DOCSLIB.ORG

BI Numero 47.Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
BI Numero 47.Pdf BIOLOGY INTERNATIONAL The Official Journal of the International Union of Biological Sciences Editor: John R. Jungck, Department of Biology, Beloit College, 700 College Street, Beloit , WI 53511, USA, e-mail: [email protected] Associate Editor: Lorna Holtman, Deputy Dean, Zoology Department, University of the Western Cape (UWC), Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, Republic of South Africa, e-mail: [email protected] Managing Editor: Sue Risseeuw, Department of Biology, Beloit College, 700 College Street, Beloit , WI 53511, USA, e-mail: [email protected] Editorial Board Giorgio Bernardi, Accademia Nazionale delle Scienze, via Peter G. Kevan, Department of Environmental Biology L. Spallanzani 5/a, 00161 Rome, Italy University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N3C 2B7, Canada e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] John Buckeridge, RMIT University School of Civil, Nicholas Mascie Taylor, Department of Biological Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Building 10, Anthropology, University of Cambridge level 12, 376-392 Swanston Street Melbourne e-mail: [email protected] GPO Box 2476V, Melbourne VIC 3001 Australia e-mail: [email protected] Ralf Reski, Head, Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestrasse 1 Zhibin Zhang, Director, Institute of Zoology, Chinese D-79104 Freiburg Germany Acadmey of Sciences, Beijing 100080, P.R. China e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] Lily Rodriguez, Sede Servicio Nacional de Areas Jean-Marc Jallon, Institut de Biologie Animale Naturales Protegidas, Ministerio del Ambiente, Lima 27, Intégrative et Cellulaire (IBAIC), Bât. 446, UPS-Orsay, Peru 91405 Orsay e-mail: [email protected] France e-mail: [email protected] Hussein Samir Salama, National Research Centre, Plant Protection Department, Tahrir Street, Dokki, Annelies Pierrot-Bults, Institute for Biodiversity and 12311 Cairo, Egypt Ecosystems Dynamics, Zoological Museum, University of e-mail: [email protected] Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94766, 1090 GT Amsterdam The Netherlands Nils Chr. Senseth, Centre for Ecological & Evolutionary e-mail: [email protected] Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biology, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1050, Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway Peter Birò, Balaton Limnological Research Institute e-mail: [email protected] Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Tihany 8237, Hungary e-mail: [email protected] Hiroyuki Takeda, Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Hongo Yury Degbuadze, A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, 33 Leninsky e-mail: [email protected] Prospect, 119071 Moscow V-71, Russia e-mail: [email protected] Jen-Leih Wu, Academia Sinica, n°128, Sec 2, Academia rd, Taipei, Taiwan Raghavendra Gadakar, Center for Ecological Science, e-mail: [email protected] Bangalore 560 012, India e-mail: [email protected] Nathalie Fomproix, IUBS, Bat 442, Université Paris-Sud 11, 91 405 Orsay Cedex, France e-mail: [email protected] Signed articles express the opinion of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the opinion of the Editors of Biology International. Prospective authors should send an outline of the proposed article to the Editors, with a letter explaining why the subject might be of interest to readers. © 2010 International Union of Biological Sciences ISSN 02532069 Biology International No. 47 (September 2010) Darwin 200: Evolution in Action Celebrating Darwin’s 200th Birthday and the 150th Anniversary of the publication of Origin of Species Editorial: John R. Jungck, Editor 3 “International Union of Biological Sciences BioEd 2009: Darwin 200” Perspectives: Buckeridge, John. Barnacles, Biologists, Bigots, and Natural Australia 5 Selection…Confound and Exterminate the Whole Tribe! Penny, David. 20 Points on the Structure and Testability of Darwin’s New Zealand 11 Theory. Lockhart, Peter and Claudia Voelckel. Lessons from Darwin’s New Zealand 36 Laboratory. Giordan, André. Teaching and Communicating Evolution: Proposals for Switzerland 40 Innovative Approaches and Didactic Researches. Ross, Pauline M., Charlotte E. Taylor, Chris Hughes, Noel Whitaker, Australia 47 Louise Lutze-Mann, Michelle Kofod, and Vicky Tzioumis. Threshold Concepts in Learning Biology and Evolution. Sterelny, Kim. Human Natures. New Zealand 55 Atchia, Michael. Dodos Don’t Duck: Recent Views on the Life and Mauritius 64 Demise of the Dodo (Raphus cucullatus), in the Context of Natural Selection. High School Education: Leveque, Guy. Assisting Darwin Digitally. France 67 Lombard, Francois, and Marie-Claude Blatter. Adapting Teacher Training Switzerland 70 to Evolution Research Approaches. Stewart, Jim, Cindy Passmore, and Jennifer Carter. Modeling for USA 78 Understanding in Science Education (Project MUSE : Involving High School Students in Evolutionary Biology with Realistic Problems and Causal Models. Fissenden, Joanna. How to Become Pebbles and Bam Bam (or a practical New Zealand 91 approach to human evolution. Cruickshank, Robert H. Teaching “Tree Thinking.” New Zealand 96 Holtman, Lorna. The Teaching of Evolution in South African Schools: South Africa 102 Challenges and Opportunities. University Education: Weisstein, Anton. The Case of the Protective Protein: Using a Population USA 109 Genetics Simulation in an Undergraduate Lab Course to Test Hypotheses for the Evolution of an HIV Resistance Allele. Zinoviev, Andrei V. Evolutionary Education: An Example from Russia. Russia 117 Jungck, John R. Evolution in Action: Quantitative Evolutionary Biology USA 121 Education. Evolutionary Studies Important for Education: Winkworth, Richard C. Darwin and Dispersal. Fiji 139 Cover: The cover art was generated by artist Ann Adams of AdamsDesign especially for IUBS BioEd 2009. Editorial: International Union of Biological Sciences BioEd 2009: Darwin 200 The International Union of Biological Sciences BioED 2009 brought together an international can safely claim to have been the first community of professionals interested in international conference to celebrate the 200th science, secondary and tertiary education. Since birthday of Charles Darwin on February 12th, 2009 was not only the 200th anniversary of 2009, by virtue of having held its "Darwin 200: Charles Darwin's birth, but also the 150th Evolution in Action" meeting of BioEd 2009 in anniversary of the publication of the "Origin of Christchurch, New Zealand, that is, just across Species," the life and legacy of Charles Darwin the International Date Line. The meeting was was at the heart of the meeting. BioEd 2009 one of the coordinated international events promoted understanding of current research and celebrating the birth of Charles Darwin: education about biodiversity and the importance “Darwin 200 Symposia”. The aim of “Darwin of evolutionary biology in science and society 200 Symposia” was to celebrate the impact of through an international exchange of ideas and Darwin’s ideas on current scientific knowledge, knowledge. It embraced multiple cultural with scientific symposia and satellite meetings perspectives, technological advances, curricular taking place on five continents. These meetings practices and materials, informal education, and were run under the auspices of the International curiosity of the natural world. Union of Biological Sciences (IUBS), the IUBS Commission for Biological Education (CBE), New Zealand offered a wonderful venue because and the United Nations Educational, Scientific it was part of "Darwin's Laboratory," i.e., it was and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). one of the stops of Darwin's circumnavigation of the globe on the H.M.S. Beagle and his The Commission for Biological Education of extensive time in the southern Pacific Ocean; it IUBS was established in the early seventies as has a complex ecosystem that undergoes rapid the Union's educational arm. Its major role is to evolutionary change because of volcanism and formulate, initiate and facilitate effective rapid movement by plate tectonics; it has one of methods of improving education in the the best defined geological sites for studying the biological sciences and allied fields, including K-T boundary; and it is home to some flora and the applications and implications of biological fauna known as living fossils such as the studies. The Commission is also committed to Tuatara. Simultaneous sessions reported on assist in the international dissemination and biodiversity of the Pacific region, the uses of exchange of information about biological evolutionary problem solving in plant and education and it acts in a consultative capacity animal breeding, drug and vaccine development, when appropriate. The local host for the protecting biodiversity and avoiding extinction organization of the meetings was the Allan or impact of invasive species, understanding the Wilson Centre for Molecular Ecology and origins of humans and other species, etc. Evolution, a center of excellence for research in New Zealand. Two Allan Wilson Centre leaders, Delegates from twenty-seven countries Professors Peter Lockhart and David Penny, and participated in the celebration complete with Executive Director Susan Adams (who also is birthday cake, two plays on Darwin's life and Secretary of the IUBS Commission for evolutionary education, and a welcoming dance Biological Education) did a superb job in by Maori performers. A highlight of the social recruiting speakers, raising financial support, programme for
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Redalyc.Charles Darwin, Robert Fitzroy and Simón Rodríguez Met In
    Interciencia ISSN: 0378-1844 [email protected] Asociación Interciencia Venezuela Whittembury, Guillermo; Jaffé, Klaus; Hirshbein, Cesia; Yudilevich, David Charles Darwin, Robert Fitzroy and Simón Rodríguez met in Concepción, Chile, after the earthquake of february 20, 1835 Interciencia, vol. 28, núm. 9, septiembre, 2003, pp. 549-553 Asociación Interciencia Caracas, Venezuela Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=33908410 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative CHARLES DARWIN, ROBERT FITZROY AND SIMÓN RODRÍGUEZ MET IN CONCEPCIÓN, CHILE, AFTER THE EARTHQUAKE OF FEBRUARY 20, 1835 Guillermo Whittembury, Klaus Jaffé, Cesia Hirshbein and David Yudilevich SUMMARY Simón Rodríguez (SR) was in Concepción during the earth- elevation to coincide, the three must have talked and exchanged quake of Feb 20 1835 that destroyed the city. A month later, he ideas and views about the earthquake within the mentioned and two other dwellers were asked for a report on the state of dates. This statement is supported by additional facts: FR and the city. The report, dated Aug 13, 1835 mentions: “FitzRoy Esq. CD were hosted by a friend of SR during their visits. They men- noted that the Island of Santa Maria was upheaved 9 feet after tion having talked extensively with the inhabitants. SR was one the earthquake”. The same value appears in the reports of Rob- of the most learned persons at the time in Concepción.
    [Show full text]
  • Sari Et Al. 2012 J. Biogeography.Pdf
    Journal of Biogeography (J. Biogeogr.) (2012) ORIGINAL Tracking the origins of lice, haemospo- ARTICLE ridian parasites and feather mites of the Galapagos flycatcher (Myiarchus magnirostris) Eloisa H. R. Sari1*, Hans Klompen2 and Patricia G. Parker1,3 1Department of Biology and Whitney R. ABSTRACT Harris World Ecology Center, University of Aim To discover the origins of the lice, haemosporidian parasites and feather Missouri-St. Louis, St Louis, MO, 63121, 2 mites found on or in Galapagos flycatchers (Myiarchus magnirostris), by testing USA, Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State whether they colonized the islands with the ancestors of M. magnirostris or if University, Columbus, OH, 43212, USA, they were acquired by M. magnirostris after its arrival in the Galapagos Islands. 3 Saint Louis Zoo WildCare Institute, St Louis, Location The Galapagos Islands (Ecuador) and north-western Costa Rica. MO, 63110, USA Methods We collected lice, feather mites and blood samples from M. magni- rostris on seven of the Galapagos Islands (n = 254), and from its continental sister species, M. tyrannulus, in Costa Rica (n = 74), and identified them to species level using traditional taxonomy and DNA sequencing. Results The blood parasites from the two bird species were different: Plasmo- dium was found only in M. tyrannulus, while a few individuals of M. magnirostris were infected by Haemoproteus multipigmentatus from Galapagos doves (Zenaida galapagoensis). Myiarchus tyrannulus was parasitized by three louse species, two of which (Ricinus marginatus and Menacanthus distinctus) were also found on Myiarchus magnirostris. We also collected one louse specimen from M. magnirostris, which was identified as Brueelia interposita, a species commonly found on finches and yellow warblers from the Galapagos, but never recorded on M.
    [Show full text]
  • The Story of the Treaty Part 1 (Pdf
    THE STORY OF THE TREATY Introduction This is the story of our founding document, the Treaty agreement contained within it. At the outset it of Waitangi. It tells of the events leading up to the should be noted that, while the steps leading to the Treaty at a time when Mäori, far outnumbering Treaty are well known and have been thoroughly Päkehä, controlled New Zealand. It describes the studied, historians do differ in what they see as the The Treaty of Waitangi is New Zealand’s founding document. Over 500 Mäori chiefs and essential bargain that was struck between Mäori main developments and trends. Some historians, for representatives of the British Crown signed the Treaty in 1840. Like all treaties it is an exchange and the British Crown and what both sides hoped example, emphasise the humanitarian beliefs of the of promises; the promises that were exchanged in 1840 were the basis on which the British to obtain by agreeing to it. However, it does not tell 1830s; others draw attention to the more coercive Crown acquired New Zealand. The Treaty of Waitangi agreed the terms on which New Zealand the full story of what has happened since the signing aspects of British policy or take a middle course would become a British colony. of the Treaty in 1840: of the pain and loss suffered of arguing that while British governments were by Mäori when the Treaty came to be ignored concerned about Mäori, they were equally concerned This is one of a series of booklets on the Treaty of Waitangi which are drawn from the Treaty of by successive settler-dominated governments in about protecting the interests of Britain and British Waitangi Information Programme’s website www.treatyofwaitangi.govt.nz.
    [Show full text]
  • Charles Darwin's
    GORDON CHANCELLOR AND JOHN VAN WYHE This book is the first-ever full edition of the notebooks used by Charles Darwin during his epic voyage in the Beagle. Darwin’s Beagle notebooks are the most direct sources we have for CHANCELLOR VAN WYHE VAN his experiences on this journey, and they now survive as some of the most precious CHARLES DARWIN’S documents in the history of science and exploration, written by the man who later used these notes to develop one of the greatest scientific theories of all time. notebooks from the voyage The book contains complete transcriptions of the 15 notebooks which Darwin used over the 5 years of the voyage to record his ‘on the spot’ geological and general observations. of the ‘beagle’ Unlike the many other documents that he also created, the field notebooks are not confined to any one subject or genre. Instead, they record the full range of his interests and activities foreword by during the voyage, with notes and observations on geology, zoology, botany, ecology, weather notebooks from the voyage notes, barometer and thermometer readings, depth soundings, ethnography, anthropology, CHARLES DARWIN’S RICHARD DARWIN archaeology and linguistics, along with maps, drawings, financial records, shopping lists, KEYNES reading notes, memoranda, theoretical essays and personal diary entries. of the ‘beagle’ Some of Darwin’s critical discoveries and experiences, made famous through his own publications, are recorded in their most immediate form in the notebooks, and published here for the very first time. The notebook texts are accompanied by full editorial apparatus and introductions which explain in detail Darwin’s actions at each stage of the voyage, and focus on discoveries which were pivotal to convincing him that life on Earth had evolved.
    [Show full text]
  • René Antoine Ferchault De Réaumur (1683–1757), a Naturalist and Pioneer of Acarology and His Contacts with Poland
    BIOLOGICAL LETT. 2016, 53(1): 9–17 Available online at: http:/www.degruyter.com/view/j/biolet DOI: 10.1515/biolet-2017-0002 René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur (1683–1757), a naturalist and pioneer of acarology and his contacts with Poland PIOTR DASZKIEWICZ Institute for the History of Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, Nowy Świat 72, 00-330 Warsaw, Poland; and National Museum of Natural History, 57 Rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris France; e-mail: [email protected] Corresponding author: Piotr Daszkiewicz, e-mail: [email protected] (Received on 7 January 2016; Accepted on 12 July 2016) Abstract: René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur was one of the most important scientists of the Age of Enlightenment. His relations with Polish scientists are analysed, with particular reference to Franciszek Bieliński (Grand Marshal of the Crown), Konstanty Franciszek Fremel (a Saxon specialist of glass tech- nology in Poland), and Johann Ernst Stieff (a Silesian scientist). Réaumur’s work on mites is discussed in the context of his entomological publications. For the first time, illustrations of mites drawn by Claude Aubriet (from Réaumur’s collection) are reproduced here. INTRODUCTION: RÉAUMUR’S SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH The 18th century marked a revolution in the natural sciences. The cabinets of curiosities, i.e. collections of natural history specimens, became more and more im- portant then. Descriptions of those collections resulted in many zoological, mineral- ogical, and botanical works. Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778) proposed the new rules of nomenclature and systematics: it was the beginning of the modern taxonomic system that we still use today. The work of Antoine Lavoisier revolutionized chemistry.
    [Show full text]
  • Tracing Objects of Measurement: Locating Intersections of Race, Science and Politics at Stellenbosch University
    TRACING OBJECTS OF MEASUREMENT: LOCATING INTERSECTIONS OF RACE, SCIENCE AND POLITICS AT STELLENBOSCH UNIVERSITY Handri Walters Thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Social Anthropology in the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences at Stellenbosch University Supervisor: Professor Kees (C.S.) van der Waal Co-Supervisor: Professor Steven Robins March 2018 Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za i Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za DECLARATION By submitting this thesis electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work contained therein is my own, original work, that I am the sole author thereof (save to the extent explicitly otherwise stated), that reproduction and publication thereof by Stellenbosch University will not infringe any third party rights and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification. March 2018 Copyright © 2018 Stellenbosch University All rights reserved i Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za ii Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za ABSTRACT This study departs from a confrontation with a collection of ‘scientific’ objects employed at Stellenbosch University in various ways from 1925 to 1984. Eugen Fischer’s Haarfarbentafel (hair colour table), Rudolf Martin’s Augenfarbentafel (eye colour table) and Felix von Luschan’s Hautfarbentafel (skin colour table) - a collection later joined by an anatomically prepared human skull - are employed in this study as vessels for
    [Show full text]
  • Using Groups Statistics to Sentence Individual Criminals: an Ethical and Statistical Critique of the Virginia Risk Assessment Program Brian Netter
    Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology Volume 97 Article 1 Issue 3 Spring Spring 2007 Using Groups Statistics to Sentence Individual Criminals: An Ethical and Statistical Critique of the Virginia Risk Assessment Program Brian Netter Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/jclc Part of the Criminal Law Commons, Criminology Commons, and the Criminology and Criminal Justice Commons Recommended Citation Brian Netter, Using Groups Statistics to Sentence Individual Criminals: An Ethical and Statistical Critique of the Virginia Risk Assessment Program, 97 J. Crim. L. & Criminology 699 (2006-2007) This Criminal Law is brought to you for free and open access by Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology by an authorized editor of Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. 0091-4169107/9703-0699 TIm, JOURNALOF CRIMINAL LAW& CRIMINOLOGY Vol. 97, No. 3 Copyright © 2007 by Northwestem University, School of Law Printed inU.S.A. CRIMINAL LAW USING GROUP STATISTICS TO SENTENCE INDIVIDUAL CRIMINALS: AN ETHICAL AND STATISTICAL CRITIQUE OF THE VIRGINIA RISK ASSESSMENT PROGRAM BRIAN NETTER* Virginia's program of nonviolent offender risk assessment uses predictions of recidivism to recommend which felons should be incarcerated. Unlike many sentencing schemes that rely upon the severity of the offense and the offender's criminal history, Viginia's depends on a statistical study commissioned by the legislature that purports to match offender characteristics with future behavior. New offenders are given recidivism "scores" that depend on gender, employment status, marital status, and age-all factors seemingly unrelated to the criminal conduct itself This Essay criticizes the Virginia approach as ethically suspect and mathematically unsound and calls for greater public discourse as to the hidden assumptions underlying the sentencing apparatus.
    [Show full text]
  • Memoirs of Hydrography
    MEMOIRS 07 HYDROGRAPHY INCLUDING Brief Biographies of the Principal Officers who have Served in H.M. NAVAL SURVEYING SERVICE BETWEEN THE YEARS 1750 and 1885 COMPILED BY COMMANDER L. S. DAWSON, R.N. I 1s t tw o PARTS. P a r t II.—1830 t o 1885. EASTBOURNE: HENRY W. KEAY, THE “ IMPERIAL LIBRARY.” iI i / PREF A CE. N the compilation of Part II. of the Memoirs of Hydrography, the endeavour has been to give the services of the many excellent surveying I officers of the late Indian Navy, equal prominence with those of the Royal Navy. Except in the geographical abridgment, under the heading of “ Progress of Martne Surveys” attached to the Memoirs of the various Hydrographers, the personal services of officers still on the Active List, and employed in the surveying service of the Royal Navy, have not been alluded to ; thereby the lines of official etiquette will not have been over-stepped. L. S. D. January , 1885. CONTENTS OF PART II ♦ CHAPTER I. Beaufort, Progress 1829 to 1854, Fitzroy, Belcher, Graves, Raper, Blackwood, Barrai, Arlett, Frazer, Owen Stanley, J. L. Stokes, Sulivan, Berard, Collinson, Lloyd, Otter, Kellett, La Place, Schubert, Haines,' Nolloth, Brock, Spratt, C. G. Robinson, Sheringham, Williams, Becher, Bate, Church, Powell, E. J. Bedford, Elwon, Ethersey, Carless, G. A. Bedford, James Wood, Wolfe, Balleny, Wilkes, W. Allen, Maury, Miles, Mooney, R. B. Beechey, P. Shortland, Yule, Lord, Burdwood, Dayman, Drury, Barrow, Christopher, John Wood, Harding, Kortright, Johnson, Du Petit Thouars, Lawrance, Klint, W. Smyth, Dunsterville, Cox, F. W. L. Thomas, Biddlecombe, Gordon, Bird Allen, Curtis, Edye, F.
    [Show full text]
  • Some Central Pacific Crustaceans by CHARLES HOWARD EDMONDSON Bernice P
    OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF BERNICE P. BISHOP MUSEUM HONOLULU, HAWAII I Volume XX August 29, 1951 NumJ>er 13 Some Central Pacific Crustaceans By CHARLES HOWARD EDMONDSON BERNIce P. BtSHOJ' MOSEtrM INTRODUCTION The following report on crustaceans selected from materia1lwhich has accumulated in Bishop Museum for several years inc1uder (1), new species, (2) known species as new Hawaiian records, an,(i (3) known species rarely recorded in the central Pacific. Recently, valuable collections have been received as a result of the current dredging operations of the M alliin, a boat of the Fi hand Game Division, Territorial Board of Agriculture and Forestry. These collections clearly reveal the presence of a crustacean fauna a ut the Hawaiian Islands. at depths of about 10 fathoms and beyond, which is not seen on the shallow reefs. Many of the unique species taken nearly 50 years ago by the Albatross of the United States Fis Com~ mission have again been brought to view. Other rare crustaceans recorded in the report were receive1 from the Honolulu Aquarium and came from fish traps operated b~ com­ mercial fishermen off the coast of Oahu at depths ranging aro~nd 16 fathoms. These specimens show that fauna at these depths har close affinities with that of the western Pacific and the Indian Ocej. It is well known that many organisms, both land and marine ~orrns, have been introduced into the Hawaiian area within recent I.years, chiefly as a result of war activities. Ocean-going craft returning to Hawaii from forward areas in the Pacific transport on theil' hulls marine organisms not previously recognized among local shore fauna, and some of these inunigrants become established in the new e9viron­ ment.
    [Show full text]
  • Geological History and Phylogeny of Chelicerata
    Arthropod Structure & Development 39 (2010) 124–142 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Arthropod Structure & Development journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/asd Review Article Geological history and phylogeny of Chelicerata Jason A. Dunlop* Museum fu¨r Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Research on Evolution and Biodiversity at the Humboldt University Berlin, Invalidenstraße 43, D-10115 Berlin, Germany article info abstract Article history: Chelicerata probably appeared during the Cambrian period. Their precise origins remain unclear, but may Received 1 December 2009 lie among the so-called great appendage arthropods. By the late Cambrian there is evidence for both Accepted 13 January 2010 Pycnogonida and Euchelicerata. Relationships between the principal euchelicerate lineages are unre- solved, but Xiphosura, Eurypterida and Chasmataspidida (the last two extinct), are all known as body Keywords: fossils from the Ordovician. The fourth group, Arachnida, was found monophyletic in most recent studies. Arachnida Arachnids are known unequivocally from the Silurian (a putative Ordovician mite remains controversial), Fossil record and the balance of evidence favours a common, terrestrial ancestor. Recent work recognises four prin- Phylogeny Evolutionary tree cipal arachnid clades: Stethostomata, Haplocnemata, Acaromorpha and Pantetrapulmonata, of which the pantetrapulmonates (spiders and their relatives) are probably the most robust grouping. Stethostomata includes Scorpiones (Silurian–Recent) and Opiliones (Devonian–Recent), while
    [Show full text]
  • Adolphe Quetelet and the Development of Economic
    Adolphe Quetelet, the Average Man and the Development of Economic Methodology1 Bert Mosselmans2 Abstract Quetelet's contribution to statistics has received adequate attention in Stigler (1986, 1999) and Porter's (1986) seminal works on the history of that scientific discipline.3 Our contribution investigates Quetelet's influence on economic methodology. Other scholars have already investigated his influence on econometrics and empirical economics (Morgan 1990, Stigler 1999), but we argue that his influence on theoretical economics should be considered significant as well. We devote attention to Quetelet’s concept of the ‘average man’. For this purpose we briefly summarize Quetelet's methodology and examine the evolution of his ideas as expressed in his published works. We then investigate his influence on classical political economy, on Jevons’s ‘calculus of pleasures and pains’ and on the debates of the ‘Methodenstreit’. We conclude with some considerations on contemporary discussions in macroeconomics about the ‘representative individual’. We argue that the history of statistics, and especially Quetelet's contribution, should not be neglected by historians of economic thought as it provides important insights into the development of economic methodology. 1 Previous versions of this paper have been presented at the meeting of the Dutch-Flemish Society of the History of Economic Thought, 7 December 2001, Antwerp; at the 29th Meeting of the History of Economics Society, Davis CA, 5-8 July 2002; and at lunch seminars in Antwerp and Bristol. I would like to thank Christos Baloglou, Tony Brewer, Edmund Cannon, Annie Cot, Guido Erreygers, Charles Figuieres, Pat Gunning, Albert Jolink, Mary Morgan, Wilfried Parys, Renee Prendergast and Michael V.
    [Show full text]
  • BU-581-M.Pdf (1.982Mb)
    ADOLPHE QUETELI'r, P'ATUEB. OF UODERN STATISTICS! 'l'homas S. Graves BU-581-l'i lfay 1976 Abstract A brief history of statistics up untU 1820 is presented, along with a quick sketch of the clevel.Dpment of the normal distribution an4 the laws . of large numbers before 1820. 'lhen a biography of Adolphe QUetelet is given and it is shown how be combined the art of statistics with the theory of probabil'ity to form the science of statistics. His other contributions to statistics are also listed. Iiitrocluction 'l'he purpose of this paper is twofold. First a brief history of statis­ tics up to 1820 wUl be given, along with a quick sketch of the development of the laws of large numbers and the normal distribution. Secondly, a .JJ:,v; '· biography of Adolphe Quetelet with the emphasis on his achievements in sta- .. ; -~, . tistics will be presented. It will be shown how he canbiDed what was then called statistics with probability theory to develop what-we today call statistics. For this reason, Quetelet is often refel'red to as the father of modern statistics. He was also influential in the standardization of international statistics, helped to promote the use of statistical fJlethodol- ogy in other fields of science which rely upon observational data and laid the groundwork for modern sociology. He changed the role of the statistician . .. from that of artisan, gathering data and maltin& official tables to that of scien- tist1 seeking out the laws of nature. -2- ,_ .. ' Historx of Statistics , The practice of recording the numerical quantities which make up the state goes back to the very origins of recorded his tory.
    [Show full text]