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Nauru 1888-1900 NAURU 1888-1900 An account in German and English based on official records of the Colonial Section of the German Foreign Office held by the Deutsches Zentralarchiv in Potsdam By Wilhelm Fabricius Translated and edited by Dymphna Clark and Stewart Firth Division of Pacific and Asian History, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, Canberra 1992 ·NAURU 1888-1900 dargestellt an Hand von Aktenstiicken der Kolonialabteilung des AuswartigenAmts aus den Bestanden des Deutschen Zentralarchivs in Potsdam Wilhelm Fabricius Ubersetzt und herausgegeben von Dymphna Clark und Stewart Firth Jetzt muss aufjedem Felsen eine Flagge wehen! Paul Valery Tagebiicher 1895 Gewidmet S.Exz. Berm Hammer deRoburt, dem ersten Priisidenten der RepublikNauru, der sein Volle in die Unabhiingigkeit fiihrte Rosemarie Fabricius Copyright: 1992 This work is copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study, research, criticism or review as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part may be reproduced by any process without written permission. by Cover ANU Graphic Design Maps by Kathie Mason, Macquarie University ISBN 0-7315-1367-3 Published by the DIVISION OF PACIFIC AND ASIAN HISTORY, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, Canberra. Division of Pacific and Asian History Research School of Pacific Studies Australian National University GPO Box Canberra ACT Australia 4, 2601 INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Vorwort .... ....... .. ........... .......................v Wilhelm Christian Fabricius, 1920-1988 . .. ...vi Einleitung . ... ......... ... ............ ... .. .. ... ix Der Handel und der Flagge: Die Voraussetzungen und die Vorbereitungen der Besitznahme Naurus durch das Deutsche Reich ................................••.....••1 Die Gewalt und der Friede: Die Besitznahme Naurus am 2. Oktober 1888 . • . .. .. .. 38 Der Wechsel und das Beharren: Das Volk von Nauru unter der Fremdherrschaft . .. .. .. .. 63 Nachwort ... ..... ..... ............ ...................12 6 Anlagen . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... 130 VORWORT Wie diese Dokumentensammlung deutlich beweist, sind die Archivbestande, die sich mit der Kolonialpolitik des friiheren Deutschen Reiches in der Siidsee befassen, erstaunlich umfangreich. So griindlich jedoch hat Wilhelm Fabricius sie durchforscht, dass er fast alle wichtigen Dokumente gefunden hat, die sich auf das deutsche Schutzgebiet Nauru vor 1900 beziehen. Die Zahl derselben haben wir deshalb um bloss drei vermehrt, die in dieser Ausgabe die Nummern 1, 9 und 23 tragen. Er hat uns den Weg als Herausgeber und Ubersetzer geebnet, wofiir wir ihm Dank schulden. Der Deutschen Botschaft in Canberra und dem Deutschen Auswartigen Arnt sind wir ebenfalls fur finanzielle Unterstiitzung verpflichtet, sowie dem Division of Pacific and Asian History, Australian National University, fiir die freundlich gewahrte Hilfe bei der Bearbeitung des Textes. Julie Gordon, Karen Hall und Jude Shanahan haben die Ubersetzung recht fachmannisch getippt; Dorothy Macintosh und Donald Denoon leisteten auf manch andere Weise hochgeschatzten Beistand; Dr Peter Sack liess uns seine eingehenden Fachkenntnisse zugute kommen; und Frau Dr Elke Schmitz, Botschaftsratin der Deutschen Botschaft in Canberra, ermunterte uns immer wieder aufs Neue. Allen sprechen wir unsern herzlichen Dank aus. Wir machten den Leser darauf hinweisen, dass in diesen Dokumenten die Bezeichnungen fiir Inseln und Ortschaften in mehreren abweichenden Schreibweisen vorkommen, die wir unverandert wiedergeben. Dymphna Clark Stewart Firth Canberra and Sydney, March 1992 WILHELM CHRISTIAN F ABRICIUS, 1920-1988 Zwei Tage hatte der neue Botschafter der Bundesrepublik Wilhelm Fabricius auf Nauru verbracht als er im Marz 1985 in seinen Amtsbezirk Canberra zuriickkehrte. Sein Aufenthalt als Gast des Prasidenten Hammer DeRoburt und seiner Regierung hatte ihn in Beriihrung mit den Bewohnern des Inselstaats gebracht, dessen bewegte, oft schicksalhafte Geschichte i.iber 26 Jahre lang mit der des .deutschen Kaiserreichs eng verbunden war. Dies hatte in ihm den Wunsch geweckt sich naher mit den Jahren der deutschen Schutzherrschaft zwischen 1888 und 1914 zu beschaftigen, wozu ihm sein Ruhestand, den er ein halbes Jahr spater antrat, willkommene Musse lieh. In den Archiven der australischen N ationalbibliothek fand sich reiches Studienmaterial: Dokumente, Schriftverkehr, z. T. auf Mikrofilm. Andere Quellen fanden sich im Department of Foreign Affairs, genug um die Grundlage zu einer Abhandlung iiber diese Zeit zu liefern. Der Entschluss eine solche zu schreiben war langst gereift. Die drei Jahre, die Fabricius verblieben> waren mit Arbeiten dazu reichlich ausgefiillt. Das Manuskript "Nauru 1888" in deutscher Sprache wurde 1988 in Druck gegeben. Er lebte nicht mehr, als wir die 30 Exemplare, die er zur Verteilung unter Verwandten, Freunden und Interessenten vorgesehen hatte, vom Buchbinder abholten. Die Kulturabteilung des Auswartigen Amts unter der Leitung von Ministerialdirigent Dr Witte erbot sich 1989 das kleine Werk, das die Besitzergreifung und die darauffolgenden 10 J ahre beschreibt, in die englische Sprache iibersetzen zu lassen, um es in zweisprachiger Ausgabe zu veroffentlichen. Wir schulden Herrn Dr Witte grossen Dank fiir seine Hilfe in der Bereitstellung der dafiir notigen Mittel. Wilhelm Christian Fabricius wurde am 25. August 1920 in Darmstadt geboren. Seine Jugendjahre verbrachte er in Saloniki, Istanbul und Ankara, wo sein Yater als Beamter des Auswartigen Amts, zunachst im Dienst des Kaiserreichs, spater der vii Weimarer Republik und des nationalsozialistischen Reichs, diplomatische Posten innehatte. Vater Fabricius, Klassizist und Sammler antiker Kunst, schatzte sich gliicklich iiber lange Jahre hinaus mit seiner Familie im Mittelmeerraum stationiert zu sein. Sonntagsausfliige nach Troja, Reisen nach Pergam.on oder Ephesus, Segeltouren im Dodekanes weckten des Jungen friihes Interesse und seine nie erkaltende Liebe zu der alten Kultur und der wechselvollen Geschichte dieser Gegenden. Es war nur der An.fang eines das Leben hindurch anhaltenden Interesses fiir die europaische Vergangenheit: "Wer von ihr nichts weiss, irrt leicht in der Gegenwart", sagte er einmal. Sicherlich hatte das Leben an den warmen Ufem unter einem meist freundlichen Himmel Einfluss auf den Charakter des dort Aufwachsenden. Heiterkeit und Gleichmut waren die Grundstimmungen, die sich der Erwachsene auch in schwierigen Situationen seines spateren Berufslebens bewahrte. Das Leben in der Fam.ilie, die von Istanbul nach der neuen Hauptstadt Ankara umgezogen war, endete mit seinem vierzehnten Lebensjahr als er in das Landschulheim und humanistische Gymnasium Schondorf am Ammersee einzog. Er blieb dort bis zur Abitur und begann in Miinchen 1939 Jura zu studieren, wurde aber schon im ersten Kriegsjahr zur Wehrmacht einberufen und konnte erst nach dem Krieg sein Studium fortsetzen. Er schloss dieses am 21. August 1952 mit der grossen juristischen Staatspriifung an der Universitat Miinchen ab. Im Friihjahr des gleichen Jahres war er in den Ausbildungskurs der 4. Crew, der in Speyer stattfand, eingetreten und wurde eineinhalb Jahre spater als Anwarter in den wiedererstandenen Auswartigen Dienst aufgenommen. Die folgenden 41 Jahre stieg Fabricius stetig die Sprossen der Karriereleiter empor. Frau und Kinder teilten sein Nomadenleben, das sie in den Hauptstadten von USA, Canada, Europa und Australien immer wieder ihre Zelte fiir ein paar kurze Jahre aufschlagen hiess. Von seinen Posten waren ihm die Jahre als Kabinettschef des Kommissars Botschafter H. Krekeler in der jungen Europaischen Gemeinschaft der Sechs die wichtigsten und interessantesten. Es war " .. .'die Zeit des Enthusiasmus', wie viii die Historiker diese erste Phase einer Bewegung nennen " ... in der das schier Unmogliche moglich wird". Die Kunst multilateralen Verhandelns, die er in diesen Jahren seinen Vorgesetzten, darunter besonders Professor Walter Hallstein, abgeschaut hatte, war ihm Vorbild und nfitzlich besonders wahrend seiner Zeit als Botschafter und Mitglied des Exekutivrats bei der UNESCO in Paris, wenn es galt sich an "Grosskampftagen" mit den zahlreichen Interessengruppen dieser Organisation auseinanderzusetzen. Er hatte bald den Ruf des gewandten Redners und zahen Unterhandlers gewonnen. Generaldirektor M'Bow sagte ihm am Ende einer zweiseitigen Verhandlung: "Zur nachsten Runde mit Ihnen lasse ich mich von meinen Lowen begleiten". Fabricius kehrte im Jahr 1980 als Botschafter auf den australischen Posten zurfick, wo er vor 20 Jahren in der Rolle des "Zweiten" gedient hatte. Damals hatte er, engagierter Historiker, zur 50jahrigen Wiederkehr der Versenkung des Kreuzers Emden durch den australischen Kreuzer Sydney eine Kranzniederlegung am Grab des unbekannten Soldaten in Canberra und daran anschliessend ein Versohnungsfest fur Uberlebende der beiden ehemals feindlichen Seiten arrangiert. Mit seinem Besuch auf der Insel Nauru 1985 wurde sein Interesse an der Geschichte des westlichen Pazifiks im Zusammenhang mit der seines Landes erneut geweckt. Die in der N ationalbibliothek Canberra vorgefundenen Berichte und Briefe, welche die Unterschrift Otto v. Bismarcks, des Grtinders seines Dienstes tragen, tausende von Kilometem von Deutschland entfemt in Handen zu halten, war fiir ihn ein Erlebnis besonderer Art. "Das kleine Werk", so schrieb er in seinem Brief an Hammer deRoburt, dem er es widmete, "ist in ganz einfacher Form geschrieben. Seine Leser werden in den vorgelegten Dokumenten und in einigen der Berichte
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