inflow, I g = Groundwater inflow, P =Precipitation, R= Return flow, E= Evaporation, T= Three rivers are associated with the Oguta Lake. Two of the Transpiration, G s= Seepage, Q s= Channel outflow, W= rivers (Njaba and Awbana) flows into the Lake while the third Withdrawal and S = Storage. Some of the components (return (Utu) flows into the lake only during the rainy season (Fig. 1). flow, overland flow, evaporation and transpiration) were The Orashi River flows past the lake at its southwestern end. estimated using approximate methods because of the paucity of The Oguta Lake is believed to have originated as an ox- bow hydrological gage stations at the lake. The channel inflows into lake from the Orashi River (Odigi and Nwadiaro, 1988). Apart Oguta Lake were from Rivers Njaba, Utu and Awbana. The from these rivers, there is also input from precipitation (rainfall) channel inflow (I s ) was computed using equation 3 below. as large volumes of runoff and storm water flows directly into I s = AV …………………………………………………………...(3) the river. Where A = Channel area and V = Velocity of the river. The channel inflow for the respective rivers are given as: I s (Awbana 3 3 3 River) = 0.18 m /s = 5,676,000 m /year , I s (Njaba River) = 0.50 m /s = 3 3 18, 760,000 m /year, I s (Utu River) = 0.15 m /s = 2,365,200 m3/year.In addition, precipitation (P) was estimated using the surface areas in wet and dry seasons as in equation 4 below P= (S w - S d) )x D x 180 ……………………….….(4) Where S w and S d= surface area of the lake during wet and dry seasons respectively, D = Mean depth of the lake, P= 700m2 3 x5.5m x 180=693,000 m /year, Overland flow (I o) and Return flow (R) were assumed to be 20% and 10% of precipitation 3 respectively. Accordingly, I o = 138,500m /year while R= 69,300m 3/year. Similarly, Groundwater inflow is given as: (I g ) = Q/2A……………………………………..…(5) Where A= width of flow area and Q= flow per unit length; Ig= 0.875m 3/s = 2,759,400m 3/year; E = 277,100m 3/year and T= 138,600m 3/year.Evaporation (E) and Transpiration (T ) were assumed to be 40 and 20% of precipitation respectively. Seepage Materials and methods (G s) was computed using equation 6 below: Surface water samples were obtained at five gage stations Gs = KH/2A ……………………………………….…..(6) (S 1 to S 5) located at equal distances of 2 km along the stretch of Where, K= Hydraulic conductivity, H= Water level difference 3 3 the lake (Fig. 1).
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