The American Revolution, 1763-1783 A major impact of the French and Indian War on the attitudes of Americans was

• a. it led many Americans to question the superiority of English colonial rule and support French colonial rule. • b. it convinced most Americans to avoid further exploration and settlement of the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys until after the American Revolution. • c. it bound the American colonists more tightly to England than ever before and made most of them realize they needed English protection from foreign powers such as the French. • d. it led many colonists who had previously supported independence from England to call for moderation because they feared that the huge British military presence in the colonies (brought over from England to fight the French) could be turned on the rebellious colonists. • e. with the threat of the French now gone from their borders, many colonists now felt that English protection was unnecessary and they felt free to take a more independent stand toward Britain then they had taken previously. The Crisis Begins Reason for Taxation

• To pay war debts Parliament turns to the colonies Three major reasons for conflict

• Taxation • Representation in Parliament • Repressive Acts passed by the British Writs of Assistance

• General search warrants that allowed customs officials to search anywhere for smuggled goods • James Otis insisted that Parliament had no right to authorize these. Why? The Sugar Act (1764)

• Introduced by Prime Minister George Greenville • Colonists were smuggling • Lower the tariff on molasses from 6 pence to 3 pence to prevent smuggling • Strengthen admiralty courts Revenue and Currency Acts (1764)

• Revenue Act – Goods such as wool and hides previously traded freely with Holland, France, and southern Europe had to be shipped through England • Currency Act – Banned the issuing of paper money by colonial assemblies

Stamp Act Protests

• Colonists burn the stamp paper and refuse to purchase it • Samuel Adams helps form a secret resistance group of merchants, shopkeepers, and others - the Sons of Liberty harass stamp agents • Colonial assemblies pass resolutions arguing that only colonial governments could tax colonists – Virginia's House of Burgesses approved four resolutions by Patrick Henry – insisted that colonists enjoyed the same “liberties, privileges, franchises, and immunities” as residents of England and that the right to consent to taxation was a cornerstone of “British freedom.” • Educated citizens argued that it was “taxation without representation” Stamp Act Congress (October 1765)

• 27 delegates from nine colonies meet in New York adopted the resolutions passed by Virginia • Merchants agreed to boycott British goods until the Stamp Act was repealed • Stamp Act repealed (1766)

Committees of Correspondence

• Assembled first in the colonies of Massachusetts and Virginia • Purpose to communicate with other leaders about threats to colonial liberty • Helped to fan the flames of rebellion Declaratory Act (1766)

• Parliament asserted the right to make laws that were binding on the colonies The Road to Revolution Townshend Acts (1767) • Charles Townshend convinces Parliament to impose a tax on imported glass, lead, paint, and paper • Imposed a three cent tax on tea • Created a new board of customs commissioners (collect taxes & suppress smuggling) • Revenue to pay salaries of governors and judges, freeing them from dependence on colonial assemblies Townshend Act Protests

• Samuel Adams encouraged citizens to boycott British products • Daughters of Liberty – women who displayed their patriotism by participating in boycotts of British goods – they made homespun cloth and other goods Boston Massacre (March 5, 1770)

• Poorly paid British soldiers competed with colonists for jobs • A mob gathered outside of the customs house and began to throw snowballs and insult the British soldiers • British soldiers fired shots, Crispus Attucks an African American was killed along with four others Boston Massacre Engraving • Examine the image of the massacre then answer the following questions: • How does Revere depict the British and colonists in this encounter, and who does he blame for the colonists’ deaths? • What attitude toward the British authorities is Revere attempting to promote through this engraving? • Why might this engraving have stirred anti-British feeling among the colonists? • What aspect of the incident does the engraving leave out? • How might a pro-British engraving of the massacre have differed?

1773

The Boston Tea Party (December 16, 1773)

• The Sons of Liberty dressed as Native Americans boarded British tea ships in Boston Harbor and threw the tea overboard

Coercive or Intolerable Acts (1774)

• Punishment for the Boston Tea Party • Closed Boston Harbor • Quartering Act – Forced to house soldiers in private homes • Placed Boston under marshal law

Quebec Act (1774) • The province's territory was expanded to take over part of the Indian Reserve, including much of what is now southern Ontario, plus Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, Wisconsin and parts of Minnesota. • The oath of allegiance was replaced with one that no longer made reference to the Protestant faith. • It guaranteed free practice of the Catholic faith. • It restored the use of the French civil law for private matters while maintaining the use of the English common law for public administration, including criminal prosecution.

The Coming of Independence Suffolk Resolves (September 9, 1774)

• Leaders of Suffolk County, Massachusetts – Refuse obedience to new laws – Withhold taxes – Prepare for War 1st Continental Congress (September 5, 1774) • 56 delegates meet in Philadelphia • Response to Intolerable Acts – Drew up a declaration of rights – Supported the right for those in Massachusetts to protest and endorsed the Suffolk Resolves – Halt trade with Great Britain and the West Indies except rice – If British troops used force colonists should fight back – Authorized local Committees of Safety There is no retreat but in submission and slavery! Our chains are forged! Their clanking may be heard on the plains of Boston! The war is inevitable and let it come! I repeat it, sir, let it come.

It is in vain, sir, to extenuate the matter. Gentlemen may cry, Peace, Peace -- but Patrick Henry there is no peace. The war is actually begun! The next gale that sweeps from the north will bring to our ears the clash (1736-1799) of resounding arms! Our brethren are already in the field! Revolutionary War Why stand we here idle? What is it that gentlemen wish? orator, radical and What would they have? Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, statesman. In a as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God! speech urging armed resistance I know not what course others may take but as for me: give against the British. me liberty or give me death. Speech was given in March of 1775.

PHenry The Outbreak of War (April 19, 1775)

• British to seize arms in Concord • Paul Revere & William Dawes make their midnight ride to warn the Minutemen of approaching British soldiers. • Skimishes at Lexington & Concord • 49 Americans and 73 British died May 1775 •Would stay together throughout the war and became our first government of the United States Samuel Adams argued that each colony should establish its own government. congress should declare the colonies independent, militiamen fighting in Boston should be renamed the Continental Army, should appoint a general to lead them (George Washington)

John Dickson A moderate from Pennsylvania disagreed with Adams

Congress printed money to pay the troops and organized a committee to deal with other nations May 1775

•Wrote Declaration of Independence: Thomas Jefferson, Ben Franklin, John Adams, Roger Sherman and Robert Livingston •56 signers sacrificed their lives, fortunes and honor when they signed the DOI •King George charged these men with “treason”. •First US Army made up of volunteers, militias and Minutemen. •George Washington chosen as the first Commanding General. •Not an army of professionals but mostly farmers.

•Lacked the discipline of a professional army at first…. •Lacked resources, men weren’t paid and some quit after the first few battles. •2nd Continental Congress lacked $$$$ to supply army… •June 17, 1775 •General Thomas Gage decided to strike militiamen on Breed’s Hill •Deadliest battle of the war •The British suffered over 40% casualties. •2,400 men •1,054 injured •226 killed •Americans: Moral victory •800 men •140 killed •271 wounded •King George sends 10,000 Hessian soldiers to help put down the rebellion. Battle of Bunker Hill raised the moral of the American Army though the British won the battle and suffered severe casualties. The Americans held there own against the greatest army in the world. The British never broke out of Boston or gained access to the countryside which the American army held. African American, Peter Salem was born a slave in Framingham. He was freed from being a slave when he joined Edgell’s Minuteman company. In the War of Independence Peter Salem shot British Major Pitcairn at Bunker Hill. He also fought at Concord, and Saratoga. After the war he went from house to house to make baskets. He died in 1816. He is buried at the Old Burying Ground.

Olive Branch Petition (July 1775)

• Last ditch effort to try to avoid all out war and return to harmony with Britain • Reaffirmed loyalty to the crown • King George III vehemently rejected the proposal •Written by Thomas Paine in Jan. 1776….. •Came to America in 1774 from England and got caught up in the Revolutionary Spirit •Wrote a 50 page pamphlet that would convince many Americans that King George was a tyrant and declaring independence from Great Britain was our only choice. • Originally published anonymously • It was time for the colonists to declare their independence • Independence would allow Americans to trade freely • Independence would win America foreign assistance from British enemies • Independence would allow colonists to create a better society free from tyranny In the following pages I offer nothing more than simple facts, plain arguments, and common sense……The sun never shined on a cause of greater worth. “Tis not the concern of a day, a year, or an age; posterity (future generations) are involved in the contest…..

Much has been said for the advantages of reconciliation with England. I have heard it asserted by some, that as America hath flourished under her former connection with Great Britain, that the same connection is necessary towards her future happiness….Nothing can be more wrong. We may as well assert, that because a child has thrived upon milk, that it is never to have meat. But Britain is the parent country, say some. Then the more shame upon her conduct. Even brutes do not devour their young, nor savages make war upon their families……. I challenge the warmest advocate for reconciliation to show a single advantage that this continent can reap by being connected with Great Britain. Should an island rule a continent? Our corn will fetch its price in any market in Europe…. But the injuries and disadvantages we sustain by that connection are without number…. Any dependence on Great Britain tends directly involve this continent in European wars and quarrels, and sets us at odds with nations who would otherwise seek our friendship……. Everything that is right or natural pleads for separation…”TIS TIME TO PART”…

The king has shown himself an enemy to liberty and discovered a thirst for arbitrary power. Is he, or is he not, a proper man to say to the colonies. “You shall make no laws but what I please”? The whole power of the crown will be exerted to keep this continent as low and humble as possible…… Reconciliation and ruin are nearly related…. TIS TIME TO PART • Paine not only called for independence, but for a new kind of political society: a democratic republic. • Power should be derived from popular consent.

• Colonists’ experience in self-government prepared them for creation of republic. • Also, absence of hereditary aristocracy and equality among land-owning farmers contributed to idea of republic.

• Believed civic virtue vital to republican form: if no king, then individuals must sacrifice for public good. • Some wanted “natural (talent) aristocracy” instead to keep power from “lower orders.” Social contract .Plantation owner from Virginia .Renaissance man .Owned slaves .Representative to the 2nd Continental Congress from Virginia .Father of the Declaration of Independence.

•Explain to the world why separation from England was necessary •New theory of government (democracy---people rule) •27 grievances listed against King George •Declaration of War •We became the United States of America John Locke Declaration of Independence A government’s power comes The people have the right to abolish an from the oppressive Authority of consent of the people. government and establish Government a new one.

All men are endowed with certain unalienable rights among which are life, All people are born free and liberty and the pursuit of happiness. equal with natural rights to life, Natural liberty and property Rights

To preserve himself, his liberty To secure these rights Purpose of and property Government Government of laws not man History of the present King of England Limited Men being by nature is repeated injuries all free, equal and independent Government All men are created equal Equality King George’s statue is torn down by Patriots in New York City after the Declaration of Independence is signed by the 2nd Continental Congress Patriots Americans who supported the Rebels….. controlled the countryside Loyalists Americans who supported England… controlled the cities… Securing Independence On the Eve of the Revolution?

Britain Americans

Advantages ? ?

Disadvantages ? ? Factors Great Britain United States Population Approximately 12 million Approximately 3 million and 1/3 loyal to England. Manufacturing Highly developed Practically none Money Richest country in the No $$$ to support the war Army world

Leaders Large, well trained army Volunteers, poorly plus Hessians equipped Geography Few officers capable of Dedicated officers plus Navy leading foreign leaders Will to Fight Strange land---difficult to Familiar land, easy access re-supply troops to supplies Naval world power No navy

Trained soldiers---but no Defending homeland---will heart to fight Life on the Home Front

• With men at war women took over men’s duties at home • Abigail Adams – Ran the family farm – wanted greater freedoms for women • Besty Ross – Made the first American flag George Washington Horatio Gates Ben Franklin Nathan Hale Thomas Jefferson

John Adams Marquis de Lafayette Baron von Steuben Count Casimir Pulaski John Paul Jones King George III General John Burgoyne General William Howe

General Charles Cornwallis Benedict Arnold The Americans The British Attrition [the Brits had a Break the colonies in long supply line]. half by getting between the No. & the So. Guerilla tactics [fight an insurgent war  you Blockade the ports to don’t have to win a prevent the flow of battle, just wear the goods and supplies British down] from an ally. Make an alliance with “Divide and Conquer” one of Britain’s enemies.  use the Loyalists. Troops2 The Americans The British Washington initially refused Lord Dunmore’s to accept recruits Proclamation (1775) 5,000 joined militias and the Fought in campaigns in NY, Continental Army NJ, and SC Rhode Island formed a black Spies, guides, cooks, regiment (1778) laundry and construction workers Racially integrated companies with white officers South Carolina and Georgia did not enlist blacks Virginia legislature emancipated slaves (1783)

•March 1776, General Washington forces the British out of Boston with the “Seige of Boston”. •British General William Howe sails his 9,000 soldiers to New York City and set up their military base of operations.

New York City in Flames (1776)

Washington Crossing the Delaware

Painted by Emanuel Leutze, 1851 •December 26. 1776 •First major victory for the Continental Army and Washington •Raised the morale of the American troops as well as the country

•Led to soldiers re-enlisting and future enlistments •Captured over 1,000 Hessian soldiers, weapons, food and etc. •American Army re-crossed the Delaware to Valley Forge in Pennsylvania

Surrender/trenton

Saratoga (October 17, 1777) “Turning Point of the War? • British attempt to cut NE off • Howe not aware of plan goes to Philadelphia

• The American victory in October 1777 marked the turning point in the war • European nations realized the Americans might win the war against Great Britain Gaining Allies • France – February 1778 worked out a trade agreement and an alliance – Declared war on Great Britain – Sent money, equipment, and troops • Spain – Declared war on Great Britain in 1779 – Governor of Louisiana, Bernardo de Galvez, sent money, rifles, and other supplies to armies in Virginia and the Ohio Valley – Spanish troops capture five British forts in Mississippi Valley. • Netherlands – Went to war with Great Britain and Dutch bankers lent money Help from Overseas • Marquis de Lafayette – French nobleman offered his services and those of his followers to General Washington – Became a trusted aid to Washington • Casimir Pulaski – Polish calvary officer died in 1780 fighting for the Continental Army in the South • Friedrich von Steuben – German taught the Patriot troops military discipline and made them a more effective fighting force • Juan de Miralles – Representative of Spain – Got Spain, Cuba, and Mexico to send financial aid to the colonies A Difficult Winter (1777-1778)

• Washington set up camp at Valley Forge • Terrible suffering, lack of decent food, clothing, and shelter • Many men deserted Money Problems • Continental Congress had no power to levy taxes • To pay for the war printed millions of dollars • This money quickly lost value because their was more money in circulation, then gold and silver to back it. • This led to inflation, it takes more money and more money to buy the same amount of goods Britain’s “Southern Strategy”

Exploit social tensions between backcountry farmers and wealthy planters Enlist military support of Loyalists Encourage slaves to escape Treatment of Loyalists

• Many loyalists fled the colonies during the Revolutionary War. • Those who remained were shunned, became victims of mob violence, were arrested and tried as traitors

Victory in the South

• Cowpens, SC (January 17, 1781) – Daniel Morgan’s troops dealt a crushing blow to the British • Guilford Courthouse, NC – Nathanael Greene’s forces defeat the British – Cornwallis retreats

Cornwallis’ Surrender at Yorktown: “The World Turned Upside Down!” Upside Turned World “The

Painted by John Trumbull, 1797 The Battle of Yorktown (October 1781)

Count de Rochambeau

Admiral De Grasse Treaty of Paris Treaty of Paris • The Patriot victory at Yorktown, however, convinced the British that the war was too costly. • In March 1782, King George III appointed new ministers who were prepared to give Americans their independence. • Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay represented the United States in the peace talks in Paris. • The talks began in April 1782, and six months later the British accepted a preliminary agreement written by the Americans.  • The American Congress ratified, or approved, a preliminary treaty in April 1783. The Americans The British Gained control of the entire Recognized America’s region between Canada and Independence Florida east of the Mississippi River Gained the right to fish of the coast of Canada Colonists who remained loyal to England would not suffer persecution and that property seized would be returned North America After the Treaty of Paris, 1783 •Controlled cities but not countryside •Generals made key mistakes •Communication •No respect •US had the will to fight •Alliances with Spain, France and the Netherlands. Changing Attitudes

• Ideals of liberty and freedom that inspire the American revolution cause women to question their place in society. • Judith Sargeant Murray – Argued that women’s minds are as good as men’s – Girls should get an education just like boys Hopes for Equality

• The ideals of liberty and freedom caused some to question the morality of the institution of slavery • William Livingston – Governor of New Jersey – Asked the state legislature to free all enslaved people