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Caroli Illigeri ... Prodromus Systematis Mammalium Et Avium

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Caroli Illigeri ... Prodromus Systematis Mammalium Et Avium i at. ° © Biodiversity Heritage Library, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/; www.zobodat.at CAROLI ILUGERI D. ACAD. REG. SCIENT. BEROLIN'F-N’S. ET BAVARXCAE SOD. MUSEO ZOOLOGICO BEROLIN. PRAEF'ECTI j PROFESS ORIS EXTRAORD. PRODROMUS SYSTEMATIS MAMMALIUM et AVIUM • • > A D D I T I S TERMINIS ZOOGRAPHICIS ÜTRIUSQUE CLASSIS, KORUMQUS ' , vers:o\e GERMANK.A. I Palet omnibus veritas, nontlum est occupata. Mukum ex illa etiain futuris relictum est. • S EN B C A. BEROLI.NI SUMPTIBUS C. SALFELD i S x i. / © Biodiversity Heritage Library, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/; www.zobodat.at * . 1 I ü • i / ' • . 'h 1 ‘«•.••fr» I jaw».!«»- ™ • - - J, _ . ui., i.y'- u». :ir • \ ra »iK 1 V ':-a • tt«? f "rrt h xrj*.K ,71« J ' ! -l ^ ' 1 ’ ' i .nii: , if. i, ... O Ä 1 \ , ; © Biodiversity Heritage Library, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/; www.zobodat.at L E C T O R I. xjLntequam insectis, ipso entomophylacio di- tissimo ad ea investiganda invitatus, operam praecipuam impenderem, Mammalium et Avium Studio potissimum deditus eram, nec mnquam opportunitatem datam plurimam, janimalia harum classium observandi et corn- parandi, negligebam. Inprimis autem id sem- jper agebam, ut characteres in systematibus (exhibitos, et specierum et generum, cum na- ttura compararem, et omnia, quae ad melius ccognoscenda illa animantia ducerent, dili- ^enter annotarem. In elaboranda Termi- mologia systematica animalium et ve- ^getabilium, anno 1793 edita, explicationes tcerminorum plurimae, quorum haud pauci a © Biodiversity Heritage Library, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/; www.zobodat.at v * L E C T O R I. me fuerant adcliti, e naturae ipsius contem- platione hauseram. Mox praelectiones de Zoologia praeparanti illud incumbebat, ut systema animalium examinarem, quo magis, quantum quidem liceret, secundum proprias observationes elaboratum studiosis illud tra- derem. Et proximis quidem hisce annis ela- psis examen et descriptio Mammalium et Avium Brasiliensiuin Musei Hoffmanseggiani per sat longum temporis spatium me occu- parunt; qua occasione saepissime aniinadver- tebam, tum divisiones systematicas hic illic non sufficere, tum notas characteristicas ab auctoribus ad distinguenda genera et species usurpatas haud raro mancas aut vacillantes imo erroneas esse et naturae ipsi pugnantes. Descriptiones porro plerasque animalium ex- oticorum, Daubentonianis, Pallasianis paucis- que aliis exceptis, imperfectas deprehende- bam, quippe quae partium externarum ad Studium z,oologicum maxime pertinentium qualitates delibarent tantum, minime vero ita exhaurirent, ut animalis descriptio ab omni parte absoluta esset, et ad cognoscendum illud et distinguendum sufficeret. Tum cum anni nuper elapsi aesta te üb mm de Mamma- © Biodiversity Heritage Library, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/; www.zobodat.at L E C T O R I. VII lium et Avium distributione secundum orbis partes facta conscriberem, liujus operis Con- silium postulabat, ut non solum notas illo- rum animalium species cunctas undequaque colligerem, sed eas omnes ad genera apta revocarem, genera ipsa penitus examinarem, affinia quaeque consociarem et in familias et ordines naturales digererem; quoniam hoc tantum modo conspectus distributionis ani- malium geographicae vere utilis et naturae consentaneus parandus videretur. Hoc ita- que consilio omnibus, quae divisionem sy- stematicam animaliumque characteres spe- ctant, ex auctorum scriptis congestis cum- que propriis observationibus collatis, systema prodiit, quod in hoc libello propono probe , quidem gnarus, quantum adliuc distet illud a systemate, quali opus est nobis, qualeque ipse fortasse olim elaborare conabor, quan- do uberior animalium copia examini meo subjecta, ususque librorum rariorum hucus- que negatus, concessus mihi fuerit. Museum autem nostrum zoologicum, tarn felieibus au- spiciis inchoatum, praecipuam observationum materiem oblaturum mihi esse, conlido. Interim quae ad edendum hoc speci- © Biodiversity Heritage Library, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/; www.zobodat.at VIII L E C T O R T. men me impulere, liaec fere sunt: primum spes, quam amici alebant, si plures ex ob- servationibus meis ipsaque dispositio ex par- te saltem, naturae scrutatoribus se commen- daverint, fore ut periti monitis me et con- silio juvent; necessitas poiro, quae jubebat indicare, quod potissimum systerna in ordi- nandis Musei nostri zoologici Mammalibus et Avibus secutus sim, cum in 6ystematibus ad hunc diem publicatis, aut multa desint, aut minus apte omuia cohaerere videantur: utilitas item quam über brevi edendus , de zoologia et ornithologia geographica, ex hoc prodromo capturus est; usus denique, quem novi iique numerosi termini in ipsa applicatione promittunt. Observatio animalium et diligens partium eorum secundum ipsarum structuram et bgu- ram et mutuam rationem consideratio, cre- ber dein usus animalia describendi, iliorum notas systematicas inveniendi et comparandi, muh os terminos novos suggessere, quos cum usitatis conjunctos et in capita digestos, in terminologia , singulis classibus praemissa, zoologis trado. Conceptos autem esse iilos cogente tantum necessitate et ad ipsius na- © Biodiversity Heritage Library, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/; www.zobodat.at L E C T O R I. IX non duce vana specu- turae obäervationem , landi cupidine, ille statim agnoscet, qui na- turam ipsam contemplare, propriisque nec suo quisque systemate captis oculis eam exa- minare suetus est. Etenim a veritate me ab- f errare haud puto contendentem, descriptio- et characteres nes leves atque imperfectas , niancos minimeque sufficientes inde praeci- pue natos esse, quod termini deessent, qui- bus notae eaeqne gravissimae saepe, imo quae solae revera rem quamque signarent, breviter exprimerentur. Eadem niriiis angu- sta terminologia impedimento erat, quo mi- nus ornithologicum systema a Linnaei inde temporibus fmes suos nimium artos multum proferret, licet innumera specierum a pristi- nis valde discrepantium copia illis haud com- mode contineri posset Enimvero cognitio rerum levis et in superficie sola haerens, il- lisque notis^ quas systema poscit^ contenta, diutius nobis non sufßcit, qui penitus eas cognoscere quaerimus quales natura for- , mavit; ipsumque illud specierum agmen nu- per tarn egregie auctum notas plures ad di- stinguendum postulat, quam olim, ubi parvo m^mero paucorum verborum penus sufficie- © Biodiversity Heritage Library, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/; www.zobodat.at X L n c t o n i. bat. Terminis ideo pluribus opus est, ut in- opiae huic medeamur. Et nisi amicorum rei gnarorum judicium et proprius usus me fal- lunt, termini a me propositi plures et ad ex- plicandum partium naturam, et ad exprimen- dum characterem generis et speciei, pluri- mum conferunt; quod praesertim in Orni- thologia, quae tanta alfinitate conjunctas, tarn paucis partibus distinguendas easque ita numerosas species tractat, magni momenti est. Terminos communes hic omissos et in Terminologia systematica quaerendos esse, non est quod animadvertam. Ut linguam germanicam terminis zoogra- phicis adaptarem, a primis inde studii mei zoologici temporibus operam dedi et eandem ob causam terminologiam lingua vernacula conceptam addidi, systematis ipsius vero ver- sionem, quam adjungere in animo erat, sup- pressi, veritus, ne libelli rnoles nimis aucta prodromi noinen eluderet. Gharacteres ordinum, familiarum et ge- nerum graves, insignes, constantes atque per- spicui sunto, omnibusque speciebus, quae illis comprehenduntur, revera proprii. lllo- rum naturam pro ordinibus, imo pro fami- liis, saepius variare, monere non attinet, so- © Biodiversity Heritage Library, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/; www.zobodat.at L E C T O R I. XI la autem experientia et indefessa naturae indagatio nos docet, quae notae in singulis ordinibus et familiis reliquis anteponendae sint. Sed desiderantur descriptiones gene- rum familiarum et ordinum integrae, singu- las quasque partes recensentes, in quibus nulla cujusvis systematis ratio babita sit, irrio quae omni systemati jnateriem praebeant il- lique sufficiant, et cognitionem rerum inte- grant praestent. Ejusmodi descriptiones prae- parare studeo, nominibus specierum, quas in elaborandis illis examinaverim, fideliter annotatis, et quae de habitatione, victu mo- ribusque animalium comp erta mihi sint, sin- gulo generi additis, Characteres quidem ge- nerum in prodromo dati, plures notas mini- strant, quam ad distinguendum genus neces- sariae videntur; sed usus illos connnendavit Multum itaque abest, quin ita breves sint, quales compendia in formam tabularum nu- per edita eos exhibent. Quae methodus ob brevitatem quidem et faciliorem conspectum arridet; at ubi cum natura ipsa, quam tarnen ut assequatur, omne systema vel maxime agit, componimus illam, evanescit Ar ana spe- cies nosque in tenebris versamur, quando, paucis exceptis, nulli alii characteres lucem © Biodiversity Heritage Library, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/; www.zobodat.at XXI L e c t o r i: nobis administrant. Talia compendia enim vel (ut La-Cepedianum) ordinem mere arti- licialem observant, et naturae nexum secun- $lum fundamenta divisionis arbitrarie jacta dissolvunt, quod non solum naturae sed et systemati vere utili contrarium est nec ob t numerosas exceptiones tute satis iet cito ad eruendas species nos ducit; vel ubi (ut fa- ctum est in Dumeriliano) divisiones natura- les servatae sunt, brevitatis Studio et propter formam tabulae, saepius notae levissimae et vacillantes loco sunt fundamenti divisionis. Mihi semper curae cordirjue erat, naturam ipsam fideliter observare, et alios
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