遊唱詩人》兩首女高音詠嘆調 的音樂分析與詮釋-以 Tacea La Notte Placida…Di Tale Amor 及 D’Amor Sull’Ali Rosee 為例

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遊唱詩人》兩首女高音詠嘆調 的音樂分析與詮釋-以 Tacea La Notte Placida…Di Tale Amor 及 D’Amor Sull’Ali Rosee 為例 國立臺東大學音樂學系 碩士論文 指導教授:郭美女 教授 威爾第《遊唱詩人》兩首女高音詠嘆調 的音樂分析與詮釋-以 Tacea la notte placida…Di tale amor 及 D’amor sull’ali rosee 為例 研究生:黃璿霏 撰 中華民國一一O年五月 國立臺東大學音樂學系 碩士論文 指導教授:郭美女 教授 威爾第《遊唱詩人》兩首女高音詠嘆調 的音樂分析與詮釋-以 Tacea la notte placida…Di tale amor 及 D’amor sull’ali rosee 為例 研究生:黃璿霏 撰 中華民國一一O年五月 謝誌 遙想在攻讀研究所這兩年多時光,雖然辛苦但卻也收穫滿滿,在這段過程 中,除了要以學生身份完成課業外,同時也要扮演學生的老師以及孩子的媽 媽,在這一路上,挑戰雖然很多,但非常感謝當時不斷幫助我的家人以及朋 友,最重要是在研究所課程上一路教導的師長及給予我建議的同學們,讓我能 在困境時去克服困難。 在此要特別感謝我人生中最大的貴人-郭美女主任,一路提攜及幫助我, 總像個母親的身份,不僅是關心我的課業進度,還關照我的生活與提醒我許多 事情,在論文進度延宕或是遇到瓶頸時,總是耐心給予我建言與方向引導我。 也要感謝湯慧茹教授以及張美莉教授百忙中願意撥空擔任口考委員,並為我的 碩士畢業音樂會評審,非常感謝兩位評審的幫忙。 除此外還要感謝在教會中認識的學弟妹以及學校同學與助教,能在我課業 知識遇到問題時,或送審文件有困難時,即時解除我內心的疑惑與疑問,並提 供解決方法與方向。 最後我要感謝我的父母親,無私地奉獻以及成為我在求學路上堅強的後 盾,讓我可以無後顧之憂專心課業,並且在我困難時,給予我資源供應我生 活。在我決定要重回學校攻讀研究所時,父母親全力的支持與幫助是我最感恩 的部分,謝謝您們,若是沒有您們,我也不能完成如今這個歷程與目標。 黃璿霏,2021 年,初夏 威爾第《遊唱詩人》兩首女高音詠嘆調 的音樂分析與詮釋-以 Tacea la notte placida…Di tale amore 及 D’amor sull’ali rosee 為例 黃璿霏 國立台東大學音樂系 中文摘要 朱塞佩.威爾第(Giuseppe Verdi, 1813-1901)是 19 世紀最具有 影響力的義大利歌劇作曲家,本研究以威爾第三大歌劇作品中的 《遊唱詩人》作為研究主題,除了探討威爾第歌劇《遊唱詩人》 外,並針對遊唱詩人的歷史背景與文化意涵,以及蕾奧諾拉兩首詠 嘆調的樂曲、音樂詮釋做分析。 本論文分為五章:第一章為緒論包含研究動機與目的、研究範 圍與方法。第二章為作曲家威爾第生平、音樂風格及重要歌劇作 品,遊唱詩人原劇作家古提耶雷斯的生平與創作。第三章為遊唱詩 人的興起與盛衰,當中包含了遊唱詩人的起源和沒落以及遊唱詩人 的音樂。第四章為歌劇《遊唱詩人》女高音兩首詠嘆調樂曲分析與 詮釋探討。第五章為結論。 本論文研究獲得以下結論:一、中世紀遊唱詩人音樂特色:以 騎士精神與愛情為主的音樂;二、威爾第歌劇有其獨特風格:堅持 i 使用義大利傳統音樂風格,以人聲為重;三、《遊唱詩人》是以火為 核心結合音樂表現的歌劇;四、《遊唱詩人》的音樂特色:使用大量 的休止符來切割曲調的旋律、以人聲為主、音樂動機貫穿全曲; 五、詠嘆調《一個寧靜的夜晚…此心不能言表》(Taccea la notte placide…Di tale amor)的音樂特色與歌唱詮釋:威爾第使用對比手 法展現景色與內心的差異、大量花腔裝飾音來表現蕾奧諾拉的心 情;六、詠嘆調《愛情乘在玫瑰色翅膀》(D’amor sull’ali rosee)的 音樂特色與歌唱詮釋:以琶音音形和雙重和聲及六度音程烘托美 聲、三連音描繪對愛人的憐憫、大量的快速音群與裝飾音暗喻蕾奧 諾拉內心的激動痛苦情緒。 關鍵詞:遊唱詩人、威爾第、蕾奧諾拉、女高音、詠嘆調 ii Music analysis and interpretation of Verdi’s Il Trovatore: acase study of soprano arias “Taccea la notte placide…Di tale amor” and “D’amor sull’ali rosee”. Hsuan Fei Huang National Taitung University Abstract Giuseppe Verdi (1813-1901) was the most influential Italian opera composer in the 19th century. This research uses Verdi’s one of the three peaks of his period opera works: “Il Trovatore” as the research theme. In addition to discussing Verdi's opera “Il Trovatore”, it also analyzes the historical background and cultural meanings of the Troubadour, as well as the music and musical interpretations of Leonora's two arias. This thesis is divided into five chapters: The first chapter is the introduction, including research motivations, purposes, research scopes and methods. The second chapter is about the life, musical style and important opera works of the composer Verdi, the life and creation of the original Il Trovatore playwright Gutiérrez(1813-1844). The third chapter is about the rise and fall of the troubadour, which includes the origin and decline and their music. The fourth chapter is the analysis and interpretation of the two soprano arias in the opera “Il Trovatore”. iii Chapter five is the conclusion. The research of this thesis has the following conclusions: 1. The musical characteristics of the troubadour in the Middle Ages; 2. Verdi’s opera “Il Trovatore” has its own unique style; 3. “Il Trovatore” is an opera with fire as the core and combined with musical expression; 4. The musical characteristics of “Il Trovatore” -(1) Use a lot of rests to cut the melody of the tune, (2) Focus on Bel Canto, (3) Musical motivation throughout the whole song; 5. The musical characteristics and singing interpretation of the aria “Taccea la notte placide...Di tale amor”; 6. The musical characteristics and singing interpretation of the aria “D’amor sull’ali rosee”. Keywords: Il Trovatore, Troubadour, Giuseppe Verdi, Leonora, Soprano, aria iv 目次 謝誌 中文摘要 i Abstract iii 目次 v 表目次 vii 圖目次 viii 譜例目次 ix 第一章 緒論 1 第一節 研究動機與目的 1 第二節 研究範圍與方法 3 第二章 《遊唱詩人》歌劇作曲者及劇作家 5 第一節 作曲家威爾第生平與創作 5 第二節 劇作家古提耶雷斯的生平與作品 23 第三章 遊唱詩人的興起與盛衰 26 第一節 遊唱詩人的起源和沒落 26 第二節 遊唱詩人的音樂 40 第四章 歌劇《遊唱詩人》女高音兩首詠嘆調樂曲分析與詮釋探討 42 第一節 威爾第歌劇的《遊唱詩人》 42 第二節 歌劇《遊唱詩人》角色介紹與劇情簡述 46 第三節 詠嘆調<一個寧靜的夜晚…此情不能言表>(Tacea la notte v placida…Di tale amor) 49 第四節 詠嘆<愛情乘在玫瑰色翅膀>(D’amor sull’ali rosee) 70 第五章 結論 84 參考文獻 90 vi 表目次 表一、威爾第重要歌劇作品列表 21 表二、《遊唱詩人》劇中主要角色 45 表三、Tacea la notte placida…Di tale amor 歌詞與中文翻譯 49 表四、Tacea la notte placida…Di tale amor 樂曲結構 52 表五、D’amor sull’ali rosee 歌詞與中文翻譯 70 表六、D’amor sull’ali rosee 樂曲結構 71 vii 圖目次 圖一、貢帝耶的 rotrouenge 36 圖二、六種詩律格式 41 viii 譜例目次 【譜例 1-1】Tacea la notte placida. mm.1-5 53 【譜例 1-2】Tacea la notte placida. mm.5-9 54 【譜例 1-3】Tacea la notte placida. mm.9-13 55 【譜例 1-4】Tacea la notte placida. mm.14-17 56 【譜例 1-5】Tacea la notte placida. mm.18-21 57 【譜例 1-6】Tacea la notte placida. mm.21-25 58 【譜例 1-7】Tacea la notte placida. mm.25-32 59 【譜例 1-8】Tacea la notte placida. mm.36-40 60 【譜例 1-9】Tacea la notte placida. mm.43-48 61 【譜例 1-10】Tacea la notte placida. mm.56-63 62 【譜例 1-11】Tacea la notte placida. mm.62-69 63 【譜例 1-12】Di tale amor. mm.1-7 64 【譜例 1-13】Di tale amor. mm.10-16 65 【譜例 1-14】Di tale amor. mm.16-25 66 【譜例 1-15】Di tale amor. mm.26-27 67 【譜例 1-16】Di tale amor. mm.28-33 68 【譜例 2-1】D’amor sull’ali rosee. mm.1-5 72 【譜例 2-2】D’amor sull’ali rosee. mm.6-10 73 【譜例 2-3】D’amor sull’ali rosee. mm.10-14 74 【譜例 2-4】D’amor sull’ali rosee. mm.14-18 75 【譜例 2-5】D’amor sull’ali rosee. mm.19-22 76 【譜例 2-6】D’amor sull’ali rosee. mm.22-23 77 【譜例 2-7】D’amor sull’ali rosee. mm.24-26 78 ix 【譜例 2-8】D’amor sull’ali rosee. mm.27-31 79 【譜例 2-9】D’amor sull’ali rosee. mm.32-35 80 【譜例 2-10】D’amor sull’ali rosee. mm.34-37 81 【譜例 2-11】D’amor sull’ali rosee. mm.38-43 83 x 第一章 緒論 第一節 研究動機與目的 一、研究動機 義大利作曲家朱塞佩.威爾第( Giuseppe Verdi, 1813-1901 )的歌劇《遊 唱詩人》( Il Trovatore, 1853 )是威爾第在事業巔峰時的第十七部歌劇作品, 為四幕歌劇,更是威爾第歌劇作品中的三大歌劇之一,歌劇《遊唱詩人》 的劇本是由卡瑪拉諾(Salvatore Carmmarano, 1801-1852)編寫,改編自西 班牙浪漫主義戲劇家-安東尼奧·加西亞·古提耶雷斯(Antonio García Gutiérrez, 1813-1844)的原著戲劇「遊唱詩人」(El Trovador, 1836)。在這 部歌劇中,威爾第除了沿襲以往傳統義大利作曲家慣用手法外,更融入了 自己嶄新的美學觀,將音樂與戲劇完美的結合在一起(陳榮貴,1995),不 僅如此,更有人稱《遊唱詩人》是一部「演員的歌劇」,每個角色的歌詞與 音樂,除了充斥著細膩情感與愛恨情仇的交織(楊馥如,2017),加上高潮 迭起的故事劇情與戲劇張力,使得這部歌劇在首演後造成觀眾熱烈迴響, 也成為了威爾第三大歌劇之一。 本研究之動機分為兩個方向,其一,從古至今以來,在繁忙的街頭 上,我們經常可以看到有人自彈自唱或是單純歌唱,在台灣我們稱其為 「街頭藝人」,而在歐洲或十一世紀末期的法國稱其為「遊唱詩人」, 因此 產生探討的動機,藉本研究了解遊唱詩人的崛起與沒落,進而使研究者能 更深入了解威爾第三大歌劇之一《遊唱詩人》歌劇的背景與內涵;其二是 研究者在習得《遊唱詩人》女高音蕾奧諾拉之兩首詠嘆調分別為<一個寧 靜的夜晚…此情不能言表>(Tacea la notte placida…Di tale amor)及<愛 情乘在玫瑰色翅膀>(D’amor sull’ali rosee), 被兩首歌曲中的旋律與歌詞 深刻吸引,因特別鍾情這兩首詠嘆調,便萌生探討研究歌劇《遊唱詩人》 1 的情節、蕾奧諾拉角色的設定、威爾第的作曲手法及音樂風格,並剖析兩 首詠嘆調之樂曲分析與歌唱詮釋,將其應用於歌曲的表現。 二、研究目的 本研究目的有二: (一) 探討遊唱詩人的起源與興衰之相關歷史。 (二) 探究《遊唱詩人》中女高音蕾奧諾拉(Leonora)兩首詠嘆調之 樂曲與詮釋方式,兩首詠嘆調分別為<一個寧靜的夜晚…此情不能言表 >(Tacea la notte placida…Di tale amor)及<愛情乘在玫瑰色翅膀> (D’amor sull’ali rosee)。 期盼本研究除了能了解遊唱詩人歷史背景興衰發展的過程外,更 重要是能掌握歌劇《遊唱詩人》中兩首詠嘆調中女高音的音樂特色與 如何完整詮釋樂曲。 2 第二節 研究範圍與方法 一、 研究範圍 本論文研究分為兩個方向主軸: (一)研究遊唱詩人之源起與沒落;追溯當時遊唱詩人的時代背景,並對 「遊唱詩人」此名詞最早發源時間地點為研究的起點,爾後研究其特質、 音樂以及其衰敗與沒落原因。 (二)研究歌劇《遊唱詩人》女高音蕾奧諾拉兩首詠嘆調之樂曲分析與詮 釋方式。首先了解劇本中蕾奧諾拉的個人特質與性情,再針對兩首詠嘆調 進行樂曲分析和歌唱詮釋之探討。 本論文內容共分為五章,第一章為緒論;第二章威爾第歌劇《遊唱詩 人》;第三章為遊唱詩人的興起與盛衰;第四章歌劇《遊唱詩人》女高音 兩首詠嘆調樂曲分析與詮釋;最後第五章結論,將《遊唱詩人》兩首詠嘆 調的樂曲分析及詮釋上作總結。 3 二、 研究方法 本論文以文獻收集和內容分析法等研究方法有三: (一) 搜尋遊唱詩人的起源及歷史過程以及威爾第歌劇《遊唱詩人》之 文獻、期刊、碩博士論文及網路資源等。 (二) 結合參考各式版本的 CD、DVD 及網路有聲資料。 (三) 歌劇《遊唱詩人》的創作背景、蕾奧諾拉二首詠嘆調的樂曲分析 及探討歌唱詮釋。 運用以上方法彙整資料與統整,有助於本研究探討及樂曲分析和演唱 詮釋。 4 第二章 作曲家威爾第 第一節 作曲家威爾第生平 一、作曲家威爾第生平 作曲家朱塞佩.威爾第(Giuseppe Verdi, 1813-1901)1813 年 10 月 10 日誕生於義大利北部帕爾瑪(Parma)公國境內,布塞托(Busseto)城外 不遠處的隆科列(Le Roncole)小村落,此時義大利北部遭受法國的統 治,面臨俄奧兩國聯軍對法軍窮追猛打的攻勢,而慘受到戰火的波及, 1815 年,拿破崙戰敗後,在維也納會議上(Congress of Vienna)將帕爾瑪 公國割讓給奧地利,直至威爾第 46 歲後(即 1860 年),家鄉才回歸義大利 祖國(林玉琇,2016),這樣的變異迫使威爾第從小在動盪不安的環境中 長大,也因戰爭影響,威爾第愛國主義思想及性格便深烙在其音樂作品當 中。其父卡羅.威爾第(Carlo Verdi, 1775-1867)在當地經營客棧兼雜貨店 生意;母親(Luigia Verdi, 1787-1851)擔任紡紗工。 威爾第並非出生於音樂世家,但他的音樂天賦在他年幼時便被發現, 在一次聽完音樂家的戶外演出後,即可馬上在當地教堂裡坐在管風琴前彈 出旋律,父親見兒子如此天賦異稟的音樂天份,隨即讓他追隨地方管風琴 師兼傳教士拜斯特羅契(pietro Baistrocchi, 生卒年不詳)學習讀書寫字及 音樂,並在威爾第七歲時,父親買了台中古小型古鍵琴(Spinet)給他 (陳榮貴,1995),這台啟蒙威爾第的古鍵琴在他名大噪後仍一直被他留 在身旁,至今存放於米蘭史卡拉博物館中(林玉琇,2016)。 到了威爾第 九歲那年,便能獨當一面成為管風琴師,次年,他受到父親好友富商安東 尼歐.巴雷齊(Antonio Barezzi, 1787-1867)的金援與幫助下離開父母前往 布瑟托文學院(Busseto Ginassio)接受正統音樂教育,並推薦威爾第與布 塞托音樂學院的校長斐迪南.普羅維西(Ferdinando Provesi, 1770-1833) 5 學習對位與作曲,普羅維西不僅是當地聖巴特羅梅歐(S. Bartolomeo)教 堂唯一的管風琴師,也是樂團中指揮(石依純,2011), 他對威爾第的音樂 啟蒙十分用心,不僅指導他音樂專業知識外,也讓威爾第有實務上的教學 經驗,替音樂學校的學生上課,提拔他成為自己的管風琴演奏助理與副指 揮,不僅如此,威爾第曾提道,從 13 到 18 歲時,什麼都寫,例如百人樂 隊進行曲,其他則用於教堂、劇院、演奏會的交響曲,有 5 或 6 首的協奏 曲,以及一些自己演奏的鋼琴變奏曲、小夜曲、聲樂曲和宗教音樂等,但 如今只記得一首聖母悼歌(Stabat mater)(Charles Osborne, 1987)。 1832 年,威爾第在巴雷齊努力下,成功獲得布塞托獎學金,並準備前 往義大利的米蘭音樂學院參加入學考,但卻沒有通過入學申請,其中的原 因有研究指出是因為超過年齡限制、沒有接受過正規音樂訓練加上彈奏指 法讓評審認為有很大的瑕疵(劉家欣,2017),也有學者陳榮貴在 1995 出 版的《威爾第歌劇「遊唱詩人」的研究》一書中指出,評審老師覺得威爾 第長相不雅觀,應考時曲子作品也不甚理想,甚至認為他沒有任何的發展 潛能便拒學他入學了。不管哪一種說法,都讓當時的威爾第內心倍感挫 折,但並未能驅使他放棄回去家鄉,當時威爾第選擇留在米蘭,並追隨史 卡拉歌劇院大鍵琴演奏家溫琴佐.拉維尼亞(Vincenzo Lavigna, 1776- 1836)學習三年作曲,當中都是在巴雷齊的穿針引線與資助,由此可見, 巴雷齊十分賞識威爾第的才華與相信他的能力,盡心盡力栽培他。 拉維尼亞精通對位法,更是琴藝精湛的大鍵琴師,經驗十分豐富,在 大師教導下,威爾第學到了不同的作曲手法,音樂素養與知識也大幅提升 許多,但對威爾第而言,這樣這般訓練是枯燥且乏味的,他日後更回憶 道,在這 3 年之中,自己僅嘗試寫卡農與賦格,但卻沒有人教導自己管絃 樂法或是如何創作出戲劇性的音樂。這也是日後他常說自己是自學的作曲 家(林玉琇,2016);對威爾第來說,這位大師對他最大的幫助就是讓他 6 認識了當時音樂圈裡最具影響力的人,例如,因為拉維尼亞的關係,威爾 第獲米蘭愛樂協會邀請,參加海頓《創世紀》的排演,因排演當日指揮未 能到達現場,因此威爾第臨為任命擔任排演的指揮,台下觀眾原以為威爾 第會因太年輕及資歷太淺而成為笑話,沒想到排演結束後,受到許多人的 肯定與讚賞,之後更擔任海頓《創世紀》音樂會指揮,這場成功的演出也 為威爾第埋下了與米蘭貴族合作之契機,這與往後威爾第為奧地利皇帝獻 上清唱劇有相當的關係(劉家欣,2017)。 1833 年,因老師普羅維西的逝世,威爾第回到布塞托接任音樂學院校 長職務,翌年,他與恩人巴雷齊的女兒瑪格麗特(Margherita Barezzi, 1814-1840)結縭。婚後三年內,威爾第的女兒薇兒吉尼娜(Virginia Verdi, 1837-1838)與兒子伊奇利歐.羅曼諾(Icilio Romano Verdi, 1838-1839)相 繼誕生,這三年間,威爾第在布塞托與家人幸福過著愜意的鄉村生活,也 積極從事器樂和聲樂創作。1838 年的 2 月威爾第的第一部歌曲集《六首浪 漫曲》問世,由米蘭出版商喬凡尼.李柯迪(Giovannoi Ricordi, 1785- 1853)出版,但本該歡喜的一年,威爾第的女兒在同年 8 月不幸夭折去世 (陳姮妤,2013),悲痛的威爾第決定離開這傷心地,攜家帶眷前往米 蘭,落腳後,威爾第隨即將重心轉往事業,將他第一部歌劇《奧伯托》 (Oberto, 1839)搬上史卡拉歌劇院首演,這部作品獲得大眾青睞,也贏來 劇院經紀人巴爾托洛梅奧.梅雷利(Bartolomeo Merelli, 1793-1879)工作 邀約的合約,並簽訂在兩年內完成三部歌劇作品且要求第一部必須是喜歌 劇。 然而命運卻又給了威爾第深刻的一擊,本該是事業蒸蒸日上之時,兒 子卻在同年夭折過世,面對兒女相繼離世,不久他也罹患了扁桃腺炎,此 時的威爾第根本無心於創作喜歌劇,正當威爾第準備要以吉羅維茨
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