EIA for the shore protection project in Madifushi island, Thaa Atoll ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
For the proposed Shore Protection Project at Madifushi Island, Thaa Atoll, Maldives
Proposed by
Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure
Prepared by
Ahmed Jameel,
Ibrahim Faiz
For Water Solutions Pvt. Ltd., Maldives
March 2016 EIA for the shore protection project in Madifushi island, Thaa Atoll,
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EIA for the shore protection project in Madifushi island, Thaa Atoll,
1 Table of Contents 1 Table of Contents ...... 3
2 Declaration of the consultants ...... 7
3 Proponents Declaration ...... 8
4 Proponents Commitment ...... 9
5 Non Technical Summary ...... 13
6 Introduction ...... 15
6.1 STRUCTURE OF THE EIA ...... 15
6.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE EIA ...... 15
6.3 EIA IMPLEMENTATION ...... 16
6.4 TERMS OF REFERENCE ...... 16
7 Project Setting ...... 17
8 Project Description ...... 21
8.1 INTRODUCTION TO THE PROJECT ...... 21
8.2 PROJECT PROPONENT ...... 21
8.3 PROJECT LOCATION AND STUDY AREA ...... 21
8.4 NEED AND JUSTIFICATION TO UNDERTAKE THE PROJECT ...... 22
8.5 PROJECT BOUNDARY ...... 23
8.6 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT COMPONENTS ...... 23
8.6.1 Brief overview of the project components ...... 23
8.6.2 Source of dredge material for back filling ...... 25
8.6.3 Quality and characteristics of sand for back filling ...... 25
8.6.4 Coastal Protection works ...... 25
8.6.5 Status of on-going reclamation project ...... 26
8.7 PROJECT MANAGEMENT ...... 27
8.7.1 Project schedule ...... 27
8.7.2 Planning and Programme ...... 27
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EIA for the shore protection project in Madifushi island, Thaa Atoll,
8.7.3 Pre start investigation ...... 27
8.7.4 Storage and handling ...... 27
8.7.5 Movement and hoisting of materials ...... 27
8.7.6 Waste management...... 28
8.7.7 Dust and Debris ...... 28
8.7.8 Safety ...... 28
8.7.9 Housing of temporary labour ...... 28
8.7.10 Emergency plan in case of spills (diesel, grease, oil) ...... 29
8.8 RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH THE PROJECT ...... 29
8.9 PROJECT INPUTS AND OUTPUTS ...... 30
8.9.1 Project Inputs ...... 30
8.9.2 Project Outputs ...... 31
9 Methodology ...... 32
10 Existing Environment of Maldives ...... 33
10.1 EXISTING GENERAL ENVIRONMENT OF MALDIVES ...... 33
10.2 EXISTING MARINE ENVIRONMENT...... 34
10.3 METHODOLOGY OF MARINE SURVEYS ...... 34
10.4 CORAL REEF ENVIRONMENT ...... 34
10.4.1 Status of coral reef at site 1 ...... 35
10.4.2 Status of coral reef at site 2 ...... 36
10.4.3 Status of coral reef at site 3 ...... 37
10.4.4 Status of coral reef at site 4 ...... 38
10.5 STATUS OF FISH ABUNDANCE ...... 39
10.5.1 Marine water quality ...... 40
10.6 EXISTING SOCIOECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ...... 41
10.7 EXISTING COASTAL ENVIRONMENT ...... 43
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EIA for the shore protection project in Madifushi island, Thaa Atoll,
10.7.1 Features of the Coastal Environment ...... 43
10.7.2 Lagoon and beach around the island ...... 45
10.7.3 Sediment movement and currents ...... 45
10.7.4 Historical shoreline changes observed...... 46
10.8 CLIMATE SETTING ...... 46
10.8.1 Temperature ...... 47
10.8.2 Rainfall ...... 47
10.8.3 Wind ...... 49
11 Environmental Impacts ...... 50
11.1 ASSESSING AND IDENTIFICATION OF IMPACT ...... 50
11.2 IMPACT IDENTIFICATION MATRIX ...... 50
11.3 MAGNITUDE OF IMPACTS ...... 51
11.4 UNCERTAINTIES IN IMPACT PREDICTION ...... 52
11.5 IMPACTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT AND THEIR MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 53
12 Stakeholder Consultations ...... 60
12.1 CONSULTATION WITH MADIFUSHI ISLAND COUNCIL ...... 60
12.2 CONSULTATIONS WITH MINISTRY OF HOUSING AND INFRASTRUCTURE ...... 62
12.3 LIST OF PEOPLE CONSULTED FROM THE ISLAND COUNCIL ...... 62
13 Alternatives ...... 63
13.1 NO PROJECT OPTION ...... 63
13.2 ALTERNATIVE ANALYSIS MATRIX ...... 63
ALTERNATIVE ANALYSIS SCORES ...... 69
13.3 PREFERRED ALTERNATIVE ...... 69
13.3.1 Mitigation Measures for the Preferred Alternative ...... 69
14 Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan ...... 70
14.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 70
14.2 COST OF MONITORING ...... 70
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EIA for the shore protection project in Madifushi island, Thaa Atoll,
14.3 DURATION OF MONITORING ...... 70
14.4 METHODS OF MONITORING ...... 70
14.5 MONITORING RESPONSIBILITY ...... 71
14.6 MONITORING REPORT ...... 71
15 Conclusion ...... 75
16 Recommendations ...... 76
17 Acknowledgements ...... 78
18 Reference Books and Sources ...... 79
Annex: Terms of reference ...... 80
Annex: Madifushi Shoreline ...... 81
Annex: CV’s of unregistered consultants ...... 83
Annex: Draft project schedule ...... 85
Annex: Methodologies used ...... 87
Annex: Existing general environment of Maldives ...... 89
Annex: Details of regulations ...... 91
Annex: Letter from atoll council ...... 93
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EIA for the shore protection project in Madifushi island, Thaa Atoll,
2 Declaration of the consultants
This EIA has been prepared according to the EIA Regulations 2012, issued by the Ministry of Housing and Environment. The EIA was carried out by a multidisciplinary consulting team representing Water Solutions Private Ltd. In preparing this report, no data has been manipulated. All data has been collected by field visits.
I as the lead consultant certify that the statements in this Environmental Impact Assessment study are true, complete and correct.
Name: Ahmed Jameel (EIA 07/07)
Signature:
Name: Ibrahim Faiz (EIA T06/15)
Signature:
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Environmental impact assessment Report, Th.Madifushi Shore Prootection 2016
Proponents Declaration
Re: EIA for Th.Madifushi Shore Protection
As the proponent of the proposed project we guarantee that we have read the rep01t and to the best of our knowledge, all information relevant to this project in terms of project description, project construction works and operational aspects provided here are accurate and complete.
Signatu'e q
( Name: Fathimath Shaana Farooq
Designation: Director General
On behalf of: Ministry ofHousing and Infrastructure
Date: 17 May 2016 EIA for the shore protection project in Madifushi island, Thaa Atoll,
4 Proponents Commitment
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Vl5lh n\1\l.DlVf.S VtAR.'2-. ·~
0 DC. D ~/ OX 0 0 Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure t..r'.A J ./"'--.A./ ./ .A -"' /!!?--/"..? """ # .,...,. ' 0 -::- ' ' ~ Male', Republic of Maldives. ·cA.; -:: ..P~ ~?.?
Date: 17 May 2016 No: 138-PlS1/203/2016/140
Mr. Ibrahim Naeem Director General Environmental Protection Agency, Ministry ofEnvironment and Energy, Green Building, Male', Maldives.
Dear Sir,
This is in reference to the EIA report for the proposed Shore protection at Th.Madifushi As the Proponent of the project; we assure you our commitment to undertake the proposed mitigation measures and monitoring programme given in the report.
Thanking you
Sincerely,
Director General
Page I of I Ameenee Magu, Maafannu, Male', 20392, Republic of Maldives. (/jjJj +(960) 300 4 300 ~;, +(960) 300 4 301 .,f!JJ [email protected] f3: www.housing.gov.mv l!fi www.facebook.com/housing.gov.mv ~ www.twitter.com/HousingGovMv EIA for the shore protection project in Madifushi island, Thaa Atoll,
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ާސާލުޙ ާދާސ
ްފަކަމުތަގިއަޑަވިދެއ ެގރަޗްކަރްޓްސާރްފްދިއ ްޑްދެއ ގްދިސުއަހ ްފޮއ ީރްޓްސިދިމ ީކަޓޯޕިރިމ
ްފަމުދެހ ްދުތޮގ ެގުމުރުކްތަޔާމިހ ުދްއަހަރަސ ާދްދުމަކްއިހ ެގީފުފިޑަމ .ތ ީކަޓރޯޕިރިމ .ެވެކެޓރޯޕިރ ާވިއަފިވެރުކުރާޔްއަތ
ީތާވިއަފިއަވްއަލާވަލުކެއ ްދިއ ރަޗްކަރްޓްސާރްފްދިއ ްޑްދެއ ގްދިސުއަހ ްފޮއ ީރްޓްސިދިމ ްއެއޫރްޝަމ ާވިއަފިޅެއަޑދަކ
ްދިއ ްދަޝުއިލޮސ ރަޓޯވ ްދުތޮގ ެގުމުލެބ ޯތްއެމަކެދާރުކްއެރަސައ ާހިކ ްފަޓްއެވާމިތ ްދުބަބަސ ެގުތަކްތަސަމިމ
ީދުދަޔިދްދެގިއަރިގ ުދްއަހަރަސ ިކްއިހ ިފުފިޑަމ ީކަދަސުގަމ ުޑދަގިއަމ ެގުއޫރްޝަމިމ .ެވެކެޓރޯޕިރ ާވިއަފިވެރުކުރާޔްއަަތ
ްސެވީކަމުދެހ ްއެފޮދުޑދޮގ ާވްދެގީފަކެއ ްފަދްދުތިޔްއަރ ެގުފަރ ިއަގުދްއަހަރަސިމ ުކެއާއެއ ަމަހ ިދައ .ެވެމުޓްއެހެފިހ
.ެވެދަސުގަމ ްއެއ ެގުތަކަތްސަމިމ
ްޓްދަމެޓެވިރ ްދުތޮގ ެގުމުރުކްތަޔާމިހ ުދްއަހަރަސ ާކްއިހ ްދިބ ިއަގީފުފިޑަމ ީދަވިއަފިދެމިހ ިއަގުއޫރްޝަމިމ
0441 ަލުމުޖ ެގުދްއަހަރަސ ާކްއިހ ްދުފަދ ެގްޓްކެޖޮރްޕ ިމ .ެވެއ ަލިހ ީދޭވެރުކްދުދޭބ ްފަމުހެޖ ްޓްދެމްޓެވިރ .ެވެމުހެޖ
ރަޓޯވްކެރްބ ިއަގުކަތ ުދްއަހަރަސ ިކެއ ްދުރުތިއ ެގްޓްދަމްޓެވިރ .ެވެއެދާދްދެގިހެޖ ްޓްދަމްޓެވިރ ިއަގްއެދްއަހަރަސ ުގިދ ުރަޓީމ
ާލްފޮކޫދ ާހަޖުދ ްޓްދަމްޓެވިރ ީދޭދެހ ްދިއޮރްގ ިދައ ރަޓޯވްކެރްބ .ެވެއެދާދްދެގިދެހ ްސެވްދިއޮރްގ ިދައ )ިފޮތުރޭބ(
ްދިއޮރްގ 0 ެގުރަޓީމ 01 ިއާއ ރަޓޯވްކެރްބ ެގުރަޓީމ 001 ަލުމުޖ ުރިއޭމިދ ްޓްކެޖޮރްޕ ްދުތޮގިމ .ެވެއަގުކަތ ުދްއަހަރަސ
.ެވެޔްއެވ ެގުދްއަހަރަސާކްއިހ ީދޭވެރުކްދުދޭބ ްފައޫރްޝަމ ިމ .ެވެއެދާދްދެގިދެހ
ިއަގުފަރްފަރ ިކެއ ެގެޖްއާރ ްދިރުކ ެގީމ .ެވެމުރުކްތަޔާމިހ ުދްއަހަރަސ ިކްއިހ ިފުފިޑަމ ީކަމުދޭބ ެގުއޫރްޝަމ ިމ
ުމްދިހުމ ީކުމުރުކްތަޔާމިހ ުދްއަހަރަސ ާކްއިހ ްފަހަވައ ްސެވާހީވ ުރިއާލަބ ްފަކަތްޓްކެޖޮރްޕ ާކްއިހްދިބ ުދުވެދްދެގ ްފައިރުކ
ެގުމުރިގ ުދްއަހަރަސ ިކްއިހ ްދުބަބަސ ެގުމުއައުލަދަބ ްފަމަޓްއަބ ީތަރުދުގ ެގުފަރ ްދުބަބަސ ެގުމުކްއިހ ްދިބ .ެވެކެމަކ
ްފަމަކާރިގ ްއަތުދްއަހަރަސ ްއެއަބ ާވިއަފިމިދާކްއިހ ުރާހިމ ްސެވިއަގީފުފިޑަމ .ެވެއެވާމިދ ްފަޑޮބ ްފަރަވ ަލަސްއަމ
ެގްދުތިޔްއަރ ެވްތަޔާމިހ ކިއަބ ާވިއަފާކްއިހ ްދުފަރ ަމަދެޖްއިވެދްދެގ ްފައިރުކ ުެޫރްޝަމ ިމ ކާމީވ .ެވެއެވިއަފިވެރުކަގަހާފ
.ެވެއެދާދްދެގިދެހ ްއެފޮދުޑދޮގ ިތީރ ްފަކަތްދުދޭބ
ްދުބަބަސ ެގޫރްޝަމ ިމ ްދުކަތާސާރިދ ުދުދެހ ިދައ ްދުކަތްއަތްދަކ ިލެބ ްފޮކްތަޔާއިރ ްފަމަކްދަކ ެގޫރްޝަމ
ްދުބަބަސ ެގ ްޓެޖޮރްޕ ިމ ުހަފްފަމުލެބ ްފަކަތ ާސާރިދ ުދުވެރުކ .ެވެއަފިވެދަގެދެދ ީދަވ ުރަސައ ެދާރުކ ްފަޓްއެވާމިތ
ީތަމުރިއ ެގުރަފ ީދޭބިލ ްއެމުލްއެގުޑޮބ ެމްދެއ ްފަޓްއެވާމިތ .ެވެއެދެފ ްފަކަމަކެދޭބިލ ްއެކަތ ްދުލްއެގ ެގްއެރަވޭދުފ ްފަޓްއެވާމިތ
ްދުބަބަސ ެގ ުޑދަގުޑަސިކ ުރިއާޅައިލެވ ާވްދުދޭބ ްފައ ގްދިލިފްކެބ ެގްޓްދަމްޓެވިރ ްދުތޮގިމ .ެވެފަތާރަފުގދަޅުހ ިދައ
ޭހެޖ ިފޮތ ިދައ ްޓްދަމްޓެވިރ ްދުރުތިއ ެގީމ .ެވެއަފިވެރުކަގަހާފ ީދަވ ިއަގުޓރޯޕިރ ްދަކެދާރުކުރަސައ ްފައަކަރުމޭރިދ
.ެވެއެދާދްދެގެވުކާލަހ ްފަކަތޮގ ަލަހަކްދޮކްއެއ ިޑައުދޫމ ެގުދްއަހަރަސ
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EIA for the shore protection project in Madifushi island, Thaa Atoll,
ްއެެމަކެދޭވެރުކ ީކަމުރުކްތަކްތަސަމ ްފަކަތޮގާވުދ ްއެމުލްއެގ ްފަޓްއެވާމިތ ުރިއާދްދުމަގްދިހ ްއެއޫރްޝަމ ެގުރަވިމ
ްދުމަކްދެހެއ .ެވެކެމަކްތެދ ްސެވްއެކްއަޝ ީމަކެދާވ ްދުތޮގާދީސުދ ިދައ ާދީސ ްއެކަތްދުލްއެގ ެގްއެރަވ ްސެވެމްދޮކ .ެވެދޫދ
ްފައިރުކ ުއޫރްޝަމ .ެވެއަފިދެމިހ ީދާވ ްއަތްތޮގެދޭވެރުކ ަޑުކ ްދުލްއެގ ިއަގުމަކ ްސާސައ ްއެއ ުމްދިހުމ ްމެދެއ ެގ ްޓރޯޕިރ
.ެވެމުރުކ ްދަކިމ ްދެގިއަލަބ ްސެވާހީވ ްފަކަތ ްއަތްދަކިމ ީކަމަކ ުމްދިހުމ ެމްދެއ ިއަގުމުއިދްދެގ
ްދުތޮގިމ .ެވެއެދާވިއަފިވެރުކަގަހާފ ިއަގްޓރޯޕިރ ްސެވްދަކެދާރުކ ްއެކަތާދިއަފ ްއަތެއ ްދުބަބަސ ެގ ުޢޫރްޝަމ ިމ
ޭބިލ .ެވެއަފިވެރުކަގަހާފ ީދަވ ްދަކެދާރުކ ްފަކަކަތްދުތަޔްއަރ ްއަތެއ ުރަސައ ެގޭއ ިއަފެވަދިގުދަހުދ ްއަތާދިއަފޭބިލ
ުޑދޮގ ާވްދެގީފަކެއ ުކެއ ާމުވެރުކްތަޔާމިހ ްފޮދ ުޑދޮގ ުދްއަހަރަސ ިކްއިހ ީދެހެޖ ްދަލްއޮކ ަގަހާފ ްފަޑޮބ ެމްދެއ ްދުކަތާދިއަފ
.ެވެމުބިލ ްއެފޮދ
ްފަކަމަކެދާވްއެކަތ ްދުލްއެގ ެގުރަވާވުޑޮބްދަކ ްފަޓްއެވާމިތ ްދުބަބަސ ެގުއޫރްޝަމިމ ްދުމުލެބިލެބ ްފޮކާސާރިދ ިމ
ެގުފަރ ކަމަދެޖްއިވެދްދެގ ްފައިރުކ ުއޫރްޝަމ .ެވެއެދާރުކުރަސައ ްފަކަތުބާސިހ ްއެއަބ ެގުރަފ ްސެވަމަދ .ެވެއެދެފުދ
.ެވެއެދޭބިލ ްއެކަތ ްދުރެއިރުކ ާކަކަތ ާދިއަފ ުރުތިއ ްފައީގްއަރަތ ެގުފަރ ކްދުރުތިއ ެގުމުވްތަޔާމިހ ްފޮދުޑދޮގ
ްފައިރުކ ުއޫރްޝަމ ުހަފްފަމުލެބ ްފައާދިއަފ ީއާމިތްޖިއ ިދައ ިފެވާމިތ ޭބިލ ްދުބަބަސ ެގ ުއޫރްޝަމިމ ާމީވ
ްފަދްދުތަޔްއަރ ިފުފިޑަމ ްދުބަބަސ ެގުއޫރްޝަމިމ .ެވެއެދެފ ްފަމަކްއެމަކުޅަގދަރ ެމްދެއ ިދައ ުމްދިހުމ ްފަރަވ ީކަމުއިދްދެގ
.ެވެއެދާރުކާދިއަފ ަދުގ ަދިގ ުދަހުދ
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EIA for the shore protection project in Madifushi island, Thaa Atoll,
5 Non Technical Summary
This report discusses the findings of an environmental impact study undertaken by Water Solutions Pvt. Ltd. upon request from Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure.
The project involves shore or coastal protection works around the newly reclaimed land of Madifushi island, Thaa Atoll. The project aims to:
Protect the newly reclaimed land area
Construct a set of groynes and breakwater to create a beach area t
Ensure that a sustainable beach is available on the island while at the same time protecting the island’s shore from erosion.
One of the biggest development challenges facing Madifushi today is the lack of space for housing and other infrastructure. To ease this issue government of Maldives has an on-going land reclamation project in Madifushi. More than 90% of the reclamation project is completed in Maidifushi and Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure has proposed a coastal protection project to protect the newly reclaimed land.
The proposed coastal protection of Madifushi has the following components:
Construction of 1440m long revetment protecting approximately 80% of the whole reclaimed perimeter.
Construction of rock boulder breakwaters (70 m x 4) and groynes (30m x 2) on the beach area designated for recreation.
Backfilling of revetments. Sand for backfilling will be obtained from on- going reclamation project.
Environmental impacts of this project were assessed and most of the environmental impacts of the project have been identified as resulting from the construction of coastal protection structures and backfilling. Coastal protection projects contribute to significant amount of sedimentation and it is the biggest threat is to the marine environment.
Mitigation measures for the negative impacts have been identified and outlined in detail, and sedimentation control methods have been specifically focused due to its
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EIA for the shore protection project in Madifushi island, Thaa Atoll, seriousness. The most important mitigation measure is to revetment construction and backfilling in parallel so that the revetment will act as a bund to minimize sedimentation. In addition, completing the project works in the shortest time frame is also a significant mitigation measure that can help avoid serious and prolonged reef damage.
The proposed mitigation measures will have to be followed in order to minimize environmental damage. The measures proposed to minimize or mitigate environmental impacts may be considered to be quite appropriate, thereby minimizing the impact by about 90%. The main negative environmental impact of the proposed project would be sedimentation and destruction of the lagoon and damage to some areas of the reef, which will cause death of corals in the direct impact zone and partial death of corals in other areas of the coral reef.
It is inevitable that there would be negative environmental impacts of this project. However, balancing these negative impacts and the socio-economic benefits gained is something that is very difficult. It will not be possible to avoid environmental damage entirely, but ways to minimize damage are critical factors to consider during implementation. As a result, a comprehensive mitigation and monitoring component has been suggested which takes into consideration, the most important elements that require monitoring, most importantly a mechanism and means to measure and value the social benefit of the project. This monitoring component will be adhered and will allow the assessment of long term changes, despite the potential negative impacts. As the socioeconomic impacts are going to be felt in the long term, monitoring these changes is very essential.
In light of socioeconomic benefits this project appears justifiable. However, alternative concepts given in this EIA report needs to be considered along with the community participation when preparing a final concept. This will help to achieve the project targets in a more sustainable way.
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EIA for the shore protection project in Madifushi island, Thaa Atoll,
6 Introduction
This Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) report has been prepared to fulfil the requirements of the Environmental Protection and Preservation Act, law no. 4/93 in order to assess the impacts of the proposed project of shore protection works in Madifushi island, Thaa Atoll. The aim of this project is to therefore geared towards controlling and managing erosion of the newly reclaimed land area.
6.1 Structure of the EIA
The report has been structured to meet the requirements of the EIA regulations 2012 issued by the Ministry of Housing and Environment. Hence, the report will provide an executive summary at the beginning. The report will then have a project description in detail, existing environmental conditions, justifications given by the proponent for undertaking the proposed project components and alternatives. Alternatives to proposed components or activities in terms of location, construction methods and technologies, design and environmental considerations would be suggested. A mitigation plan and monitoring programme before, during and after the works will be outlined at the end. The major findings of this report are based on qualitative and quantitative assessments undertaken during site visits in February 2016.
The impact assessment methodology has been restricted to field data collected, consultations, data collected during various time periods, experience and professional judgment. In addition, satellite and aerial photos have been used to study the geography and environmental changes where necessary. Moreover, similar project reports have been reviewed and referred in completing this report. Below are the reports that have been referred; EIA for Proposed Harbour Rehabilitation and Reclamation Project Madifushi, Thaa Atoll (Sandcays, 2014)
EIA for Coastal Protection at South Side of Thinadhoo, GDh Atoll (Water Solutions Pvt Ltd, 2016)
EIA of shore protection in Maafushi Island (Water Solutions, 2015)
6.2 Aims and Objectives of the EIA
The objective of the report is to: Promote informed and environmentally sound decision making. To fulfill the obligations of the proponent to undertake an EIA under Clause 5 of the Environmental Protection and Preservation Act of the Maldives.
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EIA for the shore protection project in Madifushi island, Thaa Atoll,
Undertake the proposed project works with minimum damage to the environment. Ensure that all the social aspects of the project are addressed. Propose recommendations to the client based on stakeholder assessments. Identify the real need for shore protection. Identify a suitable and environmentally sound design for shore protection.
6.3 EIA Implementation
This EIA has been prepared by a local environmental consulting firm, Water Solutions. Water Solutions have been chosen by the proponent as the environmental consultants for this project. The team members were: Abdul Aleem, BSc, MPH – Mapping and GIS (EIA-09/07) Ahmed Jameel, B. Eng (Environmental), MSc – Environmental (EIA-07/07) Ibrahim Faiz, BSc – Environmental Management (EIA T06/15) Faruhath Jameel, BSc, - Surveying science Hamdhulla Shakeeb, - Surveyor.
6.4 Terms of Reference
Terms of Reference for this assessment has been included in the Appendix of this report.
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EIA for the shore protection project in Madifushi island, Thaa Atoll,
7 Project Setting
This section outlines the relevant environmental legislation pertaining to this project. The following table outlines a matrix of major environmental laws, guidelines, codes and standards, both local and international indicating the relevance to this project. Details of these regulations, what they cover and under what circumstances they apply are attached as an annex. Name of legislation Area relevant to this Linkages to this project project (yes/no)
Environmental protection and Generally covering Yes Clause 5a states that an impact assessment study shall be preservation act the Environment submitted to the Ministry of Environment, Energy and Water before implementing any development project that may have a potentially detrimental impact on the environment. Therefore, Clause 5 is of specific relevance to this EIA. The EIA Regulations, which came into force in May 2012 has been developed by the powers vested by the above umbrella law. This EIA has also been prepared as per this regulation.
National biodiversity strategy and Environment Yes In implementing the proposed project activities, due care has to action plan be taken to ensure that the national biodiversity strategies are adhered to. To adhere, surveys were undertaken as part of the EIA to find out if biological resources of value and protected nature are affected by implementing any component of the proposed project.
Reference is hereby given to the national goals outlined in this regulation.
Waste management policy Environment Yes The key elements of this policy are safe disposal, disposal guidelines and specifications for the hazardous materials. These sections are referred.
This project will conform to this policy. Construction waste management details and methods have been outlined in the EIA report.
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EIA for the shore protection project in Madifushi island, Thaa Atoll,
Name of legislation Area relevant to this Linkages to this project project (yes/no)
Regulation on sand and aggregate Coral reefs Yes No sand and coral aggregate will be mined in this project. mining However, sand will be dredged and disposed to the beach as a coastal protection method.
Clause 1 to 4 of this regulation is referenced. Ban on coral mining Coral reefs Yes No mining of corals for any construction or any other infrastructure will be used in this project. Consultation and Public Socio-economics Yes During the preparation of this EIA, stakeholder views were Participation laws taken into consideration from the very first stages of planning and also during the EIA process. Stakeholder consultations were conducted in order to take their opinion, views, suggestions and expectations into consideration. Stakeholder Consultations outlines the outcomes of the consultations and provide information about the stakeholder views towards the project. Guidelines for land use planning Planning, Yes This guideline outlines the relevant elements of land allocation environment and how it should be allocated in inhabited islands. The entire regulation is referenced. Third National Environment Environment Yes The proposed project is expected to provide a learning Action Plan experience in terms of effectiveness of the use of EIA as a planning instrument and appropriate monitoring for which specific focus is laid in Objective 24.1 of NEAP 3 (Ministry of Housing, Transport and Environment, 2009). Dredging and Reclamation Environment Yes Clause 6, a, and c outlines the situation or cases to which Regulation dredging and permit can be given. Clause 7 discusses the types of situations in which dredging and reclamation can be undertaken. Clause 11 outlines the criteria’s to be utilized during dredging and reclamation. Clause 13 outlines the details conditions to be met in a borrow area. This includes, minimum buffer zone between the reef line, shore lines and also buffer zones around reef. Clause 14 outlines the dredge spoil disposal methods and its use.
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EIA for the shore protection project in Madifushi island, Thaa Atoll,
Name of legislation Area relevant to this Linkages to this project project (yes/no)
Clause 15 outlines the maximum area for dredging. Clause 16 outlines the maximum area for reclamation.
All these details are outlined in the relevant sections of the EIA report.
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EIA for the shore protection project in Madifushi island, Thaa Atoll EIA for the shore protection project in Madifushi island, Thaa Atoll 8 Project Description 8.1 Introduction to the project
Project involves protection of the newly reclaimed land in Madifushi Island. Protection works will be done using rock boulders. Project is proposed by Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure. Project will be implemented by a contractor selected through government tendering process.
8.2 Project Proponent
This project is proposed by the government of Maldives with Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure as the Implementing Agency. Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure is the government ministry responsible for the development of public infrastructures of the country. All harbours, reclamation and coastal protection therefore fall under the responsibility of Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure. The project would be executed by a contractor who would be selected through the government tendering process. The project will be entirely funded by the government.
8.3 Project Location and Study Area
The proposed project takes place in Madifushi Island in Thaa Atoll. Madifushi is located on the eastern rim of Thaa Atoll. The island is located at the geographic coordinates of 2°21'22.32"N 73°21'15.99"E. Madifushi is located in a very large reef system which has an approximate area of 2660 hectares. The closes inhabited island is Dhiyamigili which is located 2.29 km southwest of Madifushi. Originally Madifushi island had a land area of 19 hectares which is now reclaimed with total land area of 46 hectares according to shoreline taken during the site visit.
The following figure illustrates the shoreline of Madifushi island and the shape of the island measured on 7th February 2016.
EIA for the shore protection project in Madifushi island, Thaa Atoll,
Figure 1: Shape of Madifushi island in Thaa Atoll and the shoreline taken on 7th February 2016
The following table outlines some key statistics for Madifushi island.
Table 1: Some key figures for Madifushi Island
Name of the island Madifushi GPS Coordinates 2°21'22.32"N 73°21'15.99"E Area of islands/Hectares 46 Distance to atoll capital/Km 35 Distance to Male'/Km 201 Is it on its own reef No is it sharing reef with other islands Yes if sharing how many islands 9 Nearest distance to reef edge/Km 0.19 Longest distance to reef edge/Km 0.27 Nearest inhabited island Dhiyamigili Nearest Airport Thimarafushi Domestic Airport
8.4 Need and Justification to undertake the project
Past experience from reclamation projects completed throughout the Maldives has shown that early coastal protection measures are vital for a successful reclamation project. Erosion of reclaimed land is very costly as the reclamation projects are very expensive. Reclamation around islands is changing the natural shape of the island and thus most of the reclaimed lands are subjected to erosion without any coastal
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EIA for the shore protection project in Madifushi island, Thaa Atoll, protection measure. In the case of Madifushi island, 90% of the reclamation is finished and currently island is experiencing erosion in some parts of the reclaimed land. Strong currents generated on both side of the island through tide cycles, are eroding the reclaimed area. To tackle this problem coastal protection measures are proposed by Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure. According to Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure, coastal protection measures will start as soon as the reclamation is completed and EIA is approved. Final coastal protection concept will be made based on EIA study and land use plan of the island.
8.5 P r o j e c t b o u n d a r y
The proposed project involves construction of coastal protection structures around the newly reclaimed land of Madifushi. Therefore project boundary involves whole area around the island. The project boundary is show in the following figure.
Figure 2: Proposed project boundary
8.6 Description of the project components
This section outlines the details of the various project components from mobilization, construction methodology to materials and machinery used.
8 . 6 . 1 Brief overview of the project components
In summary, this project constitutes three (3) major components. The following
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EIA for the shore protection project in Madifushi island, Thaa Atoll, table outlines a brief overview of these three (3) project components.
Table 2: Summary of the project component
Project Details components Revetment Total length of 1440 meters of revetment will be constructed around Construction the newly reclaimed land. This approximately covers 80% of the reclaimed perimeter. Rock boulders will be used for revetment. Groyne and A set of 4 rock boulders with 70m length each will be constructed on breakwater the west side of the reclaimed land. construction Two gorynes with length of 30m each will be constructed on the east side of the reclaimed land beach area that will be designated for recreational purposes. Backfilling Backfilling of revetments will be done using the sand from ongoing reclamation project. Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure assured enough sand for back filling purpose will be available. Estimation of sand required for back filling will be calculated with the final concept detail design of the project.
According to Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure, the areas proposed for the coastal protection are subjected to change as the current concept is a draft concept. However, length of the coastal protection proposed is final. Areas of the coastal protection will be finalised after the consultation with the island council and EIA study.
Figure 3: Proposed concept
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EIA for the shore protection project in Madifushi island, Thaa Atoll,
8 . 6 . 2 Source of dredge material for b a c k f i l l i n g
Sand for back filling will be acquired from the reclamation area of Madifushi. At the time of the EIA survey, reclamation works are still on-going. Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure has informed that no additional sand will be borrowed from lagoon for this project. Sand from the reclamation project will be used for the back filling purpose of this project.
8 . 6 . 3 Quality and characteristics of sand for back filling
The sand quality will be similar to the existing sand at the newly reclaimed area and at the sea bed of the lagoon as the sand dredged for reclamation will be used for this project. To create any recreational beach area during the construction, it is recommended to have a final layer of fine sand dumped over coarse material in order to maintain the fine beach quality. Sand that will be used for back filling consist coarse material and rubble.
8 . 6 . 4 Coastal Protection w o r k s
In this project, total length of 1440m rock boulder revetment will be constructed around the reclaimed land of Madifushi. In addition to this, 2 rock boulder groynes of length 30m will be constructed along with total length of 210 m rock boulder breakwater. This coastal protection may also be undertaken in parallel with the backfilling works to save time and cost. The proposed revetments, groynes and breakwaters as a coastal protection method will help to protect the shore as well as provide stable beach areas for recreation.
Figure 4: Cross section of a revetment
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EIA for the shore protection project in Madifushi island, Thaa Atoll,
8 . 6 . 5 Status of on - going reclamation p r o j e c t
Land reclamation project in Madifushi is on-going. According to island council, 90% of the reclamation is finished. Large area of reclaimed land is already levelled. Council informed that without any unforeseen problem, reclamation project will be finished in 2 or 3 months period and reclaimed land will be ready for coastal protection works. To assess the level of the reclamation going on the Madifushi, aerial photos and shoreline were taken during the site visit. Below is the aerial image showing the Madifushi island. Photo was taken on 7th February 2016.
Figure 5: Aerial photo of Madifushi island (February 7, 2016)
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EIA for the shore protection project in Madifushi island, Thaa Atoll,
8.7 P r o j e c t Management
8 . 7 . 1 P r o j e c t s c h e d u l e
The total duration of project is 8 months. Refer to the draft construction schedule attached as an annex.
8 . 7 . 2 Planning and Programme
The project will be implemented through a carefully managed plan. Mobilization will be initiated as soon as the EIA is approved and a contractor is hired.
The Project has been programmed to be completed within 8 months from the date of commencement of the Contract. The construction programme will be monitored, tracked and updated on a regular basis and any corrective action applied as necessary. A Procurement Schedule will be prepared from the construction programme that will identify key dates to be achieved within the design, detailing, approval and manufacture/procurement processes for individual trade operations.
8 . 7 . 3 Pre start investigation
Prior to commencement of site works, a comprehensive in-survey will be carried out to confirm the existing site levels, extent of any existing services and the condition of the existing environs by way of spot heights, boundary trace of existing structures etc. These will be plotted on a drawing and a photographic record will be taken, which will be maintained as a record throughout the stages of the contract.
Notification of the project commencement will be issued to all the relevant parties via writing, advising them of the construction works and advising them of our proposed programme of works. At the commencement of the contract, the contractor will start the Logistics activities, which are detailed below.
8 . 7 . 4 Storage and handling
The contractor’s site area will provide the storage area for all the materials delivered to site. Materials will be stored within the stores that will be constructed for safe storage. All vulnerable materials / equipment will be stored in the secure containers or strategically delivered to the site to be incorporated directly into the construction without the need for storage.
8 . 7 . 5 Movement and hoisting of materials
Movement and hoisting of material will be done using cranes, dump trucks and forklifts where necessary. All such material movement will be under the control of
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EIA for the shore protection project in Madifushi island, Thaa Atoll, store keeper who will plan the movement of material from storage to different work locations based on the material plan provided by site manager. Movement of material will be subject to site health & safety regulations. Once the site is mobilized, temporary works will be started. This will include construction of temporary facilities such as workers accommodation, site office, and workshop. Temporary site facilities will be mainly built with pre-fabricated containers. Staff facilities as specified in the contract complying the health & safety requirements will be arranged accordingly.
The site management for the project will comprise a site manager who will lead the site team and manage all the site activities including all the temporary and permanent works. The Site Manager will be assisted and supported by a supervisor who will be responsible for managing individual components.
8 . 7 . 6 Waste management
A waste removal strategy will be developed during the pre-commencement period. The contractor proposes that rubbish skips will be provided within approved site area, which will be removed and replaced on a regular basis. The contractor is also required to work towards better management of waste so the volume of waste to be disposed would be reduced. All domestic wastes from the construction activities, that is from the construction works will enter the present waste management cycle in Madifushi, which is only domestic garbage. All other wastes such as hazardous wastes like waste oil, grease and construction waste alike will be stockpiled at the project site and transferred to Thilafushi after the project.
8 . 7 . 7 Dust and Debris
The site will be kept clean and tidy at all times and will accord with the safety requirements. Particular attention will be given to preventing the contamination of working areas and staff areas.
8 . 7 . 8 S a f e t y
Full recognition and regard will be taken in the management and execution of project safety plan. Any subcontractors are obliged to provide safety policies, plans and method statements and will be interviewed prior to order placement on all aspects of safety, health and welfare. All sites are subject to independent site safety checks, inspection and reports by our independent site safety inspectors and advisors.
8 . 7 . 9 Housing of temporary la b o u r
Housing of labour will also be the responsibility of the contractor and will be based in the temporary accommodation facilities setup and also in rented
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EIA for the shore protection project in Madifushi island, Thaa Atoll, accommodation in the island depending on the availability.
8 . 7 . 1 0 Emergency plan in case of spills (die sel, grease, o i l )
Spillages can be an issue in this project if adequate measures are not taken. Hence, oil, grease and other fuel storage will be held on land in a temporary site that has adequate impervious flooring. Refuelling of excavators, loaders and trucks will be required to be undertaken in hard floor areas setup at the project site during the construction works.
8.8 Risks Associated with the Project
There are some risk factors associated with this project that could possibly have both financial and environmental implications. The most significant risk associated is damage and destruction of the lagoon and the reef caused by direct destruction of the habitats as well as indirect effects. Project activities will have a large damage foot print as sediment dispersion will be to a greater area in the lagoon during construction. As a result, any live corals in the vicinity of the project boundary are at risk of being completely destroyed or at least indirectly impacted through sedimentation. Some of the corals will no doubt die of stress while others that are further away are likely to be affected at a lesser magnitude. Spreading of fine sediment around the vicinity of the dredging area will impact the reefs through reduction of visibility and its associated impacts. Reduced visibility caused by sedimentation will reduce fish population in the reef temporarily and also affect the recreational use of these reefs
There is also the risk of project delays caused by bad weather. The project period falls in the southwest monsoon, but it is presently difficult to predict the weather. Hence, there could be prolonged bad weather days, frequent rains and strong winds, all of which are delaying factors. This risk can be minimized if the works are scheduled as such that weather is taken as important aspect in the project planning.
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EIA for the shore protection project in Madifushi island, Thaa Atoll,
8.9 Project Inputs and Outputs
8 . 9 . 1 Project Inputs
The types of resources that will go into the project and from where and how these will be obtained are given in the following table.
Table 3: Matrix of major inputs during construction period
INPUT RESOURCE(S) SOURCE/TYPE HOW TO OBTAIN RESOURCES Construction workers (15+) Maldivians +foreign Contractor labours Water supply (construction Ground water / mineral Available from Madifushi period). water / rainwater from the island Electricity/Energy Form the islands power Contractor (construction period) grid. Backup mobile Diesel generators will be available on standby. Construction machinery Tugs, Excavators, barges, Contractor general construction tools, wheel loaders, dump trucks and loader. Telecommunications Mobile Phones, and radio Contractor two-way communications. Food (during construction Food prepared at the Contractor period) project site area. Fuel Diesel, Petrol, Lubricants Contractor to obtain from Madifushi island or source it from Male’.
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EIA for the shore protection project in Madifushi island, Thaa Atoll,
8 . 9 . 2 Project Outputs
The type of outputs (products and waste streams) and what is expected to happen to them are given in the following table.
Table 4: Matrix of major outputs of environmental significance during construction stage
PRODUCTS AND ANTICIPATED METHOD OF WASTE QUANTITIES DISPOSAL MATERIALS wastewater 250/l/person/day Waste water generated by the labour force of the contractor Waste oil and grease Approximately 200 litres per Stockpiled in the project (hazardous waste) month site and later will be disposed at Thilafushi after they are transported during demobilization. Noise Localized to the project site Unavoidable during the including the surrounding areas. construction stage but will be minimized. Noise is unavoidable. Air pollution Limited quantities of dust, Mainly arising as a result oxides of Nitrogen and sulphur of emission from the from use of machinery in the construction work such as construction zone. from the dredgers, excavators and machinery. Only localized but unavoidable. Solid waste 3kg/person/day Waste water generated by the labour force of the contractor
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EIA for the shore protection project in Madifushi island, Thaa Atoll,
9 Methodology
This section outlines the methodologies used in this environmental assessment. The following table outlines a matrix of methodologies used in this project. Details of these methodologies and their descriptions are attached as an annex.
Methodology type Area / environmental aspect Used in this project (yes/no)
General methodologies of data Generally covering the Yes collection broader Environment Mapping and location identification Coastal, terrestrial and marine Yes environment. Marine Environmental survey Marine environment
20 m Line Intercept transect (LIT) Marine environment Yes
50 m photo quadrate analysis Marine environment No
Qualitative assessment of the reef Marine environment Yes Permanent photo quadrate Marine environment No Ref fish visual census Marine environment Yes
Marine Water Quality Marine environment Yes Coastal Environment Coastal Environment Shoreline and vegetation line Coastal Environment Yes mapping Coastal structures mapping Coastal Environment Yes
Erosion and accretion areas Coastal Environment No mapping Beach profiles Coastal Environment No
Drogues and current Coastal Environment Yes Terrestrial Environment Terrestrial environment Terrestrial floral survey Terrestrial environment No Terrestrial faunal survey Terrestrial environment No Groundwater assessment Terrestrial environment No Bathymetry Marine / Coastal No Environment Aerial Photos Generally covering the Yes broader Environment Long term weather data Generally covering the Yes broader Environment
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10 Existing Environment of Maldives 10.1 Existing general environment of Maldives
The general environmental conditions of Maldives are attached as an annex. The annex covers the overall meteorological conditions of Maldives, climate settings, temperature, wind patterns throughout the country, rainfall, monsoon information, offshore wave conditions, tides, and other relevant information. The general environment is also described in many reports and literature as well as reference to the following report is made if the reader wishes to refer.
EIA of land reclamation in K. Maafushi Island (Water Solutions, 2013)
EIA of land reclamation in Dh. Meedhoo Island (Water Solutions, 2013)
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10.2 Existing Marine Environment
The marine environmental survey at Madifushi was focused on five sites. These sites area indicated in the following diagramme. Site selection was based on focusing to represent the lagoon around the island. All the marine survey data outlined in this report was obtained during the field visit undertaken on February 2016. Refer to the EIA for the proposed harbour rehabilitation and reclamation project at Madifushi, Thaa Atoll (2014) for more baseline environmental condition of Madifushi.
10.3 Methodology of marine surveys
The methodologies used for the assessment were quantitative complimented by qualitative methods. Transects of 20 meters each was undertaken at each site. In addition, photos were also taken from these locations to support and assess the marine environment. Fish counts were also undertaken to get a snapshot of the fish population. Details of these methodologies are attached as annex.
General impression and quantitative results of the sites surveyed are described in the following pages. The following diagramme illustrates the marine survey locations.
10.4 Coral reef environment
Four sites were surveyed to assess the marine environment for reef benthic community. In terms of live coral, very few were encountered during the survey. Marine surveys were not done on north side of the island reef system because of on- going reclamation and high sedimentation. Detail description graphs for each location are given below.
The following are definition of benthic categories used in this survey. HC: All living coral including bleached coral; includes fire, blue and organ pipe corals SC: Include zoanthids but not anemones (OT) RKC: Coral that has died within the past year; appears fresh and white or with corallite structures still recognizable NIA: All macro-algae except coralline, calcareous and turf (record the substrate beneath for these); Halimeda is recorded as OT; turf is shorter than 3cm. SP: All erect and encrusting sponges (but no tunicates). RC: Any hard substrate; includes dead coral more than 1 yr old and may be covered by turf or encrusting coralline algae, barnacles, etc. RB: Reef rocks between 0.5 and 15cm in diameter SD: Sediment less than 0.5cm in diameter; in water, falls quickly to the bottom when dropped. SI: Sediment that remains in suspension if disturbed; recorded if color of the
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underlying surface is obscured by silt. OT: Any other sessile organism including sea anemones, tunicates, gorgonians or non-living substrate. Under Reef Check protocol, there is no categorization of sea grass hence, it was recorded under OT.
1 0 . 4 . 1 Status of coral reef at site 1
Site 1 is near the dredged area used for land reclamation project. The sediment quality is very fine and the entire area mostly comprises of coral rubbles, sea grass and sands. Sedimentation is very high in this location. There are no live corals observed here and hence the area was not observed for any coral bleaching. The following graph outlines the status of site 1.
Figure 6: Percentage of benthic components at site 1
Figure 7: Photos from site 1
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1 0 . 4 . 2 Status of coral reef at site 2
Site 2 is from west side of the island. The sediment quality is fine and the entire area mostly comprises of coral rubbles and sands. Similar to site 1, Sedimentation is very high in this location. There are no live corals observed here and hence the area was not observed for any coral bleaching. The following graph outlines the status of site 2.
Figure 8: Percentage of benthic components at site 2
Figure 9: Photos from site 2
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1 0 . 4 . 3 Status of coral reef at s i t e 3
Site 3 is on the south east side of the island lagoon. This area has good visibility and is dominated by rock, rubble and sand. There are signs of recently dead coral in this location. This is maybe because of the on-going reclamation project in the island. No live corals were observed here. Refer the graph below for more details of benthic composition at site 3.
Figure 10: Percentage of benthic components at site 3
Figure 11: Photos from site 3
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1 0 . 4 . 4 Status of coral reef at site 4
Site 4 is on the east side of the island lagoon. This area has good visibility and is dominated by rock, rubble and sand and has similar features to site 3. In this location too, there are signs of recently dead corals. This is maybe because of the on- going reclamation project in the island. Few live corals were observed here. Refer the graph below for more details of benthic composition at site 4.
Figure 12: Percentage of benthic components at site 4
Figure 13: Photos from site 4
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10.5 Status of fish abundance
The amount and type of fish present at a given site can be a good indicator of the marine environment. For example, increased grazers are generally a sign of increased nutrients in the area, thus decreased coral cover and increased algal cover. No fishes were observed in site 1 and 2. The following table outlines the fish count survey at all the sites.
Table 5: Fish abundance based on the fish survey at survey sites
Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 Family Anthias - - - - Butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae) - - R - Damselfishes (Pomacentridae) - - - R Groupers - - R R Hawkfishes - - - R Lethrinidae (Emperors) - - - - Moorish idol (Zanclidae) - - R - Parrotfishes (Scaridae) - - R R Snappers (Lutjanidae) - - - - Soldier fish - - - - Squirrelfishes (Holocentridae) - - - - Surgeonfishes (Acanthuridae) - - R R Wrasses (Labridae) - - - -
A= Abundant (Meaning that during the 15 minute time swim survey, species counts were recorded more than 50, hence it is difficult to count their numbers). C=Common (Meaning that during the 15 minute time swim survey, they were spotted occasionally and throughout the survey, but their numbers were less than 50). R=Rare (Meaning that during the survey, only few of these species were observed, often 1 or 2.
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1 0 . 5 . 1 Marine water qualit y
The primary objective of the marine water quality sampling was to determine the baseline conditions of the marine water in the project site. Qualitative and quantitative on site assessments were made on seawater from two locations. The following table illustrates the result of the marine water quality test.
Table 6: Results of the marine water quality tests undertaken in Madifushi island
Water Quality Site SW1 Site SW2 Optimal range Ref Physical Suspended Clear appearance sediments
Electrical 55000.00 55400.00 Conductivity (us/cm) Temperature C 28.00 29.00 18 - 32 Degree GBRMPA 2009 Celcius Salinity (mg/l) or 33400.00 33500.00 3.2% - 4.2% GBRMPA 2010 PPT pH 8 8.10 8 to 8.3. Levels below 7.4 will cause stress TDS (mg/L) 42510 48600
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10.6 E x i s t i n g socioeconomic Environment
Located on the eastern rim of Thaa Atoll, Madifushi is considered as a medium size island in Thaa Atoll. The island is located at the geographic coordinates of 2°21'22.32"N 73°21'15.99"E. Madifushi is located in a very large reef system which has an approximate area of 2660 hectares. The island previously had an area of 19 hectares. With the on-going reclamation, Madifushi currently has a land area of 46 hectares. The nearest island is Ufuriyaa and Thimarafushi Domestic Airport is the nearest domestic airport. The following table outlines some statistics for the island.
Table 7: Some key figures for Madifushi island Name of the island Madifushi GPS Coordinates 2°21'22.32"N 73°21'15.99"E Area of islands/Hectares 46 Distance to atoll capital/Km 35 Distance to Male'/Km 201 Is it on its own reef No is it sharing reef with other islands Yes if sharing how many islands 9 Nearest distance to reef edge/Km 0.19 Longest distance to reef edge/Km 0.27 Nearest inhabited island Dhiyamigili Nearest Airport Thimarafushi Domestic Airport
The total population of Madifushi is 821, as per latest census records. However, according to the information from Island Council, total registered population in Madifushi is 1279 at the end of the year 2015. The female population composition is 52% and male composition is 48%. The population density of Madifushi is 28 persons per hectare, considering the reclaimed land area and population figure from island council and this is slightly higher than the national average, which stands for 25 persons per hectare.
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Figure 14: Population details of Thaa Atoll (Census, 2014)
Madifushi is fishing island with more than 90 fisherman and 13 fishing vessels. Agricultural activities are done in household levels as there is no space for agricultural fields in the island. Madifushi has 24 hour electricity operated by Fenaka. Madifushi school cater education up to grade 10 level with 10 foreign teachers and 10 local teachers. For more information about Madifushi socioeconomic conditions, refer to the information table attached on the following page.
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10.7 Existing Coastal Environment
The coastal environment of Madifushi consists of the newly reclaimed beaches, shores, shallow lagoons areas. The beach environment consists of sand and rubble beach areas around the reclaimed area of the island.
1 0 . 7 . 1 Features of the Coastal Environment
The coastal environment of the island and in general the project area can be described as having the following components:
They are: 1. The natural shallow lagoon around the island. 2. Deep areas of the lagoon created from dredging for the reclamation project 3. The north western side is highly modified with harbour structures 4. A coastline characterised by white sandy and rubble beach along parts of the reclaimed area 5. Coastal vegetation of the original island
The condition of the coastal environment of the island is illustrated in the following diagram. In order to assess the coastline, photos, shorelines were taken within the project boundary.
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Figure 15: Photo representation of the Madifushi island
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1 0 . 7 . 2 L a g o o n a n d b e a c h around the island
The project takes place around the reclaimed area of the island. The areas where the coastal protection is proposed is mainly covered by coarse and fine sand with unconsolidated coral rubbles. Proposed project will directly destroy the lagoon environment where the coastal protection structures will be built. The lagoon around the Madifushi island is naturally shallow. However, there are large deep areas created from the sand dredging for island reclamation. Aerial photo below shows the lagoon around Madifushi.
Figure 16: Existing Lagoon Environment of Madifushi Island
1 0 . 7 . 3 Sediment movement and currents
To understand the sediment movement around an island, current measurements are taken over a long period of time. Currents data around specific islands are not available in the Maldives. However, during the EIA process, currents were measures around the project area to obtain a snapshot of the existing conditions prevailing and to link them with the historical and present conditions. Nevertheless, this data set does not represent the actual current patterns around the island. During the course of the day, currents change twice with the changing tide and monthly with the moon cycles. The result therefore is a very complex change in current direction. Hence, the best way to analyze and assess the currents data is to use the historical shoreline changes that have taken place. Sand movement records are the best known method to measure the direction of currents in different months or periods. In Maldives, it has been well
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EIA for the shore protection project in Madifushi island, Thaa Atoll, researched and documented that the currents are induced by wind and thus, during the two monsoons, the direction of currents is very much related to the wind direction.
Figure 17: Current measurements recorded in Madifushi Island
1 0 . 7 . 4 Historical shoreline changes observed
Shoreline prior to reclamation and shoreline during the EIA survey visit are shown below.
Figure 18: Shoreline changes after the reclamation project
10.8 C l i m a t e S e t t i n g
There are no site specific climate data available for Madifushi island. Therefore climate data used for Madifushi is obtained from nearest meteorological station,
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Hulhule’. Below are the general climate condition recorded from Hulhule in the year 2015.
1 0 . 8 . 1 Temperature
The highest temperature recorded in Male’ region last year was on April 2015. The temperature recorded was 32.2 degree celcius. The minimum temperature recorded in this region last year was on September 2015. The temperature recorded was 25.6 degree celcius. Figure below shows the monthly maximum, minimum and mean temperature for the year 2015. Data was obtained from Maldives Meteorological Service.
Figure 19: Temperature patterns for Male' region in 2015
1 0 . 8 . 2 R a i n f a l l
Last year, for Male’ region the highest rainfall recorded is 397.5mm during August and lowest rainfall recorded is 0mm during January 2015. Figure below shows the rainfall patterns throughout last year. Data was obtained from Maldives Meteorological Service.
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Figure 20: Rainfall patterns for Male' region in 2015
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1 0 . 8 . 3 W i n d The maximum wind speed recorded last year was 46 kts on July 2015 while the minimum recoded was 5 kts on April 2015. Table below shows the wind data for Male’ region in 2015. Data was obtained from Maldives Meteorological Service.
Table 8: Wind data for Male' region in 2015
Wind (kts) Month/ Year Mean Maximum Dir Speed Dir Speed Jan-15 ENE 10 ENE 26 Feb-15 ENE 10 ENE 33 Mar-15 ENE 6 NE 27 Apr-15 W 5 W 25 May-15 WSW 11 W 35 Jun-15 WSW 9 W 40 Jul-15 W 9 W 46 Aug-15 W 9 W 39 Sep-15 W 10 W 39 Oct-15 SSW 6 W 30 Nov-15 W 7 NNW 32 Dec-15 NE 8 ENE 30
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11 Environmental Impacts 11.1 Assessing and identification of I m p a c t
Environmental Impact identification has been undertaken by considering the proposed activities and examining the level of impact the proposed development will have on the environment. Each activity was then examined in detail to identify the construction methods, technology and other factors that would determine the potential impact of the various activities. The following methods were used to identify the impacts of this project. Impact Identification Matrix (refer to the matrix)
Expert judgment. This method relied on experience gained from similar projects in Maldives.
11.2 Impact identification matrix
This matrix was designed to help provide an assessment and screening of the potential environmental impacts of this project. The matrix considered 17 potential environmental factors. Indicators are listed for each factor and these are used as a weighing scale. The project components are then assessed against each factor, scoring them on a scale of 1 to 10. This tool was thus utilized to help provide an assessment and screening of the potential environmental impacts of this project. The matrix will identify the impact types. Once the impact types are determined, the matrix is then used to assess the impact significance together with the network diagram and expert judgment.
This matrix contains: An impact assessment matrix which lists all of the 17 environmental factors and allows, for each one, to provide a score (1-10) and any additional comments. Each factor considers several sub categories (not indicated in the following matrix), depending on the project type and a total score is derived by averaging the individual scores.
A summary of scores for each factors and the impact type, negative, positive or neutral.
All types of projects that are listed in the EIA Regulation of 2012 can be assessed using this tool. The following table outlines the impact assessment matrix and the scores for the 17 categories derived for this project.
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Table 9: Impact assessment matrix for the project
Impacts Total score Negative Neutral Positive (1-3) (4 -7) (8 -10) Air pollution 4.00 x Waste - x Water pollution 1.00 x Noise/Vibration 5.00 x Amenity 5.00 x Ground water conservation 5.00 x Energy 5.00 x Energy efficiency 5.00 x Access to quality green space 8.00 x Flooding 9.00 x Transport 5.00 x Biodiversity 1.25 x Local environmental quality 9.00 x Resource depletion 5.40 x Health gain 9.50 x Employment 8.00 x Socio-economic implications 10.00 x
Scale Score 1-3, Negative Environmental Impact Scale Score 4-7; Neutral Environmental Impact Scale Score 8-10; Positive Environmental Impact
11.3 Magnitude of impacts
Environmental impacts of the proposed work have been examined through the above mentioned two processes and the results are outlined in the following pages. By using the impact assessment matrix as a tool, the magnitude of the impacts can be assessed as outlined in the following table.
Table 10: Impact magnitudes and their corresponding scores
Scores based on the impact assessment matrix < Negative Impacts > < Neutral Impacts > < Positive Impacts >* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Magnitude Major 2, Minor 4 &5 Minor, 6 & 7 Good Very Excellent of adverse adverse Negligible good impacts. 3, Moderate adverse
This EIA identifies and quantifies the significance of impacts on the environment from the proposed project. Impacts on the environment were identified and described according to their location/attribute, extent (magnitude) and characteristics (such as short-term or long term, direct or indirect, reversible or
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EIA for the shore protection project in Madifushi island, Thaa Atoll, irreversible) and assessed in terms of their significance according to the following categories: Negligible – the impact is too small to be of any significance; Minor– the impact is minor; Minor adverse – the impact is undesirable but accepted; Moderate adverse – the impact give rise to some concern but is likely to be tolerable in short-term (e.g. construction phase) or will require a value judgment as to its acceptability; Major adverse – the impact is large scale giving rise to great concern; it should be considered unacceptable and requires significant change or halting of the project. Positive – the impact is likely to bring a positive change in the sense that it is aimed at further minimizing the impacts as a result of the proposed actions.
11.4 Uncertainties in Impact Prediction
Environmental impact prediction involves a certain degree of uncertainty as the natural and anthropogenic impacts can vary from place to place due to even slight differences in ecological, geomorphologic or social conditions in a particular place. There is also limited data and information regarding the particular site under consideration, which makes it difficult to predict impacts.
However, the level of uncertainty, in the case of this project at Madifushi is expected to be low as shore protection works have been undertaken in many islands of Maldives. Therefore, the damage to environment is easy to quantify based on past experience in other islands.
Despite this, in the marine environment, there is a higher degree of uncertainty as the marine environment is more sensitive in extreme cases such as severe weather conditions. Shore protection works will completely destroy and alter the lagoon bottom in the revetment zone as well as cause indirect impacts through sedimentation. Therefore, sedimentation will affect the coral reef around the island especially in bad weather conditions.
The following matrix outlines the impacts and mitigation measures and their significance.
The following tables outlines the impacts and mitigation measures proposed as well as the matrix of impacts and their characterization. Reference to the matrix was derived from (Hoepner, 1999).
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11.5 Impacts on the Environment and their mitigation measures Table 11: Impacts and mitigation measures
Activity Potential Impacts Mitigation measures Cost of Implementing Mitigation responsibility Energy Energy for construction (coastal protection Energy generation will be controlled and No cost Contractor generation works). monitored. Contractor will be required to use the Use of energy for construction activities has power from the island grid to avoid separate an indirect negative impact on the generator sets, which will increase emission of environment through consumption of fuel. greenhouse gases as much as possible and in practical situations where it can be used. Impact of the During the construction stage, the increase Fishing from the house reef of the project site will No cost Contractor temporary number of workforce and their behavior be banned during the construction stage. The workforce could have significant impact on the contractor and all construction staff will been environment. informed of this. Due to the fragile nature of the coral reef, walking on corals while swimming and It is not expected that any damage would be working in the lagoon environment will also caused by workers fishing or walking on the banned. This preventative measure will also be lagoon, as the environment does not informed to all staff. In Madifushi island, live encourage such behavior. corals are mostly found in areas away from the proposed coastal protection area, therefore the Improper and indiscriminately dumping solid chances of damage to corals in this manner is waste to the beach area, especially the relatively small. marine environment can impact the marine Appropriate signs will be placed to keep the site environment, such as throwing garbage, clean. plastics etc. Fines and discharges for not obeying the environment protection rules. Workers will be briefed about proper disposal of litter and avoid damaging the surrounding environment. EIA for the shore protection project in Madifushi island, Thaa Atoll,
Activity Potential Impacts Mitigation measures Cost of Implementing Mitigation responsibility Noise and air Noise impacts will be localized. In addition, Noise may be expected to be a concern due to the No cost Contractor pollution the movement of machinery and construction intermittent nature of noise sources such as materials around the island will have a visual (during revetment construction), excavators and impact on the recreational use of the beach other construction heavy vehicles. However area during construction. construction workers, who are prone to high noise levels such as machinery operators, will be provided with proper personal protection equipment’s (PPE) such as ear muffs. Coastal Changes to the hydrodynamic regime There are not many options that can be Included in Contractor protection and When areas of the lagoon, whether undertaken to reverse this as filling and its effects the project associated connected to an existing island or detached on hydrodynamic regime. However the following contract works – are filled, there will be a huge impact on mitigation measures will help and will be backfilling (if near-shore current and wave patterns, as well undertaken. needed) as bottom hydrodynamics. This can lead to. • Erosion at the low energy areas during Undertake coastal protection of fill area parallel either monsoon. to coastal protection works to trap sediments. • Sedimentation and turbidity resulting in poor water quality which negatively impacts vitality of marine organisms. • Alteration of bottom substrate topography. • Degradation of sea water quality due to turbidity. • Continual re-suspension of dredged sediments leading to sedimentation and formation of dredge silts. • Degradation of sea water quality due to alteration to littoral sediment transport regime causing turbidity.
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Activity Potential Impacts Mitigation measures Cost of Implementing Mitigation responsibility This project is primarily focused on avoiding the erosion of the reclaimed land. Above mentioned impacts is not considered as new impacts to the project site as it is already affecting the environment as there is an ongoing reclamation at the moment. Coastal Habitat loss 1. Only required area is to be used during the No cost. Contractor. protection and Revetment and breakwater construction will construction stage in order to limit the direct Mitigation associated lead to direct loss of habitat for corals and impact foot print. measures are Proponent is works marine organisms in the target area. The 2. Designate one location to load and unload procedural in responsible to habitat will be modified permanently. goods, materials and machinery rather than using nature. make sure the a large area. coastal Habitats such as live corals in the target area 3. Undertaking coastal protection works as soon protection will be totally destroyed. as possible to control erosion. works start as soon as Direct habitat loss to corals is very small as possible the percentage of live corals in the beach nourishment area is almost nil.
Coastal Deterioration of marine environment and 1. Undertake work in low tide hours. Contractor protection and water quality Transportation of equipment, 2. Finish the construction in the shortest time Representatives associated heavy machinery, people and rock boulders frame possible. of proponent works for the site and materials all require 3. Avoid work during bad weather. should monitor transportation processes which increases the 4. Educate the workers and create awareness the following risks; about good waste management and responsible construction • Accidental spillage of construction behavior with regard to environmental care. works to ensure materials. the contractor • Accidental oil and other chemical spills, is adhering the including oil leaks from vehicles etc. mitigation
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Activity Potential Impacts Mitigation measures Cost of Implementing Mitigation responsibility • Accidental grounding of large vessels on measures the reef and lagoon.In addition, Pollution of the lagoon and reef system can be caused by waterborne and wind blown debris escaping from the construction as well as accidental oil/chemical spills.
Waste and residue arising from the project activities can also affect the marine environment. These can include hazardous waste such as used filters, empty lube-oil cans and oil filters as well as various solid wastes arising from humans and construction activities. No major solid waste is expected to be generated from the proposed work. Re- suspension of fine sediments and dispersal of sediments induced by erosion can lead to turbidity and deterioration of water quality in the immediate vicinity of the project site. Material Materials such as fuel for excavators, barges 1. Fuel will be handled with care at all times Included in Contractor handling and trucks have the potential to damage to 2. No waste fuel will be disposed into the marine the project the marine environment. Since fuelling is environment. contract required for the machinery, spillage would 3. Designate a separate area for fueling. be a possibility. Therefore, appropriate care 4. Fuel handling area will be kept free from spills has to be taken in handling fuel. Fueling will and every effort must be made to minimize spills. be required during fill process for 5. Fuel handling area to have a hard impervious excavators, loaders and other machinery. floor surface. 6. All fuel storage and fueling to be undertaken in the same location.
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Activity Potential Impacts Mitigation measures Cost of Implementing Mitigation responsibility 7. Designate a separate person to manage fueling and refueling as well as maintain the fueling area to ensure that unnecessary spillages do not take place.
Site Majority of the impacts will be felt through 1. If additional machinery is to be mobilized, No cost, but Contractor mobilization mobilization works mobilize only the required materials. the contractor Land clearing will not be required and there 2. Only required workforce and machinery to be will be will not be any need for the construction of mobilized to the island. required to large-scale temporary structures. However, 3. Designate one location to store fuel, machinery follow proper temporary fuel storage and other facilities for and other construction related materials that is protocols. site workers will be constructed. approved by the Island Council.
Waste Impact of solid waste This can be Work force will be provided with RO or rain Included in Contractor management detrimental to the marine and the terrestrial water (from the island) for drinking thereby the project environment if they are not managed reducing the need for mineral water and hence contract properly. Solid waste generated during the reducing the impact of plastic bottles and their construction stage will include organic, management and disposal. Furthermore, inorganic and hazardous materials and all of workforce will be based in Madifushi island and which require adequate disposal. therefore waste generation at construction site will be minimal. All garbage or wastes of domestic in nature generated on site will be transported to Madifushi waste disposal site.
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Activity Potential Impacts Mitigation measures Cost of Implementing Mitigation responsibility Socio-economic The coastal protection project will simulate Ensure that regular monitoring is taken to assess Proponent impacts. the development of Madifushi through the behavior of the beach so that corrective Greater provision of a sustainable and stable measures can be taken if the coastal protection opportunity for reclaimed land with costal protection. measures do not function the way it is intended to Madifushi Furthermore project will provide stable function. residents. beach areas for island residents. Availability of a suitable beach is one of the biggest obstacles faced by the island community.
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Table 12: Matrix of specific impacts and their characterization
Direct
POS) + POS)
Indirect
Long term Long
Reversible
Short term Short
Cumulative
Irreversible
Unavoidable
Maginitude # Maginitude
Mitigation Required Mitigation
Impact type (NEG or or type (NEG Impact Significant (H/M/L)* Significant
Impact indicator (N/M/MA/MoA/MaA)
Environmental Impacts Energy for construction (Beach nourishment and coastal protection works). Neg L X X N X X X X Impact of the temporary workforce Neg L X X N X X X Noise and air pollution Neg L X N X X X Changes to the hydrodynamic regime Neg H X MaA X X X X Habitat loss Neg H X MaA X X X X Deterioration of marine environment and water quality Neg H X MA X X X X Impact of Material Handling Neg L X MA X X X Site mobilization Neg L X M X X X Impact of solid waste Neg L X M X X X
Socio -economic Impacts Greater opportunity for locals. POS H x x
+ POS = positive impacts, NEG= negative impacts * H=high, M=Moderate, L=Low # N=Negligible, M=Minor, MA=Minor Adverse; MoA= Moderate adverse; MaA=Major Adverse # N=Negligible, M=Minor, MA=Minor Adverse; MoA= Moderate adverse; MaA=Major Adverse
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12 Stakeholder Consultations
For the purpose of this project, stakeholder consultations were limited to the following groups. Methodology for undertaking these discussions was through meetings and discussions.
12.1 Consultation with Mad i f u s h i Island Council
As part of the consultations, Madifushi Island Council and community members were consulted. Discussions were held on 7th February 2016 at the Island Council Office.
Table 13: Meeting information
Meeting Date 7th February 2016 Time 11 am Venue Th. Madifushi island council office Objective To discuss the project EIA data collection
To discuss the concerns of the island community regarding the project
Attendees Sheet attached
The following are the summary of discussions held with the island council on 7th February 2016. It’s been 1 and half years since the start of the on-going reclamation project.
Harbour rehabilitation and reclamation was proposed as one project.
Currently, 90% of the reclamation works are finished. On-going reclamation on north side of the island was not included on the first reclamation concept. Areas included on the first reclamation concept are now finished. Later the concept was changed to include the north side of the island.
Island council met with Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure to include the north side of the island in the reclamation project, as there was severe erosion on that side threatening nearby infrastructures.
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Island community and island council is happy with the current reclamation works. However, they wish to start the coastal protection works of the reclaimed land as soon as possible.
Island council met with Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure to discuss the coastal protection project, however to the date of EIA consultation meeting, no concept is shared with island council.
Community members are worried that because of the delay in coastal protection works, they may lose large area of newly reclaimed land.
Currently, land area of north side of the island is experiencing severe erosion because of the strong current between Madifushi and Ufuriyaa island. These two island are very nearby and lagoon separating the island is very shallow. Tide cycle generate very strong current in this area.
Island council and island community is very concerned that the current concept of coastal protection leaves a large area of north east side of the island unprotected. As mentioned above this is the area of the island experiencing the erosion currently.
Island council wish to change the concept so that whole north east side is protected. Council also wants to meet with Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure before finalizing the concept so that they can share their views.
Council and community want to have a recreation beach area on newly reclaimed land. However, according to island council it is very difficult to agree on an area for this purpose as there is no land use plan.
Island council hope they can agree with Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure for a final concept soon and start the coastal protection works as soon as possible.
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12.2 Consultations with Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure
As part of the stakeholder consultation, Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure was consulted regarding the project as the project proponent. Officials from Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure stated that in Madifushi it is proposed to protect 80% of the reclaimed area perimeter.
Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure will finalize the concept after the EIA study.
It is proposed to use rock boulders for this project.
Sand required for backfilling will be obtained from reclamation project. Hence no dredging will be done specifically for this project.
Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure wish to start the coastal protection works very soon to protect the reclaimed land from erosion.
12.3 List of people consulted from the island council
A list of people consulted as part of the stakeholder consultations are attached below.
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13 Alternatives
EIA Regulation requires at least two alternatives to be suggested for such projects and therefore alternatives have been suggested in addition to the no project alternative. These alternatives are discussed below:
13.1 No Project Option
The no project option considers the following. 1. No coastal protection will be done in Madifushi reclaimed area 2. Reclaimed land will continue to erode 3. Less cost to the proponent. 4. No further damage to the coral reef of the island and to the lagoon from project works
13.2 Alternative A nalysis matrix
For this project, an alternative analysis was carried out on the basis of various biophysical and socioeconomic parameters including: Technical feasibility, Economic viability and Environmental acceptability of the project and Social benefits
Based on the above four factors, an alternative analysis matrix was developed with scores given for each factor from 1 to 5. This analysis provides information about the advantages and disadvantages of each alternative considered with regard to its technical, economic and environmental factors. The purpose of this matrix is to obtain a favourable implementation of alternatives proposed by considering alternatives in terms of site selection, design and operational methods, the project scale and timing of project. The total for all factors gives an overall score for a given alternative. The highest total score provides the most desirable and preferred alternatives and vice versa.
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The following table outlines the advantages and disadvantages of the no project option.
Table 14: Advantages and disadvantages of the no project option
Strategy Advantages Disadvantages No coastal Environmental damage related Newly reclaimed land area will protection can be avoided continue to erode works to be undertaken No capital costs to the proponent, No beach areas will be created short term benefit for recreational purpose
No direct and indirect effects on Structures that will be built in the the coral reef through newly reclaimed area will be sedimentation threatened
Already destroyed areas of the lagoon will get time to recover
The following table outlines the various alternatives proposed for this project, their economic, technical, environmental as well as social factors taken in to consideration.
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Table 15: Alternative analysis matrix for the project
SAlternatives Environmentally Technical feasibility Economic viability Social benefits No proposed acceptable
Alternative materials for the revetment
A1 Use of tetra pods They can be manufactured on The cost is very high, As far as the Any option that is for revetment site provided materials are more than using rock environmental damage more expensive will available. They are long lasting boulders. footprint is concerned, be a negative factor and strong. Their size and it is equally as for the society. weight can be suited to meet the damaging as using the project. But for this project, proposed method of their use is not technically using rock boulders. sound as they are mostly used as breakwaters. They also require especially skilled people and heavy machinery to place in the interlocking positions.
A2 Use of geo-bags for The geotextile tube is a cost The unit cost of the As far as the Unlikely to be revetment effective solution, but visually geo-bags may be environmental damage accepted by the not appealing. The main cheaper, but footprint is concerned, community as it
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SAlternatives Environmentally Technical feasibility Economic viability Social benefits No proposed acceptable advantage of geotextile is that it considering the long it is equally as requires more can be manufactured in white term durability and damaging as using the frequent colour to blend with the white maintenance caused proposed method of maintenance then sandy shores or sandy seabed of by damage, the final using rock boulders. rock boulders. the island. However, despite cost may not be as low their white appearance, they are as one would imagine. However, more sand is visually not appealing as the needed to fill the bags material itself is artificial and and potentially does not blend with the dredging for sand may environment unlike rocks, be needed. which is suitable for the coastal environment and looks natural. Hence, rocks blend in with the environment much better than geotextiles.
Design and construction alternatives
AAlternative option Technically very easy to More expensive as As far as environmental May not be A3 1 – To protect the implement as the lagoon is more linear length of damage is concerned, acceptable as island whole reclaimed shallow and excavators can protection is required. this option is equally as community and
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SAlternatives Environmentally Technical feasibility Economic viability Social benefits No proposed acceptable area with revetment work comfortably during both damaging as the council informed tides. Therefore technically proposed concept. The they want to have a there will be not much placement of the beaching area and a difference compared to revetment will impact recreational area in proposed concept. the marine environment the island. in the project area both direct and indirectly.
AAlternative option Technically very easy to More expensive as As far as environmental Acceptable as this A4 2 – Protect the implement as the lagoon is more linear length of damage is concerned, concept will provide whole reclaimed shallow and excavators can protection is required this option is equally as protection to the other than a beach work comfortably during both however cost will be damaging as the reclaimed land as area on the south tides. Therefore technically lower than the option proposed concept. The well as beach area west side there will be not much 1 placement of the will be allocated for difference compared to revetment will impact recreational purpose. proposed concept. the marine environment in the project area both direct and indirectly.
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The following figure outlines the construction alternative option 1 (A3).
Figure 21: Alternative option 1
The following figure outlines the construction alternative option 2 (A4).
Figure 22: Alternative option 2
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Alternative analysis scores
The following table outlines the results of the alternative analysis scores calculated for this project. The scores are given from 1 to 5, 1 being the least and 5 the most desirable.
Table 16: Alterative evaluation scores
No Alternatives proposed
Technical Technical feasibility Economic viability Environm entally acceptable Social benefits Total scores A1 Use of tetra pods for revetment 1 1 3 1 6
A2 Use of geo-bags for revetment 3 3 2 1 8
A3 Alternative option 1 4 2 2 1 9
A4 Alternative option 2 4 2 2 3 11
Based on the analysis, Alternative A4 ranks the highest in terms of score. This alternative is preferred since it protects majority of the reclaimed land area and has an allocated recreational beach area.
13.3 Preferred Alternative
The preferred alternative for this project is to use rock boulders as coastal protection materials as proposed by Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure. For the concept option 2 is preferred over the proposed concept.
1 3 . 3 . 1 Mitigation Measures for the Preferred Alternative
The following mitigation measures are proposed for the preferred alternative. 1. Good construction practice and project timing
2. Appropriate sediment control measures outlined in the impacts and mitigation section.
For further details of mitigation measures, refer to the impact and mitigation measures of this report.
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14 Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan 14.1 Introduction
Environmental monitoring is essential to ensure that potential impacts are minimized and to mitigate unanticipated impacts. Monitoring will be carried out as part of the environmental impact assessment and monitoring requirements addressed in this EIA report.
14.2 Cost of Monitoring
The proponent has committed fully for the monitoring programme outlined in this report. The total cost of undertaking the regular monitoring is estimated in the following table. Cost of monitoring includes all data collection and reporting to the client and to the relevant government agencies.
14.3 D u r a t i o n of Monitoring
Monitoring will include marine, coastal and social aspects only. The proposed scheduled for monitoring has been prepared for 8 months during the construction period as well as for 5 years following the completion of the project. Hence, this schedule will be applicable for monitoring during the 5 years after the completion of the project. Monitoring will be undertaken by subcontracting the work to an independent consultant or a consulting firm.
Table 17: Summary of Monitoring durations and report numbers
Frequency No of of monitoring Duration in monitoring reports Months report Every 2 Monitoring during construction period 8 4 months Monitoring after the construction period Every 3 12 4 for the first year months Every 6 Monitoring for the second year 12 2 months Every 12 Monitoring for third to fifth year 36 3 months
14.4 M e t h o d s of Monitoring
Environmental monitoring will be undertaken using standard methods described in the Methodology section (refer to annex for details). Monitoring is recommended for marine, coastal and socio-economic environment only.
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14.5 Monitoring Responsibility
Monitoring responsibility will be with the client and financial provisions will be made in the project to undertake the monitoring.
14.6 M o n i t o r i n g R e p o r t
A detailed monitoring report should be compiled after the completion of the civil works. During the construction period, summary monitoring reports must be provided every two months and final report should be provided at the end of the construction stage and should adhere to EIA Regulations, 2012. During the operational stage (after the completion of the project), regular monitoring reports should be provided in three months for the first year and once every 6 months for the next year followed by annual reports for next 3 years. This report will be submitted to the relevant government agencies for compliance. The report will include details of the site, data collection and analysis, quality control measures, sampling frequency and monitoring analysis and details of methodologies and protocols followed.
The following table outlines the monitoring schedule proposed during both construction and after the completion of the works.
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Table 18: Schedule for environmental monitoring for the first 8 months of the construction period as well as during operation period
Monitoring Attribute Indicator Methodology Monitoring Frequency Cost during Cost Per annum (construction (operational phase). phase) Construction Operational stage stage Marine environment Visual water quality Visibility of Through visual Every other - No cost. water inspections and logs to day during Contractor to keep be kept on site. work. the logs on site.
Marine water quality Physical Onsite or Lab analysis Every two Every three $600.00 $200.00 at survey site 1 and 2. appearance, months during months for the turbidity, pH, construction first year and Suspended period. then every 6 Solids. months for the following year Live Coral cover at all Percentage Qualitative & - Every 6 months $5,500.00 survey sites live cover Quantitative for first 2 years and annually for following three years Diversity and Number / Qualitative & - Every 6 months $2,500.00 abundance of fish percentage of Quantitative for first 2 years communities at all selected fish and annually for survey sites following three years
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Monitoring Attribute Indicator Methodology Monitoring Frequency Cost during Cost Per annum (construction (operational phase). phase) Construction Operational stage stage Coastal Environment Current Near shore Drogue on the north Every three Every three $600.00 $400.00 currents. side. months months for the first year and then every 6 months for the following year. Shoreline Shore line Using GPS Not required Every three $550.00 $550.00 mapping to months for the assess the first year and shoreline then every 6 profile. months for the following year. Erosion Erosion Physical inspection and No need Every three - $550.00 shoreline mapping. months for the first year and then every 6 months for the following year.
Socio-economic Environment Consultation with the Assess the Interviews/Questionnaire - Annually $200.00 Island Council. satisfaction level of the public about the
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Monitoring Attribute Indicator Methodology Monitoring Frequency Cost during Cost Per annum (construction (operational phase). phase) Construction Operational stage stage sustainability of the project.
Table 19: Schedule of submission of monitoring report
Construction period (Months) First Operational year Second Operational year (months) (months) Constriction period 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 3 6 9 12 3 6 9 12 Summary monitoring report 1 Summary monitoring report 2 Summary monitoring report 3 Final monitoring report
Operational stage Monitoring report 1 Monitoring report 2 Monitoring report 3 Monitoring report 4
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15 Conclusion
This EIA report has identified the main impacts of the proposed coastal protection works in Madifushi island. It has been assessed that the project will have its main negative impact on marine environment and several positive coastal and socio-economic impacts. Negative environmental impacts do not appear to be major but with some damage to the marine environment. The project will have multiple socio-economic and coastal environmental benefits.
The proposed project involves protection of newly reclaimed land area of Madifushi island using rock boulder revetments. Beach areas for recreation purpose will be created and protected using breakwaters and groynes. This project aims to protect the newly reclaimed land of Madifushi. Main negative environmental impacts will be felt on the revetment foot print and nearby reef areas because of sedimentation from backfilling. Mitigation measures and monitoring are presented in the report and the proponent and the contractor need to follow these measures during the construction and operation phase of the project. Mitigation measures highlighted in the report are essential to reduce the negative environmental impacts of the project.
It appears justified from a technical and from a developmental point of view, to carry out the proposed project. There are good reasons from economic and environmental points of view to undertake the project. There will be negative environmental impacts, but they are unavoidable and balanced by gains on the other hand.
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16 Recommendations
Following are some of the recommendations based on this EIA assessment. These recommendations cover both environmental and the social aspects. Recommendation: The final concept and detail designing of the revetments and other coastal protection structures should be designed with consultation of Madifushi island council and should consider the EIA report. An in survey must be undertaken before the construction with levels and all building structures nearby to be surveyed.
It is recommended to prepare the land use plan of the Madifushi island as soon as possible so that allocation of recreational beach areas will be in line with the areas allocated in this project.
Controlling sedimentation: The contractor needs to control the sedimentation as such that it has the least impacts on the coral reef areas around the island. Hence, it is recommended to construct the revetments in parallel with back filling. Construction works need to be finished in the shortest time frame possible.
Environmental monitoring is essential to ensure that potential impacts are minimized and to mitigate unanticipated impacts. It is recommended that environmental monitoring to be carried by the contractor to monitor the predicted impacts. The monitoring program needs to be implemented by the contractor during the implementation of the coastal protection works. It is recommended that this activity would be carried out as per the proponent’s committed for this development. Some of the monitoring works can be easily undertaken by the contractor, such as visual inspection and keeping logs of water clarity during the works. This has also been included in the monitoring program.
Aerial photos and satellite photos could be used to monitor the progress of the project in Madifushi island. Hence it is recommended to obtain satellite photos or aerial photos on a weekly basis to monitor the progress of the project. Aerial photos taken with a drone can easily track sediment plume and thus help provide better and accurate information for the Island Council on a weekly basis.
It is recommended that Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure to undertake the environmental supervision during the implementation of the project as to
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ensure the project is implemented as outlined in the EIA report. The Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure or its consultant needs to provide necessary technical advice and guidance to the design of the project and undertake supervision and environmental monitoring during the implementation of the project.
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17 Acknowledgements
Various people have assisted the consulting team in preparing this report, name and their designations are listed below. CV’s of the field assistants are attached as an annex. Water Solutions would like to thank their support and assistance provided in completion of this report. 1- Mr. Abdul Aleem, EIA consultant
2- Mr. Faruhath Jameel, Chief Surveyour, Water Solutions.
3- Hamdhulla Shakeeb, Surveying Assistant, Water Solutions.
4- Thaa Madifushi Island council
5- Water Solutions staff
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18 Reference Books and Sources
Allison, W. (15: 215-218). Snorkeler damage to reef corals in the Maldive Islands,. Coral Reefs.
British Hydrographic Society. (1990). British Admiralty Charts. London: British Hydrographic Society.
English, S., & Wilkinson, C. a. (1997). Survey Manual for Tropical Marine Resources. Australian Institute of Marine Science.
Hoepner, T. (1999). A Procedure for Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for Seawater Desalination Plants. Desalination, vol.124, pp. 1-12.
Jameel, A. (2007). Developing a Disaster Profile for Maldives, A thesis for the Masters Degree. Chirstchurch, New Zealand: University of Cantebury.
Services, M. m. (2010). Maldives meteorological Services. Retrieved from www.meteorology.gov.mv
UNDP. (2006). Developing a Disaster Risk profile for Maldives. Maldives: UNDP.
UNEP. (2005). Maldives Post Tsunami Environmental Assessment. Geneva: United Nations.
UNEP, M. o. (n.d.). State of the Environment Report . Maldives: UNEP2002.
Water Solutions. (2013). EIA of land reclamation in Maafushi Island. Male': Water Solutions.
Water Solutions Pvt.Ltd,. (2008). Maps of Maldives, the complete guide to the Atolls and Islands of Maldives. Male': Water Solutions Pvt.Ltd.
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EIA for the shore protection project in Madifushi island, Thaa Atoll, Annex: Terms of reference
Page 80
P?', * ,. { rP'"rrt re?2j...tfu -/c, Iin\ ironmental l)rolection A.:enc\ EPA
203-EtARES/1 38/201 6/102 Extended Terms of Reference for Environmental lmpact Assessment for Coastal Protection Project at Madifushi, Thaa Atoll
The following is the Terms of Reference (ToR) following the EIA application submitted on 096 November 2015 and scoping meeting held on t0'h November 2015 for undertaking the EIA for the Coastal Prolection Project at Madifushi, Thaa Atoll.
While cvery attempt has been made to ensure that this TOR addresses all olthe major issues associaled with developtncll proposal. thcy are not necessarily exhaustive. They should not be interpreted as excluding lrom consideration matters deetned to be signilicant but not incorporaled in them. or matters currentl) unforeseen. that en.terge as important or signiticant fiom cnrironmental studies. or other$ise. during the course of prt:paralion r.lf th.r EIA report.
l. lntroduction and rationale -Describe the purpose of the project. Objectives of the developmetll activities should be specific and if possible quantified. Define the arrangements required for the environmental assessment including horv work carried out under this contract is linked to other activities thal are carried out or that is being carried out within the project boundary. ldentily the donors and the institutional arrangements rclevant to this project..
2. Study area - Submit a minimum 43 size scaled plan with indications ofall the proposed infrastructures. Specify if,lifrEl- bound.ies of the study area for the environmental impact assessment highlighting the proposed development location and size. The study area should include adjacent or remote areas, such as relevant developments and nearby environmentally sensitive sites (e.g. coral reef, sea grass, sensitive species nursery and feeding grounds).
3. ScoDe of work The report should be categorised into the following components
Task l. Description of the proposed project Provide a full description and justification of the relevant parts of the coasial protection works, using maps at appropriate scales where necessary. The following should be provided (all inputs and outputs related to the Proposed activities shall be justified): o Coastal defence construction and j ustification; o beach nourishment: location of burrow site, justification, volume needed, extraction methods, type of sediment, man power, scheduling and periodicity; . Measures to protect environmental values during construction and operation phase i.e. sedimentation control; . Detail ofdredging and volumes ofdredge spoil dredged and their method ofdisposal. . Project management (include scheduling and duration of the project and life span of facilities; communication of construction details, progress, target dates, construction/operation/closure of labour camps, waste managemenl plan; access to site, safety, equipment and material storage, fuel nlanagement and emergency plan in case of spills).
Coastal structure construction Details and .justification oflocation. number. size and materials ofcoastal protection structures;
Environmenr.l P.otection AAencv
cre€n Buildiig, 3"' Fl@r, HandhuvareeHingun
Maie, ReD ot Maldives,20392
Email: secrelarizr@ePa mv Tet I+9601133 5949 i+95O1313 S95l 8ov gd.mr Far. l+9601 l3l5953 lof5 webnte'ww.epa d't v ,,t* 'i' /-2. -Pvert re2-2/.rt2, En\ ironmental Prolecti()n Agenc) EPA
. Construction methods, materials, equipment, man power, expertise and scheduling. Dredging o Details of the borrow area and justification. o Volume of dredge spoil obtained. o Mahod of disposal. . Sediment control mechanism during dredging.
Beach nourishment . Location and size ofsand burrow areas (s) on a map; . Justification for the selection ofthis location; o Quantity, quality and characteristics of fill material; o Iffill material is to be sourced from external source. it needs to be clarified. . Method and equipment used for sand pumping; if it is so. o Justification for selecting the methods and equipment; o Labour requirements and (local) labour availability;
Task 2. Description of the environment - Assemble, evaluate and present the environmental baseline study/data regarding the study area and timing of the project(e.g. monsoon season). Identify baseline data gaps and identify studies and the level of detail to be carried out by consultanl. Consideration of likely requirements should be bome in mind durins survev olanni ng. so that data collected is suitable fbr use as a baseline. As such all baseline data must be presented in such a way that they will be usefully applied to future monitoring. The report should oudine detailed methodology ofdata collection utilized.
The baseline data will be collected before construction and from at least two benchmarks.All survey locations shall be referenced with Geographic Positioning System (CPS) including water sampling points, reef transects, vegetation transects and manta tows sites for posterior data comparison. Information should be divided into the categories shown below:
*There is o description of the speciJic dota collection requirements attoched in the appendix of this TOR template.
Climatc . Temperature. rainfall, wind- waves, o Risk offlooding and storm surges; Geoloev and roholosy o Offshore/coastal geology and geomorphology (use maps); o Bathymetry (bottom morphology) at all filling and dredging locations (use maps); o (Seasonal) pattems of coastal erosion and accretion (this should include shoreline and vegetation Iine survey), and . Characteristics of seabed sediments to assess direct habitat destruction and turbidity impacts during construction; Hvdroeraohy/hvdrod ynamics (use maps) Tidal ranges and tidal currents; Wave climate and wave induced currents; Wind induced (seasonal) currentsi
ENidmnt l Protttion Acen.y
Green Building, 3d Fl@r, HandhuvareeHhgun ',.!:-, -r-1 t-tr- Male', Fep ot Moldives, 20392 :oj92 ';:i-)2
Ter: [+960] 331s949 [+960] 333 SeSl EmaiL s6retariar@ep! Bov mv
{+9601l3l59s3 2of5 Websire: ww epa 8ov mv i- (ur? * c t I !-'!'i l5 -i PrC, rPrel.,t re-zrr)-r Eivironmcntal P.n,"",iun Ag.r"y ffi
Sea water quality measuring these parameters: Iemperature, pH, salinity. turbidity and total :;uspended solids. (sea waler quality should be tested ftom around the island at different locations).
Ecologv o Benthic and fish community monitoring around the island; . seascape integrity. and
Hazard vulnerabilitv: . Vulnerability ofarea to flooding and storm surge.
Task 3. L€gislative and regulatory considerations ldentify the pertinent legislation, regulstions and standards. and environmental policies that are relevant and applicable to the proposed project, and identify the appropriate authority jurisdictions that will specifically apply to the project. The report should clearly identify the different articles and clauses that apply to the said project and should state how the project meets these requirements.
identify the Task '1. Potential impacts (environmental and socio-cultural) The EIA report should all impacts, direct and indirect, during and after construction, and evaluate the magnitude and significance of each. Particular attention shall be given to impacts associated with the following:
ImDacts on the natural environment o Changes in flow velocities/directions, resulting in changes in erosiorVsedimentation pattems, which may impact shore zone configuration/coastal morphology; o Loss of marine bofiom habitat, both in the borrow area as well as due to enlargement of the islands, resulting in (temporary) loss of bottom life, which may impact fish stocks and species diversity and density ofcrabs, shellfish etc.; o Sediment dispersal in water column (turbidity at the dredging site (overflow) and related to shore protection activities), possibly resulting in changes in visibility, smothering of coral reefs and benthic communities and affecting fish and shellfish etc.; . Impacts ofnoise, vibration and disturbance; . Impacts on unique or threatened habitats or species (coral reefs, sea turtles etc.), and . Impacts on landscape integrity/scenery.
The methods used to identily rhe significance of the impacts shall be outlined. One or more ofthe following methods must be utilized in determining impacts; checklists, matrices, overlays. networks, expert systems and professional judgment. Justification must be provided to the selected methodologies. The report should outline the uncertainties in impact prediction and also outline all positive and negalive/short and long-term imPacts. Identify impacts that are cumulative and unavoidable.
Task 5. Alternaaives to proposed projeca - Describe alternatives including the "no actiott opllorr " should be presented. Determine the best practical environmental options. Alternatives examined lor the proposed project that would achieve the same objective including the "no action alternative". This should include alternalive coastal protection measures, altemative designs, altematiye materials; altemative locations and alternative borrow sites. The report should highlight how the best location was determined. All altematives must be compared according to international standards and commonlv accepted standards as much as
ENdhental P.oted'on Asen.y
G.en BurldinS, 3n Floo., Handhuvare€Hhgun
Mal.', Rep of Maldivcs, 20392
TeI I+9601133 5949 [+960]333 s951 Emarl se.etanat@epa sov mv )1;7
Fax: i+95o1331s953 3of5 websrte: ww.pa-gov mv i-r:i tub? * vl5ll , :.f mAtDlvtt 'i' P-Cr 2.Pv erl ,e-2rrr-, YIAR Eivironmental erot""tion eg"n"1 f p[
possible. The comparison should yield the preferred alternative for implementation. Mitigation options should be specified for each component ofthe proposed project.
Task 6. Mitigation and management of n€gative impacts ldentily possible measures [o prevent or reduce significant negative impacts to acceptable levels. These will include both environmental and socio- economic mitigation measures with particular attention paid to sedimentation conlrol and luture changes in coastal processes. Mitigation measures to avoid or compensate habitat destruction caused by beach nourishment will have to be considered, e.g. temporal sediment control structures and coral reconstruction. Measures for construction phase shall be identified. Cost the mitigation measures, equipment and resources required to implement those measures. The confirmation of commitment of the developer to implement the proposed mitigation measures shall also be included. An Environmental management plan for the proposed project, identifying responsible persons. their duties and commitments shall also be given. In cases where impacts are unavoidable arrangements to compensate for the environmental effect shall be given.
Task 7, Development of monitoring plan Identily the critical issues requiring monitoring to ensure compliance to mitigation measures and present impact management and monitoring plan for coaslal modification. beach morphology, sedimenl movement around the island. Ecological monitoring will be submitted to the EPA to evaluate the damages during construction, after project completion and every three months thereafter, up to one year and then on a yearly basis for five years after. The baseline study described in task 2 of section 2 of this document is required for data comparison. Detail ofthe monitoring program including the physical and biological pammeters for monitoring, cost commitment from responsible person to conduct monitoring in the form of a commitment letter, detailed reporting scheduling, cosls and methods ofundertaking the monitoring program must be provided. . Coastal erosion and accretion changes around the island; . Water quality, especially turbidity; . lmpacts from sedimentation on nearby coral reefs, benthic system. seagrass beds and fish and invertebrates communities: . Condition ofthe sensitiye ecosystems and marine resources;
Task 8. Stakeholder consultation ldentify appropriate mechanisms for providing information on the development proposal and its progress to all stakeholders. Consultation shall be undertaken with Th. Madifushi Council and the general public of Madifushi. The EIA report should include evidence of consultation, including names ofthose consulted and their contact details. The EIA report should include the methodology of consultation with j ustification, details of the date, time and place of the consultation and the summary outcomes. The report should include evidence that EIA report has been submitted to atoll council prior to submission to EPA.
Envi@nmental P.otEtion agency
Gren Bu'ldiry, 3d Fl@., HandhwareHingun
M.h', n.p. of MaldiEs,20392 .|111 Tel: [+9m]l3l5949 [+960] 313 59s1 Emdlr:[email protected] Far l+9@ll3:15953 4 ol5 webrire: wwepagd mv i.::-:; tut/
--2, -Pyert 2er2..rtr' Irnvironmcntal Protection l\gency EPA
Presentation - The environmental rmpact assessment repon, to be presented in digital format, rvill be concise and focus on significant environmental issues. It willcontain the findings, conclusions and recommended actions supported by summaries of the data collected and citations f or any references used in interpreting those data. The environmental assessment report will be organized according to, but not necessarily limited b1,, the outline given in the Environmental Impacl Assessment Regulations, 2012 and the relevant amendments.
Timefram€ for submittins the EIA report The developer must submit the completed EIA report within 6 months fiom the date ofthis Term of Reference.
,) pril 2016
Envtonhental Prot4ction Agan.y
6.en Euild'ng, 3'r Floor, Handhuvare.Hrngun
Malu', R€p af Nlaldives,20392
[email protected] rv mv 1127 Telr (+9601 3315949 [+9@] 331s95r Emarl: ' 5 Websrre: ww,epa-8ov nv ) i:r:; Fax: [+960] l3l5953 of5 EIA for the shore protection project in Madifushi island, Thaa Atoll, Annex: Madifushi Shoreline
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7 7 7 Legend 4 T h a4 a .. M a d ii ff u s h ii S h o r e P r o tt e c tt ii o 4 n Quaywall Vegetation Old_Shoreline Shoreline µ Reef
260923 260923 N N " " 0 0 3 ' 3 ' 1 1 2 2 ° ° 2 2 N " 0 72°0'0"E 74°0'0"E 73°0'0"E ' 0 ° 3 N N " " 0 0 ' ' 0 0 ° ° 6 6 N N " " 0 0 ' ' 0 0 3 3 ° ° 2 2 N N " " 0 0 ' ' 0 0
260423 260423 ° ° 3 3 N N " " 0 0 ' ' 0 0 ° ° N 2 2 N " " " " 5 0 0 5 ' ' 1 ' 1 0 0 ' ° ° 1 1 0 0 2 2 ° ° 2 2 72°0'0"E 74°0'0"E 73°0'0"E
Geodetic Parameters Coordinate Systems :Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone: 43 North Projection :Transverse Mercator (TM) Datum : WGS 1984 Longitude of Origin :0.000000000 Central Meridian:75 W Scale Factor :0.999600000000000040 False Easting :500000.000 False Northing :0.00000000 Semi-Major Axis (a) (Meters) :6378137.000 Semi-Minor Axis (b) (Meters): 6356752.3142451793
Scale: 0 50 100 200 Meters
Project: Thaa.Madifushi Shore Protection
Client: Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure
Contractor:
Water Solutions Pvt Ltd Ma.Shah, Dhihdhee Goalhi, Male', Maldives Tel: +(960)3341643, Fax: +(960)331643 www.water-solutions.biz 4 4 4 7 7 7 7 2 7 6 7 7 1 1 1 3 3 3 73°21'0"E 73°21'15"E 73°21'30"E EIIA PURPOSES ONLY EIA for the shore protection project in Madifushi island, Thaa Atoll,
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EIA for the shore protection project in Madifushi island, Thaa Atoll, Annex: CV’s of unregistered consultants
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Curriculum Vitae of Surveyor
1. PROPOSED POSITION : Surveyor
2. NAME : Hamdhulla Shakeeb
th 3. CONTACT DETAILS M.Araaraiykuri, 4 Floor Blookiyaa Magu Male’ Maldives Mobile:+(960) 7567075
th 4. DATE OF BIRTH : 26 Feb 1988
5. NATIONALITY : Maldivian
6. EDUCATION : General Certificate of Education (GCE) Ordinary Level Cambridge University, 2005 General Certificate of Education (GCE) Advanced Level Cambridge University, 2008 Certificate in Surveying, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, 2009
7. OTHER TRAINING : PADI Open Water Diver Reef Check Eco Diver Program Leica GNSS Training Program Advance Certificate in Computing Multi Beam Training
8. LANGUAGE & DEGREE OF Speaking Writing Reading PROFICIENCY : English Excellent Excellent Excellent Dhivehi Mother tongue Mother tongue Mother tongue
9. MEMBERSHIP IN PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES : -
10. COUNTRIES OF WORK : Maldives & Sri Lanka EXPERIENCE
11. EMPLOYMENT RECORD :
FROM: 1st August 2008 To: Present EMPLOYER Water Solutions Pvt Ltd POSITION HELD AND Surveyor DESCRIPTION OF DUTIES Undertake field surveys required for environmental studies, development and monitoring. Produce CAD drawings of completed surveys and other drawings required for environment and sewerage projects
Page (1) PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE
Project Name : Setting out all Structures in L.Olhuveli Client : Evason Laamu Financing: Period : 2008 Time Spent: 2 months Position Held : Assistant Surveyor Duties : Setting out of water villas
Project Name : Bathymetric Survey of K.Summer Island Client : Summer island Financing: Period : 2008 Time Spent: 2 days Position Held : Assistant Surveyor Duties : Bathymetric Survey
Project Name : EIA Survey - redevelopment of in K.Giraavaru Client : TBI Period : 2008 Time Spent: 1 day Position Held : Assistant Surveyor Duties : Field data collected for the EIA report
Project Name : EIA for Coastal Protection of Embudu Village Client : Embudu Village Period : 2008 Time Spent: 2 days Position Held : Assistant Surveyor Duties : Field data collected for the EIA report
Project Name : Topographic Survey – Redevelopment of Bolifushi Resort Client : Jumeirah Maldives Period : 2008 Time Spent: 2 Weeks Position Held : Assistant Surveyor Duties : Mapping the Existing structures
Project Name : Environmental Monitoring B.Muhdhoo Client : Coastline Group Period : 2008 Time Spent: 1 week Position Held : Assistant Surveyor Duties : Field data collected for the EIA report
Project Name : K. Thulusdhoo Huraagadu Client : Island Community Period : 2009 Time Spent: 1 week Position Held : Assistant Surveyor Duties : Field data collected for the EIA report
Project Name : Topographic survey of Bolifufushi Resort Client : Eon Resorts Period : 2009 Time Spent: 5 months Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Setting Out the all the strucures
Project Name : AA. Moofushi Client : Constance Hotels Period : 2009 Time Spent: 1 day Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Field data collected for the EIA report
Page (2) Project Name : Gdh. Madaveli Land Reclamation EIA Client : MHTE Period : 2009 Time Spent: 1 week Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Field data collected for the EIA report
Project Name : Ghd. Hoadehdhoo Land Reclamation EIA Client : MHTE Period : 2009 Time Spent: 1 week Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Field data collected for the EIA report
Project Name : Environmental Monitoring of Gdh.Meradhoo Client : Jumeirah Maldives Financing: Period : 2009 Time Spent: 2 days Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Field data collected for the EIA report
Project Name : Topographic Survey of Lh.Felivaru Client : Northern Province Office Financing: Period : 2009 Time Spent: 1 month Position Held : Surveyor Dties : Mapping the structures
Project Name : Topographic Survey of Sonevafushi Client : Sonevafushi Financing: Period : 2010 Time Spent: 1 day Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Mapping the structures
Project Name : Topographic and Bathymetric Survey of K.Baros Client : Baros Financing: Period : 2010 Time Spent: 1 day Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Collecting depths and mapping the island
Project Name : Coral Planting in K.Boduhithi Client : Sunland Financing: Period : 2010 Time Spent: 3 days Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Coral Planting
Project Name : EIA Survey of K.Summer Island Client : Summer Island Period : 2010 Time Spent: 2 day Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Field data collected for the EIA report
Project Name : EIA Survey of Conventional Centre in Addu City Client : MHE Financing: Period : 2010 Time Spent: 2 days Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Field data collected for the EIA report
Project Name : EIA Survey of Maradhoo Football Ground Client : - Financing: Period : 2010 Time Spent: 1 day Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Field data collected for the EIA report
Page (3) Project Name : EIA Survey of Halaveli Client : Halaveli Period : 2011 Time Spent: 2 Weeks Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Field data collected for the EIA report
Project Name : Environmental Monitoring of AA.Nika Island Client : Nika Island Financing: Period : 2011 Time Spent: 1 day Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Field data collected for the EIA report
Project Name : EIA Survey of Nolhivaramfaru Client : MHE Period : 2011 Time Spent: 1 day Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Field data collected for the EIA report
Project Name : EIA survey of Sh.Vagaru Client : Viceroy Maldives Period : 2011 Time Spent: 1 day Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Field data collected for the EIA report
Project Name : EIA survey of Bandos Island Resort Client : Bandos Financing: Period : 2011 Time Spent: 1 day Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Field data collected for the EIA report Project Name : EIA survey of AA.Maafushivaru Client : Maafushivaru Financing: Period : 2011 Time Spent: 1 day Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Field data collected for the EIA report
Project Name : Topographic Survey of Evasaon Laamu Olhuveli Client : Evason Laamu Financing: Period : 2011 Time Spent: 2 Weeks Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Mapping Existing Beach Villas and corrected the map Project Name : EIA Survey of Hulhumale’ Marina Client : HDC Financing: Period : 2011 Time Spent: 1 day Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Field data collected for the EIA report
Project Name : EIA Survey of Ha.Kela Sewerage project Client : DCP Financing: Period : 2011 Time Spent: 2 day Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Field data collected for the EIA report
Project Name : EIA Survey of Fihaalhohi Client : Fihaalhohi Financing: Period : 2011 Time Spent: 1 day Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Field data collected for the EIA report
Project Name : Topographic Survey of K.Summer Island : Field data collected for the EIA report Client : MOOKAI Financing: Period : 2011 Time Spent: 1 day Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Setting out of breakwaters and reclaim area
Page (4) Project Name : EIA for 8 island Harbour Project Client : MHE Financing: Period : 2012 Time Spent: 14 day Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Field data collected for the EIA report
Project Name : Halaveli Coral Rehabilitation Project Client : Halaveli Resort Financing: Period : 2013 Time Spent: 3 days Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Field data collected for the EIA report
Project Name : Bathymetry Survey of Kihaadhu Resort Client : HM Lulu Pvt Ltd Financing: Period : 2013 Time Spent: 2 days Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Field data collection for Bathymetry. This Bar calibration, GPS Setup and echo-sounder operation during data collection Project Name : Land Survey of Adh.Thelaveligau Client : Thelaveligau Retreat Pvt Ltd Financing: Period : 2013 Time Spent: 4 days Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Field data collection for the Land Survey Report
Project Name : Bathymetry Survey of Jumerah Dhevanafushi(Meradhoo) Client : EON Financing: Period : 2014 Time Spent: 3 weeks Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Field data collection for Bathymetry. This Bar calibration, GPS Setup and echo-sounder operation during data collection Project Name : Land Survey of Ga.Innahera with 4 islands Client : SIMDI Pvt Ltd Financing: Period : 2014 Time Spent: 6 days Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Field data collected for the Land Survey Report
Project Name : Land Survey of Sh.Ekasdhoo Client : SIMDI Pvt Ltd Financing: Period : 2014 Time Spent: 4 days Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Field data collected for the Land Survey Report
Project Name : Bathymetry Survey of Maavarufalhu (Faafu Atoll) Client : Boston Consulting Group(BCG) Financing: Period : 2014 Time Spent: 4days Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Field data collection for Bathymetry. This Bar calibration, GPS Setup and echo-sounder operation during data collection
Project Name : Topographic Survey of Rihiveli Resort Client : Castaway Financing: Period : 2014 Time Spent: 7 days Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Setting out of all structures Project Name : Bathymetry Survey of Rihiveli Resort Client : Castaway Financing: Period : 2014 Time Spent: 4 days Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Field data collected for the Bathymetric Survey
Page (5) Project Name : Bathymetric Survey of Kuramathi Resort Client : Universal Enterprises Pvt Ltd Financing: Period : 2015 Time Spent: 3 days Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Field data collection for Bathymetry. This Bar calibration, GPS Setup and echo-sounder operation during data collection
Project Name : Bathymetric Survey of S.Gan Bathymetry( Near Main Jetty) Client : Blue Logisitics Pvt Ltd Financing: Period : 2015 Time Spent: 1 day Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Field data collection for Bathymetry. This Bar calibration, GPS Setup and echo-sounder operation during data collection
Project Name : Bathymetry Survey of Maafalhu Survey Client : WATG Financing: Period : 2014 Time Spent: 3 days Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Field data collection for Bathymetry. This Bar calibration, GPS Setup and echo-sounder operation during data collection Project Name: Land Survey of B.Muthaafushi Client : Well land Investment Pvt Ltd Financing: Period : 2015 Time Spent: 3 days Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Field data collected for the Land Survey Report
Project Name: Land Survey of B.Dhandhoo Client : Well land Investment Pvt Ltd Financing: Period : 2015 Time Spent: 3 days Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Field data collected for the Land Survey Report
Project Name : Land Survey Demarcation of 8 Islands Client : LSA Financing: Period : 2016 Time Spent: 1 month Position Held : Surveyor Duties : Setting out of Blocks
CERTIFICATION:
I, THE UNDERSIGNED, confirm that:
(i) To the best of my knowledge, this CV correctly describes myself, my qualifications, and my experience (ii) I have given my full consent to be included in this Proposal (iii) I am available for the assignment as indicated/scheduled in this Proposal.
Hamdhulla Shakeeb
Page (6) EIA for the shore protection project in Madifushi island, Thaa Atoll,
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EIA for the shore protection project in Madifushi island, Thaa Atoll, Annex: Draft project schedule
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Temporay Schedule for Th. Madifushi Coastal Protection Project
Months Duration / Days Description 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Preliminary works 7 Mobilization 14 Site setup 15 Survey and setting out 7 Revetment Construction 140 Backfilling 130 Out survey 7 Site clearance 14 Demobilization 14 EIA for the shore protection project in Madifushi island, Thaa Atoll,
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EIA for the shore protection project in Madifushi island, Thaa Atoll, Annex: Methodologies used
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1 . 1 Introduction
The annex describes detail methodologies used to collect data on the existing environment for EIA studies in the Maldives. For EIA studies in the Maldives, various methodologies are used and the type and methods vary for different projects. Almost all projects will utilize some general data collection methodologies in combination of various other methods. The following section outlines the data collection methodologies that are used in Maldives and their description.
1 . 2 General Methodologies of Data Collection
In this method, the condition of the existing environment is analyzed using appropriate scientific methods. The environmental components of the study area are focused for terrestrial, marine and coastal environment depending on the specific projects. In general, for any project that requires the study of the marine environment, the marine environment of the island is studied including the coral reef and the lagoon. Focus is given on specific areas of the island’s reef which is expected to have the greatest impact as a result of the proposed project. Coastal environmental data collection involves mapping the shoreline, taking beach profiles from selected locations, identifying and mapping costal defense structures and assessing the coastal environment for erosion or accretion. Terrestrial data collection usually includes creating a terrestrial map of the island or a specific area.
1 . 3 Mapping and Location Identification
The island, lagoon, reef or specific areas of islands or a project site is mapped, including shore line, vegetation line, reef lines, existing mature trees, coastal defense structures or other significant topographic features. Mapping is undertaken using hand held differential GPS and available aerial photos. The location of data collection sites are marked using handheld GPS. These data collection points includes marine water sampling locations, marine survey locations, existing groynes and sea walls, mature trees, breakwaters, protected or archaeological sites, erosion prone areas, sand spits, beach rocks etc.
1 . 4 Marine Environment Surveys
Marine environmental surveys were conducted to collect data on key environmental components (i.e. the coral reef system and the lagoon), that will be impacted due to the project. Four methods are primarily used to collect data, namely: Line Intercept transects (LIT’s) Detail photo quadrate analysis, Fish census and Visual observations.
Purpose of the survey is to define and establish marine environmental baseline conditions for impact evaluation during and after a project. Surveys are based on standard marine environmental surveys so that they can be repeatedly carried out to monitor and record changes and assess possible impacts on the marine environment from the proposed work activities. Surveys include quantitative and qualitative methods. In addition, photos are taken along the reef survey sites and the length of the lagoon.
1 . 5 Line Intercept Transects (LIT)
Line Intercept Transect (LIT) surveys are carried out to assess the benthic types and species at the survey sites. This method uses life form categories to assess the benthic sessile community of reefs and it is possible to incorporate taxonomic data as well. LIT surveys can be used to evaluate the community structure of corals in terms of species composition and
Annex: Methodology - Page 2 diversity patterns in different zones on a reef. LIT method also provides a rapid estimate of percent cover of corals, algal cover, and cases of other prominent organisms as well as bare substratum.
Quantitative percent cover of the reef community can be obtained using this method and it can be repeated over time to obtain changes over a period of time. Disadvantages of this method include difficulty in standardizing the life form categories and the limitation of the data collected, to information on percent cover and relative abundance (English et al. 1997). LIT surveys produce valuable data even though they are time consuming and require considerable effort and skills to record notes underwater (Segal & Castro 2001). A line transect of 20m length is normally used, but transect lengths can vary depending on the surveyor.
1 . 6 Photo quadrate analysis
Photo transect coral reef survey method is used to quantify the data of coral reef benthic communities i.e. live corals and their types, other benthos, dead corals and other reef substrate. This method is used to support the LIT surveys or as an alternative to line transect. A series of photographs are taken along the transect line (usually 20 m each) using an underwater camera. These photographs are combined to form a photo-composite. Photo- composite of the mapped area of the reef are then analyzed using computer software. It provided a detail record of individual corals, sandy or rubble area and other benthos to a mapped area. The photographs not only allowed speedy collection of data in the field, but also provided a permanent record of the transect line, which is useful for long-term monitoring of growth, mortality and recruitment.
Figure 1: Typical photo quadrate analysis
1 . 7 Qualitative assessment
Qualitative assessment of the reef or lagoon is based on visual observation by snorkeling and then comparing the result with underwater photos and aerial photographs.
Annex: Methodology - Page 3 1 . 8 P e r m a n e n t Photo Quadrats
This method involves taking still photographs of a fixed quadrat that are analyzed in the lab. It is useful to determine temporal change in shallow macrobenthos communities. Permanent photo-quadrats can also complement LITs and are suitable for small-scale questions and to follow the fate of individual colonies. Detailed temporal change can be determined for individual corals for biological condition, growth, mortality and recruitment. Data can be used to estimate percent cover, species diversity, relative abundance, density and size. Percentage cover of target organisms can be determined in the lab by either point sample methods by placing a grid cover the quadrat or by digitizing the image (digitizing is more expensive, time-consuming, requires special software and expertise). The precision depends on the apparatus used and the ability to take photo from exactly the same spot as well as observer differences for analysis.
On each designated Impact Sites squares of 50x50cm side length are placed randomly along the coral patches in about 1,5m depth. Still photos are taken and analyzed using the software CPCe 3.4 (Kohler and Gill 2006) with an equally spaced grid overlaid in 10 columns and 10 rows (100 points) per 50x50cm quadrat. Substrate categories are recorded and described. Statistical analysis is then undertaken using PAST software (PAlaeontological Statistics ver. 1.90, Øyvind Hammer).
All quadrats at the survey sites are permanently marked with square plastic markers for further monitoring studies. In addition, when possible, sub-surface buoys are installed at each Site close to the quadrats.
1 . 9 Reef fish Visual Census
Under water counts of reef fishes or underwater visual census (UVC) method is used to assess the fish population at an Impact Site and a Control Site. Visual counts appear to give reasonably reliable results provided that they are applied to fish that are non-cryptic and either diurnally active or at least evident by day. In this method, the surveyor swims along the transect paths above the reef, counting fish that were observed within 1,5m either side of the transect and above up to the water column. The same transects line as for the Visual Quadrat survey is normally utilized to carry out the fish census. Fish are counted along the 20 m transect path (that is in a belt of 1.5 m on either side and up to the water surface). To count the fish, the surveyor swims slowly along, counting fishes that are seen within the defined band transect, 20m long by 3m wide (i.e. one with a total area of 60m²). All fish encountered are recorded at least up to family level, some up to genus and species level, noted on the underwater slate immediately after they are seen. Counting any fish more than once is avoided by training and experience. Speed at which the path swum is controlled so as to standardize the efficiency of search. If the surveyor swims too fast it is easy to miss fish, especially of smaller species, that may be temporarily obscured by corals or rock or be taking shelter. Experience shows that the slower the surveyor swims, more fish that is recorded up to a point. However, the highest number recorded by moving along very slowly may actually be an over estimate of fish density. Hence it is necessary to standardize swimming speed to a slow but not too slow pace. The standard speed of swimming practiced is at a mean rate of 8m a minute. For results, only the most abundant fish families are taken into account, each representing one of the following functional groups: herbivores (Acanthuridae, Scaridae), omnivores (selected Labridae), corallivores (Chaetodontodae) as well as habitat specialists (Pomacentridae).
1 . 1 0 Marine Water Quality
One of the main environmental components that is affected by implementing a number of projects in Maldives is the marine water quality. Water quality is assessed during the field trip by collecting samples and testing them at National Health Laboratory. Water quality is
Annex: Methodology - Page 4 assessed from multiple locations depending on the project. The locations, frequency and parameters to be monitored are given in the EIA report.
1 . 1 1 Coastal environment
1 . 1 2 Shoreline and vegetation line mapping
The island’s shore line and vegetation lines are mapped during low, high and mid tides using a handheld GPS assisted by aerial photos. The data is then entered in to a GIS database and maps are generated.
1 . 1 2 . 1 Coastal structures mapping
Similar to the island’s shore line and vegetation lines, all the coastal infrastructures such as groynes, sea walls, revetments, offshore and near shore breakwaters are mapped using a handheld GPS assisted by aerial photos. The data is then entered in to a GIS database and maps are generated.
1 . 1 2 . 2 Erosion and Accretion areas mapping
Areas where severe erosion and accretion occurring are mapped using a handheld GPS. The data is then entered in to a GIS database and maps are generated and compared with previous available maps and satellite photos.
1 . 1 2 . 3 Beach Profiles
Dumpy levels were also used to survey around selected locations around the island and beach profiles were generated from these data. The location along the which the beach profiles were taken was marked using a GPS for future monitoring. When selecting locations, a permanent structure or object such as a building corner, larger mature tree or any other similar benchmark were identified for future reference. The final beach profiles are corrected to MSL and graphs developed.
1 . 1 2 . 4 Drogues and currents
Nearshore currents in the lagoon or reef were measured by deploying a handheld GPS in a watertight casing with a fin attached at the bottom. The GPS is deployed for a period of minimum 15 minutes during which time its displacement from the original position are recorded as a line. After 15 minutes, it is removed and deployed at another location. Once the data is collected, currents in a particular area is calculated by measuring the distance it has travelled by 15 minutes.
1 . 1 3 Terrestrial environment
1 . 1 3 . 1 Terrestrial floral survey
The baseline terrestrial environment of the project location is studied in detail by counting trees existing in the area, and gathering information available from island office or from other available sources. The survey concentrates on identifying vegetation types, their abundance and occurrence in a given area. The methods used to assess the tree types and abundance are using line transects. A measuring tape is used to set up the transect line which is selected randomly from within the project boundary. The surveyor measures and records the type of trees and their average heights. Average heights are estimated and so there is a greater degree of error in estimating the tree heights. The results are then tabulated to calculate the
Annex: Methodology - Page 5 percentage of different trees. In addition, records from island office / resort or other sources are also used to cross check the figures.
1 . 1 3 . 2 Terrestrial faunal survey
In depth faunal survey is not assessed but the types of fauna encountered during the floral transect is identified and recorded. Focus in given on specific fauna such as turtles, fruit bats, sea birds and other sensitive birds. Birds and their habitation patterns are also observed and recorded during the survey.
1 . 1 3 . 3 Ground Water Assessment
Groundwater quality is assessed by collecting samples from given locations selected randomly or from available points within the island using YSI 6820 multi parameter handheld water quality meter. In addition, water quality is also tested at the National Health Laboratory.
1 . 1 4 Coastal Environment
Data collected on coastal environment includes beach profiles, existing coastal structures (sea walls, breakwaters, groyns etc.), beach composition, beach width, shore line and vegetation line. All beach profile locations are marked on GPS maps and their geographical coordinates are marked on a map. Beach profiles are taken as baseline data to make comparisons during monitoring programme so that any changes resulting from the coastal or any other component of a project can be assessed accurately. Beach profiles are measured using auto levels, GPS and a staff.
1 . 1 5 B a t h y m e t r y
Bathymetric survey are undertaken in the lagoon or reef using Echosounder attached to a boat. The levels are then corrected for mean sea level and represented in a map. Bathymetric maps provide accurate estimates of depths in a particular lagoon or a reef.
1 . 1 6 Aerial photos
Aerials photos provide useful information such as assisting the analysis of marine environment, identifying wave patterns and changes to shoreline and also vulnerable areas of the island for all kinds of projects. Aerial photos are purchased from DigitalGlobe.
1 . 1 7 Available long term weather data
Long term available weather data is obtained from the nearest weather station to a project in Maldives, which is based in Male’ International Airport (Male’ atoll), Hanimaadhoo (Haa Dhaal Atoll), Kaadehdhoo (Gaaf Dhaal atoll and Gan island in Seenu atoll. These data sets are used to develop a regional model in ArcGIS to assess the vulnerable areas of the island or any other project during both monsoons, thus helping the EIA team to assess the vulnerable areas of the island for erosion and various other weather related issues.
Annex: Methodology - Page 6 EIA for the shore protection project in Madifushi island, Thaa Atoll,
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EIA for the shore protection project in Madifushi island, Thaa Atoll, Annex: Existing general environment of Maldives
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1 Introduction
This annex outlines the general environmental conditions in Maldives, including the climatic settings, tides, wind and wave. As there are no specific such data for individual islands, these data will form the basis for describing the conditions for the islands of the Maldives. The data collection on climate, tide and waves are undertaken from weather stations based strategically throughout the Maldives, including Male’ international airport, Gan International airport, Kaadehdhoo Airport and Hanimaadhoo airport.
2 Meteorological Conditions
Meteorology at Maldives is monitored by the Maldives Meteorological Service (MMS) through three stations as detailed below. The stations monitor rainfall, temperature, wind and tide levels at the islands. The secondary data presented in this section has been sourced from recordings of MMS monitoring stations. Location Latitude Longitude Tide gauge National Meteorological Centre, Malé 04.19°N 73.53°E Yes Haa Dhaal Hanimaadhoo Meteorological Office 06.75°N 73.17°E Yes Laamu Kadhdhoo Meteorological Office 01.86°N 72.10°E No
Figure 1: Geographical Coordinates of the Meteorological Centres in Maldives (Source: Maldives Meteorological Service)
Hourly meteorological data was also collected for Hulhule (MIA) for the period 1990-2009. The data includes parameters such as atmospheric pressure, temperature, humidity, wind speed and direction and precipitation which is provided in the subsequent section
2 . 1 Climatic Setting
Maldives is located at the equator and experiences monsoonal climate. Maldives has two distinct seasons; dry season (northeast monsoon) and wet season (southwest monsoon). In these two seasons the temperature remains more or less the same. . Northeast monsoon extends from January to March. Since Maldives consists of small islands and are surrounded by sea, hot days are often tempered by cooling sea breezes and evening temperatures drops. Throughout the year, temperature remains almost same in the Maldives. However, daily temperature ranges from around 31oC in daytime to 23oC in night-time. The mean daily maximum temperature for Central parts (Hulhule) of the Maldives is 30.5oC and minimum temperature is 25.7 oC. On the other hand, mean daily maximum and minimum temperature for South (Gan) is 30.9oC and 24.5 oC, respectively.
The wet season- southwest monsoon runs from mid-May to November. In this season Maldives experiences torrential rain. Central, Southern and Northern parts of the Maldives receive annual average rainfall of 1924.7mm, 2277.8mm, and 1786.4mm, respectively. The highest rainfall ever recorded in the Maldives with in 24 hour period was on 9th July 2002 at Kaadedhdhoo Meteorological Office and amounts to 219.8mm of rainfall. Maldives being located at the equator, receives plentiful of sunshine throughout the year. On average Southern atolls (Gan) of the Maldives receives 2704.07 hours of sunshine each year. Furthermore, on average central (Hulhule) parts of the country receives 2784.51 hours of sunshine per year. The relative humidity in Maldives ranges from 73% to 85%.The monthly average sunshine and rainfall is presented in the figure below:
Annex: Existing General Environment of Maldives. Page 2 Figure 2: Monthly Average Rainfall and Sunshine(Source: Maldives Meteorological Service)
The month wise rainfall data for Maldives recorded for the month of 2009 is as provided below:
Locality Total Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Male' 2,201 85.2 12.8 36.8 86.6 175.1 213.3 275.9 416.4 193.3 107.5 409.2 189.4 Hanimaadhoo 1,635 2.6 7.6 31.5 55.5 145.4 156.6 218.7 234.8 177.3 83.9 234.4 286.9 L.Kadhdhoo 2,158 58.3 193.1 30.9 149 244.5 187.7 42 295.3 165.4 203.8 336.1 252.5 Kaadedhdhoo 2,023 242.7 50 60.5 124.3 307.3 32.5 83.2 318.1 180.8 188 155.2 280.6 S.Gan 2,307 247.3 23.6 54.1 134.6 253.7 105.1 252.8 165.2 224.9 322 261.3 263.1 Source: Maldives Meteorological Service
Figure 3: Month-wise Rainfall Data for Maldives, 2009
2 . 2 Temperature
Daily temperatures of Maldives vary little throughout the year with a mean annual temperature of 28C. The annual mean maximum temperature recorded for Male’ during the period 1967-1995 was 30.4C and the annual mean minimum temperature for the same period was 25.7C. The highest recorded temperature for Male’ was 34.1C on 16th and 28th of April 1973. The hottest month recorded was April 1975 with a maximum monthly average temperature of 32.7C, the next highest being 32.6C in April 1998. The lowest minimum average temperature of 23.7C was recorded in July 1992.
Annex: Existing General Environment of Maldives. Page 3 Yearly Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Avg Locality
AVERAGE OF DAILY MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE (oC)
Male' 31.1 30.5 31.0 31.9 31.7 31.7 31.2 31.2 30.3 30.7 31.6 30.6 30.6
HDh.Hanimaadhoo 31.3 30.7 31.5 32.4 32.1 32.1 31.1 30.9 30.6 30.8 31.6 31.0 31.1
L.Kadhdhoo 31.3 30.6 30.7 32.1 32.3 32.2 31.3 31.4 30.6 31.3 31.4 30.8 30.9
GDh.Kaadedhdhoo 31.1 30.8 31.0 31.8 31.6 31.6 31.1 31.1 30.4 31.1 30.9 30.2 30.9
S.Gan 31.1 30.7 31.1 31.7 31.5 31.2 31.1 30.9 30.6 31.2 31.1 30.5 31.3
AVERAGE OF DAILY MINIMUM TEMPERATURE (oC)
Male' 26.3 25.8 26.1 27.1 26.9 26.7 26.6 26.2 25.2 26.1 26.7 25.8 26.0
HDh.Hanimaadhoo 25.5 24.6 24.2 25.5 26.3 27.3 26.0 25.4 25.5 25.8 25.3 25.2 24.7
L.Kadhdhoo 25.7 25.8 24.6 26.0 26.6 26.7 26.1 26.1 25.0 26.1 25.6 25.1 24.7
GDh.Kaadedhdhoo 24.6 24.6 24.5 24.6 25.4 25.1 25.2 24.4 23.8 24.6 24.2 24.4 24.6
S.Gan 25.4 25.2 25.5 25.9 25.8 26.0 25.8 24.9 24.7 25.6 25.0 24.9 25.2
Source: Maldives Meteorological Service
Figure 4: provide details of the average daily maximum and minimum temperature of Maldives for 2009.
2 . 3 M o n s o o n s
Monsoons of Indian Ocean govern the climatology of the Maldives. Monsoon wind reversal plays a significant role in weather patterns. Two monsoon seasons are observed: the Northeast (Iruvai) and the Southwest (Hulhangu) monsoon. Monsoons can be best characterized by wind and rainfall patterns. The southwest monsoon is the rainy season, which lasts from May to September, and the northeast monsoon is the dry season that occurs from December to February. The transition period of southwest monsoon occurs between March and April while that of northeast monsoon occurs from October to November.
2 . 4 R a i n f a l l
Annual average rainfall in Maldives is about 1900mm. There is a marked variation in rainfall across Maldives with an increasing trend towards south. The annual average rainfall in north is 1977mm and for south is 2470mm. The southwest monsoon is known as the wet season with monthly average rainfall ranging from 125-250mm. The northeast monsoon is known as the dry season with average monthly rainfall of 50-75mm.
Annex: Existing General Environment of Maldives. Page 4 Rainfall records indicate an average annual rainfall of 2500mm. The intensity of rainfall is a concern in the Maldives since intensity is high with low frequency. Excessive rainfall is not a concern for Ziyaaraifushi since the island does cup towards the middle.
2 . 5 Wind Conditions
The National Meteorological Center for Maldives provides data for wind speed as recorded at Hulhulé meteorological station, for the period 1990-2010. The month wise windrose for the period of 20years
Annex: Existing General Environment of Maldives. Page 5 Figure 5: Monthly Wind Rose Diagrams for Hulhulé Station, 1990-2010
January February WIND ROSE PLOT: DISPLAY: COMMENTS: Wind Speed WIND ROSE PLOT: DISPLAY: COMMENTS: January Wind Speed Direction (blowing from) February 24 hourly Direction (blowing from) 24 hourly
NORTH NORTH
40% 35%
32% 28%
21% 24% TOTAL COUNT: CALM WINDS: TOTAL COUNT: CALM WINDS:
9023 hrs. 0.27% 7262 hrs. 0.62% 14% 16% AVG. WIND SPEED: AVG. WIND SPEED: 4.99 m/s 6.02 m/s 7% 8%
WEST EAST WEST EAST
WIND SPEED WIND SPEED (m/s) (m/s) >= 5.5 >= 5.5 3.6 - 5.5 3.6 - 5.5 2.1 - 3.6 2.1 - 3.6 0.5 - 2.1 0.5 - 2.1 Calms: 0.62% Calms: 0.27% Resultant Vector SOUTH PROJECT NO.: Resultant Vector 36 deg - 77% SOUTH PROJECT NO.: 38 deg - 80% WRPLOT View - Lakes Environmental Software
WRPLOT View - Lakes Environmental Software
March April WIND ROSE PLOT: DISPLAY: COMMENTS: WIND ROSE PLOT: DISPLAY: COMMENTS: March Wind Speed Wind Speed Direction (blowing from) April Direction (blowing from) 24 hourly 24 hourly
NORTH NORTH
25% 30%
24% 20%
18% TOTAL COUNT: CALM WINDS: 15% TOTAL COUNT: CALM WINDS: 7271 hrs. 1.94% 7700 hrs. 1.95% 12% 10% AVG. WIND SPEED: AVG. WIND SPEED: 4.04 m/s 3.88 m/s 6% 5% WEST EAST WEST EAST
WIND SPEED (m/s) WIND SPEED >= 5.5 (m/s) 3.6 - 5.5 >= 5.5 2.1 - 3.6 3.6 - 5.5 0.5 - 2.1 2.1 - 3.6 Calms: 1.94% 0.5 - 2.1 Resultant Vector SOUTH PROJECT NO.: Calms: 1.95% 341 deg - 40% Resultant Vector SOUTH PROJECT NO.: 26 deg - 59% WRPLOT View - Lakes Environmental Software
WRPLOT View - Lakes Environmental Software
May June WIND ROSE PLOT: DISPLAY: COMMENTS: Wind Speed WIND ROSE PLOT: DISPLAY: COMMENTS: May Wind Speed Direction (blowing from) June Direction (blowing from) 24 hourly 24 hourly
NORTH NORTH
40% 40%
32% 32%
24% TOTAL COUNT: CALM WINDS:
24% TOTAL COUNT: CALM WINDS: 8662 hrs. 0.27% 16% 8343 hrs. 0.38% AVG. WIND SPEED: 16% 5.72 m/s AVG. WIND SPEED: 8%
5.54 m/s WEST EAST 8%
WEST EAST
WIND SPEED (m/s)
>= 5.5 3.6 - 5.5 WIND SPEED 2.1 - 3.6 (m/s) 0.5 - 2.1 >= 5.5 Calms: 0.27% 3.6 - 5.5 Resultant Vector SOUTH PROJECT NO.: 2.1 - 3.6 307 deg - 46% 0.5 - 2.1 Calms: 0.38% WRPLOT View - Lakes Environmental Software Resultant Vector SOUTH PROJECT NO.: 305 deg - 46%
WRPLOT View - Lakes Environmental Software
Annex: Existing General Environment of Maldives. Page 6 July August WIND ROSE PLOT: DISPLAY: COMMENTS: WIND ROSE PLOT: DISPLAY: COMMENTS: July Wind Speed Wind Speed Direction (blowing from) August Direction (blowing from) 24 hourly 24 hourly
NORTH NORTH
40% 40%
32% 32%
24% TOTAL COUNT: CALM WINDS: 24% TOTAL COUNT: CALM WINDS: 8417 hrs. 1.01% 8589 hrs. 0.50% 16% AVG. WIND SPEED: 16% AVG. WIND SPEED: 5.04 m/s 5.23 m/s 8% 8% WEST EAST WEST EAST
WIND SPEED (m/s) WIND SPEED (m/s) >= 5.5 3.6 - 5.5 >= 5.5 2.1 - 3.6 3.6 - 5.5 0.5 - 2.1 2.1 - 3.6 Calms: 1.01% 0.5 - 2.1 Resultant Vector SOUTH PROJECT NO.: Calms: 0.50% 325 deg - 48% Resultant Vector PROJECT NO.: SOUTH 317 deg - 46% WRPLOT View - Lakes Environmental Software
WRPLOT View - Lakes Environmental Software
September October WIND ROSE PLOT: DISPLAY: COMMENTS: WIND ROSE PLOT: DISPLAY: COMMENTS: Wind Speed September Wind Speed Direction (blowing from) October 24 hourly Direction (blowing from) 24 hourly
NORTH NORTH
40% 35%
32% 28%
24% TOTAL COUNT: CALM WINDS: 21% TOTAL COUNT: CALM WINDS: 8218 hrs. 0.47% 16% 8494 hrs. 1.13% AVG. WIND SPEED: 14% AVG. WIND SPEED: 5.25 m/s 8% 5.52 m/s 7% WEST EAST WEST EAST
WIND SPEED (m/s) WIND SPEED >= 5.5 (m/s) 3.6 - 5.5 >= 5.5 2.1 - 3.6 3.6 - 5.5 0.5 - 2.1 2.1 - 3.6 Calms: 0.47% 0.5 - 2.1 Resultant Vector SOUTH PROJECT NO.: Calms: 1.13% 321 deg - 52% Resultant Vector PROJECT NO.: SOUTH WRPLOT View - Lakes Environmental Software 320 deg - 42%
WRPLOT View - Lakes Environmental Software
November December WIND ROSE PLOT: DISPLAY: COMMENTS: November Wind Speed Direction (blowing from) 24 hourly
NORTH
30%
24%
18% TOTAL COUNT: CALM WINDS:
7783 hrs. 1.82% 12% AVG. WIND SPEED:
4.58 m/s 6%
WEST EAST
WIND SPEED (m/s)
>= 5.5 3.6 - 5.5 2.1 - 3.6 0.5 - 2.1 Calms: 1.82% Resultant Vector SOUTH PROJECT NO.: 355 deg - 39%
WRPLOT View - Lakes Environmental Software
Source: National Meteorological Center, Maldives
Annex: Existing General Environment of Maldives. Page 7 The figure below illustrate the wind rose for Kaadhehdhoo from 1980 to 2006.
Figure 6: Percentage of average wind direction for Kaadhedhoo (1980-2006)
2 . 6 W i n d S p e e d
The average monthly wind speed over last 10 years at Hulhulé has been derived from the above windrose diagrams and presented in table below. The maximum average wind speed has been observed in the month of January and lowest in March.
Figure 7: Average Monthly Wind Speed of Hulhulé (1990-2010)
Annex: Existing General Environment of Maldives. Page 8 2 . 7 Wind Direction
The predominant wind direction throughout the year is from North and North-East. The calm periods are low at less than 2% throughout the year. The month wise breakup of the wind direction and the resultant vector for Hulhule is provided in the following table. Month Predominant Directions Calm Resultant Vector Percentage January North (36%) 0.27% North East (35°) Followed by East North East February North (34%) 0.62% North East (36°) Followed by East North East March North (22%) 1.95% North North East (26°) Followed by North North East April North North East (29%) 1.94% North North West (341°) Followed by West May North North East (36%) 0.38% North West (305°) Followed by West June North North East (36%) 0.27% North West (307°) Followed by West July North North East (36%) 0.50% North West (317°) Followed by West August North North East (36%) 1.01% North West (325°) Followed by West September North North East (36%) 0.47% North West (321°) Followed by West October North North East (34%) 1.13% North West (320°) Followed by West November North North East (28%) 1.82% North West (320°) Followed by West December North (36%) 0.97% North East (38°) Followed by East North East
Figure 8: Monthly Wind Direction (1990-2010)
The above table presents the seasonal distribution of wind statistics, sourced from Globocean database. The following periods have been defined in the database: December to March: NE Monsoon April: Transitional season - 1 May to October: SW monsoon November: Transitional season - 2
Annex: Existing General Environment of Maldives. Page 9 NE Transitional SW Transitional Season > Monsoon Season 1 Monsoon Season 2
May to Wind Directional Sectors Dec. to March April November Oct. S1 N15°-N105° 71.35 15.28 1.43 23.96 S2 N105°-N225° 6.13 16.55 17.65 17.62 S3 N225°-N315° 8.42 56.74 77.61 41.11 S4 N315°-N15° 14.10 11.44 3.32 17.31 Source: Globocean database from 1993 to 2004
Figure 9: Wind Occurrence Frequency per Directional Sectors (%)
These results clearly indicate the prevailing directional sectors during the monsoon seasons: N15° to N105° during the NE monsoon, with about 71% of the observations, N225° to N315° during the SW monsoon, with about 78% of the observations.
2 . 8 W a v e s
Wave energy is important for sediment movements and settlement, and it is also a crucial factor controlling coral growth and reef development. Waves have been attributed to the diversity and the abundance of coral and algal species. These aspects have implications for the type and perhaps the supply of sediment s into the island.
Studies by Lanka Hydraulics (1988a & 1998b) on Malé reef indicated that two major types of waves on Maldives coasts: wave generated by local monsoon wind and swells generated by distance storms. The local monsoon predominantly generates wind waves which are typically strongest during April-July in the south-west monsoon period. During this season, swells generated north of the equator with heights of 2-3 m with periods of 18-20 seconds have been reported in the region. Local wave periods are generally in the range 2-4 seconds and are easily distinguished from the swell waves.
Distant cyclones and low pressure systems originating from the intense South Indian Ocean storms are reported to generate long distance swells that occasionally cause flooding in Maldives (Goda, 1988). The swell waves that reached Malé and Hulhule in 1987, thought to have originated from a low pressure system of west coast of Australia, had significant wave heights in the order of 3 metres.
In addition, Maldives has recently been subject to earthquake generated tsunami reaching heights of 4.0m on land (UNEP, 2005). Historical wave data from Indian Ocean countries show that tsunamis have occurred in more than one occasion, most notable been the 1883 tsunami resulting from the volcanic explosion of Karakatoa.
Annex: Existing General Environment of Maldives. Page 10 Season Total Long Period Short Period NE - Monsoon Predominantly from E-S. High From S-SW Mainly E-NE. High waves Waves from E from E Transition Period 1 Mainly from SE-E From S-SW Mainly from NE-SE
SW - Monsoon From SE-SW. Mainly from S. From S-SW Mainly from SE-S. High Medium waves also from W waves from E Transition Period 2 As SW monsoon From S-SW From SE-W. Higher waves from E
Figure 10: Summary of Wave Condition for Hulhule region
2 . 9 T i d e s
Tides affect wave conditions, wave-generated and other reef-top currents. Tide levels are believed to be significant in controlling amount of wave energy reaching an island, as no wave energy crosses the edge of the reef at low tide under normal conditions. In the Maldives where the tidal range is small (1m), tides may have significantly important influence on the formation, development, and sediment movement process around the island. Tides also may play an important role in lagoon flushing, water circulation within the reef and water residence time within an enclosed reef highly depends on tidal fluctuations.
2 . 1 0 T i d e D a t u m
Tide data is important information in any costal development project as it determines the elevation of the structures relative to a datum. A permanent tidal record stations has been established at Malé International Airport by Maldives Meteorological Services. The maximum tidal range recorded at this tide station is 1.20m. The highest astronomical tide level is +0.64m (MSL) and the lowest astronomical tide level is -0.56m (MSL).The following table gives a summary of the tide levels for the tide datum that has been widely used in Maldives.
Water level referred to Mean Tide level Sea Level (MSL) (m) Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) +0.64 Mean Higher High Water (MHHW) +0.34 Mean Lower High Water (MLHW) +0.14 Mean Sea Level (MSL) 0 Mean Higher Low Water (MHLW) -0.16 Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) -0.36 Lowest Astronomical Tide (LAT) -0.56
Figure 11: Summary of the Tide Levels Hulhule Island, Male Atoll
Annex: Existing General Environment of Maldives. Page 11 2 . 1 1 Tide levels
The tidal regime is semi-diurnal with diurnal inequalities (twice daily). That means 2 high tides and 2 low tides per day, with different heights. Typical spring and neap tidal ranges are approximately 1.0 m and 0.3 m, respectively.
Table below gives the tidal levels in islands of Maldives, including Malé, as sourced from Admiralty Tide Tables for 2007. Geo. Coordinates MSL LAT MLLW MHLW MLHW MHHW HAT Lat. Long. (ML) (°N) (°E) Standard Port: Cochin 9° 76° -0.2 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.2 (West coast 58' 16' of India) Maldive Islands 6° 72° Ihavandhoo 57' 55' - 0.3 0.6 0.68 0.9 1.0 - Goidhoo 4° 72° Atoll 51' 55' - 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.9 - 4° 73° Girifushi 19' 55' - 0.3 0.4 0.58 0.7 0.9 - 4° 73° Malé 11' 31' - 0.3 0.5 0.65 0.8 0.9 - 3° 73° Vattaru 15' 24' - - - 0.7 0.9 1.0 - Source: Admiralty Tide Tables, 2007 Note: LAT - Lowest Astronomical Tide; MLLW - Mean Lower Low Water; MHLW - Mean Higher Low Water; MLHW - Mean Lower High Water; MHHW - Mean Higher High Water; HAT - Highest Astronomical Tide
Figure 12: Maldives Tidal Level (in mm)
Annex: Existing General Environment of Maldives. Page 12 2 . 1 2 S e a L e v e l R i s e
The Maldives, being a low lying small island state, is very vulnerable to climate change and its associated impacts, especially sea level rise. Although the country contributes only 0.001% of global GHGs, it is one of the most susceptible to climate change impacts. The average elevation of Maldivian islands is 1.5 m above mean sea level (MSL). More than 80% of the land area of Maldives is less than 1 m above MSL. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Third Assessment Report predicts that sea-level rise of up to 0.88m by 2100 will submerge the Maldives completely.
Malé International Airport on Hulhulé Island is the only gateway to the Maldives. The height of the runway is only 2 m above MSL and is extremely vulnerable to climate change related sea level rise. The University of Hawaii Sea Level Center (UHSLC) monitors and gathers data on mean sea level for several stations including Hulhulé. The following graphs show the trend of monthly mean sea level as monitored at Hulhulé station for the period 2007 to 2010.
Year 2007 Year 2008
Year 2009 Year 2010
Source: University of Hawaii Sea Level Center (UHSLC)
Figure 13: Mean Sea Level (in mm) from University of Hawaii Sea Level Center
The present estimates for the sea level rise at the Maldives due to the climatic changes are in order of about 0.5 cm per year. This is based on the fact that the sea level has risen 20cm over the past century (MHHE, 2001).
Annex: Existing General Environment of Maldives. Page 13 2 . 1 3 C u r r e n t s
Several currents affect the Maldives Islands. These currents are divided mainly into ocean currents and tidal currents. The ocean currents are stronger than the tidal currents.
A general view of the seasonal current patterns in the Indian Ocean is shown below. The currents flow westward during the northeast monsoon period, and they flow eastward during the southwest monsoon period.
Figure 14: Surface Currents around Maldives (by JICA, 1992)
The ocean currents flowing by the Maldives islands are also driven by the monsoonal winds. In the northern part of the Maldives, constant currents flow westward during the northeast monsoon period from December and April and eastward during the southeast monsoon period from May to August.
General, the tidal currents are eastward in flood and westward in ebb, the velocity, however varies by island areas. The current patterns result from reef forms.
Currents tend to be monsoonal in origin, generally setting W during the NE Monsoon (January to March) and E during the SW monsoon (May to October). During the transition months, the currents are variable. Ocean currents flowing through channels between the atolls are driven by the monsoon winds. Current speeds of 1 to 1.5 knots are reported in the Admiralty pilot. However, the current in the E/W channels of the Maldives may attain 5 knots.
Annex: Existing General Environment of Maldives. Page 14 2 . 1 4 Tidal Currents
Generally, tidal currents in the Maldives are Eastward in flood and Westward in ebb.
2 . 1 5 Offshore Wave Conditions (in deep water)
The swells and wind waves experienced by the Maldives are conditioned by the prevailing biannual monsoon and are typically strongest during April and July in the SW monsoon period. During this season, swells generated north of the equator with heights of 2-3 m and periods of 18-20 sec have been reported in the region. However swells originating from cyclones and storm events occurring well south of the equator may occur. Local wave periods are generally in the range 2 to 4 sec and are easily distinguished from the swell waves.
2 . 1 6 C y c l o n e s
This paragraph presents information extracted from (UNDP- Developing a Disaster Risk profile for Maldives – May 2006) presenting the characteristics of cyclones in the Maldives.
The islands of the Maldives are less prone to tropical cyclones. The northern islands of the country have been affected by weak cyclones that formed in the southern part of the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea. The number of cyclones directly crossing the Maldives is small. Only 11 cyclones crossed the islands over the entire span of 128 years between 1877 and 2004.
Most of the cyclones crossed the Maldives north of 6.0°N and none of them crossed south of 2.7°N during the period.
All the cyclones that affected the Maldives were formed during the months of October to January except one, which formed in April. The Maldives have not been affected by cyclones since 1993.
In the northern islands, the probable maximum storm tide due to cyclones has been estimated to be around 1.82 m (storm surge of 0.84 m) for a return period of 100 years. This storm surge was computed taking into account probable maximum winds and probable maximum pressure drops.
3 Chlorophyll Concentration/Productivity for Marine Water
Chlorophyll concentration/ Productivity is an index of phytoplankton biomass and it is the most common property that characterizes marine first tropic level. Chlorophyll concentrations derived from satellite remote-sensing images of ocean colour, provide a unique synoptic view of the marine ecosystem including eutrophication, fisheries.
A major value of ocean colour lies in the long-term monitoring of the marine environment which will improve the understanding of the ecosystems functioning. It also helps to assess the response to anthropogenic pressures like agriculture, urban development and global change. It was observed that the Chlorophyll concentration was higher along the periphery of Male’ Atoll which may be attributed to increase in the concentration of nutrients due to sewage disposal in coastal waters. Nutrient enrichment of the waters stimulates the growth of phytoplankton, leading, in certain circumstances, to the phenomena of algal blooms and to anoxia in the lower part of the water column with destruction of the benthic fauna and flora. In addition, insufficient and selective sewage treatment can increase the input of
Annex: Existing General Environment of Maldives. Page 15 nutrients into coastal marine waters and modify the natural ratio between them (removal of phosphorous compared to nitrogen) that may lead to changes in algal quantity and composition.
Aqua Satellite with MODIS sensor provides daily chlorophyll data in the Maldive area. The data provides the Chlorophyll range between ).01 to 10 mg/cu m. Weekly composites of chlorophyll concentration were prepared using the AQUA Satellite data.
Year 2008 Location Week Chlorophyll Concentration/Productivity range (mg/m3) November (Post monsoon) Male Atoll 1st week 0.5- 2.0 (almost 1 mg/m along the periphery of atolls) Male Atoll 2nd week 0 Male Atoll 3rd week 0.5-0.75 South of Male Atoll 4th week 0.7-0.85 Male’ Atoll 4th week 0.6-0.8 with patches of zero (0) productivity December (Post monsoon) Male Atoll 1st week 0.6-1.5 Male Atoll 2nd week 0.6-1.5 Male Atoll 3rd week 0.6-1.5 Male Atoll 4th week 0.8-2.5 Year 2009 Location Week Productivity range (mg/m3) January (Winter season) Male Atoll 1st week 0.7-3 (3 mg/m Along the periphery of Male Atoll Male Atoll 2nd week 0.7-3 (3 mg/m Along the periphery of Male Atoll Male Atoll 3rd week 0.7-2.5 (2.5 mg/m Along the periphery of Male Atoll East of Male Atoll 4th week 0.1-0.4 West of Male Atoll 4th week 0.5-0.8 Male Atoll 4th week 0.7-1.0 February (Winter season) Male Atoll 1st week 0.7-2.0 with decreasing productivity towards east Male Atoll 2nd week 0.7-1.0 with decreasing productivity towards east March (Pre Monsoon) Male Atoll 1st week 0.7-2.0 with patches of zero productivity towards east side Male Atoll 2nd week 0.7-2.0 with decreasing productivity towards east of atoll Male Atoll 3rd week 0.7-2.0 with decreasing productivity towards east of atoll Male Atoll 4th week 0.7-2.0 with decreasing productivity towards east i.e around 0.10 mg/m April (Pre Monsoon) Male Atoll 1st week 0.6-1.5 with decreasing productivity towards east i.e around 0.10 mg/m Male Atoll 2nd week 0 Male Atoll 4th week 0.7-2.5 with decreasing productivity towards east i.e around 0.10 mg/m May (Pre Monsoon)
Annex: Existing General Environment of Maldives. Page 16 Male Atoll 1st week 0.7-2.0 Male Atoll 2nd week 0.7-2.0 with patches of zero productivity Male Atoll 3rd week 0.7-1.5 with mostly large patches of zero productivity Male Atoll 4th week 0.7-3.0 with small patches of zero productivity June (Southwest Monsoon) Male Atoll 1st week 0.7-2.5 (2.5 mg/m Along the periphery of Male Atoll July (Southwest Monsoon) Male Atoll 1st week Mostly zero productivity with value of 0.7-0.8 towards north Male Atoll 2nd week 0.7-2.0 with patches of zero productivity Male Atoll 3rd week 0.7-2.0 Male Atoll 4th week 0.7-2.0 August (Southwest Monsoon) Male Atoll 1st week 0.3-1.0 Male Atoll 2nd week 0 Male Atoll 3rd week 0.6-1.5 with decreasing productivity towards west of atoll September (Southwest Monsoon) Male Atoll 1st week Mostly zero productivity with patches of 0.7-0.8 around Male Atoll Male Atoll 2nd week Mostly zero productivity with patches of 0.7-0.8 towards SE direction Male Atoll 3rd week 0.7-2.0 Male Atoll 4th week Mostly zero productivity with patches of 0.7-0.8 around and south of Male Atoll October (Post monsoon) Male Atoll 1st week 0.6-1.5 with decreasing productivity towards west of atoll Male Atoll 2nd week 0.7-2.0 Male Atoll 3rd week 0.6-1.5 with decreasing productivity towards west of atoll and patch of zero south of Male atoll Male Atoll 4th week 0.7-1.5 with small patches of zero productivity November (Post monsoon) Male Atoll 1st week 0 Male Atoll 2nd week 0.7-2.0 Male Atoll 3rd week 0.7-1.5 Male Atoll 4th week 0 December (Post monsoon) Male Atoll 1st week 0.7-2.0 Male Atoll 2nd week 0.7-1.5 Male Atoll 3rd week 0.8-2.0 with large patches of zero productivity Male Atoll 4th week 0.8-2.0 with large patches of zero productivity Year 2010 Location Week Productivity range (mg/m3) January (Winter season) Male Atoll 1st week 0 Male Atoll 2nd week 0.7-1.0 (almost 2.5 mg/m Along the periphery of Male Atoll Male Atoll 3rd week 0.7-2.0 with patches of zero (0) productivity South of Male Atoll 3rd week 1-2.5
Annex: Existing General Environment of Maldives. Page 17 Male Atoll 4th week 0.7-2.5 with patches of zero (0) productivity February (Winter season) Male Atoll 1st week (day 1) 0 Male Atoll 2nd week (day 0 9) Male Atoll 3rd week (day 0.1-0.5 22) Male Atoll 4th week (day 0.1-1.0 28) March (Pre Monsoon) Male Atoll 1st week 0.1-0.5 Male Atoll 2nd week 0.1-0.5 Male Atoll 3rd week 0.1-0.4 Source: INCOIS
Figure 15: Productivity Data for Chlorophyll for Male Region, 2008-2010
The chlorophyll data suggests that the productivity in and around Male-Hulhule area is lowly productive with the max Chlorophyll vale of maximum 3 mg/ cum. The productivity is more during January to May and rapidly decreases with the onset of monsoon. The productivity is maximum between January and February months.
4 Hazards and Disasters
4 . 1 Vulnerability to Natural Disasters
The islands of the Maldives are less prone to tropical cyclones and are only impacted in the northern part of the country by weak cyclones that formed in the southern part of the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea. Since 1877, only 11 cyclones crossed the archipelago (Maniku, 1990). Most of the cyclones crossed Maldives north of 6.0o N and none of them crossed south of 2.7o N during the period. All the cyclones that affected Maldives were formed during the months of October to January except one, which formed in April (UNDP, 2006).
Annex: Existing General Environment of Maldives. Page 18 N
Male'
Very High High Moderate Low Very Low Equator
Figure 16: Cyclonic Wind Hazard Map (source: UNDP, 2006)
The northern atolls have a greater risk of cyclonic winds and storm surges. This reduces gradually to very low hazard risk in the southern atolls (see Error! Reference source not found.). The maximum probable wind speed in Zone 5 is 96.8 knots (180 kilometres per hour) and the cyclonic storm category is a lower Category 3 on Suffir-Simpson scale. At this speed, high damage is expected from wind, rain and storm surge hazards (UNDP, 2006).
Figure 17 shows historical earthquakes around Maldives; and three events of magnitude above 7.0 struck the region which had their sources in the Indian Ocean (UNDP, 2006).
Annex: Existing General Environment of Maldives. Page 19 INDIA
SRI LANKA MALDIVES
(1944)
(1983)
(2003)
Figure 17: Earthquake Epicentres around Maldives (Source: UNDP, 2006)
UNDP (2006) identified that hazard risk from earthquake is low for the Maldives and considered as a disaster risk for only islands located in the south of the country. See Error! Reference source not found..
Annex: Existing General Environment of Maldives. Page 20 N
Very High High Moderate Low Very Low Equator
Figure 18: Earthquake Hazard Zone (source: UNDP, 2006)
Maldives faces tsunami threat largely from the east, and lower threat from the north and south. Islands along the eastern fringe of the atolls are more prone to tsunami hazard than those along the northern and southern fringes. Islands along the western fringe experience a relatively low tsunami hazard. Historically, Maldives has been affected by three earthquakes which had their sources in the Indian Ocean. Of the 85 tsunamis generated since 1816, 67 originated from the Sumatra Subduction zone in the east and 13 from the Makran Coast Zone in the north and Carlsburg Transform Fault Zone in the south. The probable maximum tsunami wave height is estimated at 4.5 metres.
Annex: Existing General Environment of Maldives. Page 21 N S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Probable Max Wave Hight Very High 320 - 450 cm S High 250 - 320 cm S Safer Island Moderate 80 - 250 cm Airport Low 30 - 80 cm Atoll Capital Low Less than 30 cm
Equator
0 50 100 150 200 Km
Figure 19: Tsunami Hazard Zones (adopted from UNDP, 2006)
4 . 2 N a t u r a l Vulnerability of the Island s
The islands of the Maldives have natural characteristics which make them vulnerable to disasters such as tsunami. An island’s Natural Vulnerability depends on geographic and geomorphologic characteristics of the island. These include geographic features of the island like the side of the country where the island is located, the formation of the island, location of the island respect to the atoll, orientation of the island, region of the country where island
Annex: Existing General Environment of Maldives. Page 22 is located, level of shadow to the island from the reefs and other islands; area of the inland lake found on the island, width of the island’s house reef, coastal defence structures on the island, shape of the island and the area of the island. A Model to Integrate the Management of Hazards and Disasters in the National Sustainable Development Planning of the Maldives which was developed as part of the Masters of Science (Hazard and Disaster Management) thesis at the University of Canterbury (Jameel 2007) identified the relationship between natural characteristics of the island and the natural vulnerability of the islands using the data that was collected following the Indian Ocean Tsunami.
Annex: Existing General Environment of Maldives. Page 23 EIA for the shore protection project in Madifushi island, Thaa Atoll,
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EIA for the shore protection project in Madifushi island, Thaa Atoll, Annex: Details of regulations
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Contents
1 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND PRESERVATION ACT...... 3 2 MALDIVES VISION 2020 4 3 SIXTH AND SEVENTH NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN ...... 4 4 SECOND NATIONAL ENVIRONMENT ACTION PLAN (1999) ...... 5 5 NATIONAL BIODIVERSITY STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN ...... 5 6 PROTECTED AREAS AND SENSITIVE AREAS...... 6 7 WASTE MANAGEMENT POLICY ...... 6 8 REGULATION ON SAND AND AGGREGATE MINING...... 6 9 BAN ON CORAL MINING 6 10 TOURISM ACT (LAW NO. 2/99) ...... 7 11 MINISTRY OF TOURISM REGULATIONS AND CIRCULARS...... 7 12 FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT...... 7 13 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REGULATION 2007 ...... 8 14 POST EIA MONITORING, AUDITING AND EVALUATION...... 8 15 GUIDELINES FOR DOMESTIC WASTEWATER DISPOSAL...... 8 16 CONSULTATION AND PUBLIC PARTICIPATION LAWS...... 8 17 POPULATION POLICY 8 18 TRANSPORT MASTER PLAN...... 9 19 PROTECTED AREAS AND ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE AREAS...... 9 20 AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT MASTER PLAN...... 9 21 REGULATION ON CUTTING DOWN, UPROOTING, DIGGING OUT AND EXPORT OF TREES...... 10 22 GUIDELINES FOR LAND USE PLANNING...... 11 23 LAND LAW 12 24 GUIDELINES FOR DOMESTIC WASTEWATER DISPOSAL...... 12 25 GUIDELINES FOR IMPORT, PRODUCE AND SALE OF BOTTLED WATER IN THE MALDIVES FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION 12 26 GENERAL REGULATION FOR FOOD ESTABLISHMENT AND SERVICES ...... 12 27 REGULATIONS FOR INSTALLING AND OPERATING DESALINATION PLANTS IN THE MALDIVES ...... 12 28 GENERAL STANDARD FOR BOTTLED / PACKAGED DRINKING WATERS (OTHER THAN NATURAL MINERAL WATER) CODEX STAN 227-2001...... 12 29 GENERAL STANDARD FOR THE LABELLING OF PRE-PACKAGED FOODS (CODEX STAN 1 – 1985) ...... 12 30 RELEVANT INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS, TREATIES AND PROTOCOLS ...... 13
30.1 THE MONTREAL PROTOCOL ON SUBSTANCES THAT DEPLETE THE OZONE LAYER...... 13
30.2 UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY (UNCBD) ...... 13
30.3 MARPOL CONVENTION...... 13
Annex: Laws, Policies, Standards & Guidelines. Page 2 1 Environmental Protection and Preservation Act
The Articles of the Environmental Protection and Preservation Act (Law No. 4/93) addresses the following aspects of environmental management: . . Guidelines and advice on environmental protection shall be provided by the concerned government authorities.
The concerned government authority shall provide the necessary guidelines and advise on environmental protection in accordance with the prevailing conditions and needs of the country. All concerned parties shall take due considerations of the guidelines provided by the government authorities. . . Formulating policies, rules and regulations for protection and conservation of the environment in areas that do not already have a designated government authority already carrying out such functions shall be carried out by MEEW. . . Identifying and registering protected areas and natural reserves and drawing up of rules and regulations for their protection and preservation. . (a) The Ministry of Environment, Energy and Water shall be responsible for identifying protected areas and natural reserves and for drawing up the necessary rules and regulations for their protection and preservation. .
(b) Anyone wishing to establish any such area as mentioned in (a) of this clause, as a protected area or a reserve shall register as such that at the ministry of Environment, Energy and Water and abide by the rules and regulations laid by the Ministry
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
(a) An impact assessment study shall be submitted to the Ministry of Environment, Energy and Water before implementing any development project that may have a potential impact on the environment
(b) The Ministry of Environment, Energy and Water shall formulate the guidelines for EIA and shall determine the projects that need such assessment as mentioned in paragraph (a) of this clause.
The Termination of projects
The Ministry of Environment, Energy and Water has the authority to terminate any project that has any undesirable impact on the environment. A project so terminated shall not receive any compensation
Waste Disposal, Oil and Poisonous Substances
(a) Any type of waste, oil, poisonous gases or any substance that may have harmful effect on the environment shall not be disposed within the territory of the Maldives.
(b) In case where the disposal of the substance stated in paragraph (a) of this clause becomes absolutely necessary, they shall be disposed only within the areas designated for
Annex: Laws, Policies, Standards & Guidelines. Page 3 the purpose by the government. If such waster is to be incinerated, appropriate precautions shall be taken to avoid any harm to the health of the population.
Hazardous/ Toxic or Nuclear Wastes
Hazardous/Toxic or Nuclear Wastes that is harmful to human health and the environment shall not be disposed anywhere within the territory of the country. Permission shall be obtained from the relevant government authority at least 3 months in advance for any transboundary movement of such wastes through the territory of the Maldives.
The Penalty for Breaking the Law and Damaging the Environment
The penalty for minor offenses in breach of this law or any regulations made under this law, shall be a fine ranging between Rf 5.00 (five Rufiyaa) and Rf 500.00 (five hundred Rufiyaa) depending on the actual gravity of the offence. The fine shall be levied by the Ministry of Environment, Energy and Water or by any other government authority designated by the ministry.
Except for those offenses that are stated in (a) of this clause, all major offenses, under this law shall carry a fine of not more than Rf 100,000,000.00 (one hundred million Rufiyaa) depending on the seriousness of the offense. The fine shall be levied by the Ministry of Environment, Energy and Water.
Compensation
The government of Maldives reserves the right to claim compensation for all the damages that are caused by the activities that are detrimental to the environment. This include all the activities that area mentioned in clause 7 of this law as well as those activities that take place outside the projects that are identified here as environmentally damaging.
2 Maldives Vision 2020
The Vision 2020 of Maldives states the long term vision for sustainable development, and affirms that the country will take measures to combat global environmental threats and adaptations of environmentally-friendly lifestyles in the country. All national policies and plans focus on realizing environmental goals and policies laid out in Vision 2020.
3 Sixth and Seventh National Development Plan
Building upon the experience of 6th NDP, the major environmental protection and preservation policies outlined in the Seventh National Development Plan of Maldives (7th NDP) are:
Strengthen EIA process to ensure environmental and socio-economic impacts associated with new developments are accounted for in decision making.
Conserve biological diversity for natural, traditional, cultural and economic needs of the people.
Position Maldives to adapt to the impacts of climate change and sea level rise.
Ensure a protected and safe coastal environment for all Maldivians.
Annex: Laws, Policies, Standards & Guidelines. Page 4 Enable management of solid waste to prevent impact on human health and environmental through approaches that are sustainable and locally appropriate.
Develop the mechanisms for the appropriate management of hazardous wastes including chemical, healthcare waste and waste oil.
Reduce pollution to safeguard human health, protect the environment and promote sustainable development.
Improve the quality of environmental services provided to the islands.
4 Second National Environment Action Plan (1999)
The aim of NEAP II is to protect and preserve the environment of the Maldives and to sustainably manage its resources for the collective benefit and enjoyment of present and future generations.
Main strategies of the NEAP II are: . Continuous assessment of the state of the environment in the Maldives, including impacts of human activities on land, atmosphere, freshwater, lagoons, reefs and the ocean; and the effects of these activities on human well-being . Development and implementation of management methods suitable for the natural and social environment of the Maldives, and maintain or enhance environmental quality and protect human health, while at the same time using resources on a sustainable basis . Consultation and collaboration with all relevant sectors of society to ensure stakeholder participation in the decision making process . Preparation and implementation of comprehensive national environmental legislation in order to provide for responsible and effective management of the environment . Adhering to international and regional environmental conventions and agreements and implementation of commitments embodied in such conventions.
NEAP II specifies priority actions in the following areas. . Climate change and sea level rise; coastal zone management; . biological diversity conservation; integrated reef resources management; . integrated water resources management; . management of solid waste and sewerage; . Pollution control and management of hazardous waste; . sustainable tourism development; . land resources management and sustainable agriculture . human settlement and urbanisation.
NEAP II contains environmental policies and guidelines that should be adhered to in the implementation of the proposed project activities.
5 National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan
The goals of the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan are: . Conserve biological diversity and sustainably utilize biological resources. . Build capacity for biodiversity conservation through a strong governance framework, and improved knowledge and understanding. . Foster community participation, ownership and support for biodiversity
Annex: Laws, Policies, Standards & Guidelines. Page 5 conservation.
6 Protected Areas and Sensitive Areas
Under Article 4 of the Environment Protection and Preservation Act, the Ministry of Environment is vested with the responsibility of identifying and registering protected areas and natural reserves and drawing up of rules and regulations for their protection and preservation. At present there are no rules and regulations made available to the public on designation and protection of habitats and heritage areas.
7 Waste management policy
The Ministry of Environment, Energy and Water has developed the framework for a national waste management policy. The key elements of the policy include: . Ensure safe disposal of solid waste and encourage recycling and reduction in waste generated. . Develop guidelines on waste management and disposal and advocate to enforce these guidelines through inter-sectoral collaboration. . Ensure safe disposal of chemical, industrial and hazardous waste.
The key objective of the waste management policy would be the formulation and implementation of guidelines and means for solid waste management to maintain a healthy environment.
8 Regulation on sand and aggregate mining
This regulation addresses sand mining from uninhabited islands that have been leased; sand mining from the coastal zone of other uninhabited islands; and aggregate mining from uninhabited islands that have been leased and from the coastal zone of other uninhabited islands.
9 Ban on coral mining
Coral mining from the house reef and the atoll rim has been banned through a directive from the President’s Office dated 26th September 1990. According to these policies, coral mining is not to be carried out on island house reefs; coral mining cannot be carried out on atoll rim reefs and common bait fishing reefs; coral or sand mining is only allowed from designated sites, and approval from the concerned Atoll Office is required prior to the commencement of any mining operation. requests for coral or sand mining from residents of inhabited islands are required to be submitted to the Atoll Office through their respective island office the island office is required to estimate the quantity of corals required for the applied construction work and hence this ensures that permission is granted to mine just the required amount;
Every island is required to keep a log book of the amount of corals mined. sand mining is not allowed on the beaches of inhabited islands, islands leased for industrial developments and tourist resorts and within the lagoons adjoining these islands.
Annex: Laws, Policies, Standards & Guidelines. Page 6 Coral and sand would not be mined in any stage of the project.
10 Tourism Act (Law no. 2/99)
This Act provides for the determination of zones and islands for the development of tourism in the Maldives: . the leasing of islands for development as tourist resorts, . the leasing of land for development as tourist hotels and tourist guesthouses, . the leasing of places for development as marinas, . the management of all such facilities; and . the operation of tourist vessels, diving centres and travel agencies, and . the regulation of persons providing such services.
11 Ministry of Tourism Regulations and Circulars
The Tourism Regulations in the Maldives ensure that carrying capacity of the island and atoll ecosystems are well within limits and the negative effects of the development are minimal. The Ministry also issues circulars on several occasions and when necessary to discourage activities such as sand and coral mining, developing on the coastal environment and waste disposal which may cause harm or damage to the natural environment, which is the main tourism product.
Tourism regulations strictly discourage modifications to the natural movement of sand around the islands. Therefore, Tourism Regulations require that special permission from the Ministry of Tourism and Civil Aviation be sought before commencing any coastal modification works on any tourist resort. It is also stated that hard engineering solutions are not encouraged and construction of solid jetties and groynes be controlled and shall only be undertaken after conducting an Environment Impact Assessment study. Similarly, design of boat piers, jetties and other such structures are required to be in such a way that these shall not obstruct current and sediment circulation patterns of the island.
The Ministry also issues circulars on several occasions and when necessary to discourage activities such as sand and coral mining, developing on the coastal environment and waste disposal which may cause harm or damage to the natural environment, which is the main tourism product.
12 Framework for Environmental Assessment
The enforcement of EIA regulation in the country began with the formulation of the Environmental Protection and Preservation Act (Law 4/93) in April 1993 in order to protect, preserve and safeguard the fragile environment of the country. The Environmental Act gives very high prominence towards safeguarding the environment with regard to all the development activities and is currently being implemented by the Environment Research Center of the Ministry of Environment, Energy and Water. The Ministry has been formed recently and its mandate includes: . organizing, developing and managing systems for environmental monitoring, including periodically evaluating the actual state of the environment, and forecasting environmental changes; . evaluating environmental impact assessment reports of new projects and monitoring reports for existing facilities; . issuing and revoking certificates based on compliance with environmental standards;
Annex: Laws, Policies, Standards & Guidelines. Page 7 According to article 5 (a) of the Act, an Environmental Impact Assessment shall be submitted to the Ministry of Environment, Energy and Water according to guidelines formulated by the Ministry before implementing any activity that may have an adverse impact on the environment. The Ministry shall determine projects that need such assessment. This umbrella law gives the Ministry the right to terminate projects that have undesirable impacts or claim compensation for damages caused by activities that are detrimental to the environment.
13 Environmental Impact Assessment Regulation 2007
The Ministry of Environment, Energy and Water has issued new EIA regulation on May 2007, which guides the process of undertaking the Environmental Impact Assessment in the Republic of Maldives – This guideline also provides a comprehensive outline of the EIA process, including the roles and responsibilities of the consultants and the proponents. This regulation outlines every step of the IEE/EIA process beginning from application to undertake an EIA, details on the contents, minimum requirements for consultants undertaking the EIA, format of the EIA/IEE report and many more .
14 Post EIA Monitoring, Auditing and Evaluation
The environmental monitoring programme given in EIA reports is an important aspect of the EIA process. The monitoring programme outlines the objectives of the monitoring; the specific information to be collected; the data collection program, and managing the monitoring program. Managing the monitoring programme requires assigning institutional responsibility, reporting requirements, enforcement capability, and ensuring that adequate resources are provided in terms of funds, skilled staff, etc.
15 Guidelines for Domestic Wastewater Disposal
The guidelines are developed by the Maldives Water and Sanitation Authority and are implemented by the Environment Protection Agency. The guideline is to improve public health through improved sanitation and cleaner and safer environment by regulating the disposal of domestic wastewater.
16 Consultation and Public Participation laws
In the Maldives public participation has been limited to the review stages of the EIA until recently with the EIA Regulation, which considers public consultation as an important and integral part of the EIA process. Hence, this EIA has also taken public views into consideration. Stakeholder consultations are an essential component of the EIA process.
17 Population Policy
The objective of the Population Policy of Maldives is to contribute to improve standard of living and quality of life of the Maldivian people through socio-economic development with a sustainable balance between population and development. One important aspect of the Population Policy is the strategy of population and development consolidation, which focuses on organizing human settlements in such a way that sustainable development is fostered and economies of scale are met.
Annex: Laws, Policies, Standards & Guidelines. Page 8 18 Transport Master Plan
The Transport Master Plan highlights the issues of scattered geography and the limited transport opportunities that further add to remoteness and isolation of the island communities from the more developed centers and that isolation is an important element of poverty in many atolls. Access problems were reported by half of the atoll population due to problems with harbours, absence of jetties, or enclosed nature of the islands by the coral reefs. These factors greatly contributed the unbalanced development in the atolls compared Male’ For the past three decades public investment in Male’ was more than 50% higher than in atolls.
Recognizing the problem of this unbalanced development the government shifted its development strategy to the atolls to stimulate regional development in five regional growth centers, north, north-central, central, south-central and south of the country which will facilitate balanced provision of economic and social services. The transport Master Plan emphasizes regional development and provision of basic infrastructure which includes harbours that will connect regional centers and surrounding islands with Male’.
According to the Transport Master Plan, having and efficient and effective transport network that systematically link Male’, the regional centers and the surrounding atoll will be the key to ensuring that socio-economic development of the country is distributed equitably.
19 Protected Areas and Environmentally Sensitive Areas
Under article 4 of the Environment Protection and Preservation Act of Maldives, the ministry of Environment, Energy and Water is vested with the responsibility of identifying and designation of protected areas and natural and drawing up rules and regulations for the management of protected areas and natural reserves in the country.
20 Agriculture Development Master Plan
The government of Maldives recognizes that the agriculture industry is an important sector for the economy of the country. In this respect a 15 year Agriculture Development Master Plan has been formulated. Under the 15 year Agriculture Development Master Plan the Government is facilitating the private sector to develop the agriculture industry in the country. In this regard, the Government has started leasing uninhabited islands on long-term basis for the development of agriculture in the country.
Ministry of Fisheries, Agriculture and Marine Resources is the leading Government Agency having mandates for management of uninhabited islands and hence formulates Laws and regulations with respect to leasing of uninhabited islands on long-term basis for such developments. An important Law in this regard is the Law No. 20/98 on uninhabited islands of Maldives. Under this law, uninhabited islands shall be leased for a maximum period of 21 years to eligible individuals or parties for the on the basis of the best proposal submitted. However, if the initial investment for such development is more than US$10 million, the lease period shall be 35 years. A number of regulations have been formulated and enforced under this Law, including cutting down of trees for timber, and sand and aggregate
Annex: Laws, Policies, Standards & Guidelines. Page 9 collection. Permission shall be obtained from the relevant Government authorities prior to such actions in leased (on Varuvaa) islands.
According to the Lease Agreement between the Government and the lessee of Islands leased on long-term basis for major economic development such as agriculture development, trees shall not be damaged and a written permission shall be obtained from Government prior to cutting down of trees and collection of sand and aggregate in such islands.
Furthermore, the lessee is responsible for looking after the island in terms of beach and coastal erosion and measures shall be taken by the lessee in protecting the island from such events. Therefore, the Lease Agreement between Government and lessee is an important regulatory document for management of islands leased on long-term basis for economic development. Ministry of Environment has the mandates for protection and preservation of environment. In this respect, Ministry of Environment, formulates policies, Laws and regulations on environmental protection and conservation. The most important regulation is Environment Impact Regulations, 2007 enforced under Environment Protection and Preservation Act (Law No. 4/93). The Clauses of Environment Protection and Preservation Act address the following that relate to the proposed project development and implementation.
An impact assessment study shall be submitted to the relevant Government authority before implementing any development project that may have a potential impact on the environment. This report is submitted in order to get the EIA approval for this project.
Waste Disposal, Oil and Poisonous Substances. Any type of waste, oil, poisonous gases or any substance that may have a harmful effect on the environment shall not be disposed within the territory of the Maldives. Waste management protocols and methods are clearly outlined in this report.
Government of Maldives reserves right to claim compensation for all the damages that area caused by the activities that are detrimental to the environment. All such detrimental activities in this project have been examined and adequate mitigation measures are provided.
In addition to EIA regulations, other relevant regulation will be followed in development and implementation of the proposed project. These regulations include ban on coral mining. Coral mining from house reef and atoll rim reef has been banned since 1990. Sand mining from any island has also been banned since March 2000. Coral or sand will not be used for any purpose for the proposed project.
An important regulation on uninhabited island is with respect to felling trees for the purpose of timber resources. According to this regulation no trees shall be fell without prior permission of relevant Government authorities and trees that need to be fell shall be replaced or replanted elsewhere.
21 Regulation on cutting down, uprooting, digging out and export of trees
The Regulation on cutting down, uprooting, digging out and export of trees and palms from one island to another was recently issued by the Ministry of Environment, Energy and Water. Clause 5 (a) of the regulations states that Prior to the commencement of any project(s) that would require the indiscriminate removal and export of trees/palms from one island to another for the purpose of agriculture, development/redevelopment, construction
Annex: Laws, Policies, Standards & Guidelines. Page 10 or any other purpose, it is mandatory under the Regulation to prepare an Environmental Impact Assessment Report stating clearly the details of the Project(s) with all necessary information and submit the same through the relevant Ministry to Ministry of Environment Energy and Water, and the project(s) can only commence upon the grant of written approval from the Ministry of Environment, Energy and Water.
Article 8 (a) requires permission be obtained from Ministry of Environment, Energy and Water, if more than 10 coconut palms that are of a height of 15 ft (from base of the palm to the tip of the palm frond) are cut, uprooted or relocated to another island. The regulation also ensures the replacement of the vegetation that is lost by imposing the planting of two palms for every palm tree that is cut or uprooted (Article 2 (d)). Logging on inhabited islands must be done under supervision of the islands chief or an official appointed by the island chief (Article 8 (c)).
In pursuant to law number 4/93 (Environment Protection and Preservation Act of Maldives), the Ministry of Environment, Energy and Water has made a by law with the purpose of educating developers about the importance of trees including best management practices for maintaining trees and provide standards for preservation of trees in the Maldives and set down rules and regulations to be adhered to prior to commencing felling, uprooting, digging out and exporting of trees and palms from one island to another in Maldives. The by law states that the cutting down, uprooting, digging out and export of trees and palms from one island to another can only be done if it is absolutely necessary and there is no other alternative.
It further states that for every tree or palm removed in the Maldives two more should be planted and grown in the island. The by-law prohibits the removal of the following tree types;
• The coastal vegetation growing around the islands extending to about 15 meters into the island are protected by this by-law;
• All the trees and palms growing in mangrove and wetlands spreading to 15 meters of land area is protected under this by-law;
• All the trees that are in a designated protected area;
• Trees that are being protected by the Government in order to protect species of animal/organisms that live in such trees;
• Trees/palms that is abnormal in structure
22 Guidelines for land Use Planning
This guideline developed by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Development (MHUD) categorizes all islands into 5 different categories. Land use plans for inhabited islands are prepared by the Ministry of Housing, Transport and Environment in collaboration with other concerned agencies.
Whilst these guidelines require a minimum of 20m wide Environmental Protection Zone (EPZ), consisting of vegetation between the beach and rest of the island except where the land use is for harbour frontage or for commercial use.
Annex: Laws, Policies, Standards & Guidelines. Page 11 23 Land Law
The law governs the allocation of Maldivian land for different purposes and uses and other issues regarding the issuing of land, issuing of state dwellings for residential purposes, conduct regarding state dwellings or private dwellings constructed for residential purposes and the sale, transfer and lease of Maldivian Land. All transactions concerning the issuing, receiving, owning, selling, lease, utilizing and using Maldivian land shall be conducted in compliance with this Act.
24 Guidelines for Domestic Wastewater Disposal
The guidelines is developed by the Maldives Water and Sanitation Authority and is implemented by the Environment Protection Agency. The guideline is to improve public health through improved sanitation and cleaner and safer environment by regulating the disposal of domestic wastewater.
25 Guidelines for Import, Produce and Sale of Bottled Water in the Maldives for Human Consumption
The guideline has been developed by the Maldives Food and Drug Authority to provide guidance on food safety requirements for the pre-packaged or bottled water produced or imported for sale in Maldives for the purpose of human consumption. The guidelines provide the general requirements where the guidelines could be used, good manufacturing standards and water quality standards.
26 General Regulation for Food Establishment and Services
This is a regulation implemented by the Maldives Food and Drug Authority. The regulation is applicable to establishments which are related to the production, harvesting, transport, storage or sales of food.
27 Regulations for Installing and Operating Desalination Plants in the Maldives
This regulations deals with the registering of the desalination plants which are operated in the Maldives. The regulation states that a desalination plant that is capable of producing fresh water to an acceptable standard for domestic consumption and is used for industrial purposes shall be registered under this regulation.
28 General Standard for Bottled / Packaged Drinking Waters (other than natural mineral water) CODEX STAN 227-2001
This standard applies to waters for drinking purposes other than natural mineral waters. This is a guideline issued by the WHO.
29 General Standard for the Labelling of Pre-packaged Foods (CODEX STAN 1 – 1985)
This standard applies to the labelling of all pre-packaged foods to be offered as such to the consumer or for catering purposes and to certain aspects relating to the presentation thereof. This is a guideline issued by the WHO.
Annex: Laws, Policies, Standards & Guidelines. Page 12 30 Relevant International conventions, treaties and protocols
3 0 . 1 The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone L a y e r
The Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer is a landmark international agreement designed to protect the stratospheric ozone layer. The treaty was originally signed in 1987 and substantially amended in 1990 and 1992. The Montreal Protocol stipulates that the production and consumption of compounds that deplete ozone in the stratosphere; chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halons, carbon tetrachloride, and methyl chloroform--are to be phased out by 2000 (2005 for methyl chloroform). Scientific theory and evidence suggest that, once emitted to the atmosphere, these compounds could significantly deplete the stratospheric ozone layer that shields the planet from damaging UV- B radiation.
3 0 . 2 United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (UNCBD)
The objective of UNCBD is “the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources, including by appropriate access to genetic resources and by appropriate transfer of relevant technologies, taking into account all rights over those resources and to technologies, and by appropriate funding”.
Maldives was one of the first nations to ratify UNCBD. Maldives has developed the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) in 2002. Formulation of NBSAP was through wide consultation and extensive stakeholder participation.
3 0 . 3 Marpol Convention
International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) is the main international convention covering prevention of pollution of the marine environment by ships from operational or accidental causes. It is a combination of two treaties adopted in 1973 and 1978 and includes regulations aimed at preventing and minimizing pollution from ships - both accidental pollution and that from routine operations - and currently includes Prevention of Pollution by Oil; Control of Pollution by Noxious Liquid Substances in Bulk; Prevention of Pollution by Harmful Substances Carried by Sea in Packaged Form; Prevention of Pollution by Sewage from Ships; Prevention of Pollution by Garbage from Ships; and Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships.
The Maldives has guidelines and regulations pertaining to pollution from ships and other vessels which may anchor at any harbour in the Maldives. Vessels requiring discharging slop from tank cleaning and dirty oil bilge should request local agent to provide reception facility. Port Authority does not have slop reception facilities. If any vessel discharges over board or in case any type of oil spill is found in port, the officer in charge of the vessel is required to report to Maldives Ports Authority and Coast Guard to take immediate action.
Furthermore, Government regulation states as follows:
1) It is expressly forbidden for any vessel to dump or discharge into any harbour, lagoon, or into any part of the waters of the Republic of Maldives, refuse, bunker oil, sewage, noxious substances or any materials or substances whatsoever.
Annex: Laws, Policies, Standards & Guidelines. Page 13 2) The Master of any vessel and / or its agents will be held directly responsible for any nature or degree of pollution of the water, lagoons and Islands of the Republic of Maldives through the dumping or discharge of any refuse and / or substances.
3) In the event of any nature or degree of pollution of Territorial Water of the Republic of Maldives due to the dumping or discharge of refuse and / or substances, the master and / or the Agent of the offending vessel shall be subject to an immediate fine deemed by the Authority concerned according to Maldivian Law.
Annex: Laws, Policies, Standards & Guidelines. Page 14 EIA for the shore protection project in Madifushi island, Thaa Atoll,
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