1 Investigations on Alunogen Under Mars-Relevant Temperature Conditions: an Example for 2 a Single-Crystal-To-Single-Crystal
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Download PDF About Minerals Sorted by Mineral Name
MINERALS SORTED BY NAME Here is an alphabetical list of minerals discussed on this site. More information on and photographs of these minerals in Kentucky is available in the book “Rocks and Minerals of Kentucky” (Anderson, 1994). APATITE Crystal system: hexagonal. Fracture: conchoidal. Color: red, brown, white. Hardness: 5.0. Luster: opaque or semitransparent. Specific gravity: 3.1. Apatite, also called cellophane, occurs in peridotites in eastern and western Kentucky. A microcrystalline variety of collophane found in northern Woodford County is dark reddish brown, porous, and occurs in phosphatic beds, lenses, and nodules in the Tanglewood Member of the Lexington Limestone. Some fossils in the Tanglewood Member are coated with phosphate. Beds are generally very thin, but occasionally several feet thick. The Woodford County phosphate beds were mined during the early 1900s near Wallace, Ky. BARITE Crystal system: orthorhombic. Cleavage: often in groups of platy or tabular crystals. Color: usually white, but may be light shades of blue, brown, yellow, or red. Hardness: 3.0 to 3.5. Streak: white. Luster: vitreous to pearly. Specific gravity: 4.5. Tenacity: brittle. Uses: in heavy muds in oil-well drilling, to increase brilliance in the glass-making industry, as filler for paper, cosmetics, textiles, linoleum, rubber goods, paints. Barite generally occurs in a white massive variety (often appearing earthy when weathered), although some clear to bluish, bladed barite crystals have been observed in several vein deposits in central Kentucky, and commonly occurs as a solid solution series with celestite where barium and strontium can substitute for each other. Various nodular zones have been observed in Silurian–Devonian rocks in east-central Kentucky. -
Pickeringite from the Stone Town Nature Reserve in Ciężkowice (The
minerals Article Pickeringite from the Stone Town Nature Reserve in Ci˛e˙zkowice(the Outer Carpathians, Poland) Mariola Marszałek * , Adam Gaweł and Adam Włodek Department of Mineralogy, Petrography and Geochemistry, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland; [email protected] (A.G.); [email protected] (A.W.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 26 January 2020; Accepted: 17 February 2020; Published: 19 February 2020 Abstract: Pickeringite, ideally MgAl (SO ) 22H O, is a member of the halotrichite group minerals 2 4 4· 2 XAl (SO ) 22H O that form extensive solid solutions along the joints of the X = Fe-Mg-Mn-Zn. 2 4 4· 2 The few comprehensive reports on natural halotrichites indicate their genesis to be mainly the low-pH oxidation of pyrite or other sulfides in the Al-rich environments of weathering rock-forming aluminosilicates. Pickeringite discussed here occurs within the efflorescences on sandstones from the Stone Town Nature Reserve in Ci˛e˙zkowice(the Polish Outer Carpathians), being most probably the first find on such rocks in Poland. This paper presents mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of the pickeringite (based on SEM-EDS, XRPD, EPMA and RS methods) and suggests its possible origin. It belongs to the pickeringite–apjohnite (Mg-Mn joints) series and has the calculated formula Mg Mn Zn Cu Al (S O ) 22H O (based on 16O and 22H O). The unit cell 0.75 0.21 0.02 0.01 2.02 0.99 to 1.00 4 4· 2 2 parameters refined for the monoclinic system space group P21/c are: a = 6.1981(28) Å, b = 24.2963(117) 1 Å, c = 21.2517(184) Å and β = 100.304(65)◦. -
Formation of Sulfates at the Thiaphes Area of Milos Island: Possible Precursors of Kaolinite Mineralization Akts E. Kelepertsis
Canadian Mineralogist Yol. 27, pp. Ul-245 (1989) FORMATIONOF SULFATESAT THE THIAPHESAREA OF MILOS ISLAND: POSSIBLEPRECURSORS OF KAOLINITEMINERALIZATION AKTSE. KELEPERTSIS Department of Geolog:t, Notional Univenity olAthens, Panepistimiopolis, Ano ltisia, GR-I5784Athens, Greece ABSTRACT the South Aegean active volcanic arc (Fig. l). Only a small exposrueof metarirorphic rocks occursat the southernpart of the island; theserocks belongto a The physicochemicalconditions at the Thiaphes area of flysch formation (phyllites) associated with Milos Island are favorable for tJte recent formation of ophiottes and allochthonousblocks of lirnestones g;psum, sul- alunogen, alunite, natroalunite, melanterite, (Fytikas 1977).Most of the island consistsof vol- fur, sylvite, quartz,'cristobalite and kaolinite. The local rocks (Fig. 2), which are p4rt of the southern environment is characterizedby gas emi3sionsrich in H2S canic which formed during and CO2, thermal waters enrichedin SOaandNaby mixing Aegean island. arc, and lhe with seawater,porous and permeablealluvial aluminosili- Pliocene as a consequenceof thenorthward'subduc- cate-rich soils, and the presenceof atmospheric 02. Altera- tion of the African plate beneath the Aegean plate tions started in the Quaternary in an acid environment and (Fytikaset al.1984). Thevolcanicrocks belongto a continue up to the present day in areasof H2S-rich fluids. calc-alkaline sedesof andesitesand rhyolites aicod- The hydrated sulfates represent precursors of the very paniedby tuffs, ignimbritesand pyroclasticrocks. common kaolinite mineralization on the island. Kaolinite there is a high-enthalpy geothermal was also formed by the hydrolysis of feldspars. On Milos, field (Fytikas & Marinelli 196). The heat flow was responsiblefor intensehydrothermal actii{ty, which Keywords: hydrothermal alteration, sulfates, kaolinite, ' causedwidespread bentonization.and alunitization, acid environment, Milos, Greece. -
Alunogen Al2(SO4)3 • 17H2O C 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, Version 1
Alunogen Al2(SO4)3 • 17H2O c 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1 Crystal Data: Triclinic. Point Group: 1. Crystals rare, as thin plates or prismatic [001] or {010} with a six-sided outline about [010], very complex, with about 60 forms noted. Commonly fibrous, to 5 mm, forming delicate masses, crusts, and efflorescences. Twinning: On {010}. Physical Properties: Cleavage: {010}, perfect; probable on {100} and {313}. Hardness = 1.5–2 D(meas.) = 1.72–1.77 D(calc.) = 1.79 Soluble in H2O; taste alumlike, acid and sharp. Optical Properties: Transparent. Color: Colorless in crystals, aggregates white, or pale yellow or red from impurities; colorless in transmitted light. Luster: Vitreous to silky. Optical Class: Biaxial (+). Orientation: X ' b; Z ∧ c =42◦. α = 1.459–1.475 β = 1.461–1.478 γ = 1.470–1.485 2V(meas.) = 31◦ Cell Data: Space Group: P 1. a = 7.420(6) b = 26.97(2) c = 6.062(5) α =89◦57(5)0 β =97◦34(5)0 γ =91◦53(5)0 Z=2 X-ray Powder Pattern: Nov´aBaˇna, Slovakia. 4.489 (100), 4.390 (81), 3.969 (81), 4.329 (76), 13.46 (54), 3.897 (52), 3.675 (45) Chemistry: (1) (2) SO3 37.74 37.04 Al2O3 16.59 15.73 H2O 44.64 47.23 insol. 0.94 Total 99.91 100.00 • (1) Pintado Canyon, Guadalupe Co., New Mexico, USA. (2) Al2(SO4)3 17H2O. Occurrence: Forms by reaction of sulfates from decomposing sulfides with aluminous minerals in shales and slates; in gossan or altered wall rock of pyritic deposits in arid regions; in coal seams; in relatively low-temperature fumaroles. -
High Temperature Sulfate Minerals Forming on the Burning Coal Dumps from Upper Silesia, Poland
minerals Article High Temperature Sulfate Minerals Forming on the Burning Coal Dumps from Upper Silesia, Poland Jan Parafiniuk * and Rafał Siuda Faculty of Geology, University of Warsaw, Zwirki˙ i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warszawa, Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: j.parafi[email protected] Abstract: The subject of this work is the assemblage of anhydrous sulfate minerals formed on burning coal-heaps. Three burning heaps located in the Upper Silesian coal basin in Czerwionka-Leszczyny, Radlin and Rydułtowy near Rybnik were selected for the research. The occurrence of godovikovite, millosevichite, steklite and an unnamed MgSO4, sometimes accompanied by subordinate admixtures of mikasaite, sabieite, efremovite, langbeinite and aphthitalite has been recorded from these locations. Occasionally they form monomineral aggregates, but usually occur as mixtures practically impossible to separate. The minerals form microcrystalline masses with a characteristic vesicular structure resembling a solidified foam or pumice. The sulfates crystallize from hot fire gases, similar to high temperature volcanic exhalations. The gases transport volatile components from the center of the fire but their chemical compositions are not yet known. Their cooling in the near-surface part of the heap results in condensation from the vapors as viscous liquid mass, from which the investigated minerals then crystallize. Their crystallization temperatures can be estimated from direct measurements of the temperatures of sulfate accumulation in the burning dumps and studies of their thermal ◦ decomposition. Millosevichite and steklite crystallize in the temperature range of 510–650 C, MgSO4 Citation: Parafiniuk, J.; Siuda, R. forms at 510–600 ◦C and godovikovite in the slightly lower range of 280–450 (546) ◦C. -
New Insights on Secondary Minerals from Italian Sulfuric Acid Caves Ilenia M
International Journal of Speleology 47 (3) 271-291 Tampa, FL (USA) September 2018 Available online at scholarcommons.usf.edu/ijs International Journal of Speleology Off icial Journal of Union Internationale de Spéléologie New insights on secondary minerals from Italian sulfuric acid caves Ilenia M. D’Angeli1*, Cristina Carbone2, Maria Nagostinis1, Mario Parise3, Marco Vattano4, Giuliana Madonia4, and Jo De Waele1 1Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Zamboni 67, 40126 Bologna, Italy 2DISTAV, Department of Geological, Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Genoa, Corso Europa 26, 16132 Genova, Italy 3Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza Umberto I 1, 70121 Bari, Italy 4Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 22, 90123 Palermo, Italy Abstract: Sulfuric acid minerals are important clues to identify the speleogenetic phases of hypogene caves. Italy hosts ~25% of the known worldwide sulfuric acid speleogenetic (SAS) systems, including the famous well-studied Frasassi, Monte Cucco, and Acquasanta Terme caves. Nevertheless, other underground environments have been analyzed, and interesting mineralogical assemblages were found associated with peculiar geomorphological features such as cupolas, replacement pockets, feeders, sulfuric notches, and sub-horizontal levels. In this paper, we focused on 15 cave systems located along the Apennine Chain, in Apulia, in Sicily, and in Sardinia, where copious SAS minerals were observed. Some of the studied systems (e.g., Porretta Terme, Capo Palinuro, Cassano allo Ionio, Cerchiara di Calabria, Santa Cesarea Terme) are still active, and mainly used as spas for human treatments. The most interesting and diversified mineralogical associations have been documented in Monte Cucco (Umbria) and Cavallone-Bove (Abruzzo) caves, in which the common gypsum is associated with alunite-jarosite minerals, but also with baryte, celestine, fluorite, and authigenic rutile-ilmenite-titanite. -
Epsomite Mgso4 • 7H2O C 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, Version 1
Epsomite MgSO4 • 7H2O c 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1 Crystal Data: Orthorhombic. Point Group: 222. Rare as crystals, prismatic along {110},to 8 cm; typically as fibrous crusts, woolly efflorescences, botryoidal to reniform masses, stalactitic. Twinning: Rare on {110}. Physical Properties: Cleavage: {010}, perfect; {101}, distinct. Fracture: Conchoidal. Hardness = 2–2.5 D(meas.) = 1.677(2) (synthetic). D(calc.) = 1.677 Dehydrates readily in dry air; soluble in H2O, with a bitter taste. Optical Properties: Transparent to translucent. Color: Colorless to white, pale pink, pale green; colorless in transmitted light. Luster: Vitreous, silky in fibrous aggregates. Optical Class: Biaxial (–). Orientation: X = a; Y = c; Z = b. Dispersion: r< v; weak. α = 1.432 β = 1.455 γ = 1.461 2V(meas.) = 52◦ Cell Data: Space Group: P 212121. a = 11.876(2) b = 12.002(2) c = 6.859(1) Z = 4 X-ray Powder Pattern: Synthetic. (ICDD 36-419). 4.216 (100), 4.200 (75), 5.98 (30), 5.34 (30), 2.658 (25), 5.31 (20), 2.880 (20) Chemistry: (1) (2) SO3 32.41 32.48 MgO 16.26 16.36 H2O 51.32 51.16 rem. 0.11 Total 100.10 100.00 • (1) Ashcroft, Canada. (2) MgSO4 7H2O. Polymorphism & Series: Forms two series, with goslarite and with morenosite. Occurrence: As efflorescences on the walls of mines, caves, and outcrops of sulfide-bearing magnesian rocks; a product of evaporation at mineral springs and saline lakes; a hydration product of kieserite and langbeinite; rarely a fumarolic sublimate. Association: Melanterite, gypsum, halotrichite, pickeringite, alunogen, rozenite (efflorescences); mirabilite (lacustrine evaporites). -
Slavikite—Revision of Chemical Composition and Crystal Structure
American Mineralogist, Volume 95, pages 11–18, 2010 Slavikite—Revision of chemical composition and crystal structure JAN PARAFINIUK ,1,* Łu k a s z Do b r z y c k i ,2 a n D kr z y s z t o f Wo ź n i a k 2 1Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Petrology, University of Warsaw, al. Żwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warszawa, Poland 2Chemistry Department, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warszawa, Poland ab s t r a c t Given its abundant occurrence at Wieściszowice, SW Poland, we have carried out a revision of the chemical composition and crystal structure of the sulfate mineral slavikite. Slavikite crystallizes in the trigonal space group R3. The unit-cell parameters, determined using single-crystal X-ray diffraction 3 (R1 = 0.0356) at 100 K, are a = 12.1347(6) Å, c = 34.706(3) Å, and V = 4425.9(5) Å . The results of chemical analyses reported in the literature and made on material from Wieściszowice unequivocally show that Na is not an essential component of slavikite, at odds with the generally accepted Süsse formula and model of the crystal structure. Our chemical analyses and structure determination lead + us to propose a new, more adequate, formula for slavikite: (H3O )3Mg6Fe15(SO4)21(OH)18·98H2O. The 2+ crystal structure consists of infinite layers of Fe-hydroxy-sulfate linked with [Mg(H2O)6] octahedra, forming a honeycomb-like structure. These layers are perpendicular to the Z axis and are built up 2– from two types of SO4 tetrahedra and two types of Fe octahedra (Fe1 with O and OH, and Fe2 with O, OH, and H2O ligands attached, respectively). -
A Specific Gravity Index for Minerats
A SPECIFICGRAVITY INDEX FOR MINERATS c. A. MURSKyI ern R. M. THOMPSON, Un'fuersityof Bri.ti,sh Col,umb,in,Voncouver, Canad,a This work was undertaken in order to provide a practical, and as far as possible,a complete list of specific gravities of minerals. An accurate speciflc cravity determination can usually be made quickly and this information when combined with other physical properties commonly leads to rapid mineral identification. Early complete but now outdated specific gravity lists are those of Miers given in his mineralogy textbook (1902),and Spencer(M,i,n. Mag.,2!, pp. 382-865,I}ZZ). A more recent list by Hurlbut (Dana's Manuatr of M,i,neral,ogy,LgE2) is incomplete and others are limited to rock forming minerals,Trdger (Tabel,l,enntr-optischen Best'i,mmungd,er geste,i,nsb.ildend,en M,ineral,e, 1952) and Morey (Encycto- ped,iaof Cherni,cal,Technol,ogy, Vol. 12, 19b4). In his mineral identification tables, smith (rd,entifi,cati,onand. qual,itatioe cherai,cal,anal,ys'i,s of mineral,s,second edition, New york, 19bB) groups minerals on the basis of specificgravity but in each of the twelve groups the minerals are listed in order of decreasinghardness. The present work should not be regarded as an index of all known minerals as the specificgravities of many minerals are unknown or known only approximately and are omitted from the current list. The list, in order of increasing specific gravity, includes all minerals without regard to other physical properties or to chemical composition. The designation I or II after the name indicates that the mineral falls in the classesof minerals describedin Dana Systemof M'ineralogyEdition 7, volume I (Native elements, sulphides, oxides, etc.) or II (Halides, carbonates, etc.) (L944 and 1951). -
Ammonium Sulfate Minerals from Mikasa, Hokkaido, Japan: Boussingaultite, Godovikovite, Efremovite and Tschermigite
158 Journal of MineralogicalN. Shimobayashi, and Petrological M. OhnishiSciences, and Volume H. Miura 106, page 158─ 163, 2011 LETTER Ammonium sulfate minerals from Mikasa, Hokkaido, Japan: boussingaultite, godovikovite, efremovite and tschermigite * ** *** Norimasa SHIMOBAYASHI , Masayuki OHNISHI and Hiroyuki MIURA *Department of Geology and Mineralogy, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan ** 80-5-103 Misasagi Bessho-cho, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8417, Japan ***Department of National History Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, N10 W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan Four ammonium sulfate minerals, i.e., boussingaultite, godovikovite, efremovite and tschermigite, were found from coal gas escape fractures at Ikushunbetsu, Mikasa City, Hokkaido, Japan, on the field survey in 2009. The minerals were identified using XRD, SEM-EDS, XRF and/or CHN analyses. This is the first occurrence of these four mineral species in Japan. Godovikovite is the most common species in this survey and has Al/(Al + Fe3+) ~ 0.9. The mineral coexists with efremovite. These usually occur as very fine admixtures (<10 μm) form- ing porous crust up to several millimeters in thickness. Boussingaultite [Mg/(Mg + Fe) = 0.96 to 0.97] occurs as aggregates of platy crystals up to 1 mm in diameter and 0.2 mm in thickness or as very fine admixtures (<10 μm) with tschermigite forming porous stalactitic-like aggregate. Godovikovite, efremovite and boussingaultite were formed as a primary sublimate from coal-gas. Tschermigite is considered to be a hydration product of go- dovikovite. Keywords: Godovikovite, Efremovite, Tschermigite, Boussingaultite, Ammonium sulfate, Ikushunbetsu, Mikasa INTRODUCTION ties of the ammonium sulfate minerals obtained from Mi- kasa. -
The Stability of Sulfate and Hydrated Sulfate Minerals Near Ambient Conditions and Their Significance in Environmental and Plane
Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 62 (2013) 734–758 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Journal of Asian Earth Sciences journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jseaes Review The stability of sulfate and hydrated sulfate minerals near ambient conditions and their significance in environmental and planetary sciences ⇑ I-Ming Chou a, , Robert R. Seal II a, Alian Wang b a U.S. Geological Survey, 954 National Center, Reston, VA 20192, USA b Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and McDonnell Center for Space Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA article info abstract Article history: Sulfate and hydrated sulfate minerals are abundant and ubiquitous on the surface of the Earth and also on Received 7 February 2012 other planets and their satellites. The humidity-buffer technique has been applied to study the stability of Received in revised form 5 November 2012 some of these minerals at 0.1 MPa in terms of temperature-relative humidity space on the basis of hydra- Accepted 12 November 2012 tion–dehydration reversal experiments. Updated phase relations in the binary system MgSO –H O are Available online 28 November 2012 4 2 presented, as an example, to show how reliable thermodynamic data for these minerals could be obtained based on these experimental results and thermodynamic principles. This approach has been Keywords: applied to sulfate and hydrated sulfate minerals of other metals, including Fe (both ferrous and ferric), Metal sulfate Zn, Ni, Co, Cd, and Cu. Hydrated sulfate minerals Humidity and temperature Metal–sulfate salts play important roles in the cycling of metals and sulfate in terrestrial systems, and Thermodynamics and kinetics the number of phases extends well beyond the simple sulfate salts that have thus far been investigated Terrestrial occurrence experimentally. -
Supplement of Solid Earth, 10, 1809–1831, 2019 © Author(S) 2019
Supplement of Solid Earth, 10, 1809–1831, 2019 https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1809-2019-supplement © Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Supplement of The acid sulfate zone and the mineral alteration styles of the Roman Puteoli (Neapolitan area, Italy): clues on fluid fracturing progression at the Campi Flegrei volcano Monica Piochi et al. Correspondence to: Monica Piochi ([email protected]) The copyright of individual parts of the supplement might differ from the CC BY 4.0 License. Supplementary materials Table S1 – List of samples, collection date, temperature and mineralogical associations as resulting by XRDP analyses corroborated by FTIR and EDS-BSEM study. The sampling includes water spring sampled at Stufe di Nerone. In the temperature column: tc, thermo couple (see chapter 2.2 Sampling, sample preparation and analytical techniques), infr, infrared gun; infrared derived values are in red. In the mineralogy column: ?, for minerals to be validated; minerals in red are approximate attribution based on XRDP patterns. The orange cells evidence water samples. Selected XRDP traces are in Fig. S1. Further details in this supplement. Sampled Details on sites Temperature Sampling Sample name Location* Mineralogy pH Note area and sample (°C) by tc, infr date Ss1 Pisciarelli L1 - - 09-Jan-13 Sulfur nd Piochi et al 2015 Pickeringite, Alunite, Alunogen, Alum-(K), Stot2 Pisciarelli L1 - - 09-Jan-13 nd Piochi et al 2015 Sulfur, Amarillite, Mereiterite S3 Pisciarelli L1 - - 09-Jan-13 Alunite,