Initial Environmental Examination

November 2011

IND: Bihar State Highways II Project – Additional Financing

(SH-86: Saraiya-Motipur Subproject)

Prepared by Bihar State Road Development Corporation Limited for the Asian Development Bank.

CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 30 November 2011) Currency unit – Indian rupee (Rs) INR1.00 = $0.0192104505 $1.00 = INR52.055000

ABBREVIATIONS ADB – Asian Development Bank BSHPII-AF – Bihar State Highways Project II- Additional Financing BSRDC – Bihar State Road Development Corporation Ltd. BSPCB – Bihar State Pollution Control Board CGM – Chief General Manager CPCB – Central Pollution Control Board CRRI – Central Road Research Institute DoE – Department of Environment DFO – District Forest Officer DGM – Deputy General Manager DPR – Detailed Project Report EA – Executing Agency EFRC – Environment Friendly Road Construction EIA – Environmental Impact Assessment EMP – Environmental Management Plan EMoP – Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan EO – Environmental Officer GDP – Gross Domestic Product GoI – Government of India GoB – Government of Bihar GRC – Grievance Redressal Mechanism IEE – Initial Environmental Examination IMD – Indian Meteorological Department INR – Indian Rupees IPP – Indigenous Peoples Plan IRC – Indian Road Congress MDRs – Major District Roads MoEF – Ministry of Environment and Forests MoSRTH – Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport and Highways MSL – Mean Sea Level NGO – Non Government Organization NH – National Highway NOx – Oxides of Nitrogen NSDP – Net State Domestic Product PCU – Passenger Car Unit PIU – Project Implementation Unit PPEs – Personal Protective Equipments PWD – Public Works Department R and R – Resettlement and Rehabilitation ROB – Road Over Bridge ROW – Right of Way RCD – Road Construction Department Rs. – Indian Rupees

RSPM – Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter RP – Resettlement Plan SC – Supervision Consultant SH – State Highway SO2 – Sulphur Dioxide SPM – Suspended Particulate Matter SPS – ADB‟s Safeguard Policy Statement SOI – Survey of India SPCB – State Pollution Control Board TA – Technical Assistance TCS – Typical Cross Section TOR – Terms of Reference UNDP – United Nation Development Program

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES Km – kilometer M – meter

NOTE In this report, "$" refers to US dollars.

This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.

In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.

Contents Executive Summary ...... 1 1. INTRODUCTION ...... 6 1.1. Project Background/Rationale ...... 6 1.2. Executing Agency ...... 6 1.3. Technical Assistance for Environmental Safeguard ...... 6 1.4. Purpose of the Study ...... 7 1.5. Extent of IEE ...... 7 1.6. IEE Content ...... 7 1.7. Methodology ...... 7 1.7.1. Information/ data Sources ...... 8 1.7.2. Public Consultation ...... 9 2. Policy, Legal AND ADMINISTRATIVE Framework ...... 10 2.1. Country‟s Legal Framework and Regulatory Requirements for the Project. ... 10 3. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ...... 12 3.1. Project Location ...... 12 3.2. Characteristics of the Existing road ...... 12 3.3. Category of the Project ...... 13 3.4. Need for the Subproject ...... 13 3.5. Existing and projected traffic ...... 13 3.6. Key Rehabilitation/Improvement Activities ...... 14 3.7. Project Implementation Schedule and Cost ...... 19 4. Description of the environment...... 20 4.1. Physical Environment ...... 20 4.1.1. Meteorology and Climate ...... 20 4.1.2. Natural Hazard: ...... 20 4.1.3. Air and Noise Quality ...... 21 4.1.4. Landforms/Physiography and Topography ...... 22 4.1.5. Geology ...... 23 4.1.6. Soil ...... 23 4.1.7. Land use ...... 24 4.1.8. Groundwater ...... 25 4.1.9. Surface Water ...... 26 4.2. Ecological Resources ...... 28 4.2.1. Terrestrial Ecology ...... 28 4.2.2. Aquatic Ecology ...... 29 4.3. Economic Development ...... 30 4.3.1. Industries ...... 30 4.3.2. Infrastructure Facilities ...... 30 4.4. Social and Cultural Resources ...... 32 4.4.1. Population and Communities ...... 32 4.4.2. Health Facilities ...... 32 4.4.3. Literacy ...... 33 4.4.4. Occupational Status and Migration...... 33 4.4.5. Current use of lands and resources for traditional purposes by Indigenous Peoples ...... 34

4.4.6. Structures or sites of historical, archaeological, paleontological, or architectural significance ...... 34 5. Anticipated Environmental Impacts and its Mitigation Measures ...... 35 5.1. Impact on Physical Environment ...... 35 5.1.1. Climate ...... 35 5.1.2. Natural Hazard ...... 36 5.1.3. Air Quality ...... 36 5.1.4. Noise ...... 38 5.1.5. Impact on Land and Soil ...... 40 5.1.6. Groundwater ...... 43 5.1.7. Loss of Drinking water Sources ...... 44 5.1.8. Impact on Surface Water Bodies ...... 44 5.1.9. Siltation and Surface Water Quality of Rivers and other Water Bodies ...... 44 5.1.10. Hydrology and Drainage ...... 46 5.2. Impact on Biological Environment ...... 47 5.2.1. Terrestrial Ecology ...... 47 5.2.2. Aquatic Ecology ...... 49 5.3. Management of Construction Debris/Waste ...... 49 5.4. Socioeconomic Impact ...... 50 5.4.1. Positive Impacts ...... 50 5.4.2. Anticipated Negative Impacts ...... 50 5.4.3. Obstruction and Disruption of Traffic ...... 54 5.4.4. Transports and Storage of Materials ...... 55 5.4.5. Impact on Land and Private Properties ...... 55 5.4.6. Impact on Common Property Resources ...... 55 5.4.7. Roadside Sanitation ...... 56 6. Information Disclosure, Consultation, and Participation ...... 56 6.1. Consultation Method and Information Disclosed ...... 56 6.2. Compliance with Relevant Regulatory Requirements ...... 57 6.2.1. Consultation with Executing Agency ...... 57 6.2.2. Consultation with other Government Departments ...... 57 6.2.3. Beneficiaries‟ Comments ...... 59 6.2.4. Consultation with NGOs ...... 61 6.3. Integration of Comments into the IEE ...... 61 6.4. Public Disclosure ...... 61 7. EnvironmEntal Management plan and grievance Redress mechanism ...... 64 7.1. Environmental Management Plan ...... 64 7.1.1. Other Mitigation Plans ...... 64 7.2. Environmental Monitoring Program (EMoP) ...... 64 7.2.1. Performance Indicators and monitoring schedule ...... 65 7.2.2. Reporting Mechanism for Environmental Monitoring Program ...... 65 7.3. Institutional Setting and Proposed Implementation Arrangement ...... 65 7.3.2. Institutional Capacity Building ...... 68 8. Conclusions and Recommendations ...... 71 8.2. Recommendations ...... 73 14. b) Declaration ...... xlv

List of Tables Table 1.1 : Road Sections under Bihar State Highways II Project...... 6

Table 1.2 : Primary and Secondary Information Sources ...... 8 Table 2.1 : Permissions/Clearances Required for the Subproject ...... 10 Table 3.1 : Road Intersections/Junctions along the Project Road ...... 13 Table 3.2 : Present Traffic Volume at Selected Locations ...... 14 Table 3.3 : Projected Traffic for the Project Road ...... 14 Table 3.4 : Details Standard Cross Sections...... 15 Table 3.5 : Summary of the Geometric Improvement ...... 16 Table 3.6 : Construction Material and its Source ...... 18 Table 4.1 : Ambient Air Quality along the Project Corridor (ug/NCM) ...... 22 Table 4.2 : Noise Level in dB (A) Along the Project Corridor ...... 22 Table 4.3 : Landuse (in %) of the Project corridor ...... 24 Table 4.4 : Land use (in %) of the seven kilometres buffer area ...... 24 Table 4.5 : Groundwater Quality along the Project Road ...... 26 Table 4.6 : List of Canals/Drains/ Rivers crossed by the subproject Road...... 26 Table 4.7 : Present Status of Surface Water Quality...... 28 Table 4.8 : No. of Affected Trees ...... 29 Table 4.9 : Demographic Profile of the State and the Project Districts ...... 32 Table 4.10 : Healthcare Facilities in the State and Project District ...... 33 Table 4.11 : Literacy Rate in the State and the Project Districts ...... 33 Table 4.12 : Main Workers and its Distribution under Various Category ...... 33 Table 5.1 : Some Noise- Sensitive Receptors Close to the Alignment ...... 38 Table 5.2 : List of Common Property Resources Very close to /within Corridor ...... 55 Table 6.1 : Summary of Consultation Held with Government Departments...... 58 Table 6.2 : Consultations with Local Community ...... 59 Table 7.1 : Roles and Duties of Implementing Agency/Organisations ...... 67 Table 7.2 : Training Program for BSHIIP-AF...... 68

List of Figures

Figure 3.1 : Typical Cross-Section of a standard 2-lane road ...... 16 Figure 4.1 : Multi-Hazard Zone Map of Bihar ...... 21 Figure 4.2 : Landuse Map of the seven kilometre buffer area ...... 25 Figure 4.3 : Drainage Map of the Project Area...... 27 Figure 7.1 Organizational Setup of BSRDCL ...... 66 Figure 7.2 : Proposed Structure for EMP/EMOP Implementation ...... 68

List of Appendix

Appendix 2.1: Rapid Environmental Assessment Checklist ...... i Appendix 3.1: Road inventory Data Sheet ...... i Appendix 3.2 : Pavement Condition Survey ...... ii Appendix 4.1: National Ambient Air Quality Standards ...... iv Appendix 4.2: Ambient Noise Level Limits (in Leq dB(A)),India ...... v Appendix 4.3: Drinking Water Standards and Probable Effects on Human Health (BIS: IS: 10500, 1991) ...... vi Appendix 5.1: Guidelines for Borrow Areas Management ...... viii Appendix 7.1: Environmental Management Plan (SH-86: Saraiya-Motipur) ...... xii Appendix 7.2: Monitoring Plan for the Performance Indicators ...... 32 Appendix 2.1 Sample Site Environmental Compliance Inspection and Monitoring Form ...... 37 Appendix 2.2 Outline of Project Environmental Progress and Monitoring Report ...... 41

Appendix 2.3 Guidelines for Services of a Contractor/NGO for Tree Plantating - Terms of Reference ...... xliii

NH 28

Motipur

Saraiya NH 102

BSRDCL BIHAR STATE HIGHWAY II PROJECT – Additional Financing

Map 1: Location Map of SH-86 Subproject

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1. Description of the Project. Poor quality of the road infrastructure is one of the major factors constraining the socioeconomic development of Bihar. Rapid development and strengthening of the road network will provide momentum in accelerating economic development of the state, enabling it to move from being dependent on subsistence farming to focusing on market-oriented agriculture and tourism. Since Bihar is the third most populous and poorest state in fast-growing India, development of the state is equally important for the country‟s goal of regionally balanced growth. 2. Comprehending the above fact, Government of Bihar (GOB) has decided to improve the deteriorated key state highways with soft loan assistance from Asian Development Bank (ADB). Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing will be third loan assistance to GOB for improving four road sections aggregating approximately 254 km after already negotiated BSHP I (820 Km) and BSHP II (354 Km) which are under implementation. 3. Description of the Subproject. The subproject is one of the 4 state highways under the Bihar State Highways II Project - Additional Financing programmed to be processed for implementation in 2011. It is located in Muzaffarpur district of Bihar state. It takes off near Saraiya Kothi Market at junction with NH-102 and terminates at Motipur where it meets NH-28 covering a total length of 28.45 Km. The subproject is an important link between NH-102 and NH-28 bypassing Muzaffarpur (subproject district) town enabling motorist to reduce travel distance and time. 4. The Project involves improvement of the existing single lane road into a paved 2- lane carriageway configuration with improved road geometry, proper and adequate embankment, rehabilitated and new bridges, adequate cross drainage structures and side drains, improved junctions/intersections improvement and way side amenities. This road design will be adequate to cater to the volume of traffic until 2025 which is predicted to increase from the current 3038 to 13854 PCU (average annual daily traffic). The subproject will be implemented in 24 months with an estimated cost of INR 1343.8 Million. 5. Existing road conditions is mostly fair (21 km) to good (3 km). Only 4 km of the road section is poor (3 km) to very poor (1 Km). Riding quality of the road is also mostly fair (10 km) to good (9 Km). Remaining 9 km is in poor conditions. The horizontal alignment of the existing road has several sub-standard and sharp curves including reverse S-curves. There are 56 CD structures on the entire project road consisting of 1 major bridge and 6 minor bridges and 49 culverts. Need for bypasses has not been envisaged However, a small realignment is proposed between chainage km 0.00 to km 0.250. 6. The subproject is classified as Category-B in compliance to the ADB Safeguard Policy Statement (2009). Screening of likely impacts and subproject location which does not pass through or located near any national park, wildlife sanctuary, reserved forests, or any other ecologically sensitive reinforces the conclusion that no adverse impacts will result. Further, no archaeological/protected monument is located in the project vicinity. Under the EIA Notification, 2006 promulgated under Environment (Protection) Act 1986, the subproject is exempted from environmental clearance.

1

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

7. An estimated 1,329 trees located in forestland and 245 trees located in private lands will be cleared for this subproject. The project envisaged plantation of approximately 3,987 trees as a compensatory plantation in compliance to prevailing guidelines of State‟s Forest Department on a 1:3 basis. As a strategy to minimize GHG emissions from increase in traffic due to road upgrading, BSRDC will cause the implementation of a 1:7 additional plantation on all trees removed whether these are public or privately owned on top of the 1:3 regulatory compensatory afforestation required by the Forest Department. BSRDC will consult with the Forest Department, among others, on the implementation of the compensatory plantation specifying location, species, tree layout, and appurtenances (e.g. irrigation and rest area). Priority will be given, but not limited, to areas along state highways with available land in establishing the plantations. Other areas may include degraded forestlands, eroded riverbanks, and community forest. Guided by the Tirhut1 Social Forest Model, the BSRDC will implement additional plantation with strong community participation and ensure at least 80% survival of trees after 3 years. The BSRDC will ensure the involvement of project affected women and vulnerable people in tree planting and maintenance activities. Annual reports pertaining to the accomplishment, survival, and community participation (e.g. number of women and vulnerable people) will form part of the annual environmental monitoring report to be submitted to the ADB. BSRDC will coordinate with the Bihar State Pollution Control Board and Transport Department in launching the road side vehicular emission monitoring program to assess the impacts on air quality and GHG emission from the expected increase in traffic. All contractors are encouraged to install solar panels to support all facility lighting demand of the campsites. 8. As part of climate proofing, BSRDC will ensure that: i) upgraded road surfaces will be constructed at least 1 meter higher than the high flood level with 50-year return period, ii) stratified and multi-storey road side plantation where timber wood and similar erosion resistant variety are planted on the ROW periphery to break flood flow velocity to protect road embankment, iii) construction of new and installation of larger cross-drainage, iv) construction of new side drains, and stone pitching and, iv) bio-engineering along strategic areas where breaches and inundation have previously occurred.

9. The IEE has been prepared by BSRDCL in consistent with the ADB‟s Safeguard Policy Statement, 2009. The core zone of impact is taken as 100 meters either side of the alignment. However, the study area impact zone is considered up to 7 km on both sides of road alignment to allow for a larger analysis of land use and other environmental features. 10. Description of the Environment: The subproject area is located in the Ganga Plain Zone which has a tropical monsoon climate. Hot season starts on April until June while cold season extends from December to February, and monsoon season starts in July and ends in September. Maximum rainfall is received during the months of July and August and in the subproject area mean annual rainfall ranges from 850 to 1200 mm. Bihar is considered as the most flood-prone state in India where 28 of the 36 districts are susceptible to flooding which accounts for 73% of the total Bihar State territory or nearly 17% of the total flood affected area

1 MOEF (2005). Mahatma Gandhi Rural Employment Guaranteed Program. 2

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

in the country affecting 22% of the country‟s total population. In the subproject road corridor chainage 0.00km to 1.5km, Basra Bazaar-Jagiria Chowk, and 25.0km to end of the project road section has experienced flood overtopping. Ambient air quality monitoring revealed that the subproject area enjoys a good quality, complying with almost all national quality parameters. 11. The subproject lies in the Central Bihar Plains with an average elevation of 50 meters above mean sea level in Mazaffarpur. The land slopes gently southward and the area are well drained by rivers flowing from north and north western directions. The main river of the area is Buri Gandak with their distributaries and Moribund channels. The subproject area is underlain by thick sequence of Gangetic alluvial soil of Quaternary period. The soils of the area have been developed on alluvial deposits transported mainly by sub-Himalayan rivers. The dominant landuse in the subproject area (along a 7-kilometer strip road corridor) is agricultural accounting for 80% of the total area. 12. The subproject area has a thick and extensive aquifer reaching 300 meters in some sections and wells in the Muzzafarpur yield 100-150 m3/hr. Groundwater quality analysis revealed a neutral to alkaline in nature with medium to high salt concentrations. TDS is generally high in groundwater and is above the permissible levels of Indian Drinking Water Standard. Two major rivers traverse the subproject area, the Baya River which flows along Saraiya and the Danda River which flows near chainage Km 25.000. In the past, both these rivers were perennial in nature. Presently, water is found only during monsoon period. During non-monsoon period, water can be observed in Baya River in some deeper portion but not in flowing condition. Baya forms its own Sub-basin whereas River Danda is part of Burhi Gandak sub-Basin. Both these rivers finally debauches in river Ganga. In addition to these rivers canals and drains cut across the project alignment. All surface waters in the subproject area in not used for drinking or domestic purpose in the area. 13. No forest area was traversed by the proposed project, and within the 7-kilometer corridor about 4 square kilometres of forest is located. The state government has notified plantation along certain highways, canal and railways under protected forest status, however the roadside plantation along H-86 is not under protected status but will require permission for any type of tree felling is made. There are 11 wildlife sanctuaries and 1 national park in the state. None of them is located in the project area. No other similar eco-sensitive areas is either crossed or located nearby the project alignment. Fishing activity in the rivers being crossed or located nearby the subproject road is limited to monsoon period since all of them are non-perennial in nature. However, there are some ponds in the project area where local people are fishing. 14. The economy of Bihar is agricultural and service oriented. Bihar has the lowest GDP per capita in India between 1999 and 2008; GDP grew by 5.1% annually, which was below the Indian average of 7.3%. More recently, Bihar's state GDP recorded a growth of 18% in 2006-2007, and stood at 942,510 crores rupees (US $21 billion) which makes Bihar one of the fastest growing major states. About 85% of the state's population is dependent on agriculture and allied activities. The major crops of Bihar are: paddy, wheat, lentils. Bihar is also the leading producer of cash crops like tobacco, chillies, turmeric, oilseeds, sugar, and jute. It produces some of the finest varieties of mangoes, litchis, guavas, sapotas, citrus, pineapples and bananas. Bihar is the largest honey producer of India. The state

3

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

is distinguished as the "Rice Bowl" of East India accounting for 6%, 6%, 11%, and 9% share of rice, wheat, maize and jute produced in India, respectively. The major industries located in the area are mainly sugar factories, thermal power station, wagon factory, and pharmaceutical. Small scale industries include saw mill, rice mill, suji (sweets) factory, beverages, cold storage, and plywood. There are no major industries in the subproject area. 15. Bihar ranks among the top states in accessibility and availability of safe drinking water supply with nearly 90% of the total population have access to safe drinking water. The State is serviced by 2,318 km of National Highways, 4,192 km of State highways, 12,579 km of district roads and over 69,000 km of other roads. Only 50% of the other roads are surfaced. The total road length per 100 sq km is 77Km and the road density is only 901 km per million populations. About half of villages lack all-weather road connectivity. Bihar has a fairly developed railway network with the railway route density (route kilometers per 1,000 sq km) in the state being 30.15, compared to 19.09 for All-India. There are also airports in Patna, Gaya, Muzaffarpur, Raxoul and Jogbani. The Patna International Airport is directly connected with Kathmandu (Nepal), and important destinations of the country. About 41% of its villages electrified, power is being viewed as a focus area with new projects. Bihar is a land of monasteries and several antique ruins of Mugal Empire and other dynasties. Several Hindu, Buddhist, Jain, Muslim and Sikh shrines abound in this ancient land. Important places of tourist interest are Rajgir (pilgrim place for the Buddhists), Bodh Gaya (most sacred place for Buddhists), Gaya, (centre of pilgrimage for Hindus), Nalanda (ruins of the world's earliest Buddhist university) and Vaishali (the seat of the first republic of the world in the sixth century BC). 16. The subproject district has a population of 2.953 million of which 90.7% resides in rural areas. Health facility in the state is not satisfactory. More than 30% of the hospitals/dispensaries of the state are located in the state capital Patna. The overall literacy rate of Bihar is 47.53% which is significantly low compared to country‟s literacy rate (65.38%). Of the total population of 82.88 million people, roughly 28 million people (34% of the population) comprise the workforce in the State. Migration is crucial survival strategy for the rural poor in Bihar. Based on census and National Sample Survey reports, Bihar has the highest rate of gross interstate migration in India. Tribal population in the project area is insignificant. There are no structures or sites of historical, archaeological, paleontological, or architectural significance. 17. Anticipated Impacts and Mitigation Measures. All pre-construction, construction, and operation activities that were likely to cause environmental impacts were identified, and evaluated to assess their magnitude, duration, and potential receptors in consultation with the stakeholders. Consultations were made with the government representatives (District Forest Office, State Pollution Control Board, Water Resources Department, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, and the District Rural Development Authority), local communities (Saraiya Kothi Market, Raghunathpur village, Dandapul, Singhaula, Basara Bazaar, Basra, Jagaria Village, Jaitput, Phattapur, and Jahangirpur), and NGOs (Gram Ja Kalyan Parishad, Nirdhan Kishan Vikash Mandal, Savera, and Hanuman Prasad Gramin Vikash Samiti). 18. The significant impact during construction is mainly associated with minor increase in dust borne air pollution, increased noise level, nuisance due to

4

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

movement and operation of vehicles, establishment of temporary facilities, and hindrance in accessibility to common property resources. The Subproject will affect 16 religious that were identified to be within the road right-of-way and most of which need relocation. Some families, most of them are landowners will lose a portion of their residential/agricultural lots or residential structures will also be relocated in compliance to national road standards. The details of the resettlement and compensation agreements will be finalized in the ongoing social assessment and will be contained in the Resettlement Plan. Good construction practices to control fugitive dust emissions, structural and management practices to attenuate noise, provision of realignments and alternative access to allow access will be implemented. Minimization and proper disposal of solid wastes (construction debris and municipal wastes from construction camps) on permitted sites will be implemented, while no untreated sewage or oil/silt contaminated run- off will be discharged to any receiving waters without prior treatment. A safety risk officer will be appointed to ensure all workers comply with workplace safety practices. Roadside plantation to compensate for the trees removed along the ROW, conversion of selected borrow areas into ponds will have a positive impact on the subproject. 19. During operation stage, the main impacts are on the surface water hydrology since the construction of a road crosses few river/rivulets in the flood-affected sections which can act as impediment to natural flow of water. Other issues relate to increase in mobile emissions, road safety to motorist, pedestrian and animals. To minimize the impact on the local hydrology, adequate cross drains and their proper maintenance will be implemented. Information and education campaign through the use of signs and posters distributed along the roadside encouraging motorist to properly maintain their vehicles, and proper driving habits to reduce emissions, reduce fuel consumption, and promote safety will be made. Finally, traffic control measures will be implemented to ensure safety to pedestrian. 20. In general, the subproject received immense support from local people with some concerns and apprehensions related to compensation for land and structures. The local people appreciated that besides providing an all weather efficient connectivity to large population and improving the traffic scenario in the region, it will bear out several other positive economic and social benefits which outweigh the negative environmental impacts. 21. Information Disclosure, Consultation, and Participation: In general, the subproject received immense support from local people with some concerns and apprehensions related to compensation for land and structures. The local people appreciated that besides providing an efficient connectivity to large rural population it will bear out several other positive economic and social benefits which outweigh the negative environmental impacts. 22. Conclusion: This initial environmental examination (IEE) ascertains that the subproject is unlikely to cause any significant environmental impacts. Few impacts were identified attributable to the proposed subproject, all of which are localized and temporary in nature and can be easily mitigated with minor to negligible residual impacts. No additional studies or need of undertaking detailed EIA is envisaged at this stage.

5

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Project Background/Rationale 1. Bihar is one of the economically backward states of India. Judged by the per capita state income of Rs9,765 in the FY2007, Bihar ranks far below the all India average of Rs33,299. The road network in Bihar is very poor in terms of coverage and conditions while demand for road transport is increasing. The road density in Bihar is only 861 km per million population, compared with the national average of 2,828 km. About half of villages lack all-weather road connectivity. Insufficient funding for road maintenance in the past has increased the number of roads beyond maintainable condition.

2. Poor quality of the road infrastructure is one of the major factors constraining the socioeconomic development of Bihar. Rapid development and strengthening of the road network will provide momentum in accelerating economic development of the state, enabling Bihar to move from being dependent on subsistence farming to focusing on market-oriented agriculture and tourism. Since Bihar is the third most populous and poorest state in fast-growing India, development of the state is equally important for the country‟s goal of regionally balanced growth. 3. Comprehending the above fact, Government of Bihar (GOB) decided to improve the deteriorated key state highways with soft loan assistance from Asian Development Bank (ADB). Bihar State Highways II Project – Additional Financing will be third loan assistance to GOB after already negotiated BSHP I (820 km) and BSHP II (354 km) which are under implementation. The road sections details under BSHIIP-AF are given in Table 1.1

Table 1.1 : Road Sections under Bihar State Highways II Project Length S.No. SH Project Road Districts (Km.) 1 83 Bagi - Barbigha 37.30 Nawada, Sheikhpura Muzaffarpur 2 86 Saraiya - Motipur 28.45 Sitamarhi 3 87 Roonisaidpur - Bhiswa 64.75

4 88 Barunapul - Rashiyaari 124.20 Samastipur,Darbhanga

1.2. Executing Agency 4. Executing agency (EA) for the project is Bihar State Road Development Corporation Limited (BSRDCL). Road Construction Department (RCD) is the parent organisation responsible for construction and maintenance of roads on behalf of GOB. GOB has recently setup the BSRDCL to streamline decision- making and provide more autonomy for project execution and delivery. All powers, functions, and accountability of road agencies in the state have been redefined. 1.3. Technical Assistance for Environmental Safeguard 5. ADB fielded TA: 7773 IND to assist BSRDCL in project preparation for possible financing of BSHIIP-AF. As a part of this TA and safeguard requirement of ADB,

6

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

environmental assessment has been carried out in accordance with relevant country‟s applicable laws, regulations and in consistent to ADB‟s Environmental Assessment Guidelines, 2003 and Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS), 2009. 6. The present report pertains to Saraiya-Motipur (SH-83) subproject. It has been categorized as Category „B‟ and hence an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) has been conducted. 1.4. Purpose of the Study 7. The purpose of the study is to identify the environmental issues to be considered at project planning and design stage, assesses environmental consequences due to project intervention and suggests mitigation measures to minimise the adverse environmental impacts, if any, associated with construction and operation. 8. Initial Environmental Examination has four basic objectives: (i) determine the magnitude of potential environmental concerns and to ensure that environmental considerations are given adequate weight when carrying out the proposed road constructions/improvements; (ii) identify the environmental issues that should be taken into account when new links are constructed and/or existing links are improved - such to include both adverse and beneficial impacts; (iii) identify need for further environmental studies or Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA); and (iv) suggest enhancement measures, if any. 1.5. Extent of IEE 9. IEE was conducted based on Detailed Design Report (DPR). Certain changes may occur in the subproject structural components but these changes are unlikely to cause significant environmental impacts. The IEE covers all activities proposed under the project. The core zone of impact is taken as 100 meters either side of the alignment. However, the study area is considered up to 7 km on either side of road alignment for larger analysis of land use and other environmental features. Assessment is carried out for all components of environment covering terrestrial and aquatic ecology, soil, water, noise and socio economic aspects. 1.6. IEE Content 10. The IEE has been largely structured as per SPS, 2009 and ADB‟s Environmental Assessment Guidelines (2003). This includes following eight chapters including this introduction Chapter. Chapter 1- Introduction Chapter 2- Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework Chapter 3- Description of Project Chapter 4- Description of Environment Chapter 5- Anticipated Impacts and Mitigation Measures Chapter 6- Information Disclosure, Consultation, and Participation Chapter 7- Environment Management Plan and Grievance Redress Mechanism Chapter 8- Conclusion and Recommendation 1.7. Methodology

7

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

11. Suitable methodology was adopted to accomplish the study. As the first step, project-scoping exercise was undertaken identifying the parameters needed to be considered for the study and to outline the activities for collecting data on each parameter. Data pertaining to all facets of environment viz. physical, ecological and socioeconomic environment both through primary and secondary sources were collected. The stepwise activities includes: Review of legal requirements Review of feasibility study Reconnaissance survey for identification of key issues data requirement and preliminary consultation. Primary and Secondary data Collection Consultation with stakeholders Identification of Impacts and Mitigation measures Institutional Review and finalization of EMP in consultation with EA. 1.7.1. Information/ data Sources 12. Both secondary and primary data were gathered from different sources during study period. All efforts were made for collecting most recent and updated information about baseline condition of the area. Key information sources has been summarised in Table 1.2.

Table 1.2 : Primary and Secondary Information Sources

Environmental Parameters Information Sources

Project objectives, Technical Bihar State Road Development Corporation information on existing road Limited (BSRDCL), Design Consultant and features and proposed ADB PPTA Technical Review rehabilitation work Inventory of road features like Ground Physical surveys, Detailed Project water Bodies, Community Report and Resettlement Plan structures, environmentally sensitive locations areas, congested locations etc. Climatic Condition Status of Environment report on Bihar by SPCB, Envis Website2, Indian Meteorological Department Bihar through Figures-2007 Geology, Seismicity, Soil and State of Environment report published by Topography SPCB, government websites and Detailed Project Report Land Use/ Land Cover Survey of India (SoI) Toposheet, Observation during survey and GIS based landuse classification using Satellite Imagery

2 2 http:// http://www.envfor.nic.in/, gov.bih.nic.in/, http:// http://www.envfor.nic.in/, bsrdcl.bih.nic.in, http:// http://www.envfor.nic.in/, muzaffarpur.bih.nic.in/, http:// http://www.envfor.nic.in/, http://disastermgmt.bih.nic.in/, http://fmis.bih.nic.in/, http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/aug102009/429.pdf,http://www.wrd.bih.nic.in/, http://www.envfor.nic.in/,

8

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

Environmental Parameters Information Sources

Drainage Pattern Survey of India Toposheet, water resources, field observation and local people, GIS Based land use analysis Status of forest areas. Compensatory afforestation Divisional Forest Office, Muzzafarpur norms etc. Status of Fishing Activity District Fisheries offices and Local Fishermen Air quality Noise, Soil and Onsite monitoring and Analysis of Field Water samples Borrow Areas, Quarries and Design consultant and public consultation other construction material during field visit source River geo-morphology, Water resources department, Feasibility hydrology, drainage, flood report and information from local people, field patterns, observations Socioeconomic Environment Different Govt. agencies/civic bodies, Official websites maintained by state Govt., census of India 2001 and Public Consultation during the Field survey, Bihar through figures collected from Directorate of Statistics. 1.7.2. Public Consultation 13. Extensive consultations were held with all stakeholders‟ viz. local and beneficiary population, government departments/agencies, fishermen, road users and NGOs with intent to collect baseline information, for better understanding of the potential impacts and appreciate the perspectives/concerns of the stakeholders. Information thus gathered was used to integrate it in project design and formulating mitigation measures and environmental management plan.

9

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

2. POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK 2.1. Country’s Legal Framework and Regulatory Requirements for the Project. 14. The legal framework of the country consists of several acts, notifications, rules and regulations to protect environment and wildlife. Review of Indian legal system has been critically reviewed to identify its applicability to the project. A list of all required clearances/ permissions related to environment has been summarised in Table 2.1.

Table 2.1 : Permissions/Clearances Required for the Subproject3

Concerned S.No. Clearances Acts/Rules/Notifications/Guidelines Responsibility Agency A. Pre-construction Stage 1 Environmental EIA Notification, 2006 amended till State Clearance4 date, promulgated under Environmental Environment (Protection) Act 1986 Impact ( Not Required for Assessment this subproject) Authority BSRDCL (SEIAA). If not constituted then MoEF 2 Permission for Forest Conservation Act (1980) District Level felling of trees Procedural Guidelines developed by Committee the Department of Environment GoB, constituted by BSRDCL under the orders of the Hon‟ble High the State Court; Tree removal will be guided as Govt. per state government rules. B. Implementation Stage 3 Permission for Mines and Minerals (Regulation and River Board Sand Mining from Development) Act, 1957 as amended Authorities/ river bed in 1972 Department of Contractor Mining Govt. of Bihar

The Notification and its latest amendment entails requirement of prior environmental clearance to the following road projects. Category A -i) New National High ways; and ii) Expansion of National High ways greater than 30 KM, involving additional right of way greater than 20m involving land acquisition and passing through more than one State. Category B-ii) New state High ways; and ii) Expansion projects in hilly terrain (above 100 m mean seal level (msl) and or ecologically sensitive areas)

Note: A general condition applies to both of the above category: “Any project or activity specified in Category „B‟ will be treated as Category A, if located in whole or in part within 10 km from the boundary of: (i) Protected Areas notified under the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972, (ii) Critically Polluted areas as notified by the Central Pollution Control Board from time to time, (iii) Notified Eco-sensitive areas, (iv) inter-State boundaries and international boundaries”. BSRDCL officially approached MoEF for obtaining Terms of Reference and the subproject was exempted from Environmental Clearance during Expert Appraisal Committee meeting held on 21.10.2011 10

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

Concerned S.No. Clearances Acts/Rules/Notifications/Guidelines Responsibility Agency 4 Consent to operate Air (Prevention and Control of Bihar Contractor Hot mix plant, Pollution) Act 1981 Pollution Crushers, Control Board Batching Plant 5 Authorization for Hazardous Waste (Management and Bihar Contractor Disposal of Handling) Rules 1989 Pollution Hazardous Waste Control Board 6 Consent for Water (Prevention and Control of Bihar Contractor Disposal of Pollution) Pollution Sewage from Act 1974 Control Board Labour camps 7 Use of Fly ash Fly Ash Notification, 1999 as MoEF within 100 km amended up to 17th August 2003: Contractor around Thermal Power plants5. 8 Pollution Under Central Motor and Vehicle Act 1988 Department of Control Certificate Transport, Contractor Govt. of Bihar 9 Employing The Building and Other Construction District Contractor Labour/workers Workers (Regulation of Employment Labour and Conditions of Service) Act, 1996, Commissioner

5 There is one thermal power plant located within 100 km. However, fly ash is not proposed due to its unavailability. There are several ongoing highway projects under implementation.

11

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

3. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT 3.1. Project Location 15. The subproject road section (SH-86) is located in Muzaffarpur district of Bihar state. It takes off near Saraiya Kothi Market at junction with NH-102 and terminates at Motipur where it meets NH-28 covering a total length of 28.45 Km. The location map of Bihar State Highways II Project and subproject location is given as Map 1. 3.2. Characteristics of the Existing road 16. Right-of- Way and Carriageway width: ROW along the whole stretch varies between 15 to 20 m with exception near the existing bridge approaches where it is about 24 m. The average width of the carriageway throughout the SH-86 is 3m with 1 m wide unpaved shoulders on both sides. 17. Pavement and carriageway Conditions: Based on the road inventory and pavement conditions survey results, the carriageway condition is mostly fair (21 km) to good (3 km). Only 4 km of the road section is poor (3 km) to very poor (1 Km). 18. Riding quality of the road is also mostly fair (10 km) to good (9 Km). Remaining 9 km is in poor conditions. The chainage wise details of all components of road and pavement conditions have been appended as Appendix 3.1 and 3.2 respectively. 19. Alignment and Geometrics: The horizontal alignment of the existing road has several sub-standard and sharp curves including reverse S-curves. Also, there is no proper transition length for most of the horizontal curves including the reverse ones to provide for required super elevation reversal for riding safety and comfort. The vertical alignment of the road is at a flat grade with the height of embankment generally varying from 0.50 m to 3.00 m, except for the approaches to major bridges. 20. Cross Drainage (CD) Structures: There are 56 CD structures on the entire project road consisting of 1 major bridge and 6 minor bridges and 49 culverts. Among the culverts, 28 are pipe culverts, 12 are arch culverts and 09 slab/box culverts on the project road. 21. Terrain and Landuse: The overall terrain is predominantly flat throughout with gradual rise in ground elevations from south to north. Road elevations vary from ground level to typically 5 metres above ground. Project corridor is predominantly agricultural and rural with scanty commercial establishments in built up areas. The roadside environment transforms into rural in nature beyond heavy settlements of Saraiya (Km 0.00) and crossing intermediate semi urban settlements of Jaintpur, Basra, Rasalpur, Distolia Chowk, Bagahi, Dhumnagar and Mishrolia Chowk. The land use on both sides of the corridor is mostly agricultural and rural. 22. Road Intersections: There are several road intersections of 4-legged and „T‟ type on the project road. Some of the major intersections/junctions identified along the road corridor are given in Table 3.1.

12

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

Table 3.1 : Road Intersections/Junctions along the Project Road Number Intersection Chainage 1 Start at Saraiya (NH 102) 0+000 2 At Jaitipur 8+550 3 Shaebgaj-Muzaffarpur 12+495 4 Hardi Road 16+115 5 Dumn Nagar Road 24+845 6 Baraj-Motipur 27+175 7 End of Project with NH 28 28+406 Source: Review of Saraiya-Motipur Sections. TA No. 7198-INDIA: Preparing for Bihar State Highways II Project. 3.3. Category of the Project 23. The subproject has been evaluated using environmental screening checklist (Appendix-3.1) devised for the categorization of Roads and Highways by ADB. The subproject section neither passes through nor is located nearby any wildlife sanctuary, national park, reserved forest, mangrove, estuarine, protected area buffer zone, or any other similar environmental sensitive or protected areas. It traverses predominantly through agricultural land and some congested semi urban areas. The environmental impacts envisaged are minimal and majority are coterminous with the construction phase. Therefore, the project has been classified as Category “B” in accordance with ADB‟s Safeguard Policy Statement 2009. 3.4. Need for the Subproject 24. Bihar State Highways Projects (I, II and III) aims to improve transport efficiency of the state road network, which will contribute to expansion of economic opportunities and poverty reduction. This will be realized by (i) improving the state highway network, (ii) facilitating safe and appropriate road usage, (iii) increasing efficiency of transport services, and (iv) enhancing GOB capacity for road asset development and management. Improved roads will improve accessibility to social services and markets, and enhance the efficiency of road transport usage. 25. The project road forms a very important link between NH-102 and NH-28 bypassing Muzaffarpur town. It reduces the significant distance for vehicles travelling from places along NH-102 (Muzaffarpur–Chapra) to NH-28 (Muzaffarpur – Pipra Kothi). This in terms will ease out the traffic of NH-102 and NH-28 to much extent and reduce congestion in Muzaffarpur city area. The existing single lane road is located in flood prone/low lying zone disrupting the traffic during monsoon period. The improved road condition will serve as an all weather, economical and hassle free connectivity to a significant population resuscitating the rural economy. 3.5. Existing and projected traffic 26. Traffic Scenario: The DPR included extensive traffic survey program to determine the existing traffic volumes in a number of vehicular categories. The project road can be considered into two homogenous sections; Saraiya (km 0.0) to Hardi (16.000 km), and Hardi (km 16.000) to Motipur (28.500 km). Slow moving traffic has major share in the traffic up to 39% which comprises of cycles, cycle rickshaws and carts, two wheelers with 25%, auto rickshaws and the 13

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

tempos 4%, cars being 10%, 21% is the commercial traffic and 1% comprising buses. The traffic on the project roads has no significant peak hours and non- commercial traffic significantly reduces during the night hours. Seasonal correction factors were worked out and applied on the average daily traffic to obtain the Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT) on the project road as reported below in Table 3.2.

Table 3.2 : Present Traffic Volume at Selected Locations

Location Chainage AADT in PCU

Raghunathpur 5.000 3028

Distaulia Chowk 18.000 3184 Source: DPR 27. Projected Traffic: Traffic projection has been done considering (i) diverted traffic at all two locations (ii) expected AADT of the project road and (iii) likely generated traffic. The base year has been taken as 2006 and projection has been done for the years 2010, 2015, 2020, 2025 and 2030. The projected traffic has been summarised in Table 3.3.

Table 3.3 : Projected Traffic for the Project Road Raghunathpur Distaulia Chowk Year (Ch: 5.000) (Ch: 18.000) Vehicles PCU Vehicles PCU 2010 2010 3975 4409 4898 2015 2015 5655 6225 6820 2020 2020 8279 9044 9683 2025 2025 12243 13297 13854 2030 2030 18325 19808 20007 Source: DPR 3.6. Key Rehabilitation/Improvement Activities 28. Key activities for subproject road improvement involves: (i) widening/strengthening of the road up to 2-lane carriageway configuration with paved shoulders on either side; (ii) improving road geometry; (iii) laying of embankment; (iv) rehabilitation and construction of new bridges and other cross drainage structures; (v) construction of side drains; (vi) Junctions/intersections improvement; and (vii) provision of underpasses, way side amenities, etc. The brief of all improvement components are described below. 29. Proposed Right of Way: ROW has been generally proposed as 23 m in open areas and 16 m in built-up areas. In high banks, deep cuts, or intersections the land width will be suitably increased. The need for a wider right-of-way (ROW) at important road intersections is also kept in view. 30. Road Configuration: It is proposed to convert the present single lane state highway into a 2-lane consisting of 7m wide carriageway with shoulders. The shoulder for the project road will be kept as 3.5m on two ends (outer side) of carriageway out of which 1.5m adjacent to main carriageway on either side will 14

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

be paved with the same pavement composition as the main carriageway. The remaining 1.0m portion of shoulder on either side of carriageway will be unpaved except in locations where guard rail has to be used. The shoulder width in such locations will be 1.25 m on either side. For the structures, new 2-lane standard configuration with or without footpaths have been proposed for all six locations. 31. Cross-sectional Details: Existing alignment has been followed as much as possible in order to limit the extent of land acquisition and earth works and to maximize the use of the existing road formation. Where the existing alignment proved unsafe for suggested traffic speeds, minor horizontal re-alignments are proposed for some of the sections to improve safety and general drivability. The major geometric design elements constituting the cross section are the carriageway, the shoulders and the side drain. The carriageway includes the travelled way and passing bays. The desirable standard cross section requirements as per the IRC specification is given in Table 3.4

Table 3.4 : Details Standard Cross Sections. Road Class Specifications Road Element Dimensions (m) National Highway/ Lane Width 3.5 State Highway Paved Shoulder 1.5 Earthen Shoulder 1.0 Median for 4 Lane 4.5 Shy Away for 4 Lane 0.5 Formation 2 Lane 12 Formation 4 Lane 24 Side Drain 3.5 Utility Reserve 2.0 Embankment Slope 2 H : 1 V Camber Carriageway 2.5% Camber Paved Shoulder 2.5% Camber Earthen Shoulder 3 to 3.5% Maximum Super elevation 7%

32. The typical cross section of standard 2-lane has been given at Figure 3.1

15

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

Figure 3.1 : Typical Cross-Section of a standard 2-lane road 33. Geometric Design, Ruling and Design Speed: Geometric design standards shall be based on the IRC 73-1980 for „plain / rolling‟ terrain as applicable to State Highways. The following other parameters have been used: . Ruling design speed of 80 km/h was used against 100km/h IRC standard . Maximum design speed 80km/h and 50 km/h on restricted ROW/Urban areas. 34. The DPR study adopted a reduced ruling and minimum design speed considering the safety of the pedestrians and slow moving vehicles and also due to the presence of many intersections. The geometry of the existing road is found generally satisfactory except at few locations which need minor geometric improvement. The changes suggested to improve the existing geometry is given in the Table 3.5.

Table 3.5 : Summary of the Geometric Improvement

Chainage Design Speed Proposed Improvement (km/hr)

0-0+450 Realignment

1+825 50 Increase the curve radius to 230m

2+000 50 Increase the curve radius to 230m

8+550 50 Increase the curve radius to 230 m

8+750 50 Increase the curve radius to 230 m

9+275 50 Increase the curve radius to 230m

12+900-13+275 80 Single curve with skew crossing on the d/s of existing bridge

15+850-16+500 50 Skew crossing with flat curve

23+350-23+950 50 Skew crossing with flat curve

25+200 50 Increase curve radius

35. Realignment/Bypasses: Need for bypasses has not been envisaged However, a small realignment is proposed between chainage km 0.00 to km 0.250. Improvement of Saraiya junction in compliance with the IRC standards is practically impossible due to the presence of the Baya River and the bridge on the left side of the road. The embankment on this side needs to be protected for a length of 300 meters, while the right side is settled by residential and commercial structures making it virtually impossible to work on the existing road alignment. Therefore, to comply with road standards, and minimize the physical

16

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

displacement of people, it was recommended to shift the road 200 meters to the right of the existing alignment. 36. Embankment Formation: Since majority of the road alignment will traverse flood plains, the embankment was designed to resist erosion. This includes construction of side and toe drains. The side drains will have a minimum depth of 750 mm measured from the top of the sub-grade level to accommodate 1.2 m diameter pipe culvert crossing for the main road and 1.0 m diameter pipes for access culverts or side road culverts as required by the MORTH. An additional 50 mm of soil will be placed on the prism side slope as protection from the erosion of the drainage layer. Grass or turf will be established over the side slope to further prevent erosion. 37. Bridges and other Cross Drainage Structures: There are 9 Nos. RCC slab culverts, 28 Nos. HP culverts and 12 nos. brick arch culverts on open foundation existing in this project stretch, which are found inadequate. All the existing Hume pipe culverts and brick arch culverts have been replaced by RCC box culverts of adequate waterway for the facility of maintenance of these culverts. Additionally, 39 new culverts have been provided to have adequate cross drainage. 38. One new major bridge has been proposed and all six minor bridges need to be dismantled and replaced with new bridges. 2 new minor bridges have been proposed. 39. Roadside Drainage: There is no proper drainage along the existing road corridoreither in built-up or in rural areas. Drains that are found in built-up areas usually lack cover. Suitable drainage provision shall be designed based on detailed hydrological design from contours, characteristics of catchment, location of outfall points, and rain fall intensity. In rural stretches, longitudinal side drains intercepted by „miter‟ drains to serve as outlet channels to reduce the erosion. 40. ROBs/RUBs/Flyovers: There is one railway level crossing on which ROB is proposed to remove traffic bottleneck. 41. Junctions/intersections Improvement: Project road improvements consist of 3 major junctions and 4 minor junctions. All junction design shall conform to the guidelines of IRC-SP-41, IRC-62 and MoSRTH standard. Signs and line markings shall be designed as per IRC 67 and IRC 35. 42. Service Roads and Underpasses: Presently, no provision of service roads has been made. To accommodate the slow moving traffic in the built-up areas and to improve overall safety and level of service in the main carriageway, pedestrian walkways/cycle paths are recommended with following components: Construction of pedestrian walkway/cycle path (1.0+ 2.0 m wide) on built up sections on both side of the road Concrete kerb with CC M20 to separate fast and slow moving traffic to channelize the traffic Pavement for pedestrian walkways/cycle paths shall be 250mm Granular gravel base course with PCC 43. Utility Shifting: There are a number of amenities and utility services along the project corridor including High tension (HT) and Low Tension (LT) electrical lines,

17

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

water lines, telephone lines, and optical fibre cables. All such utilities shall be safely shifted/relocated in coordination with the concerned departments. 44. Way Side amenities: Adequate way side amenities (bus bays/truck lay-bys etc.) will be provided at required locations as envisaged in detailed project report. 45. Plantation/Landscaping: The Project Highway will have plantation of trees along the highway on either side as per IRC: SP: 21. Plantation scheme will be reviewed so that it does not affect the road safety including visibility. A range of 10-15 m c/c is recommended for spacing of trees (parallel to the road). Setback distance of trees in different situations shall be as per IRC: SP: 21 and IRC: 66. The distance between the kerb, if any, and the nearest edge of tree trunk shall be at least 2 m. 46. Road Safety Provisions: Adequate road safety features viz. crash barriers, road studs, markings, signages, pedestrian guardrails etc. will be provided as per IRC codal Provisions (IRC: SP: 32-1988, IRC: SP: 44-1999, IRC: 103-1988, IRC: 35 and IRC: 67:2001). Executing agency has developed a road safety unit to institutionalize road safety audits, to ensure that safety elements of India Roads Congress standards are incorporated in design and during construction. 47. ADB has also fielded a separate Technical Assistance-TA: 7333 IND for road safety aspects to ensure that all safety elements are incorporated in design for road sections under BSHIIP-AF. 48. Material Sourcing: The coarse aggregates for the construction work are to be brought from Pakur quarry by rail. Stone metal can be obtained from Sheikpura area which is located at a distance of 178 km. Coarse material can also be obtained from Jamalpur area by rail from a distance of 236 km. upto Narayanpur station situated at a distance of approx 40 km from the Project Road. The source of sand is located near Koilwar (Sone River) which is about 120 km from Bhagavanpur zero kilometer chainage. Bitumen is obtained from Barauni located at a distance of 110 km by road. Construction material source and quantity is given in Table 3.6. 49. 50. 51.

Table 3.6 : Construction Material and its Source

SL. No. Borrow area Quantity Place/Location Adjacent to road near: Earth Jaintpur (Km. 9.5), Manikpur (16.2), 1 410020.57 cum material Bagahi (km 23.3),Singhelesarai (km 25) and Motipur (km 28)- 2 Sand 78069.69 Doriganj/Kiul 3 Bitumen 5026 MT Bitumen Barauni 4 314.417 MT Emulsion 5 Stone Metal 143789.2 cum Sheikhpura/Pakur/Jamalpur 6 Aggregate 101169.2 18

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

SL. No. Borrow area Quantity Place/Location 7 Boulders 3798.58 9 Cement 10689 Patna

52. Construction of the BSRDCL Base Office. A 100 m2 field office will be constructed with 3 individual offices, drawing office, and conference room. 3.7. Project Implementation Schedule and Cost 53. The project is in the detailed design stage. The Project will be implemented over 2 years, inclusive of procurement, preconstruction activities in 2010-2011, and defect liability period of 1 year. It is expected to be completed by 2013-2014. The estimated cost of the project excluding R and R and EMP implementation is INR. 1,343.8 Million.

19

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

4. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT 54. Baseline environmental conditions about all facet of environment which include physical, biological and socioeconomic aspects have been established in this IEE using primary and secondary sources. Efforts have been made to collect the latest information both at regional as well as local level especially along the project corridor. This will help to predict likely changes in the environment due to the project and will serve as performance indicators for various components. 4.1. Physical Environment 4.1.1. Meteorology and Climate 55. The state has a tropical monsoon climate with three distinct seasons; winter, summer, and rainy. Broadly the State can be divided into three climate zones based on physiographic set-up (a) The Sub-Himalayan zone, (b) The Ganga plains zone, and (c) The parts of Chotanagpur plateau zones of South Bihar. 56. The Ganga plains zone, where the project area lies, forms an excessive bowl of warm air, especially during daytime. The mean maximum daily temperature falls below 21°C. Hot season covers the period from April to June. May being the hottest month which records an average temperature of 32°C. The area also experiences dust storms, thunderstorms during this period as hot wind blow with an average velocity of 8-16 Km/h. Cold weather extends from December to February, when mean minimum temperature ranges between 7.5°C - 10°C. The post monsoon and the winter seasons are calm period; the average wind speed does not exceed 5 km/h even during the monsoons. The wind direction is predominantly easterly during monsoon and westerly in the winter. The relative humidity ranges from 29 % during summer to 90% during Aug-Sep. 57. The monsoon season starts in July and ends in September. Maximum rainfall is received during the months of July and August. Rainfall varies in three climatic zones of the state. The Sub-Himalayan zone receives high rainfall of over 1400 mm whereas in the Chotanagpur plateau it ranges from 600-800mm. The study area receives medium annual rainfall with mean annual rainfall varying from 850 to 1200 mm. The annual rain falls of Muzaffarpur for last 3 years have been tabulated in Error! Reference source not found.. 4.1.2. Natural Hazard: 58. Flood: Out of 36 districts in Bihar, 28 districts are susceptible to flood. This constitutes nearly 17% of the total flood affected area in the country affecting 22% of the country‟s total population. The north Bihar plains are drained by a number of rivers viz. Kosi, Gandak, Burhi Gandak, Bagmati, Kamla Balan, Mahananda and Adhwara Group. They originate in Nepal, carry high discharge and very high sediment load and drop it down in the plains of Bihar. About 65% of catchments area of these rivers falls in Nepal/Tibet. The plains of north Bihar have recorded the highest number of floods during the last 30years. In the years 1978, 1987, 1998, 2004 and 2007 Bihar witnessed high magnitudes of flood. Among all, 2004 flood was most severe when the flood level surpassed all time high flood level. At many places, the embankments of north Bihar were breached, resulting in flood inundation in a vast area of North Bihar. In the year 2008, there was an unprecedented flood due to breach of Eastern Kosi Afflux Embankment that took a shape of a catastrophe leading to miseries to lakhs of people in Sunsari and Saptari districts of Nepal and Supaul, Madhepura, Araria, 20

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

Saharsa, Katihar and purnea districts of Bihar. River Kosi entirely changed its course from earlier one which was again tamed to its original course by Water Resources. 59. Some part of the study area is liable to submergence during Monsoon period. Overtopping was reported in section between 0.00km to 1.5km, Basra Bazaar- Jagria Chowk, and 25.0km to end of the project road section. 60. Flood: The sub-project area is unaffected by flood but road embankment overtopping has been reported by local people near Milky Chowk during 2009. This is due to local drainage congestion. 61. \Drought: In Bihar, the districts usually affected under this disaster are Kaimur, Rohtas, Aurangabad, Jehanabad, Gaya, Nawada, Jamui and Banka. The central Bihar plains including the most part of the project area is usually not subjected to drought. However, erratic rainfall in the project area has resulted to drought which occurred in 2009. 62. Seismicity: Bihar being close to seismically active Himalayas is prone to seismic hazards. According to Seismic Zonal Map of India prepared by Bureau of Indian Standard, Bihar lies partially in Zone V and Zone IV. The project district is located in the Zone IV. Zone IV denotes higher damage risk. A multi-hazard zone map prepared by United Nation Development Program (UNDP) indicates that the project districts fall under moderate zone with respect to earthquakes, flood and cyclones (Figure 4.1).

Figure 4.1 : Multi-Hazard Zone Map of Bihar 4.1.3. Air and Noise Quality

21

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

4.1.3.1 Air Quality 63. The ambient air quality levels (Table 4.1) with respect to suspended particulate matter (SPM), respirable particulate matter (RSPM), Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides (NOx) range from 424 to 567 µg/m3, 193 to 214 µg/m3, 2.8 to 5.7 µg/m3 and 19.3 to 21.7 µg/m3 respectively, in the two monitoring locations in the project area. All the ambient air quality parameters are within the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), as given at 0 except RSPM (PM 10). The reason for higher RSPM (PM 10) is either due to idling of vehicles and unpaved road conditions. Table 4.1 : Ambient Air Quality along the Project Corridor (ug/NCM) Parameters Location SPM PM 10 SO2 NOX

Motipur (Near NH-28) 424 193 2.8 19.3 Basra Bazar (Market Area) 567 214 5.7 21.7

Applicable standards/limits -- 100 80 80 Source: Field Analysis and Environmental Assessment Report of DPR Consultant 4.1.3.2 Noise Level 64. The ambient noise levels (Table 4.2) conform to the prescribed limit for all monitored locations at commercial area except at Saraiya and Motipur where it marginally exceeds the prescribed limits both during day and night time. At one residential area, it marginally exceeds by 0.3 dB (A) both during day and night time. Table 4.2 : Noise Level in dB (A) Along the Project Corridor Noise Level Day Time Night Time Locations (6.00 am-9.00 pm) (9.00 pm-6.00 am)

Saraiya (commercial Zone) 67.0 55.5 Raghunathpur (residential) 55.3 44.3 Jagariya Chowk (commercial 56.2 45.2 Area) Basra Bazar (Commercial Zone) 58.2 43.5 Motipur (commercial Zone) 71.4 57.5 Standard (Commercial Zone) 65 55 Standard (Residential Zone) 55 45 Source: Onsite Monitoring 4.1.4. Landforms/Physiography and Topography 65. Based on broad geomorphic parameters, Bihar may be divided into three geomorphic domains. They are (i) uplifted block of hilly southern highlands, (ii) The Ganga foredeep of the North Bihar Plains bounded by the rising Himalaya in the north and the Ganga River in the South, and (iii) the transition zone between the southern highlands the Great Ganga Plains, constituting the central Bihar Plains. The project area lies in Central Bihar Plains. This

22

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

geomorphic/physiographic unit has been further categorised into three land systems e.g. (i) the Alluvial upland, (ii) the Older Flood Plain, and (iii) the Present Flood Plains. 66. The proposed project road lies to the north of river Ganga in an alluvial landscape shaped by the Himalayan and Sub-Himalayan Rivers. The project road is located at the western part of Mazaffarpur district and is situated at about 50 meters above MSL. The land slopes gently southward and the area are well drained by rivers flowing from North and North-Western directions. The main river of the area is Buri Gandak with their distributaries and moribund channels. 4.1.5. Geology 67. The State of Bihar exhibits diverse geological formations ranging in age from Archean to Holocene. Geologically, Bihar represents the extreme northern front of Indian sub-continent. These include (i) the belt of Himalayan foothills in the northern fringe, (ii) the vast Ganga Plains, (iii) the Vindhyan (Kaimur) Plateau, (iv) the sporadic and small Gondwana basin outliers in Banka district, (v) the Satpura Range extending into large part of the area north of Chotanagpur Plateau, (vi) the parts of Bihar Mica belt in Nawada, Jamui and Banka districts, and (vii) the Granite Gneissic complex of Chotanagpur plateau. 68. Nearly two third of Bihar including the project district is located within the Ganga basin. The subproject road runs through alluvial terrain underlain by unlithified soft quaternary formations, which can be divided into three distinct morpho- stratigraphic units: Hajipur / Madhubani Formation: It is the oldest Quaternary unit in the area encountered in the southwest of Muzaffarpur town where it forms high level alluvial terraces. It is characterized by yellowish brown and brownish grey clayey material impregnated with „Caliche‟ nodules formed in-situ due to weathering under semi-arid condition. The unit supports habitats and cultivation. Jaynagar / Vaishali Formation: This dominant formation of the region includes the older flood deposits of Burhi Gandak and Bagmati river systems. The unconsolidated sediments comprising alternating sequences of sand, silt and clay are fine in texture, grey in colour do not contain „Caliche‟ nodules and are unoxidized. Diara Formation: It includes the unconsolidated flood plain deposits of the present day rivers and is confined to the meander belts of the main river channels. This unit comprises fine sand and silt with occasional layers of clay. 4.1.6. Soil 69. The project area is underlain by thick sequence of Gangetic alluvial soil of Quaternary period. The soils of the area have been developed on alluvial deposits transported mainly by sub-Himalayan Rivers. There are two major group present in this area – Entisols and Inceptisols. Entisols are subdivided into younger alluvial soils (Udifluvents) and Bhabhar soils (Ustorthents). But, Udifluvents is the main dominant soil group in this area. This soil is deficient in nitrogen, phosphoric acid and humus. Texturally these are sand to loamy sand with pH value on the alkaline side. Among the Inceptisols – Ustochrepts and Haplaquepts (calcareous alluvial soil) are the main dominant soil group present in this area.

23

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

70. The result of IS soil classification tests conducted on sub-grade soil on the project route shows that dominant soil type are CL, CLML to ML category as presented in the DPR. The CL type of soil covers almost 73 % of the road section, the ML soil type about 12% and CLML soil type covers 15%. A general performance rating of these soil as subgrade as per IS soil classification is poor to good. 4.1.7. Land use 71. Landuse of the Project Corridor: Landuse/landcover of the subproject corridor was assessed during field observation. Project corridor is predominantly agricultural (nearly 80%). Built-up area including community property resources constitutes about 15% and rest is shared by plantation, water bodies, and miscellaneous use (Table 4.3). Table 4.3 : Landuse (in %) of the Project corridor Estimated Area Land Use Coverage Agriculture Approx 82% Built-up including community structures Approx 10% Roadside Plantation, scrub and grasses Approx 5% Water bodies Approx 3% 72. Land use within 7km of the project road: Land use map of the seven kilometres buffer area of the Saraiya–Motipur subproject alignment based on satellite imagery is shown in Figure 4.2. Table 4.4 shows the land use in percentage for the seven km buffer area of the project road. Table 4.4 : Land use (in %) of the seven kilometres buffer area Estimated Area Land Use Coverage Water/shallow land Approx 5% Vegetation Approx 15% Settlement Approx 13% Crop Approx 51% Fallow Land Approx 9 Barren Land Approx 7

24

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

Figure 4.2 : Landuse Map of the seven kilometre buffer area 4.1.8. Groundwater 4.1.8.1 Occurrence and Yield 73. The area is occupied by the thick pile of unconsolidated sediments laid down by the Ganga and its northern bank tributaries. Fairly thick regionally extensive confined / unconfined aquifers down to depth 300m as well as moderately thick but discontinuous confined and unconfined aquifers are present in this region. The thickness of sediment increases from south to north. These unconsolidated sediments are made up of alternations of sand clay with individual sand and clay layers showing interfingering relationship. In parts of Muzaffarpur district the tube well within 100 m depth yields in the range of 100 to 150 m3/hr. The transmissivity value is high, around 15000 m2/day with storativity 2.1 x 10-3. The depth to water level in this region varies from 5 to 10 m below ground level during pre-monsoon and the same level is in the range of 2 to 5 m below ground level during post-monsoon. The average water level fluctuation is 2 to 4 m. 4.1.8.2 Groundwater Quality 74. The analysis reveals that groundwater was neutral to alkaline in nature with medium to high salt concentrations. TDS is generally high in groundwater and is above the permissible levels of Indian Drinking Water Standard (IS:10,500) (Appendix 4.3). Groundwater is also hard in nature with low iron content. Groundwater contains high amount of fluoride, which has natural origin.

25

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

Groundwater does not show any type of human interference as water sample shows absence of coliform. 75. Result of the groundwater quality of the samples collected in the study area has been summarised in Table 4.5.

Table 4.5 : Groundwater Quality along the Project Road Tube Well Sample Parameters At Saraiya Main No. Chowk 1 Temperature (oC) 23.0 2 EC (at 25oC) µs/cm 723.0 3 pH 7.3 4 TDS (mg/L) 534.0

5 Total Hardness (as CaCO3, mg/L) 281.2 6 Calcium (mg/L) 68.7 7 Magnesium (mg/L) 26.3 8 Sodium as Na (mg/L) 33.6 9 Potassium (mg/L) 25.1 10 Iron as Fe (mg/L) 0.12 11 Fluoride as F (mg/L) 0.32 12 Arsenic (as As) (mg/L) <0.01

12 Phenolic Compound (as C6H5OH) (mg/L) <0.5 13 Alkalinity (as CaCO3, mg/L) 276.0 14 Total Coliform (MPN/100 ml) <1.1 15 Fecal Coliform (MPN/100 ml) <1.1 Source: Environmental Assessment Report by DPR Consultant 4.1.9. Surface Water 4.1.9.1 River system/Hydrology of the Area 76. There are two main rivers in the project area. One flowing along (River Baya) near Saraiya for nearly 500 m length and turn left aside. Another is cutting across (River Danda) near Km 25.000. Besides, a branch stream of River Jhaja crosses the subproject near Jaitipur. In the past, both these rivers were perennial in nature. Presently, water is found only during monsoon period. During non-monsoon period, water can be observed in Baya River in some deeper portion but not in flowing condition. Baya forms its own Sub-basin whereas River Danda is part of Burhi Gandak sub-Basin. Both these rivers finally debauches in river Ganga. 4.1.9.2 Water Bodies cross cutting the Subproject Road 77. There are several canals and drains cutting across the project alignment. List of all canals, drains, nallahs and river being cut across by the subproject alignment has been provided in Table 4.6. Besides, there is large no. of surface water bodies. The detailed drainage pattern affecting the Saraiya-Motipur road is given in Figure 4.3.

Table 4.6 : List of Canals/Drains/ Rivers crossed by the subproject Road. 26

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

Sl. No. Type of Channel Chainage from Saraiya (m) 1 Drain 970 2 Nalla 2080 3 Canal 7060 4 Canal 7762 5 Canal 11525 6 Canal 13265 7 Drain 14765 8 Canal 16275 9 Nalla 23390 10 Nalla 25390 11 River 25395

Figure 4.3 : Drainage Map of the Project Area.

27

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

4.1.9.3 Surface Water Quality 78. Surface water is not used for drinking or domestic purpose in the area. Fishing activity is limited to ponds since water availability in rivers is only during monsoon period. The water quality of the perennial River in the study area is given in Table 4.7.

Table 4.7 : Present Status of Surface Water Quality

Sl. No. Parameters Buri Gandak River 1 Temperature (at time of Sampling) (0C) 28.5 2 Turbidity (NTU) 13.5 3 pH 8.1 4 Total Suspended Solids (mg/L) 48.0 5 Total Dissolved Solids (mg/L) 216.0 6 Total Hardness as CaCO3 in mg/L 147.4 7 Calcium as Ca in mg/L 40.2 8 Magnesium as Mg in mg/L 11.2 9 Iron as Fe in mg/L <0.1 10 Fluoride as F- in mg/L <0.2 11 Copper as Cu in mg/L 0.006 12 Zinc as Zn in mg/L <0.2 13 Arsenic (as As) in mg/L <0.01 14 Lead as Pb in mg/L 0.01 15 Phenolic Compound (as C6H5OH) in mg/L <0.05 16 Alkalinity as CaCO3 in mg/L 171.0 17 Dissolved Oxygen in mg/L 7.6 Biochemical Oxygen Demand 3 days at 18 0 7.7 27 C in mg/L 19 Chemical Oxygen Demand in mg/L 53.0 20 Total Coliform MPN/100ml <2 21 Fecal Coliform MPN/100ml <2 Source: Environmental Assessment Report by DPR Consultant 4.2. Ecological Resources 4.2.1. Terrestrial Ecology 4.2.1.1 Forests 79. Forest Areas: The state of Bihar has only 6.9% of forest cover to its total geographic area. Legally this area has been classified into "Reserved Forest, Protected Forest and Unclassified Forest" and their areas are 693 sq. km (0.75%), 5779 sq. km (6.14%) and 1 sq. km (0%) respectively. Per capita forest area in the state is 0.01 ha against the national average of 0.07 ha. The latest estimates of Forest Survey of India (FSI), published in the State of Forest Report (SFR) 2003, suggest that the total forest cover of Bihar is 5,558 sq. km., which is 5.9% of the land area. 80. Forest Types and its Spatial Extent: There are three forest types in the state, viz.: (i) Dry Deciduous; found in the north-eastern region of Kishanganj district and particularly in the water logged area with annual rainfall more than 120 cm. Density of vegetation is very high.

28

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

The major vegetation type is Sal. Apart from Sal, Assam, Semal, Ghaura, Caham, Kend, Mango, Jamun are also found; (ii) Wet Deciduous: found in hills of Kanpur and Chotanagpur plateau and in few parts of Raxual, Purnia and Araria districts where the annual rainfall is less than 120 cm. They are not dense forest and categorized as open forest. The major vegetation type is Sal, Bamboo, Khair, Pal, Shesham, Mahua and Kend; and (iii) Sub- Himalayan and Tarai Forest; found in northern part of Bihar and boarder of Nepal. The major area in which this type of forest are found are western Champaran (Showmeshwar), Purnia and Araria. The major vegetation type is sal, Tun, Oak, and Pinl. 81. Forest in Project Area: The project district as whole is almost devoid of forest. Only 4 sq km area is under forest in the district. No forest is in the vicinity of project alignment. The state government has notified plantation along certain highways, canal and railways under protected forest status. The roadside plantation along SH-86 is not under protected status. However, permission for any type of tree felling is required. 4.2.1.2 Wild Life and Protected Areas 82. There are altogether 11 wildlife-sanctuaries and 1 national park in the state. None of them is located in the project area. No other similar eco-sensitive areas is either crossed or located nearby the project alignment. 4.2.1.3 Road Side Plantations 83. The different type of trees present along the road corridor are – Anwala, Arjun, Ashok, Babul, Bair, Bankath, Bargadh, Barhar, Bel, Chukundi, Gamhaar, Gullar, Gulmohar, Jalebi, Jamun, Kadam, Karwaini, Mango, Neem, Pakri, Pipal, Shirish, Simmar, Simul, Sirish, Sisham and Tar. Table 4.8 summarises the details of affected trees.

Table 4.8 : No. of Affected Trees

S. No Girth Size Left Right Total 1 30Cm - 60cm 73 92 165 2 60cm - 90cm 154 159 313 3 90cm -120cm 163 172 335 4 120-180cm 201 229 430 5 > 180 cm 38 48 86 Total 629 700 1329 Source: Tree enumeration conducted By the DPR team 4.2.2. Aquatic Ecology 84. Fishing activity in the rivers being crossed or located nearby the subproject road is limited to monsoon period since all of them are non-perennial in nature. However, there are some ponds in the project area where local people are doing fishing. The fish species generally found in the area are Phalia, Chelwa, Potiah, Durhwa, Mirgal, Rewa,

29

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

Kalbasu, Rohu, Magur, Singhi, Tangra, Bachwa, Gaunch,Kawa, Kewal, Barn. 4.3. Economic Development 85. The economy of Bihar is largely service oriented, but it also has a significant agricultural base. There is also a small industrial sector. As of 2008, agriculture accounts for 35%, industry 9% and service 55% of the economy of the state. Bihar has the lowest GDP per capita in India, although there are pockets of higher than the average per capita income. Between 1999 and 2008, GDP grew by 5.1% a year, which was below the Indian average of 7.3%. More recently, Bihar's state GDP recorded a growth of 18% in 2006-2007, and stood at 942510 crores rupees (US $21 billion). This makes Bihar the fastest growing major state. In actual terms, Bihar state GDP is ranked 14th out of 28 states in India. Various facets of socioeconomic environment of the state and the project district have been described in following paragraphs. 4.3.1. Industries 86. Contribution of industrial sector to the state‟s economy is insignificant. This is mainly due to poor investment climate. Key industries in the state include food processing/beverages fibres/textile, jute, leather, mines and minerals, tobacco, dairy, tea, petroleum products, and cement. Unregistered units dominate the overall industrial sector, accounting for more than half of its total income. Based on census, there are 259 large and medium-sized industries with Food, beverages, tobacco and petroleum products accounting for more than 85% of the total industrial income. Total value of output of agro-based industry is less than 1% of the national output, despite the fact that Bihar produces about 10% of India‟s total output of common fruits and vegetables. 87. The project district is mainly characterized by agro-based small-scale cottage industries; light engineering, food and food processing are the major industrial activities. Major industries located in the area are mainly sugar factories, thermal power station, wagon factory, and pharmaceutical. Small scale industries include saw mill, rice mill, suji (sweets) factory, beverages, cold storage, and plywood. Project area is largely devoid of any major industries. 4.3.2. Infrastructure Facilities 4.3.2.1 Water Supply 88. Bihar ranks among one of the top states in accessibility and availability of safe drinking water supply. Nearly 90% of the total population gets safe drinking water. Projects district is also richly endowed by groundwater and surface water resources. Groundwater is principally used for drinking and domestic purposes in the project influence area. 4.3.2.2 Transportation 89. Roads: The State is serviced by 2,318 km of National Highways, 4,192 km of State highways, 12,579 km of district roads and over 69,000 km of other roads. Only 50% of the other roads are surfaced. The total road length per 100 sq km is 77 km and the road density is only 901 km per million populations. About half of villages lack all-weather road connectivity.

30

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

90. Railways: Bihar‟s railway network is fairly well developed, with the railway route density (route kilometers per 1,000 sq km) in the state being 30.15, compared to 19.09 for All-India. Total rail length in the state is 5,400 km. 91. Waterways: Bihar is traversed by several rivers. Some of the major rivers are the Ganges, Ghaghra, Gandak, Kosi, Damodar, Sone and Swarnarekha. Total length of rivers in Bihar is 4,414 km navigable length of rivers is 1,325 km Farakka to Buxar in the river Ganges has been declared as National Water Ways No.1. It is presently operative from Haldia to Patna. This provides access to Calcutta Seaport (417 km) and Haldia (517 km). 92. Civil Aviation: Patna, Gaya, Muzaffarpur, Raxoul and Jogbani have domestic airports Patna International Airport is directly connected with Kathmandu (Nepal), and important destinations of the country. There are 39 district Headquarters that have air strips/aerodromes. The state government has plans to set up air cargo complex in Patna that will be promoted by Bihar Industrial Area Development Authority and Airport Authority of India. 4.3.2.3 Power Sources and Availability 93. After bifurcation of Bihar with a newly carved state Jharkhand, 70% of the generation capacity of erstwhile Bihar has gone to the jurisdiction of the state of Jharkhand, only 30% of the load is left with present Bihar. Bihar‟s power generating capacities stand at 540 MW of capacity in thermal plants in Barauni (320 MW) and Muzaffarpur (220 MW) with a limited amount of power (25 MW) available from the hydel power sources. With 41% of its villages electrified, power is being viewed as a focus area with new projects in the pipeline involving a total estimated cost of US$ 4.4 billion with a targeted capacity of 4,820 MW. 4.3.2.4 Agriculture 94. About 85% of state's population is dependent on agriculture and allied activities. The major crops of Bihar are: paddy, wheat, lentils. Bihar is also the leading producer of cash crops like tobacco, chillies, turmeric, oilseeds, sugar, and jute. It produces some of the finest varieties of mangoes, litchis, guavas, sapotas, citrus, pineapples, and bananas. Bihar is the largest honey producer of India. The state is distinguished as the "Rice Bowl" of East India accounting for 6%, 6%, 11%, and 9% share of rice, wheat, maize, and jute produced in India, respectively. Bihar is one of the largest vegetables producers in the country. 95. Project district produces all types of major crops (rice, wheat, maize, Barley, lentils). The district is famous for Litchis and Mango.

4.3.2.5 Mineral Resources 96. Unbifurcated Bihar had vast mineral reserves, however about 90% of the important minerals are now left with Jharkhand after separation. Still some more important minerals are located in the state contributing in states revenue though insignificant. Minerals found in the states are Limestone, Pyrite, Magnetite, Steatite, Mica, China clay, Soapstone, Slate, Feldspar, Galena, Sandstone, and Saltpetre. None of the mineral deposits are located in the project district.

31

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

4.3.2.6 Tourism 97. Bihar is a land of monasteries and several antique ruins of Mugal Empire and other dynasties. Several Hindu, Buddhist, Jain, Muslim and Sikh shrines abound in this ancient land. Important places of tourist interest are Rajgir (pilgrim place for the Buddhists), Bodh Gaya (most sacred place for Buddhists), Gaya, (centre of pilgrimage for Hindus), Nalanda (ruins of the world's earliest Buddhist university) and Vaishali (the seat of the first republic of the world in the sixth century BC). Other places of tourist interest in Bihar Bhimbandh, famous for hot springs; Maner, a sacred Muslim shrine of Sufi Saint Hazrat Makhdoom Shah; Vikramshila, the ruins of a Buddhist university; Deoghar, famous for a Hindu shrine and Sasaram, the site of the tomb of Afghan emperor Sher Shah Suri. Vaishali is famous religious tourist destination on world tourism map. None of these protected or monuments of religious importance is located in subproject area 4.4. Social and Cultural Resources 4.4.1. Population and Communities 98. The total population of Bihar is 82.8 million, third most populous state in the country. The project district contributes nearly 3.6 % of the state population. The decennial growth rate of population of Bihar during 1991-01 was 28.43%. The sex ratio in the State i.e., number of females per 1,000 males marginally increased from 971 in 1991 to 972 in 2001 as compared to the all India average, which increased from 927 to 933 during the same period. The density of population, which was 685 persons per sq km in 1991, increased to 880 per sq km in 2001. The urban population of 13.38% in 1991 increased to 14.47 % in 2001. According to the census 2001, the state of Bihar and the project district have following facts on Population Table 4.9.

Table 4.9 : Demographic Profile of the State and the Project Districts State and Project District Bihar Muzaffarpur Indicators Total Population (in millions) 82.8 2.953 Urban Population (% of total population) 14.47 9.30 Rural Population (% of total population) 89.53 90.7 ST Population (% of total population) 0.9 0.039 SC Population (% of total population) 15.7 15.72 Density (Sq. km) 880 1180 Sex Ratio (Per 1000 males) 919 920 Decadal Growth (%) 28.3 26.8 Literacy Rate (%) 47.0 48 Source: Bihar through Figures, 2007, Directorate of Economics and Statistics 4.4.2. Health Facilities 99. Health facility in the state is not satisfactory. More than 30% of the hospitals/dispensaries of the state are located in the state capital Patna. Besides,

32

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

there are several private clinics/hospitals in the city. Table 4.10 provides the number of government health care centres in the state and the Project District as of 1999-000.

Table 4.10 : Healthcare Facilities in the State and Project District State and Project No. of No. of No of District Hospitals/Dispensaries Beds Practitioner Bihar 1636 12123 2472 Muzaffarpur 63 1220 165 Source: Bihar through Figures, 2007, directorate of Economics and Statistics 4.4.3. Literacy 100. The overall literacy rate of Bihar is 47.53% which is significantly low compared to country‟s literacy rate (65.38%). There is also a disparity among male and female literacy with 60.32% and 33.57%, respectively. In Bihar only 23% students below 10 years of age attend elementary schools. The literacy rate of the project district is marginally better than state. Sex-wise break-up of literacy rate for the state and the project districts has been tabulated in Table 4.11.

Table 4.11 : Literacy Rate in the State and the Project Districts State and Project Literacy Rate (%) Districts Males Females Total Muzaffarpur 59.1 35.8 48 Bihar 60.32 33.57 47.53

Source: Bihar through Figures, 2007, directorate of Economics and Statistics. 4.4.4. Occupational Status and Migration 101. Of the total population of 82.88 million people, roughly 28 million people (34% of the population) comprise the workforce in the State. Though Bihar is the third largest populated state in India, it only accounts for about 7% of the total organized sector employment in the public sector. In the private sector, the share of Bihar is still lower at about 3%. There has been a large increase of subsidiary status workers in the state, pointing to the presence of a high degree of disguised unemployment as well as temporary/casual labour. Maximum percentage of the workers is in the agriculture sector as a cultivator or agricultural labourers. More than 80% of the rural population is engaged in the agriculture sector. The National Sample and Survey Office (NSSO) data shows that wage employment in the agricultural labour accounted for nearly 40% of the rural work force in Bihar in 1999-00. Agriculture labour and cultivation together account for around 80% of occupations in 1999-00. In urban areas, more than 40% households are self- employed. Around 30% had regular employment in 1999-00. Percentage of main workers to total population and distribution of main workers under various categories of the state and the project district has been summarized in Table 4.12.

Table 4.12 : Main Workers and its Distribution under Various Category

33

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

Main Other Cultivator Agricultural Household Workers Workers District/State 1991 2001 1991 2001 1991 2001 1991 2001 1991 2001

Muzaffarpur 27.87 23.9 39.7 28.1 42.2 40.43 1.22 3.27 16.88 28.20

Bihar 29.48 25.4 41.3 32.2 45.2 42.84 2.01 3.55 11.02 21.43 Source:-Primary Census Abstract -1991, and 2001(Bihar) 102. Migration is crucial survival strategy for the rural poor in Bihar. Based on census and National Sample Survey reports, Bihar has the highest rate of gross interstate migration in India. Most of the migrants are male (95%) and that of poor section. 4.4.5. Current use of lands and resources for traditional purposes by Indigenous Peoples 103. Tribal population in the project area is insignificant. Those living, are in the mainstream of the society and do not depend on forest and its resources for any purpose. Moreover, there is no forest resource in the project area. 4.4.6. Structures or sites of historical, archaeological, paleontological, or architectural significance 104. There is no such site of significance either impacted or in the close vicinity of the project area 4.4.6.1 Areas of Eco-Sensitivity/Protected Area/Restricted Area legislative and others 105. No such eco-sensitive, protected, restricted areas and legislative and others were found in the subproject area.

34

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

5. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND ITS MITIGATION MEASURES 106. Environmental impacts have been assessed considering present environmental setting of the project area, nature and extent of the proposed activities. Suitable approach and methodology was adopted to ascertain likely impacts both during design and construction and operation stage. Valued environmental components (VECs) were identified during initial site visit followed by its detailed investigation during later stage of the study. 5.1. Impact on Physical Environment 5.1.1. Climate Design and Construction Phase 107. 1329 trees will be encumbered along the ROW. This will have minor to negligible impact on microclimate of the region. The compensatory plantation will rather improve the micro climate of the region. 108. The effect of global climate change to the project, particularly predicted extreme rainfall is recognized considering that majority of subproject area is prone to flooding. However, there are no studies yet available about the effect of climate change on rainfall or flood pattern of the area which makes it difficult to recommend specific climate proofing measures. 109. Mitigation Measures 110. All efforts shall be made by the contractor to minimize cutting of the trees up to final stage of project implementation. The project envisaged plantation of approximately 3,987 trees as a compensatory plantation in compliance to prevailing guidelines of State‟s Forest Department on a 1:3 basis. The contractor will be responsible to coordinate the compensatory plantation which will include meetings, actions, and discussions with concerned authorities. Besides, additional plantation is recommended near sensitive locations, riverbanks and wherever additional land is available with PWD. 111. As a strategy to minimize GHG emissions from increase in traffic due to road upgrading, BSRDC will cause the implementation of a 1:7 additional plantation on all trees removed whether these are public or privately owned on top of the 1:3 regulatory compensatory afforestation required by the Forest Department. This will involve 15,155 additional trees to be planted along the ROW and other priority areas as identified in Appendix 8. BSRDC will consult with the Forest Department, among others, on the implementation of the compensatory plantation specifying location, species, tree layout, and appurtenances (e.g. irrigation and rest area). Priority will be given, but not limited, to areas along state highways with available land in establishing the plantations. Other areas may include degraded forestlands, eroded riverbanks, and community forest. Guided by the Tirhut Social Forest Model, the BSRDC will implement additional plantation with strong community participation and ensure at least 80% survival of trees after 3 years. The BSRDC will ensure the involvement of project affected women and vulnerable people in tree planting and maintenance activities. Annual reports pertaining to the accomplishment, survival, and community participation

35

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

(e.g. number of women and vulnerable people) will form part of the annual environmental monitoring report to be submitted to the ADB. Operation Stage 112. The subproject road is mostly located in open agricultural land, which will provide adequate dispersion of gaseous emission from vehicle. Further, extensive plantation and improved road conditions will ameliorate/enhance the micro- climate. No adverse climatic changes/impacts are anticipated during operation stage other than increase in greenhouse gas emissions from vehicles. 5.1.2. Natural Hazard 113. Some part of the project alignment (as identified in baseline section) are evidences of overtopping during monsoon period, requiring raised formation level of the proposed road. This may aggravate the flood situation if adequate engineering solutions are not included in the design considering the local/regional hydrology of the area. 114. The project area is located in seismic zone IV that is high damage risk zone. This may cause failure of civil structures in the event of earthquake if design consideration related to seismicity is not taken into consideration. All civil structures especially bridges shall be constructed as per latest seismic zone IV requirement. Longitudinal and transverse seismic restrainer on abutment and pier caps or otherwise in accordance with IRC: 6 will be implemented, to prevent the tendency of dislodgement of superstructure. Mitigation Measures 115. Provisions of adequate cross drainage structures, like culverts/balancing culverts/causeways and roadside drainage with suitable outfall shall be made to avoid flooding/water logging. The height of embankment shall be raised adequately to avoid capillary action due to seepage of the water to embankment. The design discharge shall be evaluated for flood of 50-year return period for calculation of waterway and design of foundations. 116. Earthquakes may cause failure of civil structures if design aspect related to seismicity is not adequately taken into consideration. Relevant IS codes shall be adopted while designing the civil structures to sustain the earthquake of highest magnitude in Seismic zone IV. 117. All necessary precautions against dislodgement of superstructure shall be taken by provision of reaction blocks or other type of seismic arresters and increased width of pier/abutment cap. 5.1.3. Air Quality Design and Construction Phase 118. The potential sources of air emission during the construction are: (i) dust from earth works (during site preparation); (ii) emissions from the operation of construction equipment and machines; (iii) fugitive emissions from vehicles plying on the road; (iv) fugitive emissions during the transport of construction materials; (v) air emissions other than dust arise from combustion of hydrocarbons particularly from the hot mix plants; and (vi) localized increased traffic congestion in construction areas. Most of the emissions will be in the form of coarse

36

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

particulate matter and will settle down in close vicinity of construction site. Installation of crusher unit will also lead to air pollution. Hot mix plant will generate carbon monoxide (CO), un-burnt hydrocarbon, sulphur dioxide, particulate matters, and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions. This may affect the air quality of nearby areas especially due to emission discharge from low height stack. However, this will be a temporary phase and hence, no significant impact is envisaged. 119. The stone aggregate will be sourced from licensed quarries. No new quarries shall be open for the project. The pollution related aspects to these quarries are independently complied with by the quarry owner. The aggregate will be transported in the covered quarries through existing national/state highways. Mitigation Measures Vehicles delivering loose and fine materials like sand and aggregates shall be covered. Loading and unloading of construction materials in project area or provisions of water fogging around these locations. Storage areas should be located downwind of the habitation area. Water shall be sprayed on earthworks periodically Regular maintenance of machinery and equipment. Vehicular pollution check shall be made mandatory. Mixing plants and asphalt (hot mix) plants shall be located at least 1 km downwind of the human settlements. The asphalt plants, crushers and the batching plants shall be sited at least 500m in the downwind direction from the nearest settlement and that too only after receiving a No-Objection Certificate from the SPCB. Hot mix plant shall be fitted with stack of adequate height as may be prescribed by SPCB to ensure enough dispersion of exit gases. Bitumen emulsion and heaters should be used to extent feasible. Only crushers licensed by PCB shall be used. LPG should be used as fuel source in construction camps instead of wood. Tree cutting shall be restricted. Water sprinkling of unpaved haulage roads. Mask and other PPE shall be provided to the construction workers Diesel Generating (DG) sets shall be fitted with adequate height as per regulations (Height of stack = height of the building + 0.2 KVA). Low sulphur diesel shall be used in DG sets as well as machineries. Air quality monitoring should be carried out during construction phase. If monitored parameters are above the prescribed limit, suitable control measures must be taken. Operation Phase 120. Vehicular emission will be the principle source of pollution during operation stage. The subproject road is mostly located in vast open agricultural land which will provide adequate dispersion dynamics of gaseous pollutants. Moreover, majority of the traffic on the subproject will be diverted traffic from the existing highways.

37

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

Mitigation Measures 121. Plantation is one of the preferred solutions to check air pollution. Plants serve as a sink for pollutants, reduce the flow of dust. Tree plantation along roadsides and other places shall include pollution absorbent species. 122. Road signs shall be provided reminding the motorist to properly maintain their vehicles to economize on fuel consumption and protect the environment. 123. Free flow of vehicles and improved road conditions will restrict the air pollution in settlement areas. Paved shoulder shall be maintained. 124. However, the EA will continue to promote the proper operation and maintenance of vehicle fleets regardless of size and type of vehicle consistent with the manufacturer recommended engine maintenance programs. This will include provision of road signs and distribution of flyers to remind drivers on the benefits of a well maintained engine. The EA may opt to identify operators of large fleet (e.g. more than 100 trucks) and cause the promotion ways to reduce emissions through replacement of old with new and more efficient vehicles, converting to cleaner fuels, installing emission control devices, regular maintenance and repair, and avoiding overloading of trucks. 125. Driver education will be promoted on the benefits of driving practices that can reduce fuel consumption and promote safety when driving within the speed limits and avoiding sudden acceleration. 5.1.4. Noise Design and Construction Phase 126. Ambient noise level may increase temporarily in the close vicinity of various construction activities, maintenance workshops and vehicles and earthmoving equipment. These construction activities are expected to produce noise levels in the range of 80 – 95 dB (A) (at a distance of about 5 m from the source). Although this level of noise is higher than the permissible limit for ambient noise level for residential/commercial levels but will occur only intermittently and temporary. This noise level will attenuate fast with increase in distance from noise source. Although there are some noises sensitive receptors (Table 5.1) close to the alignment but most of them need relocation. Adequate mitigation measures will be adopted for remaining structures.

Table 5.1 : Some Noise- Sensitive Receptors Close to the Alignment

Distance from Sl. No. Type of Place Chainage (km) Side Central Line 1 School 5.275 8.700 RHS 2 School 5.3 6.900 RHS 3 School 9.13 9.578 RHS 4 School 13.8 10.958 RHS 5 School 15.375 15.18 LHS 6 School 15.475 14.588 LHS 7 School 19.650 14.028 LHS 8 Madrasa 21.525 8.235 LHS

38

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

Distance from Sl. No. Type of Place Chainage (km) Side Central Line 9 School 26.55 3.952 RHS 10 School 27.425 7.612 RHS Mitigation Measures Stationary noise making equipments shall be placed along un-inhabited stretches, noise level will be one of the considerations in equipment selection which will favour lower sound power levels. On areas near schools, several approaches to reduce noise will be employed by the Contractor to ensure compliance with noise standards. These approaches include the timing of noisy construction activities during night time and weekends when there are limited activities by the sensitive receptor, concurrent noisy operations may be separated to reduce the total noise generated, and if possible re-route traffic during construction to avoid the accumulation of noise beyond standards. If the above mentioned schemes prove to be inadequate, the provision of temporary noise barrier shall be made near identified sensitive locations or near the source during construction. If temporary noise barriers are not feasible then timing for construction activities shall be regulated. Protection devices (ear plugs or ear muffs) shall be provided to the workers operating in the vicinity of high noise generating machines. Construction equipment and machinery shall be fitted with silencers and maintained properly. Noise measurements should be carried out to ensure the effectiveness of mitigation measures. Multilayered plantation shall be initiated during construction near the structures coming close to the subproject. This will serve as mitigation for operation phase. Develop a mechanism to record and respond to complaints on noise. Operation Phase 127. During the operational phase, movement of traffic will be the prime source of noise. Traffic congestion and pedestrian interferences increase the use of horns. The noise level at nearby schools, religious place may cause nuisance and irritation. Mitigation Measures Effective traffic management and good riding conditions shall be maintained to reduce the noise level throughout the stretch and speed limitation and honking restrictions may be enforced near sensitive locations. The effectiveness of the multilayered plantation should be monitored and if need be, solid noise barrier shall be placed. Create awareness amongst the residents about likely noise levels from road operation at different distances, the safe ambient noise limits and easy to implement noise reduction measures while constructing a building close to the road.

39

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

5.1.5. Impact on Land and Soil 5.1.5.1 Loss of Productive Soil and Change in Land use Design and Construction Phase 128. The subproject road improvement will require conversion of some agricultural land. The exact requirement of land is still being assessed as this environmental assessment in being prepared. No encroachment to sensitive areas like forest or any other sensitive land is involved due to the project. Minor impact on agricultural yield is anticipated due to the subproject. But, the benefits to the individual farmers accrued against reduced yield may get compensated through enhanced accessibility to the commercial market. 129. In addition to above, land may be required for access road and construction camp for the duration of construction period. This will also result in loss soil productivity loss. Mitigation Measures 130. The top soil from the productive land shall be preserved and reused for plantation purposes. It shall also be used for embankment slope top cover for growing vegetation to protect soil erosion. 131. To offset the loss of agricultural land, efforts shall be made to provide institutional support to farmers in terms of enhancing the productivity of their land, improving the cropping pattern and use of high productive seeds. 132. It shall be ensured that the land taken on lease for access road and construction camp is restored back to its original land use before handing it over back to land owner Operation Phase 133. The better access can lead to lead to conversion of agriculture land for residential and commercial purposes close to roads and especially in rural and urban area. This may result in loss of productive land and agricultural produce. Mitigation Measures 134. The EA may explore the feasibility of restricting about 50 m-100 m area either side of the road as no development zone on the line restriction are imposed for National Highways in India. 5.1.5.2 Soil Erosion 135. Soil erosion is mainly anticipated near bridge locations, along steep and uncompacted embankment slope, earth stock-piles and wherever vegetation is cleared. Soil erosion have cumulative impacts that include siltation, embankment damage, drainage problem, and the like. The intensity of soil erosion at different locations will be influenced by the lithology, topography, soil type, climatic condition (mainly rainfall), and drainage pattern. Mitigation Measures Bank protection measures shall be taken at erosion prone areas. The protection measures may include use of geo-textiles matting. Provision of side drain to guide the water to natural outfalls.

40

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

Stone pitching wherever necessary. When soil is spread on slopes for permanent disposal, it shall be buttressed at the toe by retaining walls. Side slopes of the embankment shall not be steeper than 2H: 1V. Turfing of embankment slopes shall be done along the stretch. Provision shall be made for slope protection frames, dry stone pitching, and masonry retaining walls as may be required. Though terrain is flat all through the stretch. However, all steep cuts shall be flattened and benched. Retaining wall on both sides shall be provided. Shrubs shall be planted immediately in loose soil area. In rural stretches, longitudinal side drains shall be intercepted by „mitre‟ drains serving as outlet channels to reduce the erosion. IRC: 56-1974 recommended practice for treatment of embankment slopes for erosion control shall be taken into consideration. Soil erosion shall be visually checked on slopes and high embankment areas. In case soil erosion is found, suitable measures including bio-turfing shall be taken to control the soil erosion. Operation Phase 136. Soil of steep slopes of embankment and near bridge approaches may erode the embankment formation due to unexpected heavy rainfall. Soil erosion condition may arise if borrow area are not stabilized/restored properly. Regular monitoring for effectiveness of soil erosion measures like turfing and stone pitching shall be carried. Suitable strengthening measures shall be taken to prevent reoccurrence of soil erosion at existing erosion prone locations and prevent erosion at newer locations. 5.1.5.3 Borrow Areas and Quarries 137. The project area is in general a flat terrain with some low lying sections. All borrows identified by the DPR team are located nearby the project road. Local farmers were ready to provide earth from their field up to certain depth on adequate compensation. However, it is recommended that borrowing from agricultural land shall be minimized to the extent possible. Further, no earth shall be borrowed from already low lying areas. Local people suggested that river bed material can be utilized in embankment if found suitable. Local people suggested that river bed material can be utilized in embankment if found suitable. This will help in improving river carrying capacity and reduce need of sourcing borrow earth from agriculture fields. The dredging and use of dredged material if involved may have its impact in terms of localized sedimentation level increase and dispersion of pollutants present in the dredged material in the river water. 138. Borrow areas if left unrehabilitated may pose risk as children and animals may accidentally fall into it. The borrow areas can be potential breeding grounds for mosquitoes and vector-borne diseases. 139. Illegal quarrying may lead to unstable soil condition; destroy the landscape of the terrain, air and noise pollution. Opening of new quarries is not envisaged due to the proposed project. Quarry material will be sourced from existing nearby quarries.

41

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

Mitigation Measures Borrow pits shall be selected from barren land/wasteland to the extent possible. Borrow areas should not be located on cultivable lands except in the situations where land owners desires to level the land. The top soil shall be preserved and depth shall be restricted to the desired level. Borrow areas should be excavated as per the intended end use by the owner. The Indian Road Congress (IRC):10-1961 guideline should be used for selection of borrow pits and amount that can be borrowed. Borrow pits along the road shall be avoided. If permitted by the site engineer, the recommendation suggested in Appendix 5.1: (Guidelines for management of Borrow areas) shall be considered. Accumulation of water along embankment to reach up to capillary fringe level shall be prevented. The dredged material from the river bank shall be tested for presence of heavy metals and other pollutants before its reuse The depths in borrow pits to be regulated so that the sides shall not be steeper than 25%. To the extent borrow areas shall be sited away from habitated areas. Borrow areas shall be levelled with salvaged material or other filling materials which do not pose contamination of soil. Else, it shall be converted into fishpond in consultation with fishery department and land owner/community. Monitoring of rehabilitation plan of borrow areas in tune with proposed rehabilitation plan as appended in Appendix 5.1. 5.1.5.4 Compaction and Contamination of Soil 140. Soil in the adjoining productive lands beyond the ROW, haulage roads, and construction camp area may get compacted due to movement of construction vehicles, machineries, and equipments, due to construction camps and workshops Approach road either paved or unpaved is available for most of the bridge approaches. However, for some bridges approach road has to be constructed. 141. Soil may get contaminated due to inappropriate disposal of liquid waste, (lubricating oil and fuel spills, waste oil and lubricant and vehicle/equipment washing effluent) and solid waste (fuel filters, oily rags) likely to be generated from repair and maintenance of transport vehicles, construction equipment and machinery. Soil may also get contaminated due to inappropriate disposal of domestic solid waste, sewage from construction camps and use of fly ash. Mitigation Measures Fuel and lubricants shall be stored at the predefined storage location. The storage area shall be paved with gentle slope to a corner and connected with a chamber to collect any spills of the oils. All efforts shall be made to minimise the waste generation. Unavoidable waste shall be stored at the designated place prior to disposal. To avoid soil contamination at the wash-down and re-fuelling areas, “oil interceptors” shall be provided. Oil and grease spill and oil soaked materials are to be collected and stored in labelled containers (Labelled: WASTE OIL; and hazardous sign be displayed) and sold off to SPCB/ MoEF authorized re-refiners.

42

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

To prevent soil compaction in the adjoining productive lands beyond the ROW, the movement of construction vehicles, machinery and equipment shall be restricted to the designated haulage route. Approach roads shall be designed along the barren and hard soil area to reduce the compaction induced impact on soil. The productive land shall be reclaimed after construction activity. Septic tank or mobile toilets fitted with anaerobic treatment facility shall be provided in the construction camps. Domestic solid waste at construction camp shall be segregated into biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste. The non-biodegradable and recyclable waste shall be sold off. Efforts shall be made that bio-degradable waste shall be composted in the mechanised and movable composter6 by the contractor. Non biodegradable and non saleable waste shall be disposed off to authorized landfill site. If landfill site is not available, then disposal of the waste in a secured manner shall be ensured. Fly ash shall be used in-between good earth layers in compliance to IRC: 88- 1984: Recommended practice for lime fly ash stabilized soil base/ sub base in pavement construction shall be adhered to during use of fly ash. Operation Stage 142. No impact on soil is anticipated during operation phase of the project except (i) near low lying areas and near bridge approaches where unexpected rainfall may erode the embankment formation and deterioration of borrow areas if not rehabilitated properly.

Mitigation measures 143. Monitoring of borrow areas rehabilitation plan in tune with the proposed rehabilitation plan appended as Appendix 5.1. 144. Regular monitoring of side drains and cross drainage structures to check blockade. 5.1.6. Groundwater Design and Construction Stage 145. Water will be mainly required for compaction of formation and for domestic purpose in the workers camp. Water for construction purposes and domestic water requirement for workers camp will be mainly sourced from groundwater. Groundwater resources are not scarce in the project area. Groundwater quality in the area is reported to have high concentration of iron hence contractor must ensure safe drinking water to the workers. Further, depth to water table in some part is depleting annually. Hence, uncontrolled abstraction can further deteriorate the situation. Contamination of groundwater is not envisaged since all construction camps will have septic tanks or mobile toilets depending on the number of workers in each camp.

6 The low costs and small capacity and size composter are available in India which can be used to dispose of bio- degradable waste effectively. 43

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

5.1.7. Loss of Drinking water Sources 146. The subproject may cause loss of several hand pumps/wells located in the proposed ROW. Efforts shall be made to retain all those structures located outside the formation width. Any such impacted structures shall be suitably relocated in close coordination with Public Health Engineering Department (PHED). New groundwater abstraction structures shall be dug up considering the hydro-geological condition of the area. Mitigation Measures 147. Requisite permission shall be obtained for abstraction of groundwater by the contractor. 148. The contractor shall make arrangements for water required for construction in such a way that the water availability and supply to nearby communities remain unaffected. Contractor shall arrange safe drinking water for workers. 149. Water intensive activities shall not be undertaken during summer period to the extent feasible. 150. Groundwater recharge structures shall be incorporated in the design or borrow areas shall be rehabilitated as fishpond which will also recharge the aquifer. Other options may include construction of some check dams etc. Operation Stage 151. No impact is anticipated on groundwater during operation phase hence not mitigation proposed. 5.1.8. Impact on Surface Water Bodies Design and Construction Stage 152. Few rivers and other water bodies are being crossed by the project road. Most of them are seasonal in nature. Ponds with water for significant part of the year are located safely away from proposed right- of way. Partial loss to some small ponds/ water bodies is envisaged due to the project (ch.15.525, km.19.250, km.19.975 and km.21.325, Km). Moreover, for most part of the year, these water bodies‟ remains dry. Mitigation Measures 153. Since water bodies are not impacted due to the project, no specific mitigation measures are proposed. However, as enhancement measures, the borrow areas can be converted into ponds with the concurrence of the land owners. Fisheries activity can be encouraged in such ponds through institutional support from concerned department. 5.1.9. Siltation and Surface Water Quality of Rivers and other Water Bodies Design and Construction Stage 154. Since most of the major water bodies are seasonal in nature, siltation impact due to bridge works will be negligible if construction debris/other waste are cleared immediately after construction. Moreover, since no major bridges are present along the subproject road, the piling activities are minimal. The temporary pollution of water bodies from spillage of chemicals and oil at construction sites

44

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

and waste from construction camps may occur. Soil erosion has direct bearing on siltation. The siltation likely to be caused due to bank erosion has already been addressed above in soil erosion section. 155. Accidental oil and chemicals spills can contaminate the water Mitigation Measure Required mitigation as suggested in soil erosion section shall be taken into consideration. Bridge construction activity including piling is recommended during non monsoon (mid-September to mid-June).period. All chemicals and oil shall be stored away from water and concreted platform with catchment pit for spills collection. All equipment operators, drivers, and warehouse personnel will be trained in immediate response for spill containment and eventual clean-up. Readily available, simple to understand and preferably written in the local language emergency response procedure, including reporting, will be provided by the contractors. Silt fencing and/or brush barrier shall be installed for collecting sediments before letting them into the water body. Silt/sediment should be collected and stockpiled for possible reuse as surfacing of slopes where they have to be re- vegetated. All wastes arising from the construction should be disposed in an environmentally accepted manner so as not to block the flow of water in the channels. The wastes should be collected, stored and transported to the approved disposal sites. No vehicles or equipment should be parked or refuelled near water-bodies, so as to avoid contamination from fuel and lubricants. The slopes of embankments leading to water bodies should be modified and re-channelized to prevent entry of contaminants. Chute drains shall be provided to drain surface runoff and prevent erosion from slopes. Substructure construction should be limited to the dry season and cofferdams may be constructed and utilized to lift the spoil directly out of it and carried to the river bank for land disposal. Large construction camps shall be avoided along the alignment and located away from habitation and water bodies. Construction labourers shall be preferable from local population. Sewage from labour camps will be treated through septic tanks. No untreated sanitary wastewater shall be discharged into surface water bodies. Operation Stage 156. No major or long-term impact is anticipated during the operation phase on the surface water bodies due to the project implementation activities. Oil- contaminated runoff from the road during monsoon will have minimal impacts considering their low concentration. However, since the project area is prone to siltation due to recurring flood, regular checks shall be done along the alignment to ensure that flow of water is maintained through cross drains and other

45

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

channels to avoid their blockade/ choking. Regular visual checks shall be made to observe any incidence of blockade of drains. Regular checks shall be made for soil erosion and turfing conditions of river training structures for its effective maintenance. 5.1.10. Hydrology and Drainage Design and Construction Stage 157. Some part of the project road passes through areas liable to submergence. Submergence is mainly due to reduced bankful capacity of rivers in the area coupled with drainage congestion and constant siltation due to recurring flood. The inundation between Basra Bazaar and Jagria chowk is due to the left embankment of Gandak canal running parallel to the right side of the road. When river Baya overflows the canal embankment act as barrier causing flood in this section. The mitigation option suggested by local people as described below may be incorporated after detailed investigation. In the remaining sections where raised formation height is proposed, adequate cross drainage/side drain structures and other engineering measures shall be adopted after studying the local/regional hydrology of the area. In the absence of which, besides causing water logging it will also have ill effect on the stability of embankment especially in the area of shallow water table. 158. Diversion of water channels during construction of cross drainage structures or otherwise is not envisaged. Mitigation Measures 159. Adequate cross drainage structures shall be provided to avoid natural flow of water with smooth vertical geometry is recommended. Additional balancing culverts shall be provided in flood prone areas. Elaborate drainage system shall be provided to drain the storm water from the roadway and embankment and to ensure minimum disturbance to natural drainage of surface and subsurface water of the area. In section between Basra Bazaar and Jagria Chowk, line drain shall be constructed with its outfall near Jhaja drain else the water shall be channelized through the existing canal. The design of drainage system such as surface and sub-surface drainage shall be carried out as per IRC: SP: 42 and IRC: SP: 50. Surface runoff from the main highway, embankment slopes and the service roads shall be discharged through longitudinal drains, designed for adequate cross section, bed slopes, invert levels and the outfalls. If necessary, the walls of the drains shall be designed to retain the adjoining earth. Bridge site shall not be selected on sharp bends and unprotected banks. Otherwise adequate bank protection/river training structures shall be provided to avoid meandering. Proposed water way shall not be reduced from existing one. Linear waterways of proposed bridge length shall be bank to bank. It is desirable that the design discharge is evaluated for flood of minimum of 50-year return period for calculation of waterway. IRC: 34-1970: Recommendations for road construction

46

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

in waterlogged area and IRC: 75 and MOSRT&H guidelines for Design of High Embankments shall be referred to. The height of the embankment based on the final road levels. The following principles shall be followed for fixing the road level: (i) top of sub-grade is at least 1.0m above the high flood level/high water table/pond level and in exceptional circumstances a minimum difference of 0.6 m between the top of sub-grade and HFL/high water table/pond level. (ii) road level of the new two- lane carriageway not lower than the existing carriageway unless it improves vertical profile and also satisfies all other requirements set out in the Manual. (iii) fulfill the minimum free board requirement and provide smooth vertical profile for portions forming approaches to structures. (iv) raise the level of stretches of the existing road from drainage considerations. The structural features and design of embankment considerations are: (i) embankment designed to ensure the stability of the roadway incorporating only those materials, which are suitable for embankment construction as per Section 5 of the Manual. ii) Side slopes not be steeper than 2H:1V unless duly designed slope protection measures are provided. iii) where the embankment is supported on a weak stratum necessary special design of the embankment done and also adopts appropriate remedial / ground improvement measures. iv) high embankments (height 6 m or above) in all soils designed from stability considerations as per IRC: 75 and MOSRTH – Guidelines for Design of High Embankments. v) The side slopes protected against erosion by providing turfing/vegetative cover, stone/Cement Concrete block pitching, geo-synthetics, gabion walls or any other measures depending on the height of the embankment, type of soil involved and susceptibility of soil to erosion as pr IRC: 56. Pitching works on slopes shall be as per MOST Specifications. Operation Stage 160. Regular removal/cleaning of deposited silt from drainage channels and outlet points before the monsoon season. Rejuvenation of the drainage system by removing encroachments/ congestions shall be ensured. 5.2. Impact on Biological Environment 5.2.1. Terrestrial Ecology 161. There are no national parks, wild life sanctuaries, reserved forests or any other similar eco-sensitive areas within the project area. However, the state government have notified the plantation along the roads, canals, and railways as protected. Presently, the plantation along the SH 86 is not under protected status however, permission has to be obtained for felling of trees. The impact and mitigation due to tree cutting has been discussed in following paragraphs.

Design and Construction Stage 162. One month before the construction starts, clearing and grubbing will be performed by the contractor. All trees within the ROW with 300mm diameter at 1m above the ground will be cut, including the removal of stumps. All stumps and roots of trees of girth more than 33 mm at above 1 m from the ground level will be culled.

47

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

163. There are altogether 1,329 trees in forestland and 245 trees in private lands likely to be affected due to the project. Most of the roadside trees are non-fruit bearing in nature. Loss of any rare, threatened or endangered species is not envisaged due to the project. The cutting of trees will have minor to negligible impact on local environment. Moreover, this will be temporary since large no. of trees have been planned to be planted on both sides of the road. This will improve the local climatic conditions in long term. Mitigation Measures 164. Requisite permission from forest department shall be obtained for cutting of roadside trees. 165. The project envisaged plantation of approximately 3,987 trees along both sides of road based on IRC SP: 21 specifications. This will include the compensatory plantation as per prevailing guidelines of State‟s forest department on 1:2 basis. Additional plantation shall be done on riverbanks near bridge sites to enhance the aesthetics and check soil erosion. All tree plantations will be carried out in close consultation with forest department. 166. All efforts shall be made to avoid cutting of few large size banyan trees located along the alignment. 167. The removal from site and disposal of materials from clearing and grubbing which are unusable or cannot be auctioned will be disposed off-site by the Contractor in compliance to local ordinances. 168. A range of 10-15 m centre to centre is recommended for spacing of trees (parallel to the road). Setback distance of trees in different situations shall be based on IRC: SP: 21 and IRC: 66. The distance between the kerb, if any, and the nearest edge of tree trunk shall be at least 2 m. The plantation in median shall comprise shrubs whose height would normally not exceed 1-1.5 m and shall be as per IRC SP: 21. 169. For safe traffic operation, vertical clearance between the crown of the carriageway and lowest part of the overhang of the tree available across the roadway shall conform to the standards laid down in IRC: SP: 21. The pit size, fencing, watering and manuring requirements shall also conform to the above standard. Excess use of pesticides shall be restricted. Planting shall be such that it does not obstruct the visibility of traffic from any side and shall be pleasing in appearance.

Operation Stage 170. Positive impacts on terrestrial ecology are expected during the project operation due to the increase in vegetation and landscaping along the state highway. The Project will coordinate with the local communities to maintain and enhance the trees planted along the state road.”No adverse impact is anticipated during operation stage except accidental damages or absence of proper tree management.

48

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

Mitigation Measures 171. Arrangement shall be made to ensure survivability of the tree plantation. The Social Forest Department or Divisional forest offices shall be consulted or involved in this programme. The tree survivability audit shall also be conducted at least once in a year to assess the effectiveness of the programme. 5.2.2. Aquatic Ecology Design and Construction Stage 172. Large scale/organised fishing was not observed in the rivers/water bodies cutting across by the project area. However, small scale fishing is being carried out in some ponds in the project area which have no interface with the project activities. There is no breeding or spawning ground in the rivers of the project area. Fish are found only when backwater of major rivers get into the river of the project area. 173. Temporary sedimentation and water quality deterioration is expected from the project during the construction stage. Improvement of existing embankments particularly along the waterways will increase silt while accidental spill of materials, chemicals, and fuels will deteriorate receiving water quality. Mitigation Measures Construction of bridge is recommended during summer season. Good construction practices shall be adopted to prevent increase in siltation level of the water. Siltation shall be avoided by measures suggested above. Borrow areas shall be rehabilitated as fish ponds to promote the fisheries activities in the area. Operation Stage 174. No impact is envisaged during operation phase of the project and hence no mitigation proposed. However, periodic surveillance shall be conducted to check erosion and siltation in major water bodies. 5.3. Management of Construction Debris/Waste 175. Debris will generated due to dismantling of pavement in some sections wherever existing pavement cannot be utilized as determined by the Contractor and approved by the BSRDCL. Quarry dust and waste iron bars or damaged support structure constitutes significant debris. Mitigation for solid waste management from construction camp has been given in construction camp section. Mitigation measures The existing bitumen surface can be utilized for paving of cross roads, access roads, and paving works in construction sites and camps, temporary traffic diversions, and haulage routes. All excavated materials from roadway, shoulders, verges, drains, cross drainage and the like will be the property of the BRCDL and will be used for backfilling embankments, filling pits, and landscaping.

49

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

Unusable debris material should be suitably disposed off at pre-designated disposal locations, with approval of the concerned authority. The bituminous wastes shall be disposed in secure landfill sites only in environmentally accepted manner. For removal of debris, wastes and its disposal MOSRTH guidelines should be followed. 176. Unusable and surplus materials, as determined by the Project Engineer, will be removed and disposed offsite. 177. The locations of dumping sites should be selected with following considerations. Unproductive/wastelands shall be selected for dumping sites. Away from residential areas and located at least 1,000 m downwind side of these locations, Dumping sites do not contaminate any water sources, rivers etc, and Dumping sites have adequate capacity equal to the amount of debris generated. Public perception and consent from the village Panchayats about the location of debris disposal site has to be obtained before finalizing the location. 178. Form works will be re-used to the extent possible, more than 20 times as dictated by good practice. All stripped formworks will be examined for any damage and rectified in the workshop for re-use. Rectification includes plugging holes, and straightening bent steel props. 5.4. Socioeconomic Impact 5.4.1. Positive Impacts 179. Roadside economic activities will increase due to increased number of vehicle using the road. Economic activities supporting transport like gasoline stations, automotive repair shops, lodging, and restaurants are expected to increase. Increase agro-industrial activities are also expected to take advantage of improved access to urban centers where there are higher demands and better prices for agricultural products. The subproject road will provide lifeline for temporary relocation and relief operation during flood season. Other generic benefits of such projects are (i) reduction in travel time, (ii) better mode and frequency of transport, (iii) access to quality health care facilities, educational and other infrastructural facilities, (iv) enhanced tourism activities in the area and state which in many terms will boost the local economy, and (v) better investment climate for industries creating more employment opportunities to local people. 5.4.2. Anticipated Negative Impacts 180. Several roadside kiosk will be affected during construction phase as revealed during one of the consultations. Although at the time of writing of this report the resettlement assessment is still ongoing, the exact number and type of structures that will be affected which will result to either temporary or permanent economic dislocation is still being evaluated to allow more defined mitigation and amelioration measures. 181. The only irreversible impact is loss of agricultural land. Other losses like loss of common property resources, problem in accessibility and community linkage, health and safety during and after construction, and temporary change in

50

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

demographic configuration are mitigable with minor to negligible residual impacts. Mitigation Measures 182. The potential effects on businesses, particularly on the roadside kiosks were raised during the consultations. To minimize and avoid this dislocations and following the findings and recommendations of the resettlement assessment, the Geometric adjustments will be further reviewed to minimize the loss to any such facilities. Any such structures even falling within ROW but out of required formation width shall be saved. Alternate access has to be provided to these structures during construction stage. All community structures likely to dismantle shall be suitably relocated. 5.4.2.1 Impacts due to Construction Camp and Immigration of Workers Design and Construction Stage 183. Poor sitting and improper management of construction camp may lead to several adverse impacts on environment viz. (i) loss of vegetation due to use of wood as fuel source for cooking, (ii) deterioration in nearby surface water bodies‟ quality, (iii) compaction and contamination of soil due to uncontrolled disposal of solid waste, and (iv) poor sanitation may result to transmission of communicable diseases among the workers and the host communities. This include the possible spread of sexually transmitted disease, diseases from improper handling and supply of foodstuff, poor water supply, insect-borne diseases, and alcohol and drugs. Mitigation measures 184. Construction camp shall be sited at such locations so as to utilise the existing infrastructure. No productive land should be utilized for construction camp. All sites must be graded, ditched and rendered free from depressions to avoid water stagnation. Accommodation and ancillary facilities including recreational facility for workers shall be erected and maintained to standards and scales approved by the resident engineer. All camps should maintain minimum distance of 500 m from habitation and water bodies. 185. All construction camps shall be provided sanitary latrines and urinals with provision of septic tanks attached with soak pits. Storm water drains shall be provided for the flow of used water outside the camp. Drains and ditches shall be treated with bleaching powder on a regular basis. Garbage bins must be provided in the camp and regularly emptied and disposed off in a hygienic manner. LPG cylinders shall be provided as fuel source for cooking to avoid any tree cutting. 186. At every workplace, the Contractor will ensure, in collaboration with local health authorities that a readily available first-aid unit including an adequate supply of sterilized dressing materials and appliances shall be provided. Workplaces remote and far away from regular hospitals shall have indoor health units with one bed for every 250 workers. Suitable transport shall be provided to approach the nearest hospital. At every workplace an ambulance containing the prescribed equipment and nursing staff shall be provided.

51

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

187. The Contractor will ensure the good health and hygiene of all workers to prevent sickness and epidemics. These include the HIV/AIDS prevention program to reduce the risk and transfer of HIV between and among the workers and community, promote early diagnosis and assist affected individuals. Activities under the program include monthly information, education, and consultation communication campaigns to workers, drivers, delivery crew, and communities on the risk, dangers, and impacts of STD and HIV/AIDS. 188. The Contractor will ensure that sufficient supply of suitable and hygienically prepared food at reasonable price is available to the workers. 189. The Contractor will provide adequate and safe water supply for the use of the workers. 190. The Contractor will ensure that all precautions to protect the workers from insect and pest to reduce the risk to health. This includes the use of insecticides which should comply with local regulations. 191. No liquor or prohibited drugs will be imported, sold, given, and bartered to the workers of host community. 192. Migrant workers may be the potential carriers of various diseases. Local community may get exposed to the diseases carried by migrant workers. Regular health check-up and immunization camps shall also be organized for the workers and nearby population. 193. 194. 5.4.2.2 Safety of Construction Workers and Health and Safety Risks to Local Community Design and Construction Stage 195. The following safety aspects viz. (i) safety of construction workers, (ii) safety of road users including pedestrians and cyclists, (iii) safety to cattle, (iv) safety of local community, (v) unsafe/ hazardous traffic conditions due to construction vehicle movement need to be considered during design and construction stage, and (vi) conduct of safety audit. 196. Children are one of the most vulnerable to injury from collisions with moving vehicles due to their lack of understanding of traffic hazards, behaviour while at play, and their small size makes it difficult for the motorist to see. Mitigation measures During the construction phase, contractors shall be required to adopt and maintain safe working practices. Internationally accepted and widely used safety procedures should be followed during (i) road works, (ii) handling of large construction equipments and machineries, (iii) handling of chemicals and hazardous materials and inflammable substances, (iv) welding, and (v) electrical works, etc. A set of mitigation measures for construction workers have been provided in EMP matrix table. Contractor shall arrange all PPEs for workers, first aid and fire fighting equipments at construction sites. An emergency plan shall be prepared duly

52

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

approved by the engineer in charge to respond to any instance of safety hazard. The contractor will be required to appoint an Accident Prevention Officer (APO) who will conduct regular safety inspections at construction sites. The APO will have the authority to issue instructions and take protective measures to prevent accidents. The partial control on access for the project road shall be achieved through measures like service road with physical separation for local traffic, intersections, acceleration/deceleration lanes, vehicular and pedestrian underpasses, median openings with shelter lane. Grade separated intersections/junctions shall be provided at all major intersections in consistent to IRC: 92. Pedestrian/cyclist and cattle passageways shall be provided near identified locations. These facilities shall be planned in accordance with the relevant provisions contained in IRC-11, IRC-17 and IRC-103. The crossing facilities can be designed either in conjunction with grade intersections or through underpasses. The road embankment will be high in most of its reaches hence, the cross drainage structures can designed such that it can be utilized as underpass by pedestrians/ cattle/animal driven vehicles/tractors, etc. To avoid disruption of the existing traffic due to construction activities, comprehensive traffic management plan shall be drawn up by the concessionaire. Traffic in construction zones shall be managed in as per the provisions of IRC SP 55. Provision of temporary or permanent barriers like fence or plants to avoid pedestrian crossing except at designated crossing points Installation of speed bumps to control speed near designated pedestrian crossing areas. After construction is completed in a particular zone, it shall be opened for normal operation. Prior to the beginning of normal operation, those parts of the diversions as will not eventually form part of the Project Highway shall be closed to prevent any movements not permitted under the normal operation of the Project Highway. Use of retro-reflectorized traffic signs, and cantilever/gantry types overhead signs, thermoplastic road marking paints, delineators, traffic cones, empty bitumen drums, barricades, and flagmen will be used to ensure traffic management and safety. Conduct of regular safety audit on safety measures adopted during construction. The audit will cover manpower and their safety, machinery, temporary works, equipment and vehicles, materials storage and handling, construction procedures, environment, site safety guidelines, and miscellaneous services. Operation phase 197. The provision of service roads, underpasses have been made in the road design for safe movement of people and animal across the roads. Other issues related during operational phase are monitoring of emergencies and establishing procedures to carry out rescues during sudden disasters such as floods and accidents. Mitigation Measures 198. It is proposed to explore the feasibility of providing the following facilities:

53

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

. Highway patrol unit(s) for round the clock patrolling to provide assistance to the users in case of any need, monitor the travel conditions to provide information to the control section and to undertake immediate measures for managing the traffic flow in case of any incident. . Phone booths for accidental reporting and ambulance services with minimum response time for rescue of any accident victims. . Tow-away facility for the break down vehicles. 199. BSRDCL may also explore the possibility of coordination with operating agency of intersecting National Highways to have common facilities and share the costs as appropriate. 200. 5.4.3. Obstruction and Disruption of Traffic 201. Construction Phase 202. Disruption of access to infrastructure or social resource due to construction activity will cause nuisance and to a certain extent additional cost to the public in terms of longer travel period due to diversion or heavier traffic. It will also pose risk of accident to motorist at night if these blockages and disruption are not clearly demarcated. 203. Mitigation Measures 204. The contractor will submit a Traffic Plan to the Project Engineer at least two weeks before the construction starts that will result to obstruction. The plan will include a drawing of temporary diversions and details of arrangement. A section of the Traffic Plan will be a Control Plan that details how the safety of the pedestrians and workers and delineation of the roadway at night. This Plan will recommend for approval the safe and convenient temporary diversion of traffic during construction, design of barricades, delineators, signs, markings, lights, and flagmen, among others. 205. For widening of existing carriageway and part of it will be used for passage of traffic, paved shoulder will be provided on one side of the existing road by the contractor with the following minimum requirements: At least one 3.5 m lane to remain to traffic at all times The surface used by the through traffic will be firm bituminous compacted surface free of defect The maximum continuous length over which construction under traffic may take place is limited to 750 meters Construction activity will be restricted to only one side of the existing road 206. On stretches where it is not possible to pass the traffic on the part width of existing carriageway, temporary paved diversions will be constructed. These paved diversions will comply with standards on junctions and temporary cross drainage.

54

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

207. Transportation of quarry material to the dumping sites through heavy vehicles shall be done through existing major roads to the extent possible. This will restrict wear and tear to the village/minor roads. Small vehicles/unmotorized vehicle can also be used for its further transportation to the construction sites from dumping sites. 5.4.4. Transports and Storage of Materials 208. The construction material primarily will consist of aggregate, sand, cement, bitumen, lubricating oil and fuel for vehicle and construction equipments. These will be primarily stored temporarily at construction camps. The oils, fuels and chemicals will be stored on concreted platform with spills collection pits. The cement will be stored under cover. All these temporary storage areas will be located at least 150 m away from the habitat. The likely impacts due to transportation and storage including fugitive emission have already been covered under different section above. 5.4.5. Impact on Land and Private Properties 209. The assessment made by the resettlement expert shall be referred for exact loss of private properties and measures to compensate such losses. Environmental screening of resettlement sites, if required for the project, shall be carried out. Besides monetary compensation for any loss of private trees, compensatory afforestation and extensive plantation has been incorporated in the EMP to have long-term environmental benefits. 210. Income restoration measures/livelihood options for vulnerable group/resource poor sections and other affected persons as recommended by social development/resettlement expert shall be implemented. 5.4.6. Impact on Common Property Resources 211. There are various types of community structures/ facilities/utilities along the proposed alignment. Geometric adjustments have been made to minimize the loss to any such facilities. Any such structures even falling within ROW but out of required formation width shall be saved. Alternate access has to be provided to these structures during construction stage. All community structures likely to dismantle shall be suitably relocated. The list of school and ponds has already been mentioned earlier in this chapter. Besides, there are large no. of hand pumps (approximately 16) and open dug wells (2) also likely to be affected. The impact on other community properties has been provided in Table 5.2.

Table 5.2 : List of Common Property Resources Very close to /within Corridor Sl. Type of Distance Side Location Nature of Impact km No. CPR from C/L New 1 Temple 0.215 7.226 Right Md. pur Baya construction/Realignment Chakia Md. Impacted, needs 2 Temple 1.512 7.662 Left pur relocation 3 Temple 6.26 3.423 Right Raghunathpur impacted New 4 Temple 8.15 6.903 Left Jaintpur construction/Realignment 5 Temple 10.04 3.617 Left Basra impacted

55

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

Sl. Type of Distance Side Location Nature of Impact km No. CPR from C/L 6 Temple 10.462 4.994 Left Basra impacted New 7 Mosque 15.062 8.534 Left Rasalpur Construction/Realignment 8 Temple 20.05 10.297 Left Thikaha Outside formation width 10 Temple 20.22 13.094 Right Thikaha 11 Mosque 20.425 10.122 Right Thikaha New 12 Mosque 23.975 3.002 Left Baghahi Construction/Realignment 13 Temple 27.562 5.636 Right Misquliya Impacted 14 Temple 28.425 7.979 Right Motipur Impacted Since Junction 16 Temple 28.437 3.544 Right Motipur is proposed Wherever new construction/realignment is propose, demolition/loss of most of the Community structures will be avoided. 5.4.7. Roadside Sanitation 212. The local bodies and the State Governments have constructed hand pumps along the existing roads particularly near habitations to meet the water supply needs of the local community. These have been provided with a platform around the tube well, which connects to nearest pit through lined open drain. The drains appear to be of standard type design and often do not connect up to the nearest pits as per specific site requirements or the pits are often seen to be overflowing without proper drainage leading to improper and unsatisfactory sanitary conditions in and around the tube wells. This often causes unhygienic conditions and local drainage problem. Mitigation Measures 213. Provision of adequate sanitary arrangements with lined drains connecting up to the nearest natural drain or the roadside drains will improve the sanitary conditions around the hand pumps.

6. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION, AND PARTICIPATION 6.1. Consultation Method and Information Disclosed 214. Public consultations were held early and throughout the project development stage to allow the incorporation of relevant views of the stakeholders in the final project design, mitigation measures, implementation issues, and enhance the distribution of benefits. 215. Consultations were held with all identified stakeholders that includes; project beneficiaries, local affected people, government bodies, and non-governmental organisations to understand their concerns, apprehensions, and overall opinion. Informal meetings, interviews were organized covering the entire project design stage. The informal consultation generally started with explaining the subproject design, followed by the potential impacts. Participant‟s views were gathered with regard to loss of agricultural land, borrow areas, air and noise quality of the area due to traffic, water availability, and accident risk.

56

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

216. The discussions were designed to receive maximum inputs from the participants regarding their acceptability and environmental concerns arising out of the subproject. They were given the brief outline of the project to which their opinions were sought particularly in identifying and mitigating any potential adverse impact. 6.2. Compliance with Relevant Regulatory Requirements 217. In India, public consultation is mandatory in case of Category A and B1 category projects7 in select conditions. Since this project does not fall in either of above categories, no formal environmental clearance as well as public hearing is required. However, in compliance to the 2009 ADB Safeguard Policy Statement, meaningful consultation8 was carried out during the IEE. The requirement of public consultation during the implementation of the project has been proposed as part of the mitigation plan. 218. Public consultation was undertaken as per the ADB requirements. All the five principles of information dissemination, information solicitation, integration, coordination and engagement into dialogue were incorporated during the consultation. A framework of different environmental impacts likely from the project was strengthened and modified based on opinions of all those consulted, especially in the micro level by setting up dialogues with the village people from whom information on site facts and prevailing conditions were collected. 6.2.1. Consultation with Executing Agency 219. Officials of executing agency provided technical information‟s about the project. All issues related to effective implementation of EMP, grievance redress mechanism, various clearances/consent and permission required prior to and during implementation were discussed. Mr. G C Mishra, Deputy General Manager, expressed that the BSRDCL, is committed to implement the project in environmentally sustainable way in consistent to country‟s applicable laws/regulations/guidelines and safeguard requirements of ADB. He also shared the lessons learnt from ongoing project. Mr. R. P. Singh, DGM (tech) and Mr. Mukesh Kumar, Manager (tech) from Project Implementation Unit stressed on training and capacity building of officers responsible for implementing the EMP and safeguard of environment. 6.2.2. Consultation with other Government Departments 220. All relevant government departments/agencies including Forest, Pollution Control Board, Water Resources and DRDA were consulted for collection of available information their views/ comments and suggestions about the project.

7 As per schedule I of EIA notification number S.O. 1533, dated 14th September 2006. This notification also defines when a public consultation is mandatory. 8 Refers to a process with the following milestones: i) begins early in the project preparation stage and is carried out on a ongoing basis throughout the project cycle; ii) provides timely disclosure of relevant and adequate information that is understandable and readily accessible to affected people; iii) is undertaken in an atmosphere free of intimidation or coercion, iv) is gender inclusive and responsive, and tailored to the needs of disadvantaged vulnerable groups‟ and v) enables the incorporation of all views of affected people and other stakeholders into decision making, such as project design, mitigation measures, the sharing of development benefits and opportunities, and implementation issues. (ADB Safeguard Policy Statement, 2009) 57

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

221. Forest officials informed that there is no forest in the project area nor any endangered flora and fauna species. Permission for felling of roadside trees must be taken prior to civil works. Official expressed their willingness to extend all cooperation in compensatory afforestation work. 222. Pollution Control Board officials informed that the project area is largely devoid of industries hence, baseline information of the area are not available. They mentioned about need for obtaining environmental clearance and NOC from pollution control board and emphasised that all conditions of such clearances shall be implemented strictly both during construction and operation phase of the project. 223. Officials of water resources emphasised that the design shall include all engineering measures to avoid blockade of water during monsoon period and alteration of any channels/streams. 224. Directorate of Economics and Statistics was consulted for obtaining latest facts and figures especially on socioeconomic aspects of the state and project districts. 225. District Rural Development Authority was consulted for the active non- governmental organisations in the area. In the project area NGOs are focussed mainly on social issues. None of them are directly working in the field of environment. The list of government officials contacted, along with purpose/objective has been summarised in Table 6.1.

Table 6.1 : Summary of Consultation Held with Government Departments. S. No Location and Stakeholders Objective and outcome of the consultation Dates 1 District Forest Mr. S. K. Gupta Information obtained about protected status of Office, Forest Range Officer the roadside plantation, compensatory Muzzafarpur afforestation norms, Estimated cost per km for 06.02.2010 plantation along roadside. Status of forests along the project road. Presence of any endangered or rare floral and faunal species along the project corridor etc. 3 State Pollution Dinesh Kumar, Assistant Report on “State of the Environment of Bihar” Control Board, Environmental Officer was collected. Information about existing Patna Dr. Naveen Kumar, baseline conditions of the project area if any June, Sept and Scientist was collected. Capacity assessment was December, 2009 Mr. Virendra Kumar, Public done for the likely involvement in the project for Relation Officer monitoring and other environmental management required for the project. 6 Water Resources Mr.G.Ram, Chief Engineer Flood prone areas, its causes and mitigation Department, measures were discussed. River Muzzafarpur characteristics and other hydrological issues Division were also discussed. 7 Directorate of Dr. Jitedra Kumar Sinha, Latest report on “Bihar through Figures” was Economics and Joint Director, collected. Environmental issues were statistics, Bihar Dr. Shiv Shanker discussed with head of the Environmental cell. Dr. Nirbhay Kumar, The newly constituted cell presently has not much of the information related to environment. 8. District Rural Mrs.Geeta Sinha, Public Information about active NGOs in the project development Relation Officer region was obtained. They informed that in Authority, Patna absence of forests and rich floral and faunal resources, none of the NGOs, are working

58

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

S. No Location and Stakeholders Objective and outcome of the consultation Dates directly in the field of environment. They are only engaged in some plantation schemes of state and central govt.

6.2.3. Beneficiaries’ Comments 226. The project has immense acceptability among the local people. They perceive that in addition to providing all weather connectivity, the subproject road will bring positive socioeconomic changes in the area. Local people mainly discussed on issues related to rehabilitation and resettlement. They suggested minimising acquisition of agricultural land as much as possible since livelihood of the people is principally dependent on agriculture. 227. Consultations were held at Saraiya Kothi, Raghunathpur, Jaitipur, Basara Bazaar, Kargil Chowk, Singhaula, and Dhumnagar. People of villages located adjacent to the proposed road demanded for safety provisions, drainage, and wayside amenities among others. 228. Adequate cross drainage along with roadside drainage structure should be constructed to avoid adverse impact due to water logging and any alteration in natural hydrology of the region. 229. Other common demands included modifications of alignment near orchards and community structures. If technically not feasible, accessibility and safety to community structures especially schools should not be affected. Local people should be consulted before relocation of such structures. The list of participants, their views and outcome of the consultations have been summarised in Table 6.2.

Table 6.2 : Consultations with Local Community S. No Place and time Name of Participants Views/suggestions/Demand of Local People 1 Saraiya Kothi Uday Shanker Pd. Shahi (Retd. Saraiya Kothi is a semi-urban location on Market (Start Serviceman), Ashok Shah (Tea NH102. River Baya flows parallel to the road point of the stall), Pawan Shahi, Arvind for approximately 200m and then turn towards project Road) Kumar (agri.), Rajesh Kumar left leaving aside the project road. Local (pan shop), Raj kishore Pd. people informed that the project road in its (03.02.2010) Yadav, Baldev Thakur initial stretch for about 1.5 km gets inundated (Carpenter), Rajeshwar Ram during monsoon period disrupting the traffic. (shoe reparing), Basudev Shah Roadside kiosk owners demanded for some (fruit seller) support for their likely loss of livelihood due to the project. Local people also suggested for construction of road junction and provision of safety measures. Raghunathpur Rajeshwar Pd. (Agri), Sanjeet Local people showed their acceptability of the Village Kumar, Pradeep Kumar project. They also talked about their concern (03.02.2010) (Student), Jaukeshari (agri.), R. for relocation of schools and proper B. S. Sahni (Driver), Nagina arrangement for cyclists and pedestrians. Pandit (agri.) Bipat Ram (agri.)

59

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

S. No Place and time Name of Participants Views/suggestions/Demand of Local People 2. Dandapul, Pappu Chaudhory, Mahendra Local people informed that area is frequently Singhaula Sahni (petty, Business), Gamaur flooded due to overflow of Danda river. It (05.02.2010) Sahni, Baijnath Sahni, badly damages the road and interrupts traffic Yogeshwar Sahni, Kishandeo during Monsoon. River was perennial in Sharma (Agri.) nature some 5 years back. Presently flow of water is observed only during monsoon period. However, the stagnant water can be found in some deeper portion of water. 4. Before Basara Ranjan Shahi, Sachinndra Singh Participants‟ informed that there is no Bazaar (05-02- (Fish Business), Avdesh Sahni, breeding or spawning ground in the rivers of 2010) Babulal Sahni, (Fisherman ) the project area. Presently all rivers nearly dry up during non monsoon season. 6. Basra (5-02- Mr.Mukul Kumar (Pathologist), Basra bazaar is a large local commercial 2010) Mr.Ravi Shankar Rai (PACS centre in the area. The market area Chairman), Mr.Amarnath Shah submerges during rainy season due to (Local Panchayat Leader), overflow of Baya river (LHS). The Gandak Mr.Rakesh Kumar, Mr.Ram canal is on right side of the existing road. Prakash Yadav (Medical Earlier the impact of flood was regional in Practice), Mr.Ramji (Veterinary nature. After construction of the embankment, Doctor), Md.Kalam (Student), the impact of flood has been more localized Mr.Raghu Singh (Bank Staff), affecting the road between Basra Bazaar to Mr. Shambu Patel, Mr. Jagria Chowk since the canal embankment Chanchal Kumar, act as barrier. Local people suggested that Md. Phool Mohammad, Md. provision of lined drain between Jagria Chowk Shahanshah, Mr.Jay Prakash, to Basra Bazaar with its outfall at Jhaja Drain Lal Dev Choudhary will solve the water logging problem. Besides, (Shopkeeper), Mr. Shiv Dayal the road design shall also take care of the Singh, Mr. Shatrughan Kumar likely drainage problem due to reduced plinth (Agri), Mr. Vinod Kumar (Self level of structures with respect to raised Business) formation height. Other issues highlighted were related to road safety and crossing over facilities near the congested market area. 9 Jagaria Village Mr. Baidya Nath Shah, Mr. Dilip Participants‟ discussed about likely impact and (4-02-2010) Sen, Mr. Roshan, Mr. Lokendra possible option to save the temple located at Bhagat Kushuwaha – Sevak, the edge of the road on RHS. They suggested Mr. Mahatma Jee for modification in the road alignment or else Mr.Birendra Singh unavoidable it shall be relocated at safe location in consultation with local people. Other issues were largely common to Basara Bazaar. 7. Jaitpur (4-02- Ram deo Pd. (teacher) Mr. All participants welcomed the decision of 2010) B.B.Sharma (Professor), Mr. widening the road to 2 lane. Local people Raunak Singh (Doctor), Mr. Jay demanded the construction of junction near Prakash Narayan, Mr. Janak the four legged intersection, necessary Roy, Mr.Shukhdeo Rai, Mr. drainage provisions and road safety Vijoy Kumar Choudhary measures near the Jaitpur market area. (Businesman), Mr. Pramod Chaudhary and Mr. Ram Naresh Thakur (Farming), Mr. Gauri Shankar, Mr. Gajendra Singh, Mr. Sanjay Kumar Singh 8. Phattapur, Kargil Mr. Banshilal Singh (Local Participants informed about the flood Chowk leader), Mr. Ramakant Pandey conditions in the area and suggested to raise (4-02-2010) (Panditjee), Mr. Shiv Mangal the embankment with adequate cross Tiwary, Mr. Satyadev Tiwari drainage structures. They also emphasized Md. Shattar, Mr. Kishori Pandit that all borrow area shall be rehabilitated Md.Abdul, Rahman (Farming) properly and preferable shall be converted into fish ponds.

60

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

S. No Place and time Name of Participants Views/suggestions/Demand of Local People 10. Jahangirpur Mr. Kumud Singh,Mr. Vinod Local people informed that most part of the Dham Singh, Mr. Pursottam existing road submerges in its last 4 km Nagar Singh, Rajesh Singh stretch during monsoon period hence the road embankment should be adequately raised. 6.2.4. Consultation with NGOs 230. Several active NGOs of the area namely Gram Jan Kalyan Parishad (GJKP), Nirdhan Kishan Vikash Mandal, Savera and Hanuman Prasad Gramin Vikash Samiti were consulted to know their views/comments and suggestions about the project. Everyone desired more active participations of NGOs in such development activities. Some valuable suggestions include (i) borrowing earth material from river bed which will serve the dual purpose one increasing the river carrying capacity thereby reducing the chances of overflow of rivers and also minimising the need for agricultural land for borrow areas, (ii) plantation of fruit bearing and medicinal trees to the extent possible as part of compensatory afforestation, (iii) improving the roadside drainage problem, (iv)adequate compensation for land and structures to affected households and enhancement of community structures in consultation with local people, (v) some livelihood options for affected roadside kiosk owners, (vi) inclusion of water harvesting structures in road design, and (vii) awareness to check human trafficking along the highways through local NGOs. 6.3. Integration of Comments into the IEE 231. During discussions, notes were taken on all issues raised and suggestions made. References have been taken from public opinion where no official data were available for understanding of the study area characteristics. Each of the issues were then analysed for practical and scientific basis. The opinions were used for identifying impacts and developing management and monitoring plan, depending on their importance and practicality. For any significant concern, preventive or mitigative measures have been suggested drawing points from all the consultations. 6.4. Public Disclosure 232. Disclosure of IEE/SIEE document will be done in line with ADB‟s Public Communications Policy and Safeguard Policy Statement, 2009 that includes disclosure of the final IEE report and all environmental monitoring reports on the ADB website.

61

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

Plate 1: Consultation Near Saraiya Kothi Plate2: Consultation Near Raghunathpur village

Plate 3: Consultation at Basara Bazaar Plate 4: Consultation near Kargil chowk

Plate 5: Consutation at Jaitipur Marketarea Plate 6: Consultation Near Dhumnagar

62

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

Plate 1: Consultation with key informants Plate2: Consultation with fisherman of the area

Plate 3: Consultation with a Pujari of a temple likely Plate 4: Consultation with a Key informant to be affected

63

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

7. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN AND GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM 7.1. Environmental Management Plan 233. The project specific Environment Management plan has been formulated with an aim to avoid, reduce, mitigate, or compensate for adverse environmental impacts/risks and propose enhancement measures. This includes (i) mitigation of potentially adverse impacts, (ii) monitoring of impacts and mitigation measures during project implementation and operation, (iii) institutional capacity building and training, (iv) compliance to statutory requirements, and (v) integration of EMP with Project planning, design, construction and operation. 234. The environmental management plan highlighting potential impacts, mitigation measures, legislative requirements, time frame and institutional responsibility are given in Appendix 7.1.

7.1.1. Other Mitigation Plans 7.1.1.1 Social Development and Indigenous Peoples Plan (IPDP): 235. Social impact assessment study has been undertaken under this technical assistance. Anticipated social risks and its mitigations will be addressed as based on the SIA. The correlated issues (other than specific social issues) have been dealt in the environmental assessment and mitigation plan has been proposed in EMP accordingly. Since there is insignificant indigenous population (as confirmed by the PPTA social development expert) in the project area, IPDP is not envisaged. 7.1.1.2 Resettlement Plan 236. Similarly, resettlement plan is being prepared to address issues related to involuntary resettlement. The interlinked concern which has direct bearing on environment has also been captured in environmental assessment and mitigation plan. 7.1.1.3 Emergency Response Plan: 237. Assessment of nature, type and extent of project activities establishes that accidents on paved roads and consequent spillage can be the more frequent emergency. Other emergent situation includes flood, accidents and spills. It is suggested to develop a communication and response system to minimize the response time. The project authorities shall be prepared to counteract against such emergency either by developing in-house capabilities or by associating with any competent agency. 7.2. Environmental Monitoring Program (EMoP) 238. The environmental monitoring programme is devised with the objectives to (i) evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed mitigation measures and the protection of the ambient environment as per prescribed standards, (ii) suggest improvements in the management plans, if required, (iii) verify the statutory compliance and community obligations, and (v) use it as tool to compare the monitored data against the baseline condition collected during the study period and assess the changes in environmental quality in the project area. This will be

64

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

used as performance indicators for the project. This shall not only help in assessing the change due to the project activities, but also the potential impacts due to project activities.

7.2.1. Performance Indicators and monitoring schedule 239. Physical, biological, and environmental management components identified of particular significance have been suggested as indicators. A comprehensive monitoring plan for all performance indicators has been prepared for all stages of project and provided as Appendix 7.2. This includes parameters to be measured, methods to be used, sampling locations, frequency of measurements, detection limits, cost, and responsibility for implementation and supervision.

7.2.2. Reporting Mechanism for Environmental Monitoring Program 240. Reporting system provides the necessary feedback for project management to ensure quality and timely implementation of the works. It is essential to prepare the reporting system such that flow of information from field to the BSRDCL headquarters and to the funding agency is at regular intervals. The rationale for a reporting system is based on accountability to ensure that the measures proposed as part of the Environmental Management Plan are implemented in the project. 241. Before the civil works starts, the environmental engineer of supervision consultant shall devise format for reporting the status and progress of environmental monitoring. Format shall be designed keeping in mind the compliance conditions of environmental clearance and consent to establish also. The duly filled up reporting form shall be submitted by the contractor on monthly basis to supervision consultant except for setting up of temporary facilities which shall be submitted once before start of the road construction works. The report on pollution monitoring for air, noise, soil and water shall be submitted quarterly as envisaged in the monitoring plan. The accident report is desirable only in case of its occurrence. The supervision consultant after verifying its compliance will send his report to CGM at HQ with a copy to PIU. The Manager (Technical) for Social and Environment will monitor the effectiveness of EMP implementation. 242. The quarterly reports of the management measures will form an integral part of Quarterly Progress Reports that may be submitted to the funding agency. Additional compliance reports to MoEF regional office and SPCB required as a part of consent to establish and operate shall also be prepared and submitted based on these monitoring and reporting formats. 7.3. Institutional Setting and Proposed Implementation Arrangement 243. GOB has recently setup the Bihar State Highway Development Corporation Limited (BSRDCL) to streamline decision-making and provide more autonomy for project execution and delivery. This will act as Project Management Unit fully dedicated for the Bihar State Highways Project. The technical wing of BSRDCL is headed by Chief General Manager (CGM) supported by a technical advisor at Head Office. General Managers (Projects) will have overall responsibility for implementation of projects. For implementation of EMP/RP, an environment, social development, and resettlement cell (ESDRC) has been set up in BSRDCL. The cell is headed by a Deputy General Manager (DGM) and will consist of two

65

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

managers supported by secretarial staffs. DGM (Env. and social) is responsible for coordinating the environmental related work of the corporation and co- ordinate with ADB to monitor all environmental requirement of this project.

TA: Technical Advisor, GM: General Manager, DGM: Deputy General Manager PPP: Public Private Partnership, LA: Land Acquisition, QC: Quality Control, CM: Contract Management Figure 7.1 Organizational Setup of BSRDCL 244. For subproject planning and implementation, Project Implementation Unit/s (PIUs) has been established. This is headed by Project Director (PD)/ Deputy General Manager (Tech) at the subproject level. PIU will supervise contractors engaged for execution of civil works under their jurisdiction. There will be separate specialists for implementation of environmental and resettlement aspects at PIU. He will be responsible for managing environmental concerns of the project and implementing the EMP. He will be assisted by project managers of each contract package in the field office. The monitoring of EMP implementation in field will be carried out by the field officers of BSRDCL and supervision consultants (SC). Pollution Monitoring shall be conducted by contractor through approved monitoring agency after consent from DGM (Env. and Social) from HQ. Operation stage monitoring will be conducted by PMU through Pollution Control Board or any approved monitoring agency. 245. The EMP (mitigation plan) will be included in the construction contract and the contractor will be responsible for its implementation. BSRDCL will monitor the implementation of these mitigation measures by the contractors through environmental officer of its SC and Engineer in charge at site. These site engineers are responsible for the field level monitoring of projects. 246. The roles and duties of various agencies responsible for Monitoring has been outlined in Table 7.1. The flow diagram depicting the institutional arrangement for implementation EMP and EMoP has been given as Figure 7.2.

66

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

Table 7.1 : Roles and Duties of Implementing Agency/Organisations

HQ BSRDCL Contractor PIU Supervision Consultant Obtain statutory Joint Verification Joint verification to Assist and advise the PIU clearances. Exercise including, be carried out by HQ in matters relating to PMU CMU, SC for PIU, SC Contractor environment and social overall project coordination review of EMP Env. Officer. matters. and management through PIU supported by SC Interaction with Overall Supervision Part of Joint Verification ESDRC, PIU and SC of implementation of Exercise to be carried out Interaction and Reporting to EMP ADB by HQ, PIU and Contractor Contractor‟s Env. for review of EMP for Environmental Effective implementation of officer will be primarily modification in monitoring through EMP and Monitoring of responsible for enhancement measures (if approved EMP implementation EMP Laboratory. required) Compilation of Data relating Filling of Reporting Consent for opening Supervise implementation to implementation of Format and submitting of Borrow areas, of EMP by contractor Environment Management to SC Quarry areas, and Plan. Develop Good Practices Monitoring through Labour camps and construction guidelines to Advising and suggesting approved agency. supervising its assist contractor in corrective measures to monitoring. Preparation of various implementation of EMP adhere to time schedule for plans for effective Keeping records of implementation of EMP. Conduct Consultations implementation of all consents obtained programs with the Carry out verification EMP as detailed out in by contractor. stakeholders on regular Exercise for implementation EMP and submitting it Compilation of Data basis to get first hand of EMP with respect to for approval to SC relating to information on the modification (if required) for implementation of inconvenience caused to enhancement measures. Identification of Sites for Labour camps, Hot EMP. contractor‟s activities such mix Plant, Batch Mix as noise, debris disposal Filling of Summary etc. Plant, debris disposal Sheets and reporting etc to HQ. maintain Environmental reporting system Approval of plans prepared by contractor

67

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

HQ BSRDCL Asian CGM (Technical Wing) Developmen Supported by technical Advisor t Bank General Manager (Projects)

Social and Environment Division (DGM. Env and Social) Supported by Manager Env and Social Each

PIU Supervision Consultant Contractor DGM (Tech) supported Project Manager for each contract Package

Field Officer –Manager (Tech) ( Social and Environment)

Figure 7.2 : Proposed Structure for EMP/EMOP Implementation Need Based Support from Approved Monitoring Agency 7.3.2. Institutional Capacity Buildingand Independent Subject Experts and Institutions 247. Training Awareness: To enhance the capacity of officials for effective implementation of proposed mitigation measures and monitoring the resultant effect, as well as create awareness amongst workers and public the trainings and awareness programmes is planned and is given as Table 7.2. The institutions/agencies like regional office of MoEF, SPCB/CPCB, Indian Institute of Technologies can be consulted for such trainings. Independent subject‟s experts/consultants (E.g., for the environmental awareness program, impact assessment specialist will be the resource person) can also be the resource persons to impart trainings. These experts/agencies shall be appointed based on specific need for the training.

Table 7.2 : Training Program for BSHIIP-AF S. Target Subject(s) Method Time Frame Basis for Costs Estimation No. group and Estimated Cost Training Training Delivery Material Preparation All staffs of Environmental Overview: Lectures cum Before Already covered under BSHP II BSRDCL Environmental Regulations, interaction beginning of including subproject related provisions the PIU project of various Acts/ Guidelines, implementation staff EIA notification, process and of the 1 involved in methodology for IEE, EMPs subproject. implementat ion of the project and Select

68

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

S. Target Subject(s) Method Time Frame Basis for Costs Estimation No. group and Estimated Cost Training Training Delivery Material Preparation NGOs.

Managers Implementation of EMPs: Workshops Before the Already covered under BSHP II (Env) at Basic features of an EMP, and Seminars construction PIU, Planning, designing and begins Supervision execution of environmental Consultant‟ mitigation and enhancement 2 s measures, monitoring and Environmen evaluation of environmental tal conditions – during Specialists construction and operation and Select NGOs Environmentally Sound Workshops Before the Already covered under BSHP II Construction Practices: and Site visits construction Clean construction Environmen technology, alternatives tal officer, materials and techniques for design construction, Waste team, Management and Supervision minimization in construction, 3 Consultant pollution control devices and Constructio methods for construction sites n and equipment, Environmental Contractors‟ clauses in contract documents staff and their implications, protection of flora and fauna Environmental monitoring during construction PIU and Monitoring Environmental Lectures, During initial Already covered under BSHP II Supervision Performance during Workshop and phases of Consultant, Construction: site visits construction NGOs and Air, Water, Soil and Noise, community tree survival Monitoring representati requirement and techniques, 4 ves Evaluation and Review of results, Performance indicators and their applicability, possible corrective actions, reporting requirements and mechanisms -do- Long-term Environmental Workshops During Already covered under BSHP II Issues in Project and seminars implementation Management: of the Designing and implementing Subproject environmental surveys for ambient air, noise, biological and water quality surveys, 5 data storage, retrieval and analysis, contract documents and environmental clauses, risk assessment and management, contingency planning and management and value addition Public Awareness programmes on Workshops During Already covered under BSHP II /contractors environmental protection and construction 6 workers measures being implemented and initial by BSRDCL and their role in phase say 3

69

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

S. Target Subject(s) Method Time Frame Basis for Costs Estimation No. group and Estimated Cost Training Training Delivery Material Preparation sustaining the measures taken years of including for noise operation pollution, air pollution, safety, soil conservation, and agricultural productivity enhancement BSRDCL Restoration of sites viz borrow Lecture/Presen before Already covered under BSHP II Staff, areas, construction Camps, tations Contractor 40000 per programme with 25 Supervision Crushing units, HMP etc. Demobilization participants in each) 7 Consultant, And Engineering Reporting Formats/procedure Staff of Contractor. 248. Procurement of Basic Environmental Monitoring Equipment: A necessary budgetary provision for monitoring equipments has already been made under BSHIIP which can be utilized by the EA for effective implementation of EMoP for BSHIIP-AF and further projects. 249. Management System: It is proposed to develop standard environmental guidelines for impact assessment, management plan, and monitoring. It is recommended to develop an Environmental Management and Reporting Systems following international standards like ISO 14001. 7.4. Grievance Redress Mechanism 250. The concern/grievances from local/affected people may come up related to inappropriate implementation of various components of EMP. These issues can be easily addressed through acknowledgement, evaluation and corrective action and response approach. To resolve grievance from public or stakeholders concerning the project will be directed to the concerned PIU. Firstly, it will be assessed if the grievances are genuine or suggestion is acceptable. Accordingly, response will be given within 15-30 days by the concerned PIU in consultation with field officer. In case the PIU is unable to resolve the issue, the matter will be forwarded to the Social and Environmental Cell, at BSRDCL Headquarters. The corrective action will be started as per the response or action plan indicated to the stakeholder. The outcome shall also form part of quarterly report to ADB.

70

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

8. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 8.1. Conclusions 251. The proposed subproject has been categorized as Category „B‟ based on environmental screening and assessment of likely impacts while the initial environmental examination (IEE) ascertains that it is unlikely to cause any significant environmental impacts. Few impacts were identified attributable to the proposed subproject, all of which are localized and temporary in nature and easy to mitigate. 252. The subproject proposed road corridor does not pass through or located nearby any national park, wildlife sanctuary, reserved forests, or any other ecologically sensitive or protected areas. No archaeological/protected monument is located in the project vicinity. The land use pattern around the alignment is predominantly agricultural. 253. The significant impacts during construction are air quality deterioration due to increase in fugitive dust emissions from materials hauling and unloading, ground shaping, hot mix plant operation, quarry operation, and unpaved road travel. Nuisance to nearby residents due to increase in noise from heavy equipment operation, hindrance in accessibility to common property resources, and increase in traffic on road sections where construction is ongoing. Land use conversion from agricultural or residential to built-up area (road) due to expansion of road right-of-way adequate for a 2-lane carriageway. Surface water quality deterioration of the ponds and rivers, and siltation of waterways from silt-laden surface runoff coming from the construction site. Health and safety risk due to increase in heavy equipment traffic particularly to children and near pedestrian crossing points. During operation stage, the main impact may be on the surface water hydrology since the construction of a road across several river/rivulets in the flood-affected sections can act as impediment to natural flow of water. 254. Other than the permanent change in land use, all identified impacts are of short duration and co-terminous with the construction phase, and are easy to mitigate. All private lands that will be converted, including structures that will be relocated will be justly compensated in compliance to existing laws. 255. In general, the subproject received immense support from local people. The local people appreciated that besides providing an all weather efficient connectivity to large populations (majority of them are rural and in flood affected areas) and improving the traffic scenario in the region, it will bear out several other positive benefits. 256. The significant impacts during design and construction stage include the constricted sections of the roads which will be by-passed or require road alignment improvement to avoid and minimize resettlement and other sensitive structures and locations particularly in Warsaliganj and Ambari. An estimated 1,329 trees in forestland and 245 trees in privatelands will be removed along the road to allow for road expansion. Compensatory afforestation will be done on of 1:3 basis in compliance to the Bihar Forest Department‟s requirements. As a strategy to minimize GHG emissions from increase in traffic due to road upgrading, BSRDC will cause the implementation of a 1:7 additional plantation on all trees removed whether these are public or privately owned on top of the

71

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

1:3 regulatory compensatory afforestation required by the Forest Department. BSRDC will consult with the Forest Department, among others, on the implementation of the compensatory plantation specifying location, species, tree layout, and appurtenances (e.g. irrigation and rest area). Priority will be given, but not limited, to areas along state highways with available land in establishing the plantations. Other areas may include degraded forestlands, eroded riverbanks, and community forest. Guided by the Tirhut9 Social Forest Model, the BSRDC will implement additional plantation with strong community participation and ensure at least 80% survival of trees after 3 years. The BSRDC will ensure the involvement of project affected women and vulnerable people in tree planting and maintenance activities. Annual reports pertaining to the accomplishment, survival, and community participation (e.g. number of women and vulnerable people) will form part of the annual environmental monitoring report to be submitted to the ADB. BSRDC will coordinate with the Bihar State Pollution Control Board and Transport Department in launching the road side vehicular emission monitoring program to assess the impacts on air quality and GHG emission from the expected increase in traffic. All contractors are encouraged to install solar panels to support all facility lighting demand of the campsites. 257. As part of climate proofing, BSRDC will ensure that: i) upgraded road surfaces will be constructed at least 1 meter higher than the high flood level with 50-year return period, ii) stratified and multi-storey road side plantation where timber wood and similar erosion resistant variety are planted on the ROW periphery to break flood flow velocity to protect road embankment, iii) construction of new and installation of larger cross-drainage, iv) construction of new side drains, and stone pitching and, iv) bio-engineering along strategic areas where breaches and inundation have previously occurred. 258. It is anticipated that short-term deterioration impacts on air quality due to increase in fugitive dust emissions and noise level from earthmoving, ground shaping, unpaved transport, and emissions from heavy equipment and other mobile sources. Water suppression to control dust, use of clean fuels, changing the location and timing of construction activities and equipment will minimize these impacts. Land use conversion particularly of residential areas and relocation of structures within the ROW will be implemented with following a meaningful consultation and acceptable compensation and relocation agreements. All borrow areas will comply with national laws and regulations. Impacts from the establishment and operation of the construction camps like generation and disposal of solid wastes, sewage, potable water requirements, health/hygiene, and safety is part of the contractor‟s responsibility highlighting the need for compliance with applicable laws. Waste and material use minimization will be promoted to decrease the volume of wastes that will be generated. Traffic safety to workers and pedestrian, particularly to children is considered through the preparation and strict implementation of a Traffic Control Plan to be prepared by the contractor prior to construction activities and in consultation with the affected communities.

9 MOEF (2005). Mahatma Gandhi Rural Employment Guaranteed Program.

72

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

259. The initial environmental examination of the subproject ascertains that the subproject is unlikely to cause any significant environmental impacts. No additional studies or need of undertaking detailed EIA is envisaged at this stage. The Executing Agency shall ensure that EMP and EMoP is included in Bill of Quantity (BOQ) and forms part of bid document and civil works contract. The same shall be revised if necessary during project implementation or if there is any change in the project design and with approval of ADB. 8.2. Recommendations 260. The following are some important initial recommendations designed to make the project environmentally sound and sustainable: All requisite clearances/permits shall be timely obtained applicable for different stages of project; Dedicated competent staffs shall be appointed for environment and safety by the contractors for efficient implementation of EMP/EMOP; Distmantled/excess material should be reused to the extent. Discarded materials that cannot be used in construction and fill should be disposed off in environmentally acceptable manner; Prior consent shall be obtained by the Engineer-in-Charge before locating project offices, sheds and construction plants; Camps, equipments, vehicles, and machines shall be operated in compliance to EMP and consent conditions by SPCB. amps should be operated within a self-sufficient infrastructure and no trees should be cut for wood fuel; Project implementation unit should ensure that pollution control equipment is installed on all equipment and operating properly by the contractors; Borrow areas shall be located and operated as per IRC guidelines and as per EMP. Aggregates shall be obtained from existing licensed quarries. Transport, unloading and storage of construction material shall be done as per EMP. Contractors should be required to maintain construction sites, keep them clean and provide appropriate facilities for the storage of all waste until it is disposed suitably. Work forces should be provided with adequate water supply, septic tanks with soak pits, health care facilities, and LPG to reduce their dependence on wood fuels; Contractors should ensure that the safety of workers and other site users is not compromised during construction; Nearby trees, vegetation and private property should be protected during bitumen spraying work; Bitumen drums should be stored in designated locations and not scattered along the road; At construction sites within 500 metres of settlements, noisy operations should be stopped between 22:00 to 06:00 hrs; Cut and fill methods of construction should be employed to the extent possible, and using excavators; Loss of trees should compensated by planting trees on available space in consultation with forest department;

73

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing) in case of loss of land and structures, compensation should be paid in accordance with the government norms and affected people should be rehabilitated as per Resettlement Plan; and Periodic monitoring and reporting shall be done as envisaged in IEE; Supervision consultant may update the EMP and monitoring program with intimation to ADB as per local site conditions; and Recommendations of road safety study (being conducted under separate TA for BSHIIP-AF and resettlement plan shall be adopted by all parties involved in project implementation.

74

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

Appendix 2.1: Rapid Environmental Assessment Checklist

Country/Project Title: IND: Bihar State Highway Project II – Additional Financing. SH-86 Saraiya-Motipur

Sector: SARD-SATC

Screening Questions Yes No Remarks A. Project Siting Is the project area adjacent to or within any of the following environmentally sensitive areas?

. Cultural heritage site No cultural heritage site in located within the road X ROW. . Protected Area No protected area is located within the road ROW X . Wetland No designated wetland. Some part of the project X area is prone to flooding during monsoon season. . Mangrove No mangrove area is located in the project site X

. Estuarine Not applicable X

. Buffer zone of protected area No protected area or its buffer zone X

. Special area for protecting biodiversity No special biodiversity area is located within the X ROW B. Potential Environmental Impacts Will the Project cause…

. Encroachment on historical/cultural areas; X The topography of project road is mainly plain. disfiguration of landscape by road embankments, Minor impacts of landscape by road embankments, cuts, fills, and quarries? cuts and fills are anticipated. No encroachment of historical places. However, some temples / shrines / exist along the project road which may get impacted.

Quarry material will mainly be sourced from existing quarries. Earth material is available in the project area. All borrow areas will be suitably rehabilitated. . Encroachment on precious ecology (e.g. sensitive or X There is no National Parks, Wild Life Sanctuaries or protected areas)? any other similar eco-sensitive areas in the project area. . Alteration of surface water hydrology of waterways X The proposed alignment is crossing one river, one crossed by roads, resulting in increased sediment in natural drain and few canals. Streams are seasonal streams affected by increased soil erosion at in nature. Water is found only in some deeper construction site? portion of the river during non-monsoon period. All drainage courses will be maintained to avoid alteration in surface water hydrology so that watercourses are not affected. The temporary soil stockpiles will be designed so that runoff will not induce sedimentation of waterways. . Deterioration of surface water quality due to silt X Adequate sanitary facilities and drainage in the runoff and sanitary wastes from worker-based camps workers camps will help to avoid this possibility. As and chemicals used in construction? the construction activity in this project will not contain any harmful ingredients, no impact on surface water quality is anticipated. i

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

Screening Questions Yes No Remarks . Increased local air pollution due to rock crushing, X Local air pollution level is likely to be increased for cutting and filling works, and chemicals from asphalt short duration during construction period. processing? Appropriate distance from settlement area and wind direction will be taken into account to locate air polluting facility like stone crushing unit, hot mix plants, etc. . Risks and vulnerabilities related to occupational X All contractors will be required to appoint its health and safety due to physical, chemical, occupational health and safety officer who will be biological, and radiological hazards during project responsible to train employees on how hot to construction and operation during project operate on hazardous conditions. construction and operation? All bitumen and petrochemical materials will be stored on secured and paved area equipped with fire extinguishers.

During project operation, possible road-user conflicts have been identified and countermeasures like warnings (road markers, signs), calming (speed bumps/speed breakers), and crash barriers will be installed based on the road safety audit findings. . Noise and vibration due to blasting and other civil X No blasting will be required in the project. works? Noise level is expected to exceed standards along the active construction fronts and camp site rock crushing and hot mix plant operations. Along active construction fronts impact will be minimized through timing of activities and installation of barriers near sensitive sites. Inside the construction camps all workers deployed in high noise level areas will be required to wear protective gears . Dislocation or involuntary resettlement of people? X No off-site (beyond ROW) dislocation will take place

. Dislocation and compulsory resettlement of people X Minor, since expansion is mostly within existing living in right-of-way? ROW and major resettlement areas where ROW is grossly inadequate will be by-passed. (Resettlement Plan is currently being finalized). . Disproportionate impacts on the poor, women and X None. The proposed road will assure equal pay to children, Indigenous Peoples or other vulnerable women. Women, poor, and dislocated people will groups? be given priority in establishing and maintaining additional plantation and road safety awareness program. No children/minors will be employed by the Project. There are no IPs in the sub-project area. . Other social concerns relating to inconveniences in X Deterioration in ambient air quality will be limited living conditions in the project areas that may trigger to be localized and temporarily during construction cases of upper respiratory problems and stress? activity. The project area is largely located in vast open areas. . Hazardous driving conditions where construction X To minimized the impact suitable traffic interferes with pre-existing roads? management plan will be designed and implement by the contractor . Poor sanitation and solid waste disposal in X Proper provisions for sanitation, health care and construction camps and work sites, and possible solid waste disposal facilities will be available in transmission of communicable diseases (such as the contract documents to avoid such possibility. STI's and HIV/AIDS) from workers to local Workers will be made aware about communicable populations? diseases Immunization of workers will be done prior to their inclusion by linking with existing state and national programs. All contractor employees will undergo STI and HIV/AIDS awareness training. ii

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

Screening Questions Yes No Remarks . Creation of temporary breeding habitats for diseases X No such condition is anticipated, All borrow pit such as those transmitted by mosquitoes and areas will comply with IRC guidelines. Borrow rodents? areas, will be promoted for fish culture and will naturally control mosquitoes. Incidence of malaria will be monitored.

Good housekeeping practices will be maintained and monitored in all construction camps. . Accident risks associated with increased vehicular X Road safety measures will minimize the likelihood traffic, leading to accidental spills of toxic materials? of such events. Coordination with local state pollution control board, police and medical facilities to leverage corrective actions. . Increased noise and air pollution resulting from traffic X Increase in noise and air pollution is expected volume? during construction phase. Adequate mitigation measures will be adopted to minimize them which include timing of heavy equipment operation, and installation of temporary noise barriers along heavily inhabited areas. During operation phase, vehicular traffic will be the main source of air and noise pollution. Improved road conditions, extensive plantation including multilayered plantation near sensitive locations will reduce the noise and air impact. Moreover, the alignment mostly passes through open agricultural land which will provide adequate dispersion of gaseous emission. . Increased risk of water pollution from oil, grease and X Cross drains and side drains will be inspected fuel spills, and other materials from vehicles using before the onset of monsoon to collect and the road? dispose properly of oil contaminated silt.

. Social conflicts if workers from other regions or X Laborers will be sourced primarily from local countries are hired? communities to reduce conflict.

. Large population influx during project construction X The size of the constructions camp, similar to the and operation that causes increased burden on previous BSHPs, will not be expansive as labor social infrastructure and services (such as water and materials will be primarily sources locally. All supply and sanitation systems)? water extraction will be covered by necessary permits to avoid negative impacts to the host communities. . Risks to community health and safety due to the X 3rd party supplier and transporters of bitumen and transport, storage, and use and/or disposal of fuel will be required to demonstrate capability to materials such as explosives, fuel and other contain accidental spills especially during chemicals during construction and operation? transport.

Within the construction camp, all loading and unloading of these materials will be supervised by the safety officer and only in designated areas.

iii

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

Screening Questions Yes No Remarks . Community safety risks due to both accidental and X Natural causes of structural failures will involve natural causes, especially where the structural extreme flooding and earthquake. elements or components of the project are accessible to members of the affected community or Some part of the study area is liable to where their failure could result in injury to the submergence during Monsoon period. community throughout project construction, operation Overtopping was reported in section between and decommissioning. 0.00km to 1.5km, Basra Bazaar- Jagria Chowk, and 25.0km to end of the project road section.

Bihar being close to seismically active Himalayas is prone to seismic hazards. The sub-project area t is located in the Zone IV or higher damage risk. The road design has incorporated at least 1 meter higher than the high flood level and appropriate ground acceleration corresponding to Zone IV.

Climate Change and Disaster Risk Questions Yes No REMARKS The following questions are not for environmental categorization. They are included in this checklist to help identify potential climate and disaster risks.

Is the Project area subject to hazards such as X Project area is located in high damage risk zone earthquakes, floods, landslides, tropical cyclone seismicity (Zone IV) All civil structures have been winds, storm surges, tsunami or volcanic designed as per relevant IS Codes corresponding eruptions and climate changes (see Appendix I) to seismic zones.

. Could changes in temperature, precipitation, or X Increase in marginalization is not expected. extreme events patterns over the Project Project will cause upliftment of socio-economic lifespan affect technical or financial conditions including reduction of migration. sustainability (eg. increased erosion or landslides could increase maintenance costs, permafrost melting or increased soil moisture content could affect sub-grade).

. Are there any demographic or socio-economic X Although now considered as one of the fastest aspects of the Project area that are already growing state, Bihar has the lowest per capita vulnerable (eg. high incidence of marginalized income, 14th lowest gross domestic product, low populations, rural-urban migrants, illegal literary rate, highest gross interstate migration, and settlements, ethnic minorities, women or weak health service. children)?

. Could the Project potentially increase the X The project will improve existing road. This will climate or disaster vulnerability of the enhance resiliency of the villagers to climate change surrounding area (e.g., by encouraging risk, particularly to flooding as higher and reinforced settlement in areas that will be more affected by embankments and properly sized side/cross drains floods in the future, or encouraging settlement will be constructed on sections that has experience in earthquake zones)? flooding.

Note: Hazards are potentially damaging physical events

iv

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

Appendix 3.1: Road inventory Data Sheet

i

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

i

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

Appendix 3.2 : Pavement Condition Survey

ii

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

iii

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

Appendix 4.1: National Ambient Air Quality Standards

The finding as Notified on 16th November 2009 by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) in exercise of its powers conferred under Section 6 and Section 25 of the Environment Protect Act, 1986.

Pollutant Concentration in Ambient Air Time-Weighted Average Industrial, Ecologically Residential Sensitive Area and other (Notified by rural area Central Government) Annual* 50 20 3 SO2 ug/m 24 hours** 80 80 Annual* 40 30 3 NOx ug/m 24 hours** 80 80 Annual* 60 60 3 PM10 ug/m 24 hours** 100 100 Annual* 40 40 3 PM2.5 ug/m 24 hours** 60 60

Annual* 0.50 0.50

Lead ug/m3

24 hours** 1.0 1.0

8 Hours** 2000 2000 3 CO ug/m 1 Hour** 4000 4000 8 Hours** 100 100 3 O3 ug/m 1 Hour** 180 180 Annual* 100 100 3 NH3 ug/m 24 hours** 400 400 Source: Gazette of India, Part II-Section -3-Subsection (i)

* Annual Arithmetic Mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year taken twice a week 24-hourly at uniform interval. ** 24-hourly / 8-hourly values or 0.1 hourly monitored values shall be complied with 98% of the time in the year. However, 2% of the time, it may exceed but not on two consecutive days.

iv

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

Appendix 4.2: Ambient Noise Level Limits (in Leq dB(A)),India

Day Time Night Time Area/Class (6:00 AM to 9:00 PM) (9:00 PM to 6:00 am)

Standard Standard

Industrial 75 70

Commercial 65 55

Residential 55 45

Silence 50 40 Source: Environment Protection Rules, 1986, Schedule III

v

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

Appendix 4.3: Drinking Water Standards and Probable Effects on Human Health (BIS: IS: 10500, 1991)

S. Prescribed limits Parameters Probable effects No. Desirable Permissible 1 COLOUR (HAZEN UNIT) 5 25 Aesthetically undesirable. 2 ODOUR Essentially free Aesthetically undesirable. 3 TASTE Agreeable Aesthetically undesirable. 4 TURBIDITY (NTU) 5 10 Indicates pollution/ contamination. 5 pH 6.5 8.5 Affects taste, corrodes supply system. Causes scaling, excessive soap 6 HARDNESS, as CaCO3, mg/l 300 600 consumption, calcification of arteries. Causes staining of laundry and 7 IRON, as Fe , mg/l 0.30 1.00 porcelain. In traces it is essential for nutrition. May be injurious to heart or kidney 8 CHLORIDE, as Cl , mg/l 250 1000 patients. Taste, indigestion, corrosion and palatability are affected. RESIDUAL CHLORINE, only Excessive chlorination causes 9 when 0.20 - asthma, colitis and eczema Water is chlorinated May cause gastro-intestinal irritation, TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS, 10 500 2000 corrosion, and laxative effect to new mg/l users. Excessive cause incrustation, deficiency causes rickets, essential for 11 CALCIUM, as Ca, mg/l 75 200 nervous, muscular, cardiac functions and in coagulation of blood. Its salts are cathartics and diuretic. Excessive may cause laxative effect; 12 MAGNESIUM, as Mg, mg/l 30 100 deficiency causes structural and functional changes. It is activator of many enzyme systems. Beneficial in human metabolism, deficiency results in nutritional anaemia in infants. Large amounts 13 COPPER, as Cu, mg/l 0.05 1.50 may result in liver damage, causes central nervous system irritation and depression. Enhances corrosion of Al in water supply systems. Causes gastro-intestinal irritation. Along with Mg or Na can have a 14 SULPHATE, as SO4, mg/l 200 400 cathartic effect. Concentration more than 750 mg/l may have laxative effect. Causes infant methaenoglobinaemia, at very high concentration causes 15 NITRATE, as N, mg/l 45 100 gastric cancer and effects central nervous and cardiovascular system. Reduces dental carries, very high 16 FLUORIDE, as F, mg/l 1.00 1.50 concentration may cause crippling skeletal fluorosis. Acute toxicity may be associated with renal, arterial hypertension, itai-itai 17 CADMIUM, as Cd, mg/l 0.01 No relaxation (bone disease). Cd salts cause cramps, nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. Burning in mouth, severe inflammation of gastro-intestinal tract with vomiting and diarrhoea. Chronic toxicity 18 LEAD, as Pb, mg/l 0.05 No relaxation produces nausea, severe abdominal pain, paralysis, mental confusion, visual disturbances, and anemia, etc. vi

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

S. Prescribed limits Parameters Probable effects No. Desirable Permissible Essential and beneficial in human 19 ZINC, as Zn , mg/l 5 15 metabolism. Imparts astringent taste to water. Cr6+ produces lung tumours, 20 CHROMIUM, as Cr, mg/l 0.05 No relaxation coetaneous and nasal mucous membrane ulcers and dermatitis. Causes skin damage, circulatory 21 ARSENIC, as As, mg/l 0.05 No relaxation problems, increased risk of skin cancer. Raises blood cholesterol, lowers blood 22 ANTIMONY, as Sb, mg/l 0.006 No relaxation sugar. 23 ALUMINUM, as Al, mg/l 0.030 0.200 Leads to neurological disorders. 24 BARIUM, as Ba, mg/l 2 No relaxation Increases blood pressure. 25 BERYLLIUM, as Be, mg/l nil 0.0002 Is carcinogenic Causes nerve damage, thyroid 26 CYANIDE, as CN, mg/l 0.05 No relaxation problem. Neurological and renal disturbances. Excess causes gonadotoxic and 27 MERCURY, as Hg, mg/l 0.001 No relaxation mutagenic effects and disturbs the cholesterol metabolism. Essential as a cofactor in enzyme systems and metabolism processes. Excessive causes change in appetite 28 MANGANESE, as Mn, mg/l 0.10 0.30 and reduction in metabolism of iron to form haemoglobin. Imparts undesirable taste and stains plumbing fixtures and laundry. Leads to hair, finger loss, and 29 SELENIUM, as Se, mg/l 0.01 No relaxation numbness in fingers or toes, circulatory problems. Affects central nervous system, salts 30 BORON, as B, mg/l 1.00 5.00 may cause nausea, cramps, convulsions, coma, etc. Imparts unpleasant taste, deleterious 31 ALKALINITY, as CaCO3, mg/l 200 600 to humans in presence of high pH, hardness and TDS. Imparts toxicity, accumulates in different organs of body, and affects 32 PESTICIDES, ug/l nil 0.001 immune and nervous systems. Carcinogenic. High concentration causes vomiting 33 PHOSPHATE, as PO4, mg/l No guideline and diarrhoea stimulates secondary hyperthyroidism and bone loss. Harmful to persons suffering from 34 SODIUM, as Na, mg/l No guideline cardiac, renal and circulatory diseases. Essential nutrition element but 35 POTASSIUM, as K, mg/l No guideline excessive amounts are cathartic. Non-toxic element but may be carcinogenic in animals, can react 36 NICKEL, as Ni , mg/l No guideline with DNA resulting in DNA damage in animals. Causes water borne diseases like PATHOGENS coliform jaundice; Typhoid, Cholera 37 a)TOTAL COLIFORM No/dl 1 10 etc. produces infections involving skin

b)FAECAL COLIFORM No/dl mucous membrane of eyes, ears and throat. RADIOACTIVITY: -BETA PARTICLES 0-4 millirem/year 38 Increases risk of cancer. -ALPHA PARTICLES 0-15 picocuries/year -RADIUM 0-05 picocuries/year

vii

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

Appendix 5.1: Guidelines for Borrow Areas Management

1. SELECTION OF BORROW AREAS Location of borrow areas shall be finalized as per IRC: 10-1961 guidelines. The finalization of locations in case of borrows areas identified in private land shall depend upon the formal agreement between landowners and contractor. If, agreement is not reached between the contractor and landowners for the identified borrow areas sites, arrangement for locating the source of supply of material for embankment and sub-grade as well as compliance to environment requirements in respect of excavation and borrow areas as stipulated from time to time by the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India, and local bodies, as applicable shall be the sole responsibility of the contractor. The contractor in addition to the established practices, rules and regulations will also consider following criteria before finalizing the locations. (1) The borrow area should not be located in agriculture field unless unavoidable i.e. barren land is not available. (2) The borrow pits preferably should not be located along the roads. (3) The loss of productive and agriculture soil should be minimum. (4) The loss of vegetation is almost nil or minimum. (5) The Contractor will ensure that suitable earth is available. 2. CONTRACTOR’S RESPONSIBILITY The Contractor shall obtain representative samples from each of the identified borrow areas and have these tested at the site laboratory following a testing programme approved by the Engineer. It shall be ensured that the subgrade material when compacted to the density requirements shall yield the design CBR value of the subgrade. Contractor shall begin operations keeping in mind following; (1) Hauling of materials to embankments or other areas of fill shall proceed only when sufficient spreading and compaction plants is operating at the place of deposition. (2) No excavated acceptable material other than surplus to requirements of the Contract shall be removed from the site. Contractor should be permitted to remove acceptable material from the site to suit his operational procedure. (3) Where the excavation reveals a combination of acceptable and unacceptable materials, the Contractor shall, unless otherwise agreed by the Engineer, carry out the excavation in such a manner that the acceptable materials are excavated separately for use in the permanent works without contamination by the unaceptable materials. The acceptable material shall be stockpiled separately. (4) The Contractor shall ensure that he does not adversely affect the stability of excavation or fills by the methods of stockpiling materials, use of plants are siting of temporary buildings or structures.

viii

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

3. BORROWING FROM DIFFERENT LAND-FORMS

A. Borrow Areas located in Agricultural Lands

(i) The preservation of topsoil will be carried out in stockpile. (ii) A 15 cm topsoil will be stripped off from the borrow pit and this will be stored in stockpiles in a designated area for height not exceeding 2m and side slopes not steeper than 1:2 (Vertical: Horizontal). (iii) Borrowing of earth will be carried out up to a depth of 1.5m from the existing ground level. (iv) Borrowing of earth will not be done continuously throughout the stretch. (v) Ridges of not less than 8m width will be left at intervals not exceeding 300m. (vi) Small drains will be cut through the ridges, if necessary, to facilitate drainage. (vii) The slope of the edges will be maintained not steeper than 1:4 (vertical: Horizontal). (viii) The depth of borrow pits will not be more than 30 cm after stripping the 15 cm topsoil aside.

B. Borrow Areas located in Elevated Lands

(i) The preservation of topsoil will be carried out in stockpile. (ii) A 15 cm topsoil will be stripped off from the borrow pit and this will be stored in stockpiles in a designated area for height not exceeding 2m and side slopes not steeper than 1:2 (Vertical: Horizontal). (iii) At location where private owners desire their fields to be levelled, the borrowing shall be done to a depth of not more than 1.5m or up to the level of surrounding fields.

C. Borrow Areas near River side

(i) The preservation of topsoil will be carried out in stockpile. (ii) A 15 cm topsoil will be stripped off from the borrow pit and this will be stored in stockpiles in a designated area for height not exceeding 2m and side slopes not steeper than 1:2 (Vertical: Horizontal). (iii) Borrow area near to any surface water body will be at least at a distance of 15m from the toe of the bank or high flood level, whichever is maximum.

D. Borrow Areas near Settlements

(i) The preservation of topsoil will be carried out in stockpile. (ii) A 15 cm topsoil will be stripped off from the borrow pit and this will be stored in stockpiles in a designated area for height not exceeding 2m and side slopes not steeper than 1:2 (Vertical: Horizontal).

ix

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

(iii) Borrow pit location will be located at least 0.75 km from villages and settlements. If unavoidable, the pit will not be dug for more than 30 cm and drains will be cut to facilitate drainage. (iv) Borrow pits located in such location will be redeveloped immediately after borrowing is completed. If spoils are dumped, that will be covered with a layers of stockpiled topsoil in accordance with compliance requirements with respect MOEF/PPCB guidelines.

E. Borrow Pits along the Road

Borrow pits along the road shall be discouraged, and if deemed necessary and permitted by the Engineer, the following precautions are recommended: (i) The preservation of topsoil will be carried out in stockpile; (ii) A 15 cm topsoil will be stripped off from the borrow pit and this will be stored in stockpiles in a designated area for height not exceeding 2m and side slopes not steeper than 1:2 (Vertical: Horizontal); (iii) Ridges of not less than 8m width should be left at intervals not exceeding 300m; (iv) Small drains shall be cut through the ridges of facilitate drainage; (v) The depth of the pits shall be so regulated that its bottom does not cut an imaginary line having a slope of 1 vertical to 4 horizontal projected from the edge of the final section of bank, the maximum depth of any case being limited to 1.5m. (vi) Also, no pit shall be dug within the offset width from the toe of the embankment required as per the consideration of stability with a minimum width of 10m. 4. REHABILITATION OF BORROW AREAS The objective of the rehabilitation programme is to return the borrow pit sites to a safe and secure area, which the general public should be able to safely enter and enjoy. Securing borrow pits in a stable condition is fundamental requirement of the rehabilitation process. This could be achieved by filling the borrow pit floor to approximately the access road level.

Redevelopment plan shall be prepared by the Contractor before the start of work inline with the owners will require and to the satisfaction of owner. The Borrow Areas shall be rehabilitated as per following; Borrow pits shall be backfilled with rejected construction wastes and will be given a vegetative cover. If this is not possible, then excavation sloped will be smoothed and depression will be filled in such a way that it looks more or less like the original round surface. Borrow areas might be used for aquaculture in case landowner wants such development. In that case, such borrow area will be photographed after their post use restoration and Environment Expert of Supervision Consultant will certify the post use redevelopment. The Contractor will keep record of photographs of various stages i.e., before using materials from the location (pre-project), for the period borrowing activities (construction Phase) and after rehabilitation (post x

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing) development), to ascertain the pre and post borrowing status of the area.

xi

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

Appendix 7.1: Environmental Management Plan (SH-86: Saraiya-Motipur)

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementation Supervision A. Design and Construction Stage 1. Alignment  Constricted Avoidance to settlement areas, Design Realignments at Km. During the Project Design PIU,BSRDCL/ Sections along sensitive locations, community requirement 0.00 -0.250 and all design stage preparation Consultant SC the proposed structures and public utilities sharp curves. cost alignment Compliance with highway alignments Eccentric widening standards for curvature and grading near religious and Inadequate land width/ROW. noise sensitive Minimize tree cutting etc. structures

2. Natural Hazards  Flooding/Water Provision of adequate cross drainage IRC:34 Throughout the stretch Design Stage Project Design PIU,BSRDCL/ logging structures. Recommendatio especially near water and preparation Consultant SC Balancing culverts in flood prone areas ns for road crossings and Construction Cost Embankment height: 1m free board construction in identified low lying / Stage from HFL waterlogged area flood prone areas and Improve drainage to restrict the flooding and IRC: 75 and water logging areas Included in due to poor drainage. MOSRT and H due to poor drainage. Engineering Provision of lined drain with outfall at guidelines for cost suitable locations Design of High Embankments  Protection of Embankment height to be Overtopping sections Design Stage Project Design PIU,BSRDCL/ road embankment viz. Km 0.00 to km 1.5, and preparation Consultant SC in Flood prone raised sufficiently to avoid Basara Bazaar to Construction Cost Areas impact due to capillary action Jagria Chowk and Stage Included in and other engineering solutions Dandabridge to end of Engineering to protect embankment. the section. cost Adequate balancing culverts.  Earthquake All civil structures to be to be designed BIS codes and Throughout the project Design and Included in Design PIU/BSRDCL/ to sustain the Earthquake magnitude of design corridor Construction Engineering Consultant SC MSK IV as per BIS codes requirement Stage Cost and Contractor 3. Climate and Air Quality  Local Climatic Geometric adjustment to reduce tree Kyoto Protocol, Throughout project Design and Part of the Design PIU/BSRDCL/

xii

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementation Supervision conditions cutting. Environmental corridor, level Construction regulatory Consultant SC Compensatory Plantation (1:3) Protection Act, crossings, haulage stage clearances and and Contractor Additional Plantation on river banks, 1986; The Air roads, earthwork, During the to be borne by borrow areas and sensitive locations will (Prevention and Construction sites, Construction BSRDCl also enhance the local climatic Control of Loading areas, storage stage conditions Pollution) Act, areas, Transport route,  Poor air quality Road design and Pavement roughness 1981 Project Design PIU/BSRDCL/ due to as per IRC specifications. + preparation Consultant SC compromise in congestion free movement of traffic with IRC and cost and Contractor design. provision of junctions at major MOSRT and H intersections and ROB Specifications for Plantation of pollutant absorbing trees. Road and Bridge works  Dust Generation Transport, loading and unloading of Included in Design PIU,BSRDCL/ Air due to loose and fine materials through project cost consultant SC (P & CP) construction covered vehicles. Act 1974 and activities and Paved approach roads. Central Motor transport, storage Storage areas to be located downwind and Vehicle and handling of of the habitation area. Act 1988 construction Water spraying on earthworks, unpaved materials haulage roads and other dust prone areas. Provision of PPEs to workers.  Emission from Regular maintenance of machinery and Asphalt mixing plants, During the Included in Contracter PIU,BSRDCL/ vehicle, equipment. crushers, DG sets Construction project cost SC equipment and Batching, asphalt mixing plants and locations stage machinery. crushers at downwind (1km) direction from the nearest settlement. Only crushers licensed by the PCB shall be used DG sets with stacks of adequate height Included in and use of low sulphur diesel as fuel. monitoring cost ambient air quality monitoring 4. Noise  Noise from All equipment to be timely serviced and Legal Throughout project During the Cost for Contractor PIU,BSRDCL/ construction properly maintained. requirement section especially at Construction Plantation SC vehicle, Bottlenecks to be removed. Noise Pollution construction sites, stage already as

xiii

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementation Supervision equipment and Construction equipment and machinery (Regulation and residential areas and indicated in Air machinery. to be fitted with silencers and Control) Rules, identified sensitive Quality and maintained properly. 2000 and locations Climate. Timing of noisy construction activities amendments shall be done during night time and thereof weekends when there are no activities + by the sensitive receptor, concurrent Clause No noisy operations may be separated to 501.8.6. reduce the total noise generated, and if MIRTH possible re-route traffic during Specifications for construction to avoid the accumulation Road and Bridge Monitoring of noise beyond standards. Else works Cost as provision of temporary noise barrier at indicated In sensitive locations. EMoP. Time regulation near residential areas and other noise sensitive areas. Initiation of multi layered plantation, to serve as mitigation option for operation phase Honking restrictions near sensitive areas PPEs to workers Noise monitoring as per EMoP. 5. Land and Soil  Land use Change To the extent non-agricultural areas to Project Throughout the project During design Included in Contractor PIU,BSRDCL/ and Loss of be used as borrow areas. requirement section and borrow and engineering SC productive/top Top soil to be preserved and laid over areas construction cost soil either on the embankment slope for Stage growing vegetation to protect soil erosion.  Slope protection Construction schedule for bridges IRC: 56 -1974 Throughout the stretch Design and Project Design PIU,BSRDCL/ and Soil erosion during non-monsoon season. recommended especially at all construction preparation consultant and SC due to Bio-turfing of embankments to protect practice for bridges stage cost and Contractor, construction slopes. treatment of construction activities, Slope protection by providing frames, embankment cost earthwork, and dry stone pitching, masonry retaining slopes for

xiv

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementation Supervision cut and fill etc. walls, planting of grass and trees. erosion control The side slopes of all cut and fill areas Clause No. 306 will be graded and covered with stone and 305.2.2 pitching, grass and shrub as per design MIRTH specifications. Specifications for  Soil erosion at The earth stockpiles to be provided with Road and Bridge At earth stockpiles Design and Project Contractor PIU,BSRDCL/ earth stockpiles gentle slopes to prevent soil erosion. works construction preparation SC Guidelines IX for stage cost and Soil erosion construction cost  Borrow areas Non-productive, barren lands, upland IRC Guidelines Borrow sites and During Design Engineering Contractor PIU,BSRDCL/ shall be used for borrowing earth with on borrow areas quarries (if required) and cost SC the necessary permissions/consents. and for quarries location. construction Depths of borrow pits to be regulated. (Environmental Stage Topsoil to be stockpiled and protected Protection Act for use at the rehabilitation stage. and Rules, 1986; Transportation of earth materials Water Act, Air through covered vehicles. Act) IRC recommended practice for borrow + pits (IRC 10: 1961). Clause No. Borrow areas not to be dug 305.2.2 MOSRT continuously. and H To the extent borrow areas shall be Specifications for sited away from habitated areas. Road and Bridge Borrow areas shall be leveled with works salvaged material or other filling Guidelines V for materials which do not pose Borrow Areas contamination of soil. Else, it shall be Management converted into fishpond in consultation with fishery department and land owner/community. Rehabilitation of the borrow areas as per Guidelines for redevelopment of Borrow Areas. If dredging is required, prior permission shall be taken and dredged material shall be checked.  Quarry Aggregates will be sourced from Clause No. 111.3

xv

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementation Supervision Operations existing licensed quarries. MIRTH Copies of consent/ approval / Specifications for rehabilitation plan for a new quarry or Road and Bridge use of existing source will be submitted works to EO, BSRDCL. Guidelines VI for The contractor will develop a Quarry Quarry Areas Redevelopment plan, as per the Mining Management Rules of the state and submit a copy of the approval to EA. The quarry operations will be undertaken within the rules and regulations in force in the state.

 Compaction of Construction vehicles, machinery, and Design Parking areas, Just before Included in Contractor PIU,BSRDCL/ soil due to equipment to be stationed in the requirement Haulage roads and commencement Engineering SC movement of designated ROW to avoid compaction. construction yards. of construction cost vehicles and Approach roads/haulage roads shall be equipments designed along the barren and hard soil area to reduce the compaction. Transportation of quarry material to the dumping sites through heavy vehicles shall be done through existing major roads to the extent possible to restrict wear and tear to the village/minor roads. Land taken for construction camp and other temporary facility shall be restored to its original conditions.  Contamination Construction vehicles and equipment Design Fuelling station, Just before Monitoring Contractor; PIU,BSRDCL/ of soil due to will be maintained and refueled in such requirement construction sites, and commencement Cost Included SC leakage/spillage a fashion that oil/diesel spillage does construction camps of construction in EMoP of oil, bituminous not contaminate the soil. and disposal location. and non Fuel storage and refueling sites to be bituminous debris kept away from drainage channels. generated from Unusable debris shall be dumped in demolition and ditches and low lying areas. road construction Waste oil and oil soaked cotton/ cloth shall be stored in containers labeled

xvi

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementation Supervision „Waste Oil‟ and „Hazardous‟ sold off to MoEF/SPCB authorized vendors Non-bituminous wastes to be dumped in borrow pits with the concurrence of landowner and covered with a layer of topsoil conserved from opening the pit. Bituminous wastes will be disposed off in an identified dumping site approved by the State Pollution Control Board Soil quality monitoring  Contamination Use and disposal of fly ash as per fly Fly ash Throughout the stretch During Included in Contractor PIU,BSRDCL/ due to use of fly ash notification notification and Construction Engineering SC ash Fly ash to be used sandwiched between IRC guidelines stage Cost good earth layers 6. Water Resources  Construction Contractor will arrange adequate supply Clause No. 1010 Throughout the Project During Included in Contractor, PIU,BSRDCL/ water and storage of water for the whole EP section Construction engineering Groundwater SC construction period at his own costs and Act 1986 MIRTH stage cost authority and submit a list of source/s to EA. Specifications for irrigation Road and Bridge department The contractor will source the requirement of water preferentially from works groundwater but with prior permission from the concerned authority. The contractor will take all precaution to minimize the wastage of water in the construction process/ operation. Water intensive activities not to be undertaken during summer period (April, May June)  Alteration in Existing drainage system to be Design Near all drainage During Included in Contractor PIU,BSRDCL/ surface water maintained and further enhanced. requirement, channels, river Construction engineering SC hydrology due to Provision of adequate size and number Clause No crossings etc. stage cost embankment of cross drainage structures. 501.8.6. Sections of the corridor to be raised MOSRT AND H suitably along flood prone areas with Specifications for the cross drainage structures and Road and Bridge

xvii

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementation Supervision adequate side drains to be built.  Siltation in water Bridge construction in non- Design Near all river water During Included in Contractor PIU,BSRDCL/ bodies due to requirement , bodies, embankment Construction Engineering SC construction perennial streams to be limited Clause No slopes. stage Cost activities/ to the dry season. 501.8.6. earthwork Embankment slopes to be MIRTH Specifications for modified suitably to restrict the Road and Bridge soil debris entering water works bodies. (CP and CP) and worldwide Provision of Silt fencing shall be best practices made at water bodies. Silt/sediment should be collected and stockpiled for possible reuse as surfacing of slopes where they have to be re-vegetated. Earthworks and stone works to be prevented from impeding natural flow of rivers, streams and water canals or existing drainage system.  Deterioration in No vehicles or equipment should be The Water Water bodies, refueling During Engineering Contractor PIU,BSRDCL/ Surface water parked or refueled near water-bodies, (Prevention and stations, construction Construction cost SC quality due to so as to avoid contamination from fuel Control of camps. Stage leakage from and lubricants. Pollution) Act, Monitoring cost vehicles and Oil and grease traps and fuelling 1974 and as indicated in equipments. platforms to be provided at re-fuelling amendments EMoP locations. thereof. All chemicals and oil shall be stored away from water and concreted platform with catchment pit for spills collection. All equipment operators, drivers, and

xviii

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementation Supervision warehouse personnel will be trained in immediate response for spill containment and eventual cleanup. Readily available, simple to understand and preferably written in the local language emergency response procedure, including reporting, will be provided by the contractors Construction camp to be sited away from water bodies. Wastes must be collected, stored and taken to approve disposal site only. Water quality shall be monitored periodically. 7. Flora and Fauna  Vegetation loss Suitable modifications in design to Forest Throughout project During the Indicated BSRDCL PIU,BSRDCL/ due to site minimize tree cutting. Conservation Act corridor design and above through DFO SC preparation and Roadside trees to be removed with prior 1980 Construction construction approval of DFO. + stage activities and Compensatory plantation at 1:3 basis IRC SP: 21 and Plantation Strategy Provision of LPG in construction camp IRC SP:66 as fuel source to avoid tree cutting. Plantation of trees on both sides of the road. Additional plantation near river banks to check erosion. In the event of design changes during the construction stages additional assessments including the possibility to save trees shall be made by the EA. Road side Plantation Strategy as per IRC specifications including manuring. Control use of pesticides/manure

xix

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementation Supervision  Impact on fishing Adequate waterways to be maintained State Govt. Near all water Bodies During Part of Contractor PIU,BSRDCL/ activity Siltation and water contamination shall Fisheries and Ponds Construction Engineering SC (production, be preventing to reduce turbidity. Department Stage Work spawning and Restricting construction activity during guidelines and breeding Best practices the breeding period (Monsoon Period) grounds) Plantation in the riparian area of the rivers, to reduce erosion. 8. Construction Camps  Impact associated All camps should maintain minimum Design All construction camps During Included in Contractor PIU,BSRDCL/ with location distance from following: Requirement Construction Engineering andEO SC # 500 m from habitation stage Cost # 1000m from forest areas # 500 m from water bodies # 500 m from through traffic route  Use of Promote the use of solar energy to All construction camps Construction Part of Contractors CSC solar energy for supply the construction camp‟s construction lighting lighting needs cost  Worker‟s Health The location, layout and basic facility The Building and All construction camps During Included in Contractor. PIU,BSRDCL/ in construction provision of each labor camp will be Other construction Engineering SC camp submitted PIU prior to their construction. Construction stage Cost The construction shall commence only workers after approval of PIU. (Regulation of The contractor will maintain necessary Employment and living accommodation and ancillary Conditions of facilities in functional and hygienic Service) Act manner as approved by the EA. 1996 and Preventive medical care to be provided The Water to workers. (Prevention and Disposal of solid waste on regular basis Control of at identified locations. Pollution) Act, The Contractor will take all precautions 1974 and to protect the workers from insect and amendments pest to reduce the risk to health. This thereof includes the use of insecticides which should comply with local regulations. No alcoholic liquor or prohibited drugs

xx

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementation Supervision will be imported to, sell, give, barter to the workers of host community. Provision of day crèche for children Recreation and sporting facilities for the staff and workers. Immunization to immigrant workers/local community against communicable and sexually transmitted diseases. 8. Management of Construction Waste/Dismantled Debris  Selection of Unproductive/wastelands shall be At all Dumping Construction Part of the Contractor. PIU,BSRDCL/ Dumping Sites selected for dumping sites. Sites contract SC Away from residential areas and water bodies Dumping sites have adequate capacity equal to the amount of debris generated. Public perception and consent from the village Panchayats has to be obtained before finalizing the location, Design Requirement and MoSRTH guidelines

xxi

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementation Supervision  Reuse and The existing bitumen surface shall be disposal of utilized for paving of cross roads, construction and access roads, and paving works in dismantled waste construction sites and camps, temporary traffic diversions, and haulage routes. All excavated materials from roadway, shoulders, verges, drains, cross drainage will be used for backfilling embankments, filling pits, and landscaping. Unusable debris material should be suitably disposed off at pre-designated disposal locations, with approval of the concerned authority. The bituminous wastes shall be disposed in secure landfill sites only in environmentally accepted manner. For removal of debris, wastes and its disposal MOSRT and H guidelines should be followed. Unusable and surplus materials, as determined by the Project Engineer, will be removed and disposed off-site.

8. Accessibility, Traffic Movement ,Accident and Safety Risks  Design Provision of junctions at all major Throughout the project During Project Contractor. PIU,BSRDCL/ requirement and intersections. Design corridor especially at construction preparation SC Traffic Planning Temporary traffic diversion shall be requirement and intersections and stage and During planned by the contractor and approved IRC SP:55 schools and other construction Construction by the „Engineer‟. community structures. cost Stage The traffic control plans shall contain details of diversions; traffic safety arrangements during construction; safety measures for nighttime traffic and precautions for transportation of hazardous materials. Traffic control plans shall be prepared in line with

xxii

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementation Supervision requirements of IRC‟s SP 55 document‟. The Contractor will ensure that the diversion/detour is always maintained in running condition, particularly during the monsoon to avoid disruption to traffic flow. On stretches where it is not possible to pass the traffic on the part width of existing carriageway, temporary paved diversions will be constructed. The contractor shall inform local community of changes to traffic routes, and pedestrian access arrangements with assistance from “Engineer”. Use of adequate signages to ensure traffic management and safety. Conduct of regular safety audit on safety measures.  Pedestrians, All measures for the safety of traffic Design Near habitation on Included in Contractor in PIU,BSRDCL/ animal and during construction viz. signs, markings, requirement and both sides level Engineering/ consultation SC Vehicular flags, lights and flagmen as proposed in IRC: SP: 27 - crossings, schools and Construction with Forest movement, the Traffic Control Plan/Drawings shall 1984 Report hospitals, graveyards, cost. department be taken. Containing construction sites, and BSRDCL Recommendat haulage roads, Temporary access and diversion, with ions of IRC proper drainage facilities. Regional diversion sites. Access facility to the schools located Workshops on adjacent to the highway. Highway Provision of service roads, underpasses Safety. near built-up areas. Else the cross IRC:SP: 32 - drainage structures at select locations in 1988 Road high embankment areas can be made Safety for Children (5-12 suitable for crossing over facilities. Years Old) Construction of pedestrian IRC:SP: 44 - walkway/cycle path (1.0+2.0 m wide) on 1994 Highway built up sections on both side of the Safety Code road. IRC: SP: 55 - Concrete kerb with CC M20 to separate 2001

xxiii

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementation Supervision fast and slow moving traffic to Guidelines for channelize the traffic. Safety in Pavement for pedestrian Construction Zones walkways/cycle paths shall be 250 mm The Building Granular gravel base course with PCC. and other Fencing wherever cattle movement is Construction expected. To avoid the need for cattle workers Act underpasses, some of the proposed 1996 and culverts `near habitations may be Cess Act of widened to facilitate cattle movement. 1996 Provision of temporary or permanent Factories Act 1948 barriers like fence or plants to avoid pedestrian crossing except at designated crossing points Installation of speed bumps to control speed near designated pedestrian crossing areas  Accident risk from Contractors to adopt and maintain safe Construction sites Construction Included in Obligation of PIU,BSRDCL/ construction working practices. period project cost Contractor SC activities Usage of fluorescent signage, in local language at the construction sites Training to workers on safety procedures and precautions. Mandatory appoint of safety officer. All regulations regarding safe scaffolding, ladders, working platforms, gangway, stairwells, excavations, trenches and safe means of entry and egress shall be complied with. Provision of PPEs to workers. Provision of a readily available first aid unit including an adequate supply of dressing materials, ambulance, nursing staff, and doctor to be provided. The contractor will not employ any person below the age of 14 years for

xxiv

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementation Supervision any work and no woman will be employed on the work of painting with products containing lead in any form.  Electrical Hazard No material will be so stacked or placed The Building and Construction Site and Construction Included in Obligation of PIU,BSRDCL/ Storage Areas period project cost Contractor SC as to cause danger or inconvenience to Other any person or the public. All necessary fencing and lights will be Construction provided to protect the public in workers construction zones. (Regulation of All machines to be used in the Employment and construction will conform to the relevant Conditions of Indian Standards (IS) codes, will be free Service) Act from patent defect, will be kept in good working order, will be regularly 1996 and Cess inspected and properly maintained as Act of 1996 per IS provision and to the satisfaction Factories Act of the „ Engineer‟. 1948 9. Common Property Resources and other Utilities  Avoidance of Realignment near all CPRs wherever it Project Near CPRs Design Phase Project Design BSRDCL CPRs is technically feasible. requirement Preparation Consultant cost  Shifting of Geometric adjustment while finalizing Project Throughout the Before Cost of Loss of BSRDCL, PIU,BSRDCL/ community the alignment to minimize the loss to requirement corridor Construction structures as NGO and SC properties any such facilities. per R and R RandR Unit Relocation of wells, hand pumps at Cost. suitable locations.  Utilities All telephone and electrical poles/wires Project Throughout the Before Included in BSRDCL, PIU,BSRDCL/ and underground cables should be requirement corridor Construction engineering / R NGO and SC shifted to avoid any such hazard and R cost. RandR Unit 10. Enhancement Measures

xxv

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementation Supervision 9. Environmental Enhancement/rehabilitation of borrow Environmental Borrow pits and Design and Borrow areas NGO/expert BSRDCL/Fore enhancement areas as fish pond Enhancement as additional plantation Construction enhancement agency to be st Dept along the corridor Additional part of project sites Stage is part of hired by and project area plantation@1:7 on tirhut requirement engineering BSRDC model to improve micro- Cost for climate of the region additional plantation:8.4 Million 11. Contractor Demobilization  Clean-up Contractor will prepare site restoration Project Throughout the Immediately ---- Contractor PIU/BSRDCL Operations, plans, which will be approved by the requirement Corridor after Restoration and „Engineer‟. The clean-up and Construction Rehabilitation restoration operations are to be implemented by the contractor prior to demobilization. of thickness of 75 mm- l50 mm. All construction zones including river- beds, culverts, roadside areas, camps, hot mix plant sites, crushers, batching plant sites and any other area used/affected by the project will be left clean and tidy, at the contractor's expense, to the entire satisfaction to the Environment officer .All the opened borrow areas will be rehabilitated .and „Engineer‟ will certify in this regard. B. Operation Stage 1. Climate and Air quality  Air pollution due Roadside tree plantations shall be Environmental Throughout the Throughout Indicated In BSRDCL to due to maintained. Protection Act, Corridor operation EMoP vehicular Bottlenecks should be avoided for 1986; The Air period movement smooth flow of traffic. Provision of (Prevention and ROB at level crossings Control of Regular maintenance of the road will be Pollution) Act, done to ensure good surface condition 1981 .Ambient air quality monitoring. If

xxvi

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementation Supervision monitored parameters are above the prescribed limit, suitable control measures must be taken. Technological and behavioral changes Road signs shall be provided reminding the motorist to properly maintain their vehicles to economize on fuel consumption and protect the environment.

2. Noise Environment  Noise due to Effective traffic management and good Noise Pollution Noise sensitive areas Throughout Included in BSRDCL movement of riding conditions shall be maintained to (Regulation and operation additional traffic reduce the noise level throughout the Control) Rules, period plantation cost. stretch and speed limitation and 2000 and honking restrictions may be enforced amendments near sensitive locations. thereof The effectiveness of the multilayered plantation should be monitored and if need be, solid noise barrier shall be placed. Create awareness amongst the residents about likely noise levels from road operation at different distances, the safe ambient noise limits and easy to implement noise reduction measures while constructing a building close to the road. 3. Land and Soil  Encroachment of Roadside Market places shall be Throughout the stretch Operation ---- BSRDCL in coordination with prime agricultural developed at non-agricultural land in especially near Phase local planning/development land planned manner to restrict settlement authority encroachment of ROW areas/market areas

xxvii

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementation Supervision Explore the possibility of restricting new construction within 50 -100 m of the ROW. Efforts shall be made to provide institutional support to farmers in terms of enhancing the productivity of their land, improving the cropping pattern and use of high productive seeds.

 Soil erosion at Periodic checking to be carried to Project At bridge locations and Throughout Included in BSRDCL embankment assess the effectiveness of the requirement embankment slopes operation Operation/ during heavy rain stabilization measures viz. turfing, and other probable soil period Maintenance fall. stone pitching, river training structures erosion areas. cost etc.  Soil erosion at Visual monitoring and inspection of Project At bridge locations and embankment Included in BSRDCL borrow areas soil erosion at borrow areas, quarries requirement slopes and other probable soil Operation/ (if closed and rehabilitated), erosionThroughout Operation period Maintenance embankments and other places cost expected to be affected, will be carried out once in every three months as suggested in monitoring plan. 4. Water Resources  Contamination of Collection tray to be installed under Near surface Water surface water the canal bridge to prevent canal/water bodies Indicated in quality due to bodies water contamination. EMoP leakage of oil Monitoring of surface water bodies  Siltation Regular visual checks shall be made to observe any incidence of blockade of drains. Regular checks shall be made for soil erosion and turfing conditions of river training structures for its effective maintenance. . .  Water logging Regular checks shall be done along Throughout the due to blockade the alignment to ensure that flow of corridor of streams water is maintained through cross drains and other channels/streams.

xxviii

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementation Supervision Monitoring of water borne diseases due to stagnant water bodies  Protection of Immediate removal of deposited silt Project Identified Flood prone During whole Operation and BSRDCL Embankment in from drainage channels and out-let requirement areas operation stage Maintenance Flood prone points. Rejuvenation of the drainage Cost Areas system by removing encroachments/ congestions. This shall be done in close coordination with concerned department. Long-term strategy to be worked out with water resources, fisheries, agriculture, soil and other department. 5. Flora and Fauna  Vegetation Planted trees, shrubs, and grasses to Forest Throughout project During whole Indicated in BSRDCL be properly maintained. Conservation Act section operation Monitoring cost The tree survivalist audit to be 1980 period in EMoP conducted at least once in a year to assess the effectiveness 6. Flooding/ inundation  Road inundation BSRDCL will ensure that all drains Project Throughout the stretch During whole Overall BSRDCL due to choking of (side drains, and all cross drainages) operation particularly near flood operation Operation cost drainage are periodically cleared especially Requirement prone major crossings period channels before monsoon season to facilitate viz. Bridge No. 305 the quick passage of rainwater and avoid flooding. 7. Right-of-Way Maintenance  Accident Risk due The construction site shall be kept Project Throughout the Project During whole Included in BSRDCL to uncontrolled completely clear of vegetation. requirement route operation operation/ growth of Regular maintenance of plantation period. Maintenance vegetation Invasive plant not to be planted near cost the road. Controlled use of herbicide/pesticide The designated ROW shall be maintained free of any encroachment. 8. Accidents and Safety

xxix

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementation Supervision  Accident risks Traffic control measures, including IRC:SP:55 Throughout the Project During whole Included in BSRDCL associated with speed limits, will be enforced strictly. route operation operation/ traffic movement. Further encroachment and squatting period. Maintenance within the ROW will be prevented. cost No school or hospital will be allowed to be established within 100m of the highway without permission from the planning authorities. Monitor all safety provisions included in design and construction phase are properly maintained Highway patrol unit(s) for round the clock patrolling. Phone booths for accidental reporting and ambulance services with minimum response time for rescue of any accident victims. Tow-away facility for the break down vehicles. BSRDCL may also explore the possibility of coordination with operating agency of intersecting National Highways to have common facilities and share the costs as appropriate.  Transport of Preparation of spill prevention and Throughout the Included in BSRDCL Dangerous control and emergency preparedness project stretch operation/ Goods and responsive plans based on an Maintenance analysis of hazards, implementation of cost. presentation and control measures. 9. Monitoring Operation Performance  Monitoring The BSRDCL will monitor the Throughout the Included in BSRDCL Operation operational performance of the various corridor EMoP Performance mitigation/ enhancement measures carried out as a part of the project The indicators selected for monitoring include the survival rate of trees; utility of enhancement provision, status of

xxx

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementation Supervision rehabilitation of borrow areas, Air quality, water quality, noise levels, soil quality, drainage pattern, etc.

Note: It is assumed that Items related to good engineering practices like Dust Suppression, Management of construction Camp, and provision of silt-fencing, oil traps and fuelling platforms, temporary noise barriers etc. are part of engineering cost and deemed to be included in contractor quotes. Cost towards regulatory clearances has not been included here. BSRDCL is advised to consider this cost for administrative approvals from GOB.

Environmental Mitigation and enhancement Cost (Excluding Items Coming Under Project Preparation / Engineering Cost/Operation/Maintenance) = Rs 8.4 Million Total EMoP Cost: 0.47 million say 0.5 Million Grand Total for Environmental Safeguard: 8.4+0.5 = INR 8.9 Million EA: Executing Agency, BSRDCL: Road Construction Department, SC: Supervision Consultant, PIU: Project Implementation Unit, EO: Environmental Officer, IRC: Indian Road Congress

xxxi

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

Appendix 7.2: Monitoring Plan for the Performance Indicators

Env. Project Stage Parameters Method/ Location Frequency Standards Approximate Implementation Supervision Indicators Guidelines and Duration cost (Rs) Air Quality Construction SPM, RSPM, High volume Hot mix plants, stone 24 hr Air quality 4x5000x3x3 Contractor PIU /SC stage SO2, NOX, sampler to be crushers and construction/ continuous, standard =Rs180,000 through CO, HC located 50 m earthwork sites and as 3/year for 3 by CPCB approved from the plant in suggested by SC years monitoring the downwind (Total 4 Locations) agency direction. Use method specified by CPCB for analysis Operation High volume Major Road Intersections 24 hr Air quality 4X5000x3X1 PIU through PIU, stage sampler to be and Residential area continuous, standard =Rs 60,000 approved BSRDCL located 50 m (4 Locations) 3/year for 1 by CPCB monitoring from the year agency selected locations in the downwind direction. Use method specified by CPCB for analysis Water Construction Groundwater Grab sample Groundwater at 3/year for 3 Water 3x 4000x3X3 Contractor PIU /SC Quality stage : (IS: collected from Construction Camps/site years quality =Rs 108, through 10500:1991) source and and Surface water of River standard 000 approved and analyse as per (3 Samples) by CPCB monitoring Surface Standard agency

32

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

Env. Project Stage Parameters Method/ Location Frequency Standards Approximate Implementation Supervision Indicators Guidelines and Duration cost (Rs) Operation water for Methods for Groundwater at 2 3/year for 1 Water 3X3x4000 PIU through PIU, stage Class D and Examination of locations and surface year quality =Rs 36, 000 approved BSRDCL Class E Water and water at 1 locations and standard monitoring (Propagation Wastewater stagnant water bodies by CPCB agency of Fishes) as developed due to Borrows Prescribed areas by CPCB and for vector borne diseases Siltation in Construction Visual Checks for presence of All rivers/streams/drainage Once during Guideline Routine work Contractor PIU /SC Water construction debris/waste and channels and other water rainy s from of Bodies blockade of drainage channels bodies along the stretch seasons of water Engineering the resources Team construction departme period. nt Operation Once during Guideline Routine work PIU, with PIU, operation of s from of support of BSRDCL 1st year water Engineering Water resources Team Resource departme Department nt Noise Construction Equivalent Free field at 1 m Construction sites, major 24 hr As per 4x2000x3x3 Contractor PIU/SC levels stage Noise levels from the road intersections and continuous, National =Rs.72,000 through on dB (A) equipment 1each at residential, 3*/year for 3 Ambient approved scale for day whose noise commercial and sensitive years Noise monitoring and night levels are being locations along the Standard agency determined. alignment. specified (6 Locations) in

33

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

Env. Project Stage Parameters Method/ Location Frequency Standards Approximate Implementation Supervision Indicators Guidelines and Duration cost (Rs) Operation Equivalent Near Sensitive locations 3 / year for 1 Environm 4x2000x3X1 PIU through PIU, stage Noise levels and residential area year ental =Rs 24, 000 approved BSRDCL using an (4 Locations) Protection monitoring integrated noise Act, 1986 agency level meter kept amended at a distance of 2002 15 m from edge of Pavement Soil Construction NPK (ICAR As specified by One agricultural land and Once during CPCB 12,000 Contractor PIU/SC Quality Stage standard ) the site at each dredging locations whole standard through and heavy engineer if dredging is involved and construction and NPK approved metals for BSRDCL / HMP sites stage as per monitoring dredging supervision ICAR agency sites consultant standard Operation Oil and At oil spillage locations Once for the CPCB 12,000 PIU through PIU, stage grease and other probable soil first year of standard approved BSRDCL contamination location operation agency Soil Construction Visual check Through the Project After first Visual Part of Contractor BSRDCL Erosion Stage for Soil Corridor especially at rain Checks routine action erosion and River banks, bridge of siltation locations and river training engineering structures team Operation Once during Visual Part of Engineering Team of BSRDCL Stage operation of Checks routine action 1st year of engineering team Drainage Construction Visual Checks Through the Project Once in a Part of Contractor‟s PIU/SC Congestio stage Corridor especially year before routine action Engineering None n Probable drainage rainy season of Team Specific congestion areas as engineering described in IEE team

34

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

Env. Project Stage Parameters Method/ Location Frequency Standards Approximate Implementation Supervision Indicators Guidelines and Duration cost (Rs) Operation Once in a Part of BSRDCL Engineering Team Stage year before routine action None rainy season of Specific for 3 yrs engineering team Borrow Construction Visual Identification of Borrow areas to be Once in a IRC Part of the Contractor with PIU/SC Areas Stage Checks borrow areas as operated month guidelines Contract approval from per IEE and Best PIU, BSRDCL Practices for Borrow area operation Operation Visual Rehabilitation Closed Borrow Areas Quarterly for Borrow BSRDCL Stage Checks as 1 year Area recommended rehabilitati in IEE on Plan Constructi Construction Storage Rapid audit as Construction Sites and Quarterly Part of the Contractor with PIU/SC on stage Area, per reporting Camp during IRC regular approval from Sites and Construction format construction guidelines monitoring PIU, BSRDCL Labour Sites for period and to the Camp Hygiene, satisfactio drainage n of EO, Medical BSRDCL Facilities Etc. Construction Surveillance monitoring of trees Throughout the Project During site Included in PIU/Local Forest Departments Tree Stage felling Section clearance in overall Plantation construction plantation phase As Cost Operation Audit for survival rate of trees Throughout the Project Once in a suggested The Engineer will be stage plantation Section year for by Forest responsible for monitoring up years Dept. to the Defect Liability Period in any particular stretch. After this period the PIU will be responsible for monitoring

35

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

Env. Project Stage Parameters Method/ Location Frequency Standards Approximate Implementation Supervision Indicators Guidelines and Duration cost (Rs) Monitoring Costs: INR 0.47 Million say 0.5 Million

BSRDCL – Bihar State Road Development Corporation Limited, EO: Environmental Officer, SC-Supervision Consultant; IS - India Standard;

NOx - Nitrogen Oxide; Pb - Plumbum, (lead); PIU - Project Implementation Unit; RPM - Respirable Particulate Matter; SO2 - Sulfur Dioxide; SPM - Suspended Particulate Matter, RPM - Respirable Particulate Matter

36

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

Appendix 2.1 Sample Site Environmental Compliance Inspection and Monitoring Form

Below is a sample compliance inspection form to be prepared monthly by the contractor and validated by the supervision consultant.

Project : Implementing Agency :

Subproject : Monitoring Agency :

Location : Enforcement Agency :

Date : Contractor(s) :

Reporting Period : Implementation Phase: Preconstruction / Construction / Operation

1. Contractor(s)

Contractor(s) Environmental Awareness Yes / No Actions Required Contractor Response / Comment

Contractor(s) aware of mitigation requirements?

Contractor(s) have a copy of EMP?

37

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

2. Mitigation Compliance Inspection Impact / Mitigation Mitigations Endorsed by: Mitigations Action Required Measure Effective? Impact Observed / Implemented Contractor Response Location (From EMP) (Yes, No) (1 to 5)* / Comment Implementing Monitoring Agency Agency

* Mitigation Effectiveness Rating Criteria (Indicative examples) 1. Very Good (all required mitigations implemented) 2. Good ( the majority of required mitigations implemented) 3. Fair (some mitigations implemented) 4. Poor (few mitigations implemented) 5. Very Poor (very few mitigations implemented)

3. Emission Discharge Monitoring (if relevant)

Parameter Endorsed by: Date / Monitoring Contractor Measured % Location Equipment Result Standard Action Required Responses / by Exceedence Implementing Monitoring Comments Agency Agency

38

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

4. Ambient Monitoring (if relevant) Parameter Date / Monitoring Contractor Endorsed by: Measured % Location Equipment Result Standard Action Required Responses / by Exceedence Implementing Monitoring Comments Agency Agency

5. Environmental Incidents During Reporting Period (if relevant) Endorsed by: Environmental Incidents Date / Reported Description / Action Taken Further Action Required (accidents, spills, complaint) Location by Location Implementing Monitoring Agency Agency

6. Summary of Actions Required and Follow-up (if relevant)

39

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

Action Required Timeframe Follow-up Responsible Parties (e.g. within one week) (to be completed if inspection/monitoring indicates actions are required) Required Action Taken:

Effectiveness:

Further Action Required?:

Prepared by:

Date:

Inspection Completed by:______Date:______

Signature:

Notes:

Attachments: (e.g. laboratory reports, photographs)

40

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

Appendix 2.2 Outline of Project Environmental Progress and Monitoring Report

1. As required by ADB for Category B projects, BSRDC will prepare annual monitoring reports describing the progress of EMP implementation and corrective actions taken. Ths format is linked with the inspection and monitoring reporting system provided in Annex ___.

1. Introduction 1.1. Report Purpose 1.2. Project Implementation Progress

2. Incorporation of Environmental Requirements into Project Contractual Arrangements Manner by which EMP requirements are incorporated into contractual arrangements, such as with contractors or other parties.

3. Summary of Environmental Mitigations and Compensation Measures Implemented Based on EMP; may include measures related to air quality, water quality, noise quality, pollution prevention, biodiversity and natural resources, health and safety, physical cultural resources, capacity building, and others.

4. Summary of Environmental Monitoring 4.1. Compliance Inspections (if relevant) 4.1.1. Summary of Inspection Activities 4.1.2. Mitigation Compliance10 4.1.3. Mitigation Effectiveness11

4.2. Emission Discharge (Source) Monitoring Program (if relevant) 4.2.1. Summary of Monitoring 4.2.2. Results 4.2.3. Assessment12

10 Overall compliance with mitigation implementation requirements could be described in qualitative terms or be evaluated based on a ranking system, such as the following: 1. Very Good (all required mitigations implemented) 2. Good (the majority of required mitigations implemented) 3. Fair (some mitigations implemented) 4. Poor (few mitigations implemented) 5. Very Poor (very few or no mitigations implemented) Additional explanatory comments should be provided as necessary.

11 Effectiveness of mitigation implementation could be described in qualitative terms or be evaluated based on a ranking system, such as the following: 1. Very Good (mitigations are fully effective) 2. Good (mitigations are generally effective) 3. Fair (mitigations are partially effective) 4. Poor (mitigations are generally ineffective) 5. Very Poor (mitigations are completely ineffective) Additional explanatory comments should be provided as necessary.

12 Discharge levels should be compared to the relevant discharge standards and/or performance indicators noted in the EMP. Any exceedences should be highlighted for attention and follow-up. In addition, discharge levels could be compared to baseline conditions (if baseline data is available) and described in qualitative terms or be evaluated based on a ranking system, such as the following: 1. Very Good (overall conditions are generally improved) 2. Good (conditions are maintained or slightly improved) 3. Fair (conditions are unchanged)

41

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

4.3. Ambient Monitoring Program (if relevant) 4.3.1. Summary of Monitoring 4.3.2. Results 4.3.3. Assessment13

5. Key Environmental Issues 5.1.1. Key Issues Identified 5.1.2. Action Taken 5.1.3. Additional Action Required

6. Conclusion 6.1. Overall Progress of Implementation of Environmental Management Measures14 6.2. Problems Identified and Actions Recommended

Appendices 1. Site Inspection / Monitoring Reports 2. Ambient Monitoring Results 3. Photographs 4. Others

4. Poor (conditions are moderately degraded) 5. Very Poor (conditions are significantly degraded) Additional explanatory comments should be provided as necessary.

13 Ambient environmental conditions should be compared to the relevant ambient standards and/or performance indicators noted in the EMP. Any exceedences should be highlighted for attention and follow-up. In addition, ambient environmental conditions could be compared to the baseline conditions (if baseline data is available) and described in qualitative terms or be evaluated based on a ranking system, such as the following: 1. Very Good (overall conditions are generally improved) 2. Good (conditions are maintained or slightly improved) 3. Fair (conditions are unchanged) 4. Poor (conditions are moderately degraded) 5. Very Poor (conditions are significantly degraded) Additional explanatory comments should be provided as necessary.

14 Overall sector environmental management progress could be described in qualitative terms or be evaluated based on a ranking system, such as the following: 1. Very Good 2. Good 3. Fair 4. Poor 5. Very Poor Additional explanatory comments should be provided as necessary.

42

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

Appendix 2.3 GUIDELINES FOR SERVICES OF A CONTRACTOR/NGO FOR TREE PLANTATING - TERMS OF REFERENCE

1. Project Background:

The Bihar State Road Development Corporation Ltd. (BSRDC) of Bihar has been entrusted to implement the development of various State Highways for augmenting their capacity adequately for safe and efficient movement of traffic. During upgradation/widening of these state highways some trees standing in proposed right of way have been removed. Now the BSRDC requires Contractors/NGOs services for carrying out plantation along the road, on community land, barren private land, bank of river/canal/stream or on any other land provided/suggested by BSRDC. BSRDC now invites the services of eligible Contractors/NGOs under quality based unit rate contracts. BSRDC is the Employer and the executing agency of the project.

2. Objective: 1. Community participation in plantation and upkeep with emphasis on involving Project Affected Persons (PAPs), Below Poverty Line (BPL) families and vulnerable section of society like SC/ST, widows, handicapped, old age persons etc. living in the project corridor. 2. To combat Climate Change by planting large number of trees this will improve the local climatic conditions in long term. 3. To increase Forest/Green Cover by additional Plantation (apart from Compensatory Afforestation under Forest Conservation, Act 1980) as the Bihar State has less percentage of Forest cover than the National Standard of 33%. 4. For Water / Soil Conservation. 5. To rehabilitate the degraded Forest Land( subject to availability from Forest department) 6. As part of commitment of Bihar State Road Development Corporation towards Environment protection/ enhancement 7. 3. Tasks of the Contractor/NGO:

The assignment shall be carried out under the following task heads Identification of the plantation stretches along with BSRDC Preparation of nurseries Planting of sapling and Plantation & maintenance scheme is for five years

8. 4. Guidelines for Plantation:

a) The plantation area should avoid the stretches within the settlement area and the Ecological Sensitive area b) Adequate consultation with the village Panchayet / Local Forest Department should be made in identifying the stretches for plantation and species. The Contractor/NGO would require producing sufficient evidence of consultation to BSRDC. Plantation in the identified stretches shall be carried out only after prior approval of BSRDC.

xliii

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

c) The stretches identified should be free from encumbrances and should not lead to litigation. No fresh land acquisition shall be made under the project for the purpose of plantation. d) Identification of existing nursery or preparation of nurseries should be carried out within 2 months of award of the contract/mobilization to the site. Local Forest Department may be consulted for supply of saplings. e) Indigenous species should be used as far as practicable, strictly avoiding any exotic species like Eucalyptus that can have for-reaching adverse effect on the ecology and water regime of the area. f) Preparation of Plantation site including the pits should follow the specification laid down in IRC: SP:21-2009 for road side plantation and for other areas should follow the specification laid down by the horticulture / forest department/. Existing trees shall not be cleared for plantation. g) Plantation scheme has to be formulated for five years. h) The contractor/NGO shall arrange at his own expense all tools, required for maintenance of complete horticulture feature. No work should be suffered without tool etc. i) Contractor /NGO will have to make his own arrangements for protecting the plants. j) Maintenance of the planted saplings up to three years is also to be carried out by the Contractor/NGO. Maintenance works would include watering, wedding, replacing tree protection etc.

5. Location/ Site for Plantation

The location/site for plantation shall be identified by Contractor/ NGOs, before the execution of project, in consultation with village Panchayet / Local Forest Department /BSRDC. Plantation in the identified stretches shall be carried out only after prior approval of BSRDC. Locations identified shall include but not limited to following 1. Large vacant areas of Block Level Offices/ Government residential premises can be used for plantation. 2. On barren land of small or marginal farmers 3. Almost all the sub-project road is passing near to the establishments of Irrigation Department, their vacant colonies/Offices land can be used for Plantation. 4. Along River/ Canal/ Stream which are near to the project road. 5. Along state highways or rural road adjacent to project road. After approval of site by BSRDC, contractor/NGO shall prepare and submit to BSRDC the detailed proposal for identified land which will include area of land, ownership, khata/Khasra no., Panchayat /block/ district name, plantation scheme, number/ species of trees proposed for plantation etc. including information about the community/PAPs involved in plantation and maintenance.

6. Time frame for services

The Contractor/NGO will be contracted for a period of Five years form the date of commencement. The plantation along the road shall follow the construction schedule.

9. Maintenance

xliv

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

The saplings of trees planted shall be watered and maintained by the Contractor/NGO till issue of final taking over certificate. Maintenance shall also include watering, weeding out of undesirable plants and replacement of dead plant, manuring and trimming of the hedges.

10. Measurement for Payment Planting of trees including maintenance shall be measured in numbers. 9 Rates The contract unit rate for planting of trees shall include the cost of all labour and material involved in all the operations described above including cost of saplings and maintenance as mentioned above, the cost of supplying and stacking the requisite quantity of manure and other incidentals.

10. Payment Schedule

Sl. Percentage of the Payment Schedule No. Contract Value 12. Mobilization advance along with signing 11. 1. 5 % of contract After preparation of nurseries and approval 13. 2. 10 % of plantation stretches 3. After Plantation 20 % 4. At the end of first year maintenance 20 % 5. At the end of second year maintenance 15 % 6. At the end of third year maintenance 10 % 7. At the end of fourth year maintenance 10% 8. At the end of fifth year maintenance 10% After plantation percentage payment shall be made on the basis of actual trees survived. For example suppose “A” no. of trees survived after first year and rate of one tree plantation is “B” rupees then payable amount at the end of first year shall be “20% of A xB 11. Team for the assignment The Contractor/NGO is free to recommend a team commensurate with the requirement of the project.

12. Reporting Format for Plantation to be made by Contractor /NGO a) Name of the village / stretch: Date of Consultation with local communities / Forest Department / BSRDC; Suggestions made-by the local communities / Forest Department / BSRDC; Objections made by the local communities; Stretches identified for plantation; Species to be planted.

14. b) Declaration

I hereby declare that the identified stretches for plantation will not affect any private or community asset resulting to litigation.

Representative of Contractor/NGO. xlv

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS OF WORK 1.0 General PLANT MATERIAL & PLANTING SPECIFICATIONS

1.1 WORK INCLUDES: 15. i) The contractor/NGO shall provide all labor, materials, tools and equipment‟s necessary to complete and maintain the work as specified herein. ii) The contractor/NGO shall be liable for any damages to property caused by planting and transplanting operations and all areas and disturbed construction shall be restored to their original condition to the satisfaction of the client. iii) Work shall be performed and supervised at all times by qualified personnel.

1.2 PLANT MATERIAL INSPECTION i) Furnish plant materials inspected by Horticulturist/Engineer in charge at the nursery and tagged after approval for delivery ii) Inspection at growing site does not preclude right of rejection at the site of plantation. TOP SOIL INSPECTION: i) After contract award, furnish source of top soil to BSRDC for purpose of soil inspection. ii) Take representative soil samples from area under consideration. iii) Test soil samples for pH, alkalinity, total soluble salts, porosity, sodium content and organic matter. 1.3 DELIVERY STORAGE AND HANDLING OF PLANT MATERIAL

A. DELIVERY : 16. i) Do not deliver more plant materials than can be planted in one day ii) Deliver plants with legible identification labels. iii) Protect during delivery to prevent damage to root ball or desiccation of leaves. iv) Notify Horticulturist/Engineer in charge of delivery schedule in advance, so that plant material may be inspected upon for approval at job site. v) Remove unacceptable plant material immediately from job site.

B. STORAGE i) Store plants in shade and protect from weather. ii) Maintain and protect surplus plant material suitably.

C. HANDLING: i) All earth balls shall be firm and intact and contained in Hessian. Do not drop balled and bur lapped stock at any time. ii) All balled and Hessian covered plants and container grown plants shall at all times be handled by the ball or by the container and not by the plant stem.

1.4 PLANT MATERIALS:

i) All plants to be sized as shown on schedules or as specified herein. xlvi

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

ii) All plants shall be healthy, free from pests and diseases and be representative of their normal species or variety. All plants shall be well shaped, have vigorous root system and free from disease, wind burn, injuries, abrasion or disfigurement. iii) All plants shall be true to name and one plant of each bundle or lot shall be tagged with the name and size of the plants. In all cases, botanical names shall take precedence over common names, iv) All plants shall be nursery grown unless otherwise stated; they shall have been grown under the same climatic conditions as the location of this project.

1.5 TOP SOIL (GOOD EARTH) : Top soil or good earth shall be friable soil of loamy texture, typical of cultivated top soils of the locality containing at least 3% of organic decayed matter. It shall be taken from a well-drained arable site. It shall be free from subsoil, kankar, mooram, shingle, stones, brick or other objectionable matter. It shall have pH value ranging between 6 to 7.5.If the soil tests indicate pH value not as per the above specification namely between „6.5 to 7.5‟, following measures need to be taken. 17. If pH exceeds 7.5, aluminium sulphate or equivalent fertilizer should be added at the rate of 1 kg per cubic metre to lower the pH by one full point. 18. If pH is below 6.5, add ground limestone or equivalent fertilizer at the rate of 1 kg per cubic metre to raise pH by one full point.

1.6 FERTILIZER : Chemical type : Commercial fertilizer uniform in composition, dry and free flowing shall be delivered in original unopened containers and shall be mixed as specified by the manufacturer. Organic type :- Composts from cow dung, municipal solid wastes and distillery waste may be used. It shall be free from extraneous matter, harmful bacteria, insects or chemicals.

1.7 PLANTING SOIL MIX : Planting soil mix (Mixing of good Earth and Manure). The stacked earth shall, before mixing, be broken down to particles of sizes not exceeding 6 mm in any direction, good earth shall be thoroughly mixed with manure in the 2:1 proportions.

1.8 INSPECTION Prior to all planting work, carefully inspect the installed work and verify that all earth work is complete to the point where planting may properly commence.

1.9 PREPARATION : i. Stake out locations for plants and outlines of planting beds on ground. ii. Do not begin excavation until stake out of plant location and plant locations and plant beds are acceptable to Horticulturist/ Engineer-In-charge.

1.10 EXCAVATION FOR PLANTING : Digging of Pits i. The bottom of the pit shall be forked to loosen the soil. In case the soil is clay, a layer of broken bricks and stones shall be sprayed on the bottom of the hole and this layer shall be covered with dried leaves or straw. ii. In case the site is infested whit white ants, the sides of the pits shall be brushed with a mixture of B.H.C. (10% concentration) or Chlorpyriphose 20 EC. xlvii

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

1.11 PLANTING : i. Planting shall be performed in accordance with recognized best horticulture practice. ii Tree sapling shall be positioned in the location and numbers shown on plan and placed to achieve even spacing and proper matching of shapes related in a random fashion at approximately equal centers to obtain a natural dense cover. The pits for trees shall be 60 cm in diameter and 60 cm deep at exact positions as marked on the drawing. iii. Plants shall be set plumb and at such a level or elevation that after settlement they will bear same relation to level of surrounding ground as they bore to ground from which they were dug. All plants shall be planted on and in soil mix. All ropes, stones etc. shall be removed from the pit before back filling. Soil for back filling shall be loose and friable. iv. Earth balled and hessian covered plants or container plants shall be handled so that the ball will not be loosened. All plastic and other imperishable containers should be removed before planting. v. Plants with exposed roots shall be placed in the proper position in the center of pit after the soil in the bottom of the pit has been firmed. Roots shall be arranged in their natural position and loose friable, topsoil worked in among them, firms at intervals and thoroughly settled with water. Care shall be taken to avoid bruising or breaking the roots when tamping the soil; all large and fleshy roots which are bruised or broken shall be pruned with a clean cut before planting.

1.12 FINISHING SURFACE AFTER BACK FILLING :- i. The contractor/NGO shall cultivate and rake over finished plant areas and shall leave them in an orderly condition. A shallow basin, larger than the diameter of a planting pit as directed by the horticulturist should be prepared. On steep slopes the soil on the lower side of the plant shall be graded in such a manner that it will catch and hold water, as directed by the horticulturist. ii. No deduction shall be made for the value of topsoil displaced by balls. This displaced top soil shall be used in its entirety to build the above described watering basins on level ground or slight slopes and shall be used for grading around trees on steep slopes. iii. All work done in preparing shallow basin, or grading of tree pits on steep slopes, and re-grading and re-seeding of the tree saucers shall be deemed and included in the unit price per tree. iv. STAKING : All staking shall be done immediately after planting. Plant shall stand plumb after staking. Drive stake perpendicularly, 60 cm- 90 cm as require to resist forces of the wind in to ground at edge of root ball. Single stake shall be located on the windward side of the tree. For balled root should be used to probe through the root system, to make a pilot hole, in to which the stake can be driven with minimum disturbance. iv PRUNING : Broken or badly bruised branches shall be removed with a clean cut. Each plant shall be pruned to preserve its natural character and in a manner appropriate to its particular requirements. The amount of pruning shall be limited to the minimum necessary. All pruning shall be done with sharp tools. Pruning cuts shall be painted with recommended paints. v WATERING : During and after planting, the plants shall be watered in to eliminate air voids around the roots and watered regularly as required for planting to become established.

1.13 PLANTATION PATTERN: xlviii

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

1. Where only one row can be planted preference will be given to fruit bearing trees. The between two plants/trees shall be kept 6 meter. 2. Where two rows can be planted there first row will be of small to medium sized ornamental trees and second row will be of fruit bearing trees.

3. If land is available for three rows planation than first row will be of evergreen ornamental trees, second row of fruit bearing trees and last row will be of timber trees having long life. 19. 4. In urban and semi urban areas, if land is not available for multiple rows and only one row is possible, ornamental species should be planted instead of shade/fruit bearing species.

Distance Between Plant and Rows: i) Ornamental plants except last row

Distance from embankment toe= 1 m

Spacing between plants=3m

Spacing between rows=3m

Size of the pits=60x60x60 cms

In waterlogged areas mounds should be prepared. Height of mound will very depending on water level

Height of the plant may vary from 1.5m to 2m

ii) Fruit bearing plants( 2nd row):

Distance from the preceding row=3m

Spacing between plant to plant=6m

Size of pit=60x60x60 cms

Height of the plants=2m.

iii) Shade/Timber plants( Last row):

Distance from the preceding row=3m

Spacing between plant to plant=12m

Size of pit=60x60x60 cms

Height of the plants=2m.

1.14 TIMING FOR PLANTATION

xlix

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-86: Saraiya –Motipur Subproject Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing)

Generally Monsoon season is the best season for plantation throughout the state therefore plantation shall be carried out from 1st July to 15th August. However, this period may vary depending on arrival of monsoon. In North Bihar or other places where there is waterlogging due to excessive rains or flooding plantation work shall be done in spring season ( Basant season).

1.15 PENALTY FOR NONCOMPLIANCE

If the agency fails to arrange the sufficient quantities of material/ manure /pesticides/manpower/equipment (in good working condition) required to maintain the work in good condition within 4 days of its notification, then Owner / Employer reserve the right to get it arranged at their risk and cost and will charge extra 20% on the actual expenditure incurred in house or outsource (material, manpower, machinery In exceptional cases, BSRDC may consider to extend the time limit mentioned above. The decision of BSRDC shall be final and binding on the contractor/NGO in respect of extension of time for rectification of defects.

1.14 DESCRIPTION OF ITEMS IN BOQ

20. S 21. DESCRIPTION OF ITEMS 22. Unit 24. R 25. A .No. Qty. ate mount 23. (Num (Rs.) bers) 26. 27. Supplying and Planting of saplings of specified 28. 29. 30. species including cost of saplings, preparation of surface, digging of pits. 60 cm wide and 60 cm deep, refilling the excavated earth mixed with farmyard manure, casualty replacement including maintenance for five years.

l