DOCSLIB.ORG

Warren Thesis.Pdf (6.345Mb)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Warren Thesis.Pdf (6.345Mb) Geochemical and Rheological Constraints on the Dynamics of the Oceanic Upper Mantle by Jessica Mendelsohn Warren M.ScL, Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, 2000 B.A., Natural Sciences, University of Cambridge, 1999 Submitted to the MIT/WHOI Joint Program in Marine Geology and Geophysics in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the MASSACHUSETIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY and the WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPIDC INSTITUTION September 2007 © Jessica Mendelsohn Warren, MMVII. All rights reserved. The author hereby grants to MIT and WHOI permission to reproduce and distribute publicly paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in part in any medium now known or hereafter created. r"---------------_"'" Author. V _. -.---- -.--~ .~ ~ , -----..... , MIT/WHOI Join~ro~ram in Marine Geology and Geophysics August 30, 2007 Certified by ..... v' r L/ Nobumichi Shimizu Senior Scientist, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , Thesis Supervisor Certified by ;::;r--r . v Gregory Hirth Associate Scientist, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Thesis Supervisor Certified by _ _/ . ., ...• ~ ,... __ ~(.. Henry J. B. Dick Senior Scientist, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution / " Thesis Supervisor ~:~~: :i;:~~i~ ;~: ~~~~ .~;~~~. ~~i:i~~: Aocep<ed by . r MIT/WHOI Joint Program 2 Geochemical and Rheological Constraints on the Dynamics of the Oceanic Upper Mantle by Jessica Mendelsohn Warren Submitted to the MIT/WHOI Joint Program in Marine Geology and Geophysics on August 30, 2007, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Abstract I provide constraints on mantle convection through observations of the rheology and composition of the oceanic upper mantle. Convection cannot be directly observed, yet is a fundamental part of the plate tectonic cycle. Relative motion among plates is accommo- dated by localized deformation at their boundaries. I demonstrate that in the ductile regime, strain localization occurs when different mineral phases are mixed together, limiting grain annealing. Upper mantle flow is by dislocation creep, resulting in seismic anisotropy due to mineral alignment. I use a shear zone in the Josephine Peridotite to quantify the rela- tionship between mineral orientation and shear strain, providing an improved framework for the interpretation of seismic anisotropy. The upper mantle is generally assumed to be homogeneous in composition. From detailed isotopic and chemical analyses of abyssal peridotites from the Southwest Indian Ridge, I show that the mantle is heterogeneous at a range of length-scales. Abyssal peridotites recovered at ocean ridges are generally inter- preted as the depleted residues of melt extraction. I find that melt-rock reaction is a sig- nificant part of the melt extraction process, modifying the composition of the lithospheric mantle. The generation of heterogeneous lithosphere provides a source for asthenospheric heterogeneity, via subduction and mantle convection. Thesis Supervisors: Nobumichi Shimizu, Senior Scientist, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Gregory Hirth, Associate Scientist, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Henry J. B. Dick, Senior Scientist, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution 3 4 Acknowledgments I have been fortunate at WHOI to have three wonderful advisors: Nobu Shimizu, Greg Hirth, and Henry Dick. They have each provided unique insights into the upper mantle while demonstrating unique styles of advising. Henry introduced me to abyssal peridotites, took me out on three research cruises and spent hours expounding on ultra-slow spreading, dredging techniques and right-wing politics. Nobu gave me free reign on the ion probe, a solid background in geochemistry, 26 hand-picked mineral separates and much-needed left-wing literature. Greg successfully diverted my attention towards rheology and rock me- chanics, though not the Red Sox, explaining everything from collecting oriented samples to the intricacies of deformation mechanisms to the broader contexts of mantle rheology. All three have been extremely supportive and generous in their time and funding. My committee has been an invaluable source of knowledge and patience, particularly during the last 6 months of writing. Wenlu Zhu, as committee chair, has provided guidance throughout. As a committee and as individuals, Fred Frey, Glenn Gaetani, Stan Hart and Peter Kelemen have always made themselves available to answer questions, provide ideas and strengthen my understanding of mantle processes. Fred kept me on track with trace elements, Glenn gave clear explanations of thermodynamics, Stan combed through my iso- tope data and Peter expanded my view of the physical mantle. I have benefited from interactions with a variety of scientists and professors at WHOI and MIT. Marc Kurz improved my education in helium isotopes. Jurek Blusztajn attempted to improve my understanding of osmium while actually improving my knowledge of gen- eral isotope analytical techniques. Tim Grove has always been willing to discuss thermo- dynamics and obscure minerals. Jeff McGuire pushed me to place rock deformation in a context relevant to seismologists. Mark Behn and Laurent Montesi´ patiently explained mantle flow modeling while making available their own model results. Susan Humphris chaired my generals committee and has not stopped providing advice and support since then. Karen Hanghøj, Jian Lin, Jerry McManus, Brian Tucholke, Ken Sims, Adam Soule, and Jack Whitehead have always been willing to answer questions and share their research. The isotope and trace element work in Chapter 4 of this thesis would not have been com- pleted without the generosity of Eizo Nakamura, who invited me to spend over 4 months in his lab at the Institute for Study of the Earth’s Interior in Misasa, Japan. I am indebted to Chie Sakaguchi, who trained me in the clean room, shared her extensive knowledge of isotope separation techniques and was both a patient teacher and a friend. Yoshiko Nakano facilitated the coordination of my visits and made sure that I learnt to play badminton. The members of the Pheasant Memorial Lab were all extremely helpful and hospitable. In particular, my visits would have been much less fun without Maria Marin, Lucy Lu and Masako Uyama. Three chapters of this thesis relied on samples collected by the hard work of the captain 5 and crew of eight research cruises. In addition, I have benefitted from free access to the WHOI rock archive, which, with samples collected over the past 40 years, represents the work of innumerable captains, crews and scientists on many ships and expeditions. The analytical work in Chapters 2 and 3 of my thesis would not have been completed without Louie Kerr at MBL, who kept the SEM running and replaced numerous filaments. Chapter 5 of my thesis required the WHOI 3f ion probe to run smoothly, which in turn required the collective expertise of Nobu, Graham Layne and Pete Landry. Finally, collection of the microprobe data in Chapters 4 and 5 was aided by Nilanjan Chatterjee at MIT. The MIT/WHOI Joint Program provides fabulous support for its graduate students in the form of the Academic Programs Office. Julia Westwater and Marsha Gomes solved any problem I encountered, always while making me laugh. I was fortunate to interact with two deans while at WHOI, Jim Yoder and John Farrington. In addition, the Joint Program experience would not have been complete without Ronni Schwartz at MIT. Finally, the Geology and Geophysics administrative staff − in particular Fran Halbrooks, Pam Foster, Lynn Stellrecht and Maryanne F. Ferreira − are always willing to help students. Outside of the Joint Program, I have been fortunate to interact with a variety of scien- tists. I met Ian MacGregor before I understood the meaning of the word geology. He has been a source of encouragement, advice and mentoring over the past 13 years. My early science training was the result of four teachers, Mrs. Goshko, Mrs. Katbab, Mr. Hoare and Mr. Buck. I have a deep respect and appreciation for their skills at and commitment to teaching. As an undergraduate at the Department of Earth Sciences at Cambridge Univer- sity, I benefited from supervision by David Pyle and Marion Holness. My first experience of research was an undergraduate summer spent at the Smithsonian Department of Mineral Sciences, working with Tom Simkin and Sorena Sorensen. During my first research cruise, I met Bobbie John and Mike Cheadle from the University of Wyoming and ever since they have been a counterbalance to my WHOI view of life-as-a-scientist. The students who have been with me in graduate school have been a continual source of knowledge, ideas, support, laughter, and good food. Clare Williams has been a great friend, classmate, flat-mate, and true Brit. Jeff Standish and Margaret Boettcher, as elder students who shared their advisors with me, have always been willing to share their own knowledge and time. Matt Jackson is forgiven for never not talking about geochemistry because of all the insight he shares. Rachel Stanley, Anna Michel, Greg Gerbi, Elke Hodson, Mea Cook, Cara Santelli, Linda Kalnejais, Luc Mehl, Nick Austin, Emily Van Ark, Brian deMartin, Melanie Fewings, Andrew Mosedale, Carolyn Walker, Petra Klepac, Rhea Workman, Amy Draut, Seth John, Stephen Licht, Trish Gregg, Janelle Homburg, Kay Achenbach, Elena Miranda, and Graham Baines have all provided cheerful camaraderie over the years. Fi- nally, the support of the WGals has been invaluable this past year and I hope it continues for
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Mantle Peridotite Xenoliths
    Earth and Planetary Science Letters 260 (2007) 37–55 www.elsevier.com/locate/epsl Mantle peridotite xenoliths in andesite lava at El Peñon, central Mexican Volcanic Belt: Isotopic and trace element evidence for melting and metasomatism in the mantle wedge beneath an active arc ⁎ Samuel B. Mukasa a, , Dawnika L. Blatter b, Alexandre V. Andronikov a a Department of Geological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1005, USA b Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA Received 6 July 2006; received in revised form 3 May 2007; accepted 7 May 2007 Available online 13 May 2007 Editor: R.W. Carlson Abstract Peridotites in the mantle wedge and components added to them from the subducting slab are thought to be the source of most arc magmas. However, direct sampling of these materials, which provides a glimpse into the upper mantle beneath an active margin, is exceedingly rare. In the few arc localities where found, peridotite xenoliths are usually brought to the surface by basaltic magmas. Remarkably, the hornblende-bearing ultramafic xenoliths and clinopyroxene megaxenocrysts from El Peñon in the central Mexican Volcanic Belt were brought to the surface by a Quaternary high-Mg siliceous andesite, a rock type usually considered too evolved to be a direct product of mantle melting. The xenoliths and megaxenocrysts from El Peñon represent lithospheric mantle affected by significant subduction of oceanic lithosphere since as early as the Permian. Trace element and radiogenic isotope data we report here on these materials suggest a history of depletion by melt extraction, metasomatism involving a fluid phase, and finally, limited reaction between the ultramafic materials and the host andesite, probably during transport.
    [Show full text]
  • USGS Open-File Report 2005-1190, Table 1
    TABLE 1 GEOLOGIC FIELD-TRAINING OF NASA ASTRONAUTS BETWEEN JANUARY 1963 AND NOVEMBER 1972 The following is a year-by-year listing of the astronaut geologic field training trips planned and led by personnel from the U.S. Geological Survey’s Branches of Astrogeology and Surface Planetary Exploration, in collaboration with the Geology Group at the Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston, Texas at the request of NASA between January 1963 and November 1972. Regional geologic experts from the U.S. Geological Survey and other governmental organizations and universities s also played vital roles in these exercises. [The early training (between 1963 and 1967) involved a rather large contingent of astronauts from NASA groups 1, 2, and 3. For another listing of the astronaut geologic training trips and exercises, including all attending and the general purposed of the exercise, the reader is referred to the following website containing a contribution by William Phinney (Phinney, book submitted to NASA/JSC; also http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/alsj/ap-geotrips.pdf).] 1963 16-18 January 1963: Meteor Crater and San Francisco Volcanic Field near Flagstaff, Arizona (9 astronauts). Among the nine astronaut trainees in Flagstaff for that initial astronaut geologic training exercise was Neil Armstrong--who would become the first man to step foot on the Moon during the historic Apollo 11 mission in July 1969! The other astronauts present included Frank Borman (Apollo 8), Charles "Pete" Conrad (Apollo 12), James Lovell (Apollo 8 and the near-tragic Apollo 13), James McDivitt, Elliot See (killed later in a plane crash), Thomas Stafford (Apollo 10), Edward White (later killed in the tragic Apollo 1 fire at Cape Canaveral), and John Young (Apollo 16).
    [Show full text]
  • Maare of La Mesa Rene A
    New Mexico Geological Society Downloaded from: http://nmgs.nmt.edu/publications/guidebooks/16 Maare of La Mesa Rene A. De Hon, 1965, pp. 204-209 in: Southwestern New Mexico II, Fitzsimmons, J. P.; Balk, C. L.; [eds.], New Mexico Geological Society 16th Annual Fall Field Conference Guidebook, 244 p. This is one of many related papers that were included in the 1965 NMGS Fall Field Conference Guidebook. Annual NMGS Fall Field Conference Guidebooks Every fall since 1950, the New Mexico Geological Society (NMGS) has held an annual Fall Field Conference that explores some region of New Mexico (or surrounding states). Always well attended, these conferences provide a guidebook to participants. Besides detailed road logs, the guidebooks contain many well written, edited, and peer-reviewed geoscience papers. These books have set the national standard for geologic guidebooks and are an essential geologic reference for anyone working in or around New Mexico. Free Downloads NMGS has decided to make peer-reviewed papers from our Fall Field Conference guidebooks available for free download. Non-members will have access to guidebook papers two years after publication. Members have access to all papers. This is in keeping with our mission of promoting interest, research, and cooperation regarding geology in New Mexico. However, guidebook sales represent a significant proportion of our operating budget. Therefore, only research papers are available for download. Road logs, mini-papers, maps, stratigraphic charts, and other selected content are available only in the printed guidebooks. Copyright Information Publications of the New Mexico Geological Society, printed and electronic, are protected by the copyright laws of the United States.
    [Show full text]
  • The Dickin-Stone-Ian Artic and Alpine Climate Change Experience (AACCRE) Trips 2016-2018 by Ben Edwards
    Earth Sciences Newsletter 2018 The Dickin-stone-ian Artic and Alpine Climate Change Experience (AACCRE) Trips 2016-2018 by Ben Edwards Thanks to continued very generous support from John and Susan Pohl, we are growing our Arctic and Alpine Climate Change Experience program. In Summer 2016, a group of 6 Dickinsonians (Billy Dougherty ’18, Ivy Gil- bert’18, Karuna Sah’19, John and Susan Pohl, Ben Edwards) expeditioned to Pond Inlet, at the northern edge of Baffin Island, and trekked out onto the frozen waters of Eclipse Sound to camp on still frozen sea ice for a week. The flight up became a short course on glaciers as we flew over vast expanses of retreating ice on the northeastern mountains of Baffin Island. Once we got our gear packed in qamutiiks (wooden sleds about 10 feet long), we were hauled about 4 hours down the ice to the eastern edge of Eclipse Sound, where it enters northwestern Baffin Bay. While camped on the sea ice we explored the ice floe edge where we saw and heard narwhals and seals, lots of birds, and even a polar bear (we had an Inuit guide with bear protection 24/7!). To learn more about the structure of the spring sea ice, we augered holes in several locations and found ice as thick as 1.4 m (this was comforting!) and as thin as 40 cm (somewhat less comforting…). We also recorded pH and conductivity measurements of water within the sea ice, and found that it had components from surface melting (relatively ‘fresh’ water, lower pH and EC) as well as sea water within the ice layers.
    [Show full text]
  • Reassessment of Features in the Aden Crater Lava Flows, Doña Ana County, New Mexico René A
    Reassessment of features in the Aden Crater lava flows, Doña Ana County, New Mexico René A. De Hon and Richard A. Earl Department of Geography, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, Texas 78666 Abstract Introduction Aden Crater lava field, encompassing 75 km2 in The Aden Crater lava field encompassing 75 km2 in south-central New Mexico, offers excellent examples of south-central New Mexico offers excellent examples of fea- features of basalt flows associated with a shield volcano. Aerial images and recent field examination allow a tures of basalt flows associated with an Icelandic-type shield re-evaluation of the lava field’s surface features. Aden volcano. In this paper, we present interpretations of some Crater sits atop the summit of the shield (referred to of these features based on recently published work (Walker, herein as the cone) which is surfaced by channeled lavas 2009), new aerial images, and field examination of the flows merging downslope into lobate lava flows. The cone conducted in 2012 and 2014. Specifically, we identify four and its adjacent flow field are divided into five facies. flow facies that formed as a function of the rheology of lava Extending away from the cone are several features asso- ciated with inflation and collapse processes, representing during flow emplacement. We examine the mechanisms of early-formed tumuli that did not develop as completely pit formation on the flows, and revisit the relationship of pits as those farther downslope. to faults in the region. 70 Robledo 25 Mtns. Or Las Cruces gan Mtns . 10 10 D U Rio Grande Bishop’s obledo fault R Cap U D Gardner U D F Aden r Flows ank Lava Black tillo lin Mtns ield Flows Mtn.
    [Show full text]
  • New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources Rockhound Guide
    New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources Socorro, New Mexico Information: 505-835-5420 Publications: 505-83-5490 FAX: 505-835-6333 A Division of New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology Dear “Rockhound” Thank you for your interest in mineral collecting in New Mexico. The New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources has put together this packet of material (we call it our “Rockhound Guide”) that we hope will be useful to you. This information is designed to direct people to localities where they may collect specimens and also to give them some brief information about the area. These sites have been chosen because they may be reached by passenger car. We hope the information included here will lead to many enjoyable hours of collecting minerals in the “Land of Enchantment.” Enjoy your excursion, but please follow these basic rules: Take only what you need for your own collection, leave what you can’t use. Keep New Mexico beautiful. If you pack it in, pack it out. Respect the rights of landowners and lessees. Make sure you have permission to collect on private land, including mines. Be extremely careful around old mines, especially mine shafts. Respect the desert climate. Carry plenty of water for yourself and your vehicle. Be aware of flash-flooding hazards. The New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources has a whole series of publications to assist in the exploration for mineral resources in New Mexico. These publications are reasonably priced at about the cost of printing. New Mexico State Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources Bulletin 87, “Mineral and Water Resources of New Mexico,” describes the important mineral deposits of all types, as presently known in the state.
    [Show full text]
  • Cultural Resources, Archaeology and History of the Proposed Organ Mountains-Desert Peaks National Monument Doña Ana County, New Mexico
    CULTURAL RESOURCES, ARCHAEOLOGY AND HISTORY OF THE PROPOSED ORGAN MOUNTAINS-DESERT PEAKS NATIONAL MONUMENT DOÑA ANA COUNTY, NEW MEXICO AN EXPLORATION OF SIGNIFICANCE AND RISKS FOR A NATIONAL TREASURE JULY 1, 2013 REBECCA PROCTER, PH.D., JEAN FULTON POLLY SHAAFSMA WWW.ORGANMOUNTAINS.ORG Sierra County Dona Ana County Proposed Organ Mountains - Desert Peaks National Monument White Sands !I Hatch T" T" Tonuco Mountain !I T"!IO! × × !I T" k Luna County × × T" k k !I × k k Valles Canyon T" k × Petroglyphs× Slot Canyon T" T"T" × O!Sierra T" Magdalena Broad k × k de Las Uvas Peak Canyon T" T" Mountains T"" Fort T" T" T Seldon T" O! × Dona Ana × P! Geronimo's Mountains !I T" Outlaw Cave T" T" Rock T" !I Isaack's Lake × T" T"P! !I k Robledo × k Rough & T"P! Mountains Ready T"P! k Hills k WWII Aerial Target k T" Fort Mason Trackways Nat'l Monument k k k Massacre O! !Ë Butterfield Overland Trail k k k k k × T" Peak O! × ò ò k k k ò k k k kk k k T" T" Gadsden Purchase k k k k k US - Mexico k P! P! T" T" k International Border 1848 T" k k Picacho T" k k T" Peak k k k Sleeping O T" Las Cruces Apache Flats r Lady k Petroglyphs Hills k g T" × k a k kn k M Mesilla o u n t " a T" T i ! n !I T"P!P s k k P! T"P!T" T"T" Gadsden Purchase Providence Cone k k kkkkkkkk k k !I kk kkkkkkkkk k k kkkk kkkkkkk k kkk kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk kkkkkkk k kkkkkkkkk kkk k kkkkkkkkkk k k Aden k k kkkkk P! Crater kk k Research Natural Area k k k k P! k k Chapparal k k kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk Aden k k k
    [Show full text]
  • FTIR Analysis of Rio Puerco and Kilbourne Hole Peridotite Xenoliths
    Mantle water contents beneath the Rio Grande Rift (NM, USA): FTIR analysis of Rio Puerco and Kilbourne Hole peridotite xenoliths L. A. Schaffer1, A. H. Peslier2, A. Brandon1, J. Selverstone3, 1U. of Houston, Houston TX 77004, USA 2Jacobs Tech., JETS and ARES, NASA‐Johnson Space Center Houston TX 77058, USA 3U. of New Mexico, Albuquerque NM 87131, USA Peridotite xenoliths from the Rio Grande Rift (RGR) are being analyzed for H2O contents by FTIR as well as for major and trace element compositions. Nine samples are from the Rio Puerco Volcanic Field (RP) which overlaps the central RGR and southeastern Colorado Plateau; seventeen samples are from Kilbourne Hole (KH) in the southern RGR. Spinel Cr# (Cr/(Cr+Al)) (0.08-0.46) and olivine Mg# (Mg/(Mg+Fe)) (0.883-0.911) of all RGR samples fall within the olivine-spinel mantle array from [1], an indicator that peridotites are residues of partial melting. Pyroxene H2O in KH correlate with bulk rock and pyroxene Al2O3.The KH clinopyroxene rare earth element (REE) variations fit models of 0-13% fractional melting of a primitive upper mantle. Most KH peridotites have bulk-rock light REE depleted patterns, but five are enriched in light REEs consistent with metasomatism. Variation in H2O content is unrelated to REE enrichment. Metasomatism is seen in RP pyroxenite xenoliths [2] and will be examined in the peridotites studied here. Olivine H2O contents are low (≤15 ppm), and decrease from core to rim within grains. This is likely due to H loss during xenolith transport by the host magma [3].
    [Show full text]
  • Extended Abstracts
    50 COMPARISON OF ULTRAMAFIC AND MAFIC XENOLITHS FROM KILBOURNE HOLE AND POTRILLO MAAR, NEW MEXICO James L. Carter (University of Texas at Dallas, P. 0. Box 688, Richardson, Texas 75080) A detailed mineralogical and chemical investigation of coexisting phases of ultramafic and mafic xenoliths from Kilbourne Hole and Potrillo Maar, New Mexico reveal major differences in the upper mantle and deep crust between these two localities which are only 15 kilometers apart. This is exemplified by Figure 1 which shows the relationship of nickel in olivines versus the fayalite content of olivines from various xenoliths from Kilbourne Hole and Potrillo. A preliminary investigation of the base surge deposits at Potrillo reveal at least seven major eruptive events (Figure 2) from probably three different vents within the main maar. Three of these major eruptive events are xenolith-bearing (Figure 2). Each event is characterized by a different xenolithic assemblage. The lowest xenolith-bearing assemblage consists primarily of basalt, small 4-phase (olivine, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene and spinel) peridotites, and very rare 3-phase (clinopyroxene, spinel and olivine) pyroxenites. The middle xenolith-bearing assemblage consists of various types of volcanics in addition to rock types similar to the lowest assemblage. In addition, the average xenolith size of the peridotites has increased by at least a factor of two. The largest xenolith found was 40 centimeters in longest dimension. The upper xenolith-bearing assemblage is characterized by the presence of various types of greenschist facies metamorphic rocks and composite ultramafic-mafic xenoliths. Multiple xenolith-bearing eruptive events appear to have occurred also at the Kilbourne Hole maar but subsequent slumping, weathering, erosion and drifting sand has partially obscured the original relationships.
    [Show full text]
  • Mafic and Ultramafic Xenoliths from Volcanic Rocks of the Western United States
    UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Mafic and Ultramafic Xenoliths from Volcanic Rocks of the Western United States H.G. Wilshire 1 , C.E. Meyer 1 , J.K. Nakata 1 , L.C. Calk, 1 J.W. Shervais^, J.E. Nielson 1 , and E.G. Schwarzman 1 Menlo Park, California 9^025 2 Woods Hole, Massachusetts 025^3 , Columbia South Carolina 29208 Open-File Report 85-139 This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards and stratigraphic nomenclature. MAFIC AND ULTRAMAFIC XENOLITHS FROM VOLCANIC ROCKS OF THE WESTERN UNITED STATES TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract............................................................... i Introduction........................................................... 1 Previous Investigations................................................ 1 Distribution and Setting............................................... 3 Host Rocks............................................................. 5 Xenoli ths.............................................................. 6 Relationships Among Xenolith Types..................................... 8 Proximity in the Mantle and Sequence of Formation.................. 8 Systematic Compositional Variations in Composite Xenoliths......... 9 Trace Elements and Isotopes in Xenoliths and Host Rocks................ 11 Rare Earth Elements................................................ 12 Cr-diopside Group............................................... 12 Composite Cr-diopside peridotite-Al-augite pyroxenite..........
    [Show full text]
  • Organ Mountains-Desert Peaks National Monument Science Plan 1: INTRODUCTION and SCIENTIFIC MISSION
    Organ Mountains-Desert Peaks National Monument New Mexico Science Plan U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management Bureau of Land Management Organ Mountains-Desert Peaks National Monument Science Plan 1: INTRODUCTION AND SCIENTIFIC MISSION ................................................................................................................... 1 1.1: PURPOSE OF NLCS SCIENCE PLANS ........................................................................................................................................................1 1.2: UNIT AND GEOGRAPHIC AREA DESCRIPTION ..........................................................................................................................................2 1.3: JOHN D. DINGELL, JR. CONSERVATION, MANAGEMENT, AND RECREATION ACT OF 2019 ..........................................................5 1.4: SCIENTIFIC MISSION OF THE UNIT ...........................................................................................................................................................5 2: SCIENTIFIC BACKGROUND OF THE NLCS UNIT............................................................................................................ 6 2.1: COMPLETED RESEARCH AND SCIENCE AVAILABLE ON OMDPNM ....................................................................................................6 2.1.1: Fish, Wildlife, and Habitat ........................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Training for Lunar Surface Operations
    Training for Lunar Surface Operations David A. Kring, Ph.D. Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, Texas Chris A. Looper Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas Zane A. Ney Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas Barbara A. Janoiko Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas With foreword by Gerry Griffin Former Apollo Flight Director Former Director, NASA Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center December 2020 DV1.2 1 Frontispiece 2 Training for Lunar Surface Operations David A. Kring, Ph.D. Center for Lunar Science and Exploration1 Lunar and Planetary Institute Universities Space Research Association Houston, Texas Chris A. Looper Space Exploration Division Johnson Space Center Houston, Texas Zane A. Ney Flight Operations Division Johnson Space Center Houston, Texas Barbara A. Janoiko Exploration Mission Planning Office Johnson Space Center Houston, TX With foreword by Gerry Griffin Former Apollo Flight Director Former Director, NASA Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center 1 The Center for Lunar Science and Exploration is a joint LPI and JSC initiative operated with the concurrence of the Director of JSC and currently supported through the NASA Solar System Exploration Research Virtual Institute. 3 Abstract Artemis lunar surface operations require the development and implementation of skills not utilized since Apollo. Here we review the skills and the protocols subsequently developed for a new generation of explorers engaged in longer duration missions and sustained lunar operations. • The Artemis III landing site and an Artemis Base Camp within 6° of the lunar south pole will be in an impact-cratered terrain and, thus, crew should be given basic geologic training and conduct EVA simulations in appropriate analogue terrains.
    [Show full text]