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English Nominalizations Ending in Suffixes -Hood and -Ness in the Framework of Cognitive Linguistics

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English Nominalizations Ending in Suffixes -Hood and -Ness in the Framework of Cognitive Linguistics View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Repository of Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek JOSIP JURAJ STROSSMAYER UNIVERSITY OF OSIJEK FACULTY OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES LORENZA JÄGERA 9, OSIJEK, CROATIA Lana Matijaković English nominalizations ending in suffixes -hood and -ness in the framework of cognitive linguistics doctoral thesis Supervisor: Mario Brdar, Ph.D., Full Professor Osijek, 2017 SVEUČILIŠTE JOSIPA JURJA STROSSMAYERA U OSIJEKU FILOZOFSKI FAKULTET LORENZA JÄGERA 9, OSIJEK, HRVATSKA Lana Matijaković Engleske nominalizacije izvedene sufiksima -hood i -ness u okviru kognitivne lingvistike doktorski rad Mentor: prof. dr. sc. Mario Brdar Osijek, 2017. Table of Contents 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1 2. THE AIM OF THE STUDY .............................................................................................. 1 3. HYPOTHESES .................................................................................................................. 1 4. METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................ 2 5. THESIS ORGANIZATION ............................................................................................... 5 6. WORD FORMATION IN ENGLISH ............................................................................... 6 6.1. General notions ............................................................................................................... 6 6.2. Approaches to word-formation ....................................................................................... 7 6.3. Historical overview of word formation ........................................................................ 10 6.4. Models in word formation ............................................................................................ 13 7. COGNITIVE APPROACHES TO WORD FORMATION ............................................. 14 7.1. On motivation ............................................................................................................... 15 8.1. Affixation ...................................................................................................................... 18 8.2. Non-affixation .............................................................................................................. 20 8.3. Compounding ............................................................................................................... 22 9. ON NOMINALIZATION ................................................................................................ 24 10. POLYSEMY .................................................................................................................. 33 10.1. Polysemy in cognitive linguistics ............................................................................... 36 10.2. Polysemy of (English) suffixes ................................................................................... 38 11. COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS IN GENERAL ............................................................... 49 11.1. Prototype theory.......................................................................................................... 52 11.2. Frame semantics ........................................................................................................ .56 11.3. Theory of domains and image-schemas...................................................................... 56 11.4. Cognitive approaches to grammar .............................................................................. 57 11.5. Theory of metaphor and metonymy ........................................................................... 64 11.5.1. Metaphor .................................................................................................................. 64 11.5.2. Metonymy ................................................................................................................ 71 11.5.2.1. Metonymic models in literature ............................................................................ 83 11.5.3. Contrasting and comparing metaphor and metonymy ............................................. 89 11.5.4. Interaction between metaphors and metonymies ..................................................... 93 11.5.5. Metaphor and metonymy in grammar ................................................................... 100 11.5.6. Metaphor and metonymy- recent developments .................................................... 108 i 11.6. Conceptual integration theory or blending theory .................................................... 109 12. SUFFIXES -HOOD AND -NESS. ............................................................................... 113 13. THE ANALYSIS ......................................................................................................... 119 13.1. The suffix-hood ........................................................................................................ 120 13.1.1. Nominal roots ........................................................................................................ 121 13.1.1.1. The state of what is being expressed by the base noun ...................................... 121 13.1.1.1.1. States of (non)-human life ............................................................................... 122 13.1.1.1.2. Social statuses and legal rights ........................................................................ 126 13.1.1.2. A group of people (or animals) sharing the thing referred to by the nominal root .................................................................................................. 130 13.1.1.2.1. A general group of people or animals, a collectivity ....................................... 130 13.1.1.2.2. A group of people denoted by N that stands for a union with a specific purpose, goals of function, often a religious one ............................................. 135 13.1.1.3. A period of time during which one is N.............................................................. 141 13.1.1.4. An area of the thing referred to by N .................................................................. 146 13.1.1.5. A part of the body ............................................................................................... 149 13.1.2. Extensions from the prototypical sense ................................................................. 150 13.1.3. Adjectival roots ...................................................................................................... 154 13.1.3.1. The state of being A ........................................................................................... .154 13.1.3.2. An action of making something A ...................................................................... 157 13.1.3.3. An instance or example of being A ..................................................................... 157 13.1.4. Extensions from the prototypical sense ................................................................. 158 13.1.5. Concluding remarks on the suffix –hood .............................................................. 159 13.2. The suffix –ness ........................................................................................................ 160 13.2.1. An instance or example of the quality or state denoted by the adjectival root (by A) ..................................................................................................................... 163 13.2.1.1. An act of being A ................................................................................................ 163 13.2.1.2. An event, a person or a situation that brings about A + ness .............................. 171 13.2.1.3. A specific type of A + ness ................................................................................. 173 13.2.1.4. An object exemplifying A + ness ........................................................................ 174 13.2.1.5. Other examples of A + ness in the meaning of manifestation or instance of a state in a certain time period ....................................................................... 180 13.2.2. An activity one is engaged in ................................................................................. 181 ii 13.2.3. A period of time during which one is in the state of A + ness ............................... 184 13.2.4. An area characterized by being A .......................................................................... 185 13.2.5. A group of animals ................................................................................................. 190 13.2.6. Extensions from the prototypical sense ................................................................. 191 13.2.7. Concluding remarks on the suffix –ness ................................................................ 197 14. THE PLACEMENT OF METAPHORICAL AND/ OR METONYMIC PROCESSES .............................................................................................................. 199 15. OVERVIEW OF NOMINALIZATIONS AND THEIR METAPHORICAL AND METONYMIC EXTENSIONS ............................................................................... 204 16. CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................... 218 17. A LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................
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