Common Fruit Fly (Drosophila melanogaster) Fruit Fly – Good

Small, easy and cheap to maintain and manipulate Short lifespan Produce large numbers of offspring Availability of mutants Lots of previous experiments and discoveries Genome is sequenced Homologues for at least 75% of human disease Exhibit complex behaviors Fewer ethical concerns Fruit Fly – Bad SpoIed-wing Drosophila Unlike naNve fruit fly species that lay only in already-damaged and roPng fruit, SWD causes damage when the female flies cut a slit and lay eggs in healthy fruit. This is a pest of most berry crops, cherries, grapes and other tree fruit. Coleoptera

• Beetles, weevils • Hardened outer wings called elytra • Most species of any insect, in fact, one in five living species is a beetle. • Decomposers, predators, herbivores • Complete • Chewing mouthparts • 23.7K, 300K Drugstore Beetle Cigarette Beetle

Cigarette Beetle

Drugstore Beetle Cigarette and Drugstore Beetles

These two small beetles have become common household pests. The adult beetles may be seen at various times of the year, often in early summer. They are good fliers and may accumulate on window or doorsills when they try to make their way outdoors. Besides the nuisance factor of having beetles in the house, both species are considered stored food product pests. The cigarette beetle (Lasioderma serricorne) is destructive to cured leaf tobacco and tobacco products (especially those in storage), but also feeds on dried yeast cakes, seeds, dried botanical specimens, dried fish, leather goods, and even tapestry and upholstered furniture. The drugstore beetle (Stegobium paniceum) feeds on almost anything of vegetable origin, including a great variety of stored foods, seeds, breakfast cereals and the like. It gets its name from the habit of feeding on almost all drugs found in pharmacies. Both species are often found infesting herbs and spices in the home, especially those that have been left on the back of a shelf in storage for long periods of time. Condiments such as dried chili powder, hot peppers, and celery seed are a few of the items in which they are found. Also, such items as dried flower arrangements or seed pictures may harbor an infestation. Stag Beetle

Granary Weevil

Six-spoIed Green Tiger Beetle Golden Tortoise Beetle Bombardier beetle Billbug Head Thorax Bombardier beetle

Abdomen Storage 1 Storage 2

ReacNon Chamber Hydrogen peroxide Hydroquinone

Bombardier beetle abdomen

catylase Heat p-quinone

Chemical Warfare hIps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_U-1kPbvj8Q Bombardier beetle Billbug

LiIle Red Lily Leaf Bug

Lady Beetle and Lunch

Locust Borer While we like to stress the beneficial …

not all insects are beneficial. Colorado Potato Beetle AIacks potato, pepper and tomato Banded Cucumber Beetle plants, eggplants AIacks vegetable plants including Asian Longhorned Beetle cucumber, squash, AIacks hardwood tree beans, peas, sweet species, including maple, potato, corn, leIuce birch, poplar and elm. and soybeans

AIacks all naNve ash trees Emerald Ash Borer Asian Longhorned Beetle Very Good Hosts Other Hosts Birch (Betula spp.) Acer Sycamore / Planetree (Platanus spp.) All Maples ( ): Poplar (Populus spp.) Mimosa (Albizia julibrissin) Boxelder Katsura (Cercidiphyllum Norway japonicum) Ash (Fraxinus spp.) Red Goldenraintree (Koelreuteria paniculata) Silver Mountainash (Sorbus spp.) Sugar Hackberry (CelBs spp.) Aescelus . HorsechestnutsUlmus / . Buckeyes ( spp ) Salix . Elms ( spp ) Willow ( spp )

Emerald Ash Borer: Agrilus planipennis Millions of ash trees dead (and counting) [Ohio has nearly 4 billion ash trees] Host Impact:

Larvae feed under bark; disrupt transport of water, nutrients, carbohydrates.

All major ash species are suscepNble (white, green, black, blue, pumpkin).

Healthy trees killed within 1-3 years of first symptoms.

Trees of all size are colonized: 1/2 inch samplings to the largest mature trees.

Where did it come from? How did it get here?

Origin: East Asia (NE China, E Siberia, Korea, Japan)

Discovered near Detroit in June 2002; established at least 10 years.

Probably via solid wood packing (pallets, craNng, dunnage). July 20, 2007 Known distribution as of March 1, 2016 Known distribution as of April 1, 2017 Life cycle: typically one generation per year

Adults: late May - August

Pupa: May – June : July - Sept

Prepupa: over-winter Tree Trunk Basics

Outer Bark

Phloem

Cambium

Xylem Ring Porous Trees: Ash Tree decline and death is rapid — 1-3 years

Water is transported only through the current annual ring Symptoms of EAB: dieback and decline Epicormic branching

Thinning Suckering from canopy roots Diagnosing emerald ash borer: 3 key signs

1. Small (1/8”) D- shaped exit holes 2. Serpentine galleries just 3. Flat, tapeworm- under the bark like larvae with bell- shaped segments. Early warning: Unusual woodpecker activity Known EAB InfestaNons - January 2005

Map is current Infestation has been eradicated as of January 2005 Infestation is still being dealt with ODA Quarantine

EAB management opNons:

1. Do nothing

2. Removal, replacement

3. Annual insecNcide treatments Are insecNcides effecNve?

Two objecNves:

1. EradicaNon: no

2. Tree protecNon: yes

Best to begin application before EAB are present but tree is within a 15 mile radius of effected trees Insecticide Treatment ohioline.osu.edu ohioline.osu.edu Lepidoptera • BuIerflies, moths • BuIerflies during the day, moths at night • Wings covered in scales • Immature stages are caterpillars • AIract mates using pheromones • Complete metamorphosis • Chewing (larvae) and sucking (adult) mouthparts • 11.3K, 112K

Hebrew Moth Leopard Moth Ailanthus Webworm Moth Monarch BuIerfly Chrysalis Monarch BuIerfly

Polyphemus Moth

Polyphemus Moth Cocoon Hickory Horned Devil Caterpillar Regal Moth or Royal Walnut Moth Tomato Hornworm Caterpillar Hawk, Sphinx or Hummingbird Moth Marpesia BuIerfly Saddleback Caterpillar DecepNve PracNces Monarch BuIerfly Viceroy BuIerfly

Does not eat Milkweed BUT Predators Avoid It

Cardenolide

Common Milkweed Ingest as Larva

• , Bees, , Hornets, Sawflies • Adults can be winged or wingless • Pollinators • Social insects - division of labor • Queen dominated society • Predators, herbivores, and decomposers • Complete metamorphosis • Chewing mouthparts • 17.2K, 108K

Honey Bee

Yellow Jacket

Bald-faced Hornet Paper SNnger = Ovipositor

Note: Only a honey bee worker is limited to a single sNng Red Velvet

Cow Killer Wasp

Aphid Farming

Aphids feed on plant sap and excrete a sweet and nutriNous liquid called honeydew, which the ants drink. In return, the ants run a protecNon racket, defending the from predators.

Aphid-farming ants similar problem to human farmers – their herds are likely to wander away and it’s in the ants’ interests to prevent this. Earlier work showed that they someNmes bite the wings off aphids that have them or produce chemicals from glands in their jaws that subdue the development of wings in the first place.

None of that stops the wingless individuals from just walking away, so the ants use another trick. The black garden ant ( niger) secretes chemicals in its footsteps that effecNvely tranquilize aphids and stop them from walking off to another plant.

Ants Species are PlenNful

Common Name Scientific Name Carpenter Ant Camponotus spp. Cornfield Ant Lasius alienus Larger Yellow Ant Acanthomyops interjectus Pharaoh Ant Monomorium pharaonis Thief Ant Solenopsis molesta Pavement Ant Tetramorium caepitum Little Black Ant Monomorium minimum False Honey Ant Prenolepis imparis Allegheny Mound Ant Formica exsectoides Lawn Ant Iridomyrmex pruinosus var. analis Acrobat Ant Cremastogaster lineolata Odorous House Ant Tapinoma sessile Crazy Ant Paratrechina longicornis Carpenter Ants

Carpenter Ant Ant Mimicking Carpenter Ant Ant Mimicking Spider