DOCSLIB.ORG

Western Influences on the Management of Brown Bears in Hokkaido Japan

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Western Influences on the Management of Brown Bears in Hokkaido Japan University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1994 Western influences on the management of brown bears in Hokkaido Japan Joseph Patrick Moll The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Moll, Joseph Patrick, "Western influences on the management of brown bears in Hokkaido Japan" (1994). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 6449. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/6449 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. JoSePH- HOUL Maureen and Mike MANSFIELD LIBRARY TheMontana University of Permission is granted by the author to reproduce this material in its entirety, provided that this material is used for scholarly purposes and is properly cited in published works and reports. * * Please check “Yes ” or “No ” and provide sigjtature** Yes, I grant permission No, I do not grant permission---- Author’s Signature _ Date: ^ _______ ■ commercial purposes or financial gain may be undertaken thor’s explicit consent. WESTERN INFLUENCES ON THE MANAGEMENT OF BROWN BEARS IN HOKKAIDO, JAPAN By Joseph Patrick Moll B.S., Transylvania University, 1988 Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science University of Montana 1994 Approved by Committee Chair ►eanTOmdu^eSm^l UMl Number: EP37250 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMT Dtssartflftkm Rubliahmg UMl EP37250 Published by ProQuest LLC (2013). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code ProQuest ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 Moll, Joseph P. , M.S., May, 1994 Resource Conservation Western Influences on the Management of Brown Bears in Hokkaido, Japan (76 pp.) Stephen F. Siebert, Committee Chair ^ pj Western observers interested in the Japanese sense of nature confront a frustrating paradox. While Japanese artistic and cultural traditions have been cited as examples of a special affinity for the natural world, the scale of negative environmental impacts associated with Japanese natural resource consumption draws international ire. At the same time that doubt is cast on Japanese government environmental policies and Japanese business practices. Westerners continue to be attracted to the philosophical traditions that gave birth to many of the nature-centered artistic and cultural practices. Given the recent increased awareness of environmental conservation issues in Japan, one might wonder if the Japanese natural resource managers themselves are returning to Japan's nature-oriented philosophical traditions for inspiration and guidance, just as researchers from the West are exploring them for their own inspiration. To approach that larger question, this study focuses on the history of contact between brown bears,Ur sus arctos yesoensis^ and the human inhabitants of the island of Hokkaido. By reviewing historical documents, working and conversing with present-day wildlife researchers, and examining proposed guidelines for brown bear management in Hokkaido, I searched for indications that traditional Japanese and Ainu conceptions of the natural world affected the development of brown bear conservation policies and practices today. From the results of my work in Hokkaido, I argue that such indications are lacking. Instead, just as when in the Meiji period Japan's leaders were influenced by Western examples of economic development, new leaders of the wildlife conservation movement in Japan are turning to the established Western models of wildlife management for similar inspiration. Rather than demonstrating any particularly “Japanese" closeness to nature or even the legacy of a culture as dependent on the bear as were the indigenous Ainu, the current interest in brown bear conservation in Hokkaido reflects the adoption of modern Western concerns for the loss of wildlife species as well as the faith in Western scientific research and management systems to address that loss. 11 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Living and working in a foreign country can be both exciting and challenging. Successful and enjoyable experiences are always the result of good support and fiiendship from good people. I could not have conducted my studies in Hokkaido without the generous support of Mr. Akira Yamaguchi and the International Ecodevelopment Institute (lEI) of Sapporo, Japan. I £un grateful to Dr. J.M. Jamil Brownson for the introduction to the lEI project. Tsutomu Mano, Koichi Kaji, and the rest of the staff of the Wildlife Section of the Nature Conservation Department in the Hokkaido Institute of Environmental Science were especially patient in helping me understand Hokkaido's system of natural resource conservation. Being able to work with Mano, Masami Yamanaka and others in the held grounded this study of people in some first-hand contact with the bears. To all of the people who helped me in Hokkaido and whose ears probably still ring from my spoken Japanese, I thank you for your tolerance. Thanks also to Chris Servheen, Steve Siebert, Jill Belsky, and Phil West for encouraging me in a somewhat unorthodox project, and for helping me to produce a readable manuscript. m TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT................................................................................................ u ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..................................................................... iii LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES.............................................................. v CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION............................................................... 1 2. HOKKAIDO BROWN BEARS IN THEIR NATURAL SETTING..................................................... 7 3. THE AINU PRECEDENT FOR COEXISTENCE 13 4. COLONIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT PRESSURES ON THE BEAR.............................................. 22 5. THE HUMAN RESPONSE; ORGANIZED BEAR HARVESTS................................................................. 31 6. FROM CONTROL TO CONSERVATION: INDIVIDUALS AND GROUPS............................................ 39 7. THE PROPOSED INTEGRATED WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM................................................... 51 8. CONCLUSION: TRADITIONAL AFFINITIES AND MODERN REALITIES................................................. 60 REFERENCES CITED.................................................................................. 65 IV LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES FIGURE PAGE 1. Changes in the Distribution of Brown Bears in Hokkaido, Japan.............................. 10 TABLE 1. Annual Brown Bear Harvest in Hokkaido, Japan (1957-1953) ............................. 12 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Western observers interested in the Japanese sense of nature confront a fimstrating paradox. Outwardly, the Japanese people maintain many of the artistic and cultural traditions that have been cited as examples of a particularly Japanese affinity for the natural world. Zen gardens, temple architecture, haiku poetry, and the rituals of seasonal change all are the legacy of a culture whose people, it is argued, once “...considered themselves so intimately integrated with nature that they could not identify it objectively as a separate entity” (Murota, 1985: 105). Despite the Western admiration for those cultural traditions, however, the scale of negative environmental impacts of Japanese consumption of marine products, tropical hardwood forest timber, and wildlife products has earned the country a variety of disparaging titles from the international environmental activist community. One might wonder how a country so rich in traditions thematically incorporating the natural environment could become such an environmentally destructive economic agent. The Japanese government has responded to the international pressure by contributing more financial support to environmental causes and pledging to be a world leader in environmental protection. That pledge has met with polite skepticism toward underlying motives and fundamental abilities of Japan to play such a role. In a consideration of the absence of national environmental impact legislation in Japan today, Barret and Therivel (1991: 71) write, "Although we should be grateful that Japan recognizes the seriousness of the environmental problem, we should also cautiously consider whether it is in a position to take a lead on environmental issues." At the same time that doubt is cast on Japanese government policies and business practices, Westerners continue to be attracted to the philosophical traditions that gave birth to many of the artistic and cultural practices mentioned earlier. Many agree that whatever Japanese sensitivity to nature existed in the past, the Meiji Restoration and Japan's subsequent modernization alienated the Japanese
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Report on the Basic Survey About Climate Change Countermeasures (In the Renewable Energy Field) in Hokkaido
    Report on the Basic Survey about Climate Change Countermeasures (in the Renewable Energy Field) in Hokkaido February 2018 Japan International Cooperation Agency Hokkaido Environment Foundation Table of Contents 1. Purposes and Background of This Survey ........................................................................................................ 4 1-1. Background of This Survey ....................................................................................................................... 4 1-2. Purposes of This Survey ............................................................................................................................ 4 1-3. Policy of This Survey ................................................................................................................................ 5 2. Renewable Energy Ventures: Globally and in Japan......................................................................................... 7 2-1 Situation of Actions to Address Climate Change: Globally and in Japan ................................................... 7 2-2 Global Trends in Renewable Energy ........................................................................................................ 11 2-3 Trends in Japan Related to Renewable Energy ......................................................................................... 12 3. Hokkaido's Renewable Energy Undertakings ................................................................................................. 16 3-1 Hokkaido's Policy on Climate
    [Show full text]
  • Colonization, Statemaking, and Development: a Political Ecology of the Saru River Development Project, Hokkaido, Japan
    AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Michael J. Ioannides for the degree of Master of Arts in Applied Anthropology presented on December 7, 2017. Title: Colonization, Statemaking, and Development: A Political Ecology of the Saru River Development Project, Hokkaido, Japan. Abstract approved: ______________________________________________________ Bryan D. Tilt Although dam construction has been an integral tool in development initiatives for nearly a century, dams can have significant negative impacts on local residents, particularly those who are permanently displaced from their homes and must be resettled elsewhere. Dams have unique impacts on indigenous peoples. As a result, many dam construction projects become flashpoints for organized resistance among indigenous peoples. This thesis examines a case that exemplifies indigenous resistance to dam construction: the Saru River Development Project in Hokkaido, Japan, involving the Nibutani Dam (completed 1997) and the Biratori Dam (under construction). This project has been famously opposed by indigenous Ainu landholders. Although much has been written about the legal and political significance of the Ainu’s resistance to the Saru River Development Project, information on the project’s impacts on local Ainu residents is scattered across many disparate sources, and no comprehensive English-language account has yet been produced. This thesis seeks to fill this gap in the literature by cataloging the impacts of the Saru River Development Project as comprehensively as possible and synthesizing available facts into a holistic account. This thesis organizes these impacts according to the newly-published Matrix Framework (Kirchherr and Charles 2016), enabling it to be more easily compared with other case studies of dam construction around the world.
    [Show full text]
  • The Bumblebees in Southern Hokkaido and Northernmost Honshu, with Notes on Blakiston Zoogeographical Line
    Title The Bumblebees in Southern Hokkaido and Northernmost Honshu, with Notes on Blakiston Zoogeographical Line Author(s) ITO, Masao; MUNAKATA, Meiyo Citation Low temperature science. Ser. B, Biological sciences, 37, 81-105 Issue Date 1980-03-15 Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/17851 Type bulletin (article) File Information 37_p81-105.pdf Instructions for use Hokkaido University Collection of Scholarly and Academic Papers : HUSCAP Low Temp. Sci., Ser. B 37: 81~105, 1979 The Bumblebees in Southern Hokkaido and Northernmost Honshu, with Notes on 1 Blakiston Zoogeographical Line ,4,5 Masao ho2 and Meiyo MUNAKATA 3 fjt Jj'~HI&::iz: . tJR::1J 00 Jl5] Synopsis Distribution of bumblebees in southern Hokkaido west of Ishikari Low­ land and northernmost Honshu (Aomori Pr.) is studied, with a critical ex­ amination of subspecific differentiation in species inhabiting the both areas. Based upon numerous capture records, distribution maps are prepared for each species. These maps indicate a poor coincidance of specific distribution boundaries with the Tsugaru Strait, i. e. Blakiston Line. On the other hand, comparison of hair-coat variability among diverse local populations revealed a clinal change of melanism among the north -south direction in four species studied. The trends, however, seem to be disjuncted by the Tsugaru Strait, except for B. honshuensis. Consequently, it is concluded that post-glacial segregation of the Strait functioned for subspeciation of some Japanese bum­ blebees. Nomenclatorially B. h. tkalcui in southern Hokkaido is synony­ mized with B. honshuensis of Honshu. Introduction The Tsugaru Strait, isolating Hokkaido from Honshu, and known as Blakiston line, segregates distribution areas of many animal species.
    [Show full text]
  • Food Habits of Brown Bears in Hokkaido, Japan
    FOOD HABITSOF BROWNBEARS IN HOKKAIDO,JAPAN SATOSHI OHDACHI,Institute of Applied Zoology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060 Japan TOSHIKIAOI, Teshio Experiment Forest of Hokkaido University, Horonobe, 098-29 Japan Abstract: Food habits of the brown bear (Ursus arctos yesoensis) were studied from 1975 to 1984 in 4 diverse areas on Hokkaido Island. Foods of bears varied seasonally in each area and differed among areas largely because of differences in foods available. Bears ate mainly succulent herbs in spring and summer and fruits in the fall in northern Hokkaido. Hog's-fennel (Peucedanum multivittatum) dominated the bears' diet in August and September in the alpine areas of the Daisetsu Mountains. Foods of bears on the Shiretoko Peninsula included those from the sea, but were otherwise similar to northern Hokkaido. The diet of bears on the Oshimo Peninsula was dominated by beech (Fagus crenata) buds in the spring in terms of frequency of occurrence, and actinidia (Actinidia arguta) fruit in the fall. Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 7:215-220 Brown bears occur only in Hokkaido in Japan. The Mountains, Shiretoko Peninsula, and Oshima Pe- population status is largely unknown, though we be- ninsula (Fig. 1). Black bears (Selenarctos thibetanus) lieve they are generally declining as a result of habitat are not present of Hokkaido. loss and overharvest. The Northern Hokkaido study area included most In 1975, a brown bear ecology project was initiated of Northern Hokkaido, but most searches were con- to gather information necessary to properly manage ducted on the 220-km2Teshio Exp. For. of Hokkaido the species and its habitat (Aoi 1985a, 1985b).
    [Show full text]
  • Fostering a Trade in Japan's Northeast
    Fostering a Trade in Japan’s Northeast: The West Pacific Company at Hakodate in the 1860s Steven Ivings Kyoto University April 2020 Copyright © Steve Ivings, 2020 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior permission in writing of the publisher nor be issued to the public or circulated in any form other than that in which it is published. Requests for permission to reproduce any part of this Working Paper should be sent to: The Editor, Commodities of Empire Working Papers, Institute of Latin American Studies, University of London, Senate House, Malet St., London WC1H 0XG Commodities of Empire Working Paper No.33 ISSN: 1756-0098 Fostering a Trade in Japan’s Northeast: The West Pacific Company at Hakodate in the 1860s Steven Ivings (Kyoto University) In this paper I seek to examine the transformative impact of the Treaty Port system on East Asian port cities. In this regard, most studies have focused their attention on boomtowns – Shanghai, Hong Kong and Yokohama in particular – as they left a large imprint as key centres of East Asian trading networks and places where the energies of foreign powers and their merchants were most concentrated.1 Nevertheless, their experience could hardly be said to be typical for the rest of the Treaty Port network, which consisted of over fifty ports at the end of the nineteenth century.2 The focus on the successful ports is an example of selection bias and it has led to a perception that Treaty Ports were catalysts of modern transformation and key drivers of economic growth in East Asia.3 In this paper, I look into whether the Treaty Port system was transformative everywhere by deliberately shifting the lens to a peripheral Treaty Port – reverse selection bias, if you will.
    [Show full text]
  • Transitional Changes in Microfossil Assemblages in the Japan Sea from the Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene Related to Global C
    Itaki Progress in Earth and Planetary Science (2016) 3:11 Progress in Earth and DOI 10.1186/s40645-016-0087-4 Planetary Science REVIEW Open Access Transitional changes in microfossil assemblages in the Japan Sea from the Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene related to global climatic and local tectonic events Takuya Itaki Abstract Many micropaleontological studies based on data from on-land sections, oil wells, and deep-sea drilling cores have provided important information about environmental changes in the Japan Sea that are related to the global climate and the local tectonics of the Japanese Islands. Here, major changes in the microfossil assemblages during the Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene are reviewed. Late Pliocene (3.5–2.7 Ma) surface-water assemblages were characterized mainly by cold–temperate planktonic flora and fauna (nannofossils, diatoms, radiolarians, and planktonic foraminifera), suggesting that nutrient-rich North Pacific surface waters entered the Japan Sea via northern straits. The common occurrence of Pacific-type deep-water radiolarians during this period also suggests that deep water from the North Pacific entered the Japan Sea via the northern straits, indicating a sill depth >500 m. A weak warm-water influence is recognized along the Japanese coast, suggesting a small inflow of warm water via a southern strait. Nannofossil and sublittoral ostracod assemblages record an abrupt cooling event at 2.75 Ma that correlates with the onset of the Northern Hemisphere glaciation. Subsequently, cold intermediate- and deep-water assemblages of ostracods and radiolarians increased in abundance, suggesting active ventilation and the formation of the Japan Sea Proper Water, associated with a strengthened winter monsoon.
    [Show full text]
  • LIST of PAPERS (After Kuwahara, Yao and Mizutani, 2001) on Japanese Radiolarians and Radiolarian Biostratigraphy
    大 阪 微 化 石 研 究会 誌,特 別 号,第13号,p.233-244,2004年12月 News of Osaka Micropaleontologists (NOM), Spec. vol., No. 13, p.233-244, December 2004 LIST OF PAPERS (after Kuwahara, Yao and Mizutani, 2001) on Japanese radiolarians and radiolarian biostratigraphy KUWAHARA Kiyoko* This list includes 295 papers which were published after Kuwahara et al. (2001) or not listed in Kuwahara et al. (2001). A total of 1616 Japanese radiolarian literatures are listed in the 2004 CD Version by Kuwahara, Yao and Mizutani of this volume. The content, category and history of this database are shown in these text. I would like to thank YAO Akira and MIZUTANI Shinjiro for their encouragement. I wish to thank MATSUOKA Atsushi who kindly helped by checking the list. I wish to thank SUZUKI Noritoshi and the member of mailing-list "radshoptalk" who provided information of radiolarian literatures. References Kuwahara, K., Yao, A. and Mizutani, S., 2001, LIST OF PAPERS on Japanese radiolarians and radiolarian biostratigraphy. News of Osaka Micropaleontologists, Special Volume, no. 12, 383-427. AITA Yoshiaki, 1999, Radiolarian biostratigraphy. SCIas (Science EE, age: R, 340. Asahi), vol. 4, p. 11-13, pl. 1-5, fig. 1, J. CHANG Ki-Hong, SUZUKI Kazuhiro, PARK Sun-Ok, ISHIDA Keisuke AITCHISON Jonathan C., 1999, Upper Silurian-Middle Devonian and UNO Koji, 2003, Recent advances in the Cretaceous radiolarian zones of the Yokokurayama and Konomori areas in the stratigraphy of Korea. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, vol. 21, p. Kurosegawa Belt, Southwest Japan: Comment. The Island Arc, vol. 937-948, fig. 1-7, table 1-3, EE, age: Pm,160, Tr, 210, J, 220, K, 8, p.
    [Show full text]
  • Hakodate As a Treaty Port, 1854–1884
    Transcultural Studies 2017.2 103 Trade and Conflict at the Japanese Frontier: Hakodate as a Treaty Port, 1854–1884 Steven Ivings, Kyoto University, Graduate School of Economics Introduction In this article, I examine the extent of the transformative impact that becoming one of Japan’s first treaty ports had on Hakodate and its trade through an empirical examination of commercial reports, consular dispatches, and the accounts of visitors to the port. I argue that Hakodate’s rise to prominence as a commercial centre was more a result of domestic trade integration and political change than the direct result of its opening to international commerce. Hakodate was in some ways an obvious choice as a port to open in the US–Japan Treaty of Peace and Amity of March 1854. One of the crew members of the Perry mission described Hakodate’s location as a “spacious and beautiful bay […], which for accessibility and safety is one of the finest in the world.”1 British visitors to Hakodate tended to agree with their American counterparts. The British minister to Japan, Rutherford Alcock, found Hakodate to be “easy of access, spacious enough for the largest navy to ride in, with deep water and good holding-ground, it is the realization of all a sailor’s dreams as a harbour.”2 He went on to add that, with its striking mountain backdrop and position enclosed in the bay of a narrow peninsula, Hakodate bore “some resemblance to Gibraltar,” Britain’s bastion outpost guarding access to the Mediterranean.3 These glowing endorsements of the gifts handed down to Hakodate by the gods of geography were accompanied by a more mixed review of that most-favoured topic of small talk: the weather.
    [Show full text]
  • Food Habits of Brown Bears in Hokkaido, Japan
    Title Food Habits of Brown Bears in Hokkaido, Japan Author(s) Ohdachi, Satoshi; Aoi, Toshiki Citation International Conference of Bears Research and Management, 7, 215-220 Issue Date 1987 Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/44508 Type article File Information ICBRM7_215-220.pdf Instructions for use Hokkaido University Collection of Scholarly and Academic Papers : HUSCAP FOOD HABITS OF BROWN BEARS IN HOKKAIDO, JAPAN SATOSHI OHOACHI. Institule of Applied Zoology. Hokkaioo University. Sapporo. 060 Japan TOSHIKI AOI. Teshio Expenment Fores, of Hokkaido University, Horonobe, 098-29 Japan Abstract: Food habits of the brown bear (Ursus aretos yesoeruis) were studied from 1975 to 1984 in 4 diverse areas on Hokkaido Island. Foods of bears varied seasonally in each area and differed among areas largely because of differences in foods available. Bears ate mainly succulent herbs in spring and summer and fruits in tbe fall in northern Hokkaido. Hog's-fennel (Peucedanum multivittatum) dominated the bears' diet in August and September in the alpine areas or the Daisetsu Mountains. Foods of bears on the Shiretoko Peninsula included those from the sea, but were otherwise similar to northern Hollaido. The diet of bears on the Oshimo Peninsula was dominated by beech (Fagus crenata) buds in the spring in terms of frequency of occurrence, and actinidia (Aclinidia u'TUta) fruit in the fall. Int. Conf. Beor Res. and ManDge. 7:215-220 Brown ~rs occur only in Hokkaido in Japan. The Mountains, Shiretoko Peninsula, and Oshima Pe­ population status is largely unknown, though we be­ ninsula (Fig. 1). Black bears (Selenarctos thibetanus) lieve they are generally declining as a result of habitat are not present of Hokkaido.
    [Show full text]
  • Ainu Ethnobiology
    Williams Ainu Ethnobiology In the last 20 years there has been an increasing focus on study of Ainu culture in Japan, the United States, and in Europe. is has resulted in a number of major exhibitions and publications such as “Ainu, Spirit of a Northern People” published in 1999 by the Ainu Ethnobiology Smithsonian and the University of Washington Press. While such e orts have greatly enhanced our general knowledge of the Ainu, they did not allow for a full understanding of the way in which the Ainu regarded and used plants and animals in their daily life. is study aims at expanding our knowledge of ethnobiology as a central component of Ainu culture. It is based in large part on an analysis of the work of Ainu, Japanese, and Western researchers working in the 19th, 20th, and 21st centuries. Ainu Ethnobiology Dai Williams was born in Lincoln, England in 1941. He received a BA in Geography and Anthropology from Oxford University in 1964 and a MA in Landscape Architecture from the University of Pennsylvania in 1969. He spent the majority of his career in city and regional planning. His cultural research began through museum involvement in the San Francisco Bay Area. Based in Kyoto from 1989, he began research on the production and use of textiles in 19th century rural Japan. His research on the Ainu began in 1997 but primarily took place in Hokkaido between 2005 and 2009. Fieldwork focused on several areas of Hokkaido, like the Saru River Basin and the Shiretoko Peninsula, which the Ainu once occupied.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Migration Routes of Swans in Hokkaido, Japan by S Matsui, N
    Migration 59 ON THE MIGRATION ROUTE OF SWANS IN HOKKAIDO, JAPAN S MATSUI, N YAMANOUCHI and T SUZUKI Introduction It is well known that more than several thousand Cygnus cygnus cygnus and about a thousand Cygnus columbianus bewickii winter in Japan. Recently a few Cygnus columbianus columbianus have been reported. There is general agreement on the migratory routes of C. c. cygnus along the northern coast of Hokkaido, the Sea of Okhotsk and the Pacific coast of Honshu. On the other hand, there is no established theory on the migration route of C. c. bew ickii and it is not clear whether it reaches Honshu after coming down to the Gulf of Aniva from Sakhalin or goes back by the same route. SAKHALIN Observation o f C. c. cygnus Observation of C. c. bew ickii Observation o f swans (species unknown) Wintering area Spring migration Fall migration City Mountain Fig 1. Observations of migrating swans in eastern Hokkaido. 60 One of the authors observed thousands of swans at Lake Kutcharo near the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk during the spring and autumn migration periods. As the result of many observations we found the migration route of C. c. bewickii follows a line joining the Teshio River, the Ishikari River, Lake Utonai in Tomakomai City and the Shimokita Peninsula in the northernmost tip of Honshu. Sighting points of migratory swans, temporary resting areas and wintering grounds o f swans in Hokkaido are plotted in Figs 1 and 2. We concluded that there were three main migration routes in Hokkaido and each route was across the sea and along the coast line.
    [Show full text]
  • Neogene Molluscan Faunas in Hokkaido (Part I
    Title Neogene Molluscan Faunas in Hokkaido (Part I. Sequence and Distribution of Neogene Molluscan Faunas) Author(s) Uozumi, Satoru Citation Journal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University. Series 4, Geology and mineralogy, 11(3), 507-544 Issue Date 1962-03 Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/35930 Type bulletin (article) File Information 11(3)_507-544.pdf Instructions for use Hokkaido University Collection of Scholarly and Academic Papers : HUSCAP NEOGENE MOLLUSCAN FAUNAS IN HOKKAIDO (Part 1. Sequence and distribution Qf Neogene Molluscan faunas) By ' Satoru UOZUMI Department of Geology and Mineralogy, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo. No. 864 Contents Page I. Introduction ............................･508 II. Acknowledgments . , , . 508 IIL Classification of the Neogene deposition of Hokkaido by sedimentary provmce ..........................,., 509 A) Green-tuff Area . 509 a) Oshima province . , . 509 b) Kitami provinee . ･ ･ 509 B) Non-green tuff Area . 511 ,a) Ishikari province . , 511 b) Teshio province . .' . 514 c) Kushiro province . ･ ･ 515 I,V. Faunal succession of Neogene molluscan fauna in Hokkaido . ･ 516 1) Asahistage ...........,...............517 Asahifauna ..........,................517 2) Taldnouestage.............,............518 a) Takinoue fauna . 520 b) Chikubetsu-Sankebetsu fauna . 521 c) Kunnui fauna (Green-tuff fauna) . 522 3) Kawabata stage . 523 Kawabata fauna . 523 4) Wakkanai stage......,................... 524 a) Wakkanai fauna ..................,･..･ 524 b) Atsunai-T6geshita fauna . 527 5) Takil<awastage.......................... 527 Talcikawa-Honbetsu fauna . , . 527 6) Setanastage.....................,....･528 Setanafauna...........･･.......･･･,･ 528 V. Faunal provinces of Neogene moilusca in Holckaido . 531 VI. Summary .............................･539 Reference$ 508 S. UozuMI I. Introduction ' Information 'on the molluscan faunas of the Neogene formation developed in Hokkaido is yet scanty: h few species were described by M.
    [Show full text]