Thalassas, 27 (2): 9-21 An International Journal of Marine Sciences

THE SERIS, THE SUN AND SLUGS: CULTURAL AND NATURAL HISTORY OF BERTHELLINA ILISIMA AND OTHER OPISTHOBRANCHIA IN THE CENTRAL SEA OF CORTEZ

Hans Bertsch(1) & Cathy Moser Marlett(1)

Key words: Bulla gouldiana, Doriopsilla albopunctata, Cochimí, Bahía de los Ángeles

ABSTRACT During a 25-year study at Bahía de los Ángeles, Baja California, Berthellina ilisima was the third most The Seris of northwest Sonora have a profound common opisthobranch encountered. It exhibited cultural tradition of molluscan interaction, applying an annual life cycle, with reproductive activity common indigenous names to over 150 species of occurring from May to July. In contrast, the more molluscs. The Seris used the shelled cephalaspidean northerly common Californian species Doriopsilla Bulla gouldiana for pendant jewelry, and called albopunctata had a seasonally earlier annual life the animal cacaapxom (‘what fattens [something]’). cycle, from July to June, with reproductive behavior The common tropical eastern Pacific Nudipleura observed during January to April. Berthellina ilisima opisthobranch Berthellina ilisima, although apparently feeds on Demospongiae poriferans. not used, was given the common name xepenozaah (‘sun in the sea’). THE SERIS

The Seris, or the Comcaac, as the people call themselves, have lived for centuries along the eastern coast of the central Sea of Cortez (Figure 1) and in the desert and mountain regions of northwest Sonora, Mexico (between approximately 28º-31º N; 111º-113º (1) Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, W). Although there has been significant interchange Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, with neighboring Yaqui (south) and Piman (north and Ensenada, BC, México east) peoples, as nomadic hunter-gatherers the Seris [email protected] are unique among the southwest North American

9 Hans Bertsch & Cathy Moser Marlett

Figure 1: Map of the central Sea of Cortez. Cartography by Cathy Marlett. original desert settlers. Their extensive use of marine Cardona’s 1615 visit to Isla Tiburón. While he was resources especially sets them apart. However, there others came over from the mainland” (Thomas these cultural behaviors were shared with the Baja Bowen, pers. comm.). Linguistic analysis yields California peninsular and now-extinct Cochimí fewer clues (see Hale & Harris, 1979: 173). Their peoples, with whom the Seris most likely had contact language is clearly not part of the Uto-Aztecan in their forays across the Gulf of California on reed family of the neighboring Pimas and Yaquis, and balsas. Little is known of these travels aside from a suggested Hokan relationship, including either sketchy accounts in Seri oral history. peninsular Yuman or California coastal Salinan, has not been clearly established to date (Campbell, 1997; The Seri origins remain unclear, and it is not S. Marlett, 2007 & 2008). known how long they have inhabited the Gulf region. Published archaeological evidence (based on MOLLUSCS radiocarbon assays) is inaccurate. “Estimated dates were never calibrated nor corrected for reservoir Archaeological, linguistic and ethnographic effect. The only reliable date for the antiquity of studies reveal a profound cultural nexus between the the Seris in their present location is Nicolás de Seris and molluscs. Large middens containing bivalve

10 THE SERIS, THE SUN AND SLUGS: CULTURAL AND NATURAL HISTORY OF Berthellina Ilisina AND OTHER OPISTHOBRANCHIA IN THE CENTRAL SEA OF CORTEZ

Figure 2: Midden shell deposits on the eastern shore of Isla Tiburón, 29 March 2009. Photo by Cathy Marlett. and gastropod marine shell deposits of human origin figures (Fig. 4). Others were used in such varied ways are common throughout the ancestral Seri territories as medicine or as pipes for smoking tobacco. Shells (Figures 2 and 3). were fashioned into toys or used in games. A child’s doll uses the byssal fibers of the bivalve Pinna rugosa More than 150 mollusc species with over 250 as hair (Fig. 5). molluscan Seri names are identified by the Seris, with significant ethnographic information (C. Marlett, OPISTHOBRANCHS work in preparation). Although today the primary use is as food and stringing of shells for the tourist market Because of their reduced or nonexistent shell, or personal adornment, in the past molluscs played opisthobranch molluscs have tended to be overlooked an important role in the Seri culture. Easily gathered or not used by indigenous cultures worldwide. This in the extensive intertidal area, molluscs figured is evidenced by the lack of common names in native prominently in the Seri diet. Their shells were heavily languages for these organisms. Along the Pacific coast used as eating utensils, vessels and storage containers. of the Americas, only three species of opisthobranchs Shells were used to butcher meat, as scrapers and are known to have been given such a name by a pre- digging tools, and to make pottery and shape clay historic [pre-European] people. The scientific name

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Figure 3: A midden on the mainland shore of Sonora, bordering El Canal del Infiernillo, 17 February 2009. Photo by Cathy Marlett.

Figure 4: Figure 5: The shell of a Simomactra dolabriformis clam being used to shape Traditional Seri doll, made in the 1970s. It is somewhat unusual in clay figures. The Seri name for this bivalve is haxöl icaai, that it has hair made from the byssal fibers of Pinna rugosa. ‘clam shell for making pottery’. Photo by Cathy Marlett. Photo by Cathy Marlett.

12 THE SERIS, THE SUN AND SLUGS: CULTURAL AND NATURAL HISTORY OF Berthellina Ilisina AND OTHER OPISTHOBRANCHIA IN THE CENTRAL SEA OF CORTEZ

Figure 6: Figure 7: The first European drawing of the Seris, by Padre Adam Gilg, Shell of Bulla gouldiana. Drawings by Cathy Marlett. S.J. (1692). From: Alegre, Burrus & Zubillaga, 1960: 144-145. Original in the Central Jesuit Archives in Rome (Archivum Romanum Societatis Jesu, Boh. 108) for the nudibranch Tochuina tetraquetra (Pallas, se colocan una concha” (Montané Martí, 1996: 156). 1788) is based on Tochni, its name among the people Very possibly these shells are the bubble snail Bulla of the Kuril Islands, who ate it raw or cooked (Bergh, gouldiana (Fig. 7). Ethnographic testimony supports 1879: 154, referencing Pallas’ original description). this interpretation, as a Seri woman recounted that We are aware that Doris amarilla Pöppig, 1829, was long ago the Seris would hang bulla shells from their described as a food item of the indigenous Chileans, ears, where they would make a “pretty sound” as they however no vernacular name is known to have jangled together in the breeze. The Seri name for the existed, and the species is regarded as a nomen nudum species is cacaapxom, ‘what fattens [something]’, a (Schrödl, 1996). name derived in Seri folklore.

We here report Seri names for two species: The Seris would have encountered the seasonally Bulla gouldiana Pilsbry, 1895, and Berthellina ilisima abundant Bulla gouldiana during their searches of (Marcus & Marcus, 1967). sand flats at low tide or in beach drift.

The first European drawing of the Seris was made Berthellina ilisima is known by the recently- by Padre Adam Gilg, S.J., in 1692 (Fig. 6). The lead coined common names orange blob (Behrens & male depicted in the family procession is apparently Hermosillo, 2005, and Kerstitch & Bertsch, 2007) adorned with earrings. Although not obvious in the and babosa albaricoque or chabacano, the apricot drawing, Gilg specifically described the use of shell slug (Camacho-García, Gosliner & Valdés, 2005). earrings. He wrote that “En los lóbulos de las orejas The Seris call this animal xepenozaah, ‘sun in

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Figure 8: Figure 9: Three individuals of Berthellina ilisima (48, 41 and 43 mm total Pair of Berthellina ilisima (35-40 mm in length), with egg mass, lengths), in situ underneath a rock, subtidal, 18 feet depth, in situ underneath a rock, subtidal, 10 feet depth, Punta la Gringa, BLA, 15 May 1992. Punta la Gringa, BLA, 27 February 1989. Photo by Hans Bertsch. Photo by Hans Bertsch. the sea’, or ‘sol en el mar’. The conspicuous and disc-shaped shell shrivels uselessly on extraction. brilliant color of this common species (occurring Interestingly, when a Seri woman was shown a photo under rocks intertidally and subtidally) evokes the of xepenozaah, she laughed and said that it reminded fierce brightness of the Sonoran sun (Fig. 8). her of preserved apricots, and made her hungry!

Xepenozaah was apparently not used by the There seems to be no religious nor mythical Seris; it was not eaten, and the delicate internal significance attached to this slug nor to its solar resemblance. The Seris’ traditional belief system that included vision quests, shamanism, and placating malevolent spirits (Bowen, 1983: 245), did not include sun worship. So why did they have a common name for such a non-used creature? It is a gorgeous and curious marine animal, found frequently under rocks in the central Sea of Cortez (Kerstitch & Bertsch, 2007). Such an obvious and oft-encountered beauty demands a name.

In an anecdote from Seri oral history, long ago a group of hungry Seris traded for food from a boat passing through the Gulf. The boat carried food that the Seris had never seen. There were sacks of white things, which they referred to as potaat cmis Figure 10: ‘[things] like maggots’ (most likely rice), and other Copulating pair of Doriopsilla albopunctata (32 and 28 mm long) things referred to as xepenozaah cmis ‘[things] like with egg mass, in situ on top of rock, subtidal, ~12 feet depth, Punta la Gringa, BLA, 26 June 1998. a xepenozaah’. It is tempting to posit that these were Photo by Hans Bertsch. oranges, a non-native fruit.

14 THE SERIS, THE SUN AND SLUGS: CULTURAL AND NATURAL HISTORY OF Berthellina Ilisina AND OTHER OPISTHOBRANCHIA IN THE CENTRAL SEA OF CORTEZ

Tables 1-3, Bertsch & Marlett:

Table 1: TableTotal numbers1. Total of numbers specimens of of specimens the five most of abundant the five opisthobranchs most abundant at Bahíaopisthobranchs de los Ángeles, at Bahía 1984-2010, de los Ángeles, 1984-2010,with numbers with numbersand percentages and percentages found at three found different at three collecting different localities: collecting localities: Punta la Gringa, Cuevitas andPunta the Islands.la Gringa, Cuevitas and the Islands

Total P. la Gringa Cuevitas Islands

Elysia diomedea 2795 2519 (90.1%) 246 (8.9%) 30 (1.2%)

Doriopsilla gemela 1502 449 (29.9%) 1053 (70.1%) —

Berthellina ilisima 617 428 (69.4%) 46 (7.5%) 143 (23.2%)

Doriopsilla albopunctata 513 424 (82.7%) 87 (17%) 2 (0.2%)

Aeolidiella chromosoma 426 389 (91.3%) 15 (3.5%) 22 (5.2%)

The Seri word for oranges is sahmees, a word with totaling 479.5 hours of search time. During each unclear etymology. An interesting possibility is that scientific dive, all opisthobranch specimens found through time, a shortened version of the xepenozaah were counted, identified and measured. Density of cmis might have been zaah cmis, ‘what is like the specimens and species was measured by unit of search sun’, from which it is no great leap to arrive at the time, the best method for comparing opisthobranch word sahmees. One Seri family still pronounces the densities between different sites (Nybakken, 1978). A name for orange as zahmees. Of course, there is the total of 95 opisthobranch species, distributed among possibility that oranges were first called zaah cmis, 9820 specimens, was recorded (Bertsch, 2010a, and and the slug’s name is not involved. pers. obser.)

NATURAL HISTORY: BERTHELLINA ILISIMA Of the five most common species encountered AT BAHÍA DE LOS ÁNGELES (Table 1), Elysia diomedea (Bergh, 1894) and Berthellina ilisima are common in the southern Bahía de los Ángeles (BLA), Baja California, Mexican and Panamic provinces (sensu Briggs, 1995), México, is in the central Sea of Cortez, due west of but Doriopsilla gemela Gosliner, Schaefer & Miller, the Seri ancestral lands. Evidence from radioactive 1999, Doriopsilla albopunctata (Cooper, 1863) and carbon dating indicates that members of the Comondú Aeolidiella chromosoma (Cockerell, in Cockerell & Culture and their historical Cochimí descendants Eliot, 1905) range northward to central and northern have inhabited this region for almost 6,000 years California. They demonstrate both the temperate (Bowen, Ritter & Bendímez-Patterson, 2008), taking and tropical provincial-level affinities of BLA advantage of the year-round water spring at the base opisthobranchs (Bertsch, 2010b), a phenomenon first of the mountain enclosing the bay. reported by Steinbeck & Ricketts (1941: 227): “This was a strange collecting place. The water was quite For over 25 years, the senior author has been cold, and many of the members of both the northern conducting a long term study (see Bertsch, 2008) of and southern fauna occurred here.” the subtidal communities at BLA: two rocky shoreline communities on the northwest side of the bay, at Differences between the three BLA opisthobranch Punta la Gringa and Cuevitas, and a third comprising communities (Bertsch, Miller & Grant, 1998; Bertsch the islands and the southeastern outer side of BLA & Hermosillo, 2007) are shown by the occurrence (mapped in Bertsch, Miller & Grant, 1998). During patterns of these five species. Over 80% of Elysia the period 1984-2010, 408 research dives were made, diomedea, Doriopsilla albopunctata and Aeolidiella

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chromosoma were found at Punta la Gringa. The Table 2a: Average monthly lengths (in mm) abundance of the other two species is spread between Table 2a. Averageof Berthellina monthly ilisima lengths, (in mm) of Berthellina Bahíailisima de, losBahía Ángeles de los Ángeles two communities: 70% of Doriopsilla gemela occurred at Cuevitas and 29.9% at Punta la Gringa, Aug 13.75 (N = 4) whereas 82.7% of Berthellina ilisima occurred at Sep 14.63 (N = 27) Punta la Gringa and 23.2% at the Islands (Table 1). Oct 17.489 (N = 45) Nov 18.422 (N = 116) Dec 26.098 (N = 41) Berthellina ilisima (Fig. 9) was the third most Jan 26.044 (N = 68) common species encountered. It is a subtropical Feb 30.421 (N = 126) to tropical species, ranging throughout the Gulf of Mar 35.039 (N = 51) California south to Ecuador, but has periodically been Apr 34.88 (N = 25) May 33.913 (N = 23) reported from the more northerly warm temperate Jun 52.674 (N = 43) waters of southern California, probably corresponding Jul 45.583 (N = 12) to El Niño occurrences (Kerstitch & Bertsch, 2007). In contrast, the fourth most abundant opisthobranch, Table 2b: Doriopsilla albopunctata (Cooper, 1864), is more Table 2b. Average Average monthly monthly lengths lengths (in mm) (in mm) of Doriopsillaof Doriopsillaalbopunctata albopunctata, Bahía, de los Ángeles northerly in distribution, ranging from Mendocino, Bahía de los Ángeles California, to Punta Eugenia, Baja California and in Jul 10.667 (N = 3) the Sea of Cortez (Fig. 10). Aug 8.0 (N = 5) Sep 12.0 (N = 11) Berthellina ilisima exhibited a distinct annual Oct 12.615 (N = 13) Nov 18.846 (N = 26) cycle (Fig. 11) from August to July. Juveniles of the Dec 33.563 (N = 32) new generation appeared in August (averaging 13.75 Jan 35.986 (N = 71) mm in length), reaching maximum average lengths Feb 44.578 (N = 147) of 52.674 mm and 45.583 mm (Table 2a) in June and Mar 42.356 (N = 87) July. Doriopsilla albopunctata also exhibited an Apr 48.759 (N = 54) annual cycle, but it was staggered earlier seasonally May 40.708 (N = 24) Jun 35.421 (N = 19) than B. ilisima, from July to June (Fig. 12). Average monthly sizes ranged from 8 mm to 48.759 mm (Table 2b).

Table 3: Seasonal reproductive activity at Bahía de los Ángeles of Berthellina ilisima and Doriopsilla albopunctata Table(records 3. from Seasonal 1984-2010). reproductive Numbers of activity egg masses at Bahíaand pairs de engaged los Ángeles in copulatory of Berthellina behavior observed ilisima per and month Doriopsilla albopunctata (records(none found from during 1984-2010). August through Numbers December). of egg masses and pairs engaged in copulatory behavior observed per month (none found during August through December).

Egg Masses Copulatory Behavior Berthellina Doriopsilla Berthellina Doriopsilla

January — 1 — 6 February 4 9 — 14 March — 7 — 11 April 1 1 — 5 May 2 1 1 1 June 7 1 9 1 July 2 — — —

16 THE SERIS, THE SUN AND SLUGS: CULTURAL AND NATURAL HISTORY OF Berthellina Ilisina AND OTHER OPISTHOBRANCHIA IN THE CENTRAL SEA OF CORTEZ

Figure 11: Annual life cycle of Berthellina ilisima, average lengths of individuals per month, BLA; data 1984-2010. Regression line y = 8.146 + 3.22x; R = 0.953; significant at P = 0.007.

Both species also exhibited seasonally staggered species. All exhibit a similar orange (varying from periods of reproductive activity (Fig. 13), a reflection yellow to red) coloration pattern, and a primarily of their temperate or tropical water distributions. circumtropical distribution (Fig. 14). Most species Copulatory pairs of B. ilisima were found in May of Berthellina are known to feed on sponges (Willan, and June, whereas most copulatory pairs of D. 1984), although Scott Johnson reported that B. albopunctata were seen from January to April (Table delicata (erroneously cited as B. citrina) feeds on 3). Most egg masses of the “southern” Berthellina the stony corals Tubastrea coccinea, Leptastrea ilisima were found mainly from May-July, whereas purpurea and Porites lobata in Hawaii (Bertsch egg masses of the “northern” Doriopsilla albopunctata & Johnson, 1981; Willan, 1984), and Frederick M. were primarily encountered in February-March. Bayer has reported the Caribbean B. quadridens to feed on sea anemones in aquaria (Marcus & Marcus, At BLA the egg mass of Berthellina ilisima is 1967: 44). a small coiled, low yellow-orange ribbon (Fig. 9), but Behrens & Hermosillo (2005: 40) illustrate a Based on the analysis of fecal and stomach curtain-like, high, fragile and white egg mass from contents from BLA specimens, it can be reported for southern California specimens. These differences the first time that B. ilisima feeds on Demospongiae require further study. of the genera Sigmadocia and Oscarella (pers. comm. Jeffrey Goddard). In situ observations both in Sonora The genus Berthellina Gardiner, 1936 (Fig. 15) and BLA (Fig. 16) also show this species (Nudipleura: Pleurobranchomorpha) comprises six associated with sponges.

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Figure 12: Annual life cycle of Doriopsilla albopunctata, average lengths of individuals per month, BLA; data 1984-2010. Regression line y = 4.709 + 3.679x; R = 0.881; significant at P = <0.001.

Figure 13: Frequency of egg masses observed per month, BLA; data 1984-2010. Open circles, Berthellina ilisima; dots, Doriopsilla albopunctata.

18 THE SERIS, THE SUN AND SLUGS: CULTURAL AND NATURAL HISTORY OF Berthellina Ilisina AND OTHER OPISTHOBRANCHIA IN THE CENTRAL SEA OF CORTEZ

Figure 14: Distributional map of species of Berthellina. Numbers refer to the six known species. 1. Berthellina quadridens (Mörch, 1863); west Atlantic: Mexico to Brazil, and Caribbean Islands, Haiti to Trinidad and Tobago. 2. Berthellina edwardsi (Vayssiere, 1896); east Atlantic: southern England to Las Islas Canarias, and the Mediterranean coast of France and Spain. 3. Berthellina citrina (Rüppell & Leuckart, 1828); Red Sea endemic. 4. Berthellina delicata (Pease, 1861); west Indian Ocean to central Pacific Ocean, including Hawai’i. 5. Berthellina sp.; South Africa and Madagascar. 6. Berthellina ilisima (Marcus & Marcus, 1967); eastern Pacific. Distributional data from Valdés et al., 2006: 108-109 (1); Cervera, 2000 (2); Gosliner, Behrens & Valdés, 2008: 97 (3-5).

Figure 15: Figure 16: Berthellina ilisima under intertidal rock, on sponge; north of Berthellina ilisima on sponge, subtidal in situ, 18 feet depth, Desemboque de los Seris, Sonora, 11 March 2008. Punta la Gringa, BLA, 15 May 1992. Photo by Cathy Marlett. Photo by Hans Bertsch.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Communities at Bahía de los Ángeles” (HB). Various aspects of this article have been presented at meetings This work is a portion of two independent long of scientific societies: The Pacific Conchological Club term studies by the authors, conducted on opposite (Los Angeles, California, October 2009), San Diego shores of the Sea of Cortez: “A Seri Ethnography Shell Club (San Diego, California, October 2009), of Molluscs” (CM) and “The Natural History, XII Congreso de la Asociación de los Investigadores Composition and Variation of the Opisthobranch del Mar de Cortés (Guaymas, Sonora, México,

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March 2010), Joint Meetings 43rd Western Society reference to those of Alaska. Part I. Proceedings of the of Malacologists and 76th American Malacological Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia: 71-132. Society (San Diego, California, July 2010), Third Bertsch, Hans. 2008. Opistobranquios. In: G.D. Danemann International Workshop on Opisthobranchia (Vigo, & E. Excurra (eds.), Bahía de los Ángeles: Recursos Spain, September 2010), and XVI Congreso Nacional Naturales y Comunidad. Línea Base 2007. SEMARNAT, de Oceanografía (Ensenada, Baja California, México, Pronatura Noroeste, SDNHM & INE. Capítulo 11: 319- November 2010). We are grateful for discussions with 338. our colleagues at these sessions that helped shape this Bertsch, Hans. 2010a. Natural history, composition and final version. variation of the opisthobranch communities at Bahía de los Ángeles, Baja California, México: a 25-year Dr. Jeffrey H.R. Goddard kindly allowed us to use study. Workshop Program and Book of Abstracts, his information on the stomach and fecal contents of Third International Workshop on Opisthobranchs, Berthellina ilisima. Vigo, Spain: 8. Bertsch, Hans. 2010b. Biogeography of northeast Pacific During our investigations numerous people have opisthobranchs: comparative faunal studies between generously helped us. We are grateful to the many Point Conception, California, USA, and Punta Aguja, Seris who have shared their intimate knowledge of Piura, Perú. In: L.J. Rangel-Ruiz, J. Gamboa-Águilar, their sea world, especially Manuel Monroy, who S.L. Arriaga-Weiss & W.M. Contreras-Sánchez (eds.), pointed out the slug and provided its name, and Perspectivas en Malacología Mexicana. Universidad Evangelina López, who described the past use of the Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco. México. pp. 219-259. bubble shell by the Seris. We thank Steve Marlett Bertsch, Hans & Alicia Hermosillo. 2007. Biogeografía for his help with linguistic details of the Seri data alimenticia de los opistobranquios del Pacífico noreste. presented here, and Thomas Bowen for comments on In: E. Rios-Jara, M.C. Esqueda-González & C.M. archaeological dating of the Seri origins. Galván-Villa (eds.), Estudios sobre la Malacología y Conquiliología en México. Universidad de Guadalajara, We thank our diving and research colleagues México. pp. 73-75. at Bahía de los Ángeles, including Ricardo Arce Bertsch, Hans & Scott Johnson. 1981. Hawaiian Nudibranchs. Navarro, Rosa del Carmen Campay, Brian Coleman, Oriental Publishing Co., Honolulu. 112 pp. Jeff Goddard, Alan Grant, Christopher L. Kitting, Bertsch, Hans, Michael D. Miller & Alan Grant. 1998. Michael D. Miller, Antonio Reséndiz and Tom Smith. Notes on opisthobranch community structure at Bahía de los Ángeles, Baja California, Mexico (June 1998). REFERENCES Opisthobranch Newsletter 24 (8): 35-36. Bowen, Thomas. 1983. Seri. In: Alfonso Ortiz (ed.), Alegre, Francisco Javier, S.J., Ernest J. Burrus S.J. & Felix Handbook of North American Indians. Volume 10. Zubillaga S.J. 1960. Historia de la Provincia de la Southwest. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Compañía de Jesús de Nueva España. Tomo IV. Libros pp. 230-249. 9-10 (Años 1676-1766). Institutum Historicum S.J., Bowen, Thomas, Eric W. Ritter & Julia Bendímez-Patterson. Roma. xxx + 663 pp. 2008. Arqueología. In: G.D. Danemann & E. Ezcurra Behrens, David W. & Alicia Hermosillo. 2005. Eastern (eds.), Bahía de los Ángeles: Recursos Naturales y Pacific Nudibranchs. A Guide to the Opisthobranchs Comunidad. Línea Base 2007. SEMARNAT, ProNatura from Alaska to Central America. Sea Challengers, Noroeste, SDNHM & INE. Capítulo 5: 119-146. Monterey, California. vi + 137 pp. Briggs, John C. 1995. Global Biogeography. Developments Bergh, Rudolph. 1879. On the nudibranchiate gasteropod in Palaeontology and Stratigraphy, 14. Elsevier, New mollusca of the north Pacific Ocean, with special York. xvii + 452 pp.

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