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UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA, IRVINE Arcadias UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE Arcadias and Avalons: Reframing Real Estate, Radicalism, and Race in the Cooperative Commonwealth of Los Angeles, 1893 to 1929 DISSERTATION submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in History by Marlon Thann Gruen Dissertation Committee: Professor Alice Fahs, Chair Professor Emily Rosenberg Professor David Igler 2015 © 2015 Marlon Thann Gruen TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments.......................................................................................................................... iii Curriculum Vitae ............................................................................................................................ v Abstract of the Dissertation ........................................................................................................... vi Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1: Planning and Drafting ................................................................................................. 29 Chapter 2: Permitting and Licensing ............................................................................................ 93 Chapter 3: Pouring the Foundation ............................................................................................. 134 Chapter 4: Erecting the Frames................................................................................................... 173 Chapter 5: Trimming and Finishing ............................................................................................ 209 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................. 240 Bbibliography ............................................................................................................................. 254 ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS While my interest in how writers engaged in American politics first began when I read Daniel Aaron’s foundational work Writers on the Left: Episodes in American Literary Communism as an undergraduate history major at California State University, Northridge, it took some time for me to conclude that there could be no more productive way to learn about literature and life than entering a doctoral program in history. I am forever thankful to all the CSUN history professors who made me think that such an idea was really possible, especially Miriam Neirick, Patricia Juarez-Dappe, and Tom Devine. As a student in the history department at the University of California, Irvine, I have been fortunate to have received an unparalleled level of mentorship from my advisor, Alice Fahs, whose knowledge about literature and modern America has been invaluable to me, as has her remarkable editing skill. From Emily Rosenberg I learned to think about California intellectual and cultural history in a more national and transnational context, and to search for connections as much as ruptures. From David Igler I learned to consider the environment as an historical actor, and to write as clearly as I possibly could. I am grateful for all my committee members’ tremendous commentary, feedback, insights about California history, and not least for having taught me to think about race, class, and gender, especially in the late nineteenth century, within the context of a global dialogue. I hope some of those critical perspectives have shown through in my work. I also want to thank Lynn Mally, who graciously took the time to study the American Communist Party with me during her last quarter before retirement. The ideas we discussed and the scholarly literature Dr. Mally brought to my attention have been crucial in helping me to conceptualize the cultural dimensions of the left in American politics. Many other scholars and iii teachers have enabled me to complete this project: Rachel O’Toole, who reminded me about the Spanish colonial conventions that informed California culture; Jeremiah Axelrod whose own work inspired mine and who provided me with kind words of encouragement; and Mary Furner, whose graduate seminar in nineteenth-century U.S. history at the University of California, Santa Barbara started me thinking about how the idea of cooperation manifested differently in California than the rest of the nation. It is remarkable how a single strand of discussion – really just a casual idea – can, and in my case did, lead to an entire framework for research. I wish to thank my partner, Linda, and my daughter, Talia, both of whom graciously put up with my endless attempts to test out new ideas on them. Finally, I am forever in debt to the other members of my Ph.D. cohort, especially my fellow Americanists Andrea Milne, Natasha Synycia, and Alex Jacoby, who for at least two years, and in every graduate U.S. and World history course that we attended together, had to listen to my not-so-clever assertions that Edward Bellamy had something to do with the answer to every question that was raised on any topic. I am grateful to all of you for having made these past years a truly congenial, collegial and wonderful experience. iv CURRICULUM VITAE Education Ph.D. United States History, University of California, Irvine, June 2015. M.A. United States History, (Concentrations: U.S. and World) University of California, Irvine, January 2013. M.A. History, (Concentrations: Modern Russia and U.S.) California State University, Northridge, June 2010. B.A. History, (Concentration: Modern Russia) California State University, Northridge, June 2008. Teaching Experience 2010 – 2015 University of California, Irvine – Graduate Teaching Assistant and Instructor Teaching Associate/Instructor, History 142A – California in Modern America (W2015) Graduate Teaching Assistant, History 40A – Colonial America (2014) Graduate Teaching Assistant, History 40C – Modern America: Culture and Power (2014) Guest Lecturer: “American Utopias,” History 40B, Nineteenth Century U.S. (2014) Graduate Teaching Assistant, Humanities 10: World Literature (2014) Instructor, History 144G, History of Los Angeles through Film and Literature (2013) Graduate Teaching Assistant, Col. Resist. of Aztecs, Incas, and Africans in Latin America, (2012) Graduate Teaching Assistant, History 40C: Twentieth Century U.S. History (2011) 2009 California State University, Northridge – Graduate Teaching Assistant Graduate Teaching Assistant, Western Civilization since 1500, California State University, Northridge (2009) Research Interests U.S. and the World; History of Capitalism; U.S. West/Urban and Agricultural History; The City and Literature; U.S. Nineteenth Century; Student Movements and Counterculture; Transnational Intellectual History; Utopianism. v ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Arcadias and Avalons: Reframing Real Estate, Radicalism, and Race In the Cooperative Commonwealth of Los Angeles, 1893-1929 by Marlon Thann Gruen Doctor of Philosophy in History, 2015 University of California, Irvine Professor Alice Fahs, Irvine, Chair Metropolitan Los Angeles grew dramatically during an era when a culture of cooperation enabled a broad dialogue among ideological systems that throughout most of the twentieth century would remain in violent opposition. Cooperation manifested in a location where scholars rarely search for it: in the relationship between utopian literature and real estate development that prevailed between 1893 and 1929. This study analyzes the ways that utopian concepts became useful to the capitalist enterprises promoted by boosters and builders, along with socialist developers attempting to materialize a new social order. While most analytical approaches to this subject emphasize the separation and isolation of utopian movements and colonies from the mainstream, “Arcadias and Avalons” questions the definition of mainstream and expands the category of utopian colony. Drawing on research in cultural studies, literary criticism, intellectual history, and urban planning, I argue that the substance and form of Los Angeles drew from an Anglo-Saxon imaginary that promised every white man a house and a job and nurtured social movements to advocate for every issue except solving the race problem. Utopia demanded racial homogeneity, and this became an important and persistent intellectual principle that contoured Los Angeles community planning during its most crucial period of material and metaphysical development. vi INTRODUCTION . In 1922 J.P. Warbasse, editor of the monthly magazine of the Co-operative League of America, Co-operation, wrote that “There is a little known book called How to Know the Wild Flowers. It tells their names and peculiarities.” According to Warbasse, “among other things it tells how to distinguish mushrooms from toadstools.” The people of the United States, Warbasse asserted, needed such an instructional manual “to guide them in the field of co-operation.”1 The people needed to recognize the “wild co-op,” an institution that had become so ubiquitous in America over the past thirty years, and so intertwined with the capitalist mythos, that fake co- operative schemes were as commonplace as stock swindles and real estate scams. This study argues that the theme of cooperation in America, and particularly in California, was both more socially and more commercially important than historians have realized. From 1893 to 1929, though radical political parties never dominated the state on their own, a cooperative capitalist commonwealth
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