VOLUME X NUMBER 6 1 SOUTHERN Af RICA $ FAbUGU ST 1977

,, *What Arms Embargo? *U.S. Press Smears Mozambique *Two South African Trials: An Observer's Report * .e

SEYCHELLESIS. .

t4 COMOROIS.

Tananarive 0

MALAGASY REPUIBLIC

Maseru Contents SOUTHERN AF RICA AUGUST 1977 VOLUME X NUMBER 6 2 WHAT ARMS EMBARGO?

Our Collective: UN/Contact Barbara Barnes Carole Benglesdorf Wes 6 U.S. PRESS SMEARS Cohen Paddy Colligan Jennifer Davis Michael Davis Charlie Ebel Mimi MOZAMBIQUE Edmunds Carolyn Fleuhr-Lobban Nancy 9 U.S. AID EXAMINED: Gear Peggy Halsey Janet Hooper Paul THE CAMBODIAN EXPERIENCE Irish Tami Hultman Allen Isaacman 12 ZAIRE: THE U.S.-BELGIAN Bill Johnston Marci Kerr Richard FRENCH CONNECTION Knight Reed Kramer Richard Leonard Richard Lobban Edgar Lockwood Bill 14 TWO SOUTH AFRICAN TRIALS: Minter Ruth Minter Susan Rogers AN OBSERVER'S REPORT Christine Root Karen Rothmeyer Mike 16 SOUTH AFRICA Shuster Janet Siskind Pat Smith Jinni 16 ONE YEAR LATER: Stroman John Stroman Stephanie STUDENT RESISTANCE CONTINUES Urdang Roberta Washington JimWeikart 21 BLACK STUDENTS DENY MEETING WITH YOUNG 17 OVERVIEW 18 NEWS BRIEFS 20 UPDATE 22 NAMIBIA 22 DRIVE TOWARD SETTLEMENT Southern Africa is published monthly, 24 ZIMBABWE except for July-August, when bi-monthly, 24 SMITH LOOKS FOR A VOTE OF CONFIDENCE by the Southern Africa Committee, 156 24 FARMWORKERS JOIN GUERRILLAS Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10010. 25 ANGOLA Subscriptions: Individual (domestic and 25 LEADERS OF ATTEMPTED COUP ARRESTED foreign)/$8.00; Institutional/$18.00; Air 26 MOZAMBIQUE mail: Africa, Asia, Europe/$20.50; South ON MAPAI and Central America/$17.50. 26 ATTACK 28 UNITED STATES 28 FORGING THE CARTER POLICY 29 CONGRESSIONAL CONSERVATIVES SUPPORT MINORITY REGIMES 30 CONFERENCES Southern Africa is available on microfilm 30 CONFERENCE AGAINST APARTHEID through University Microfilm, Xerox Com APARTHEID HELD IN LISBON pany, Ann Arbor, Mich. 68206, and is Press Index. 31 OAU LIBERATION COMMITTEE listed in the Alternative STRESSES ARMED STRUGGLE 31 OAU BACKS PATRIOTIC FRONT 32 SECRET MEETINGS TO WIN THE WEST 33 COMMONWEALTH DEBATES AFRICAN LIBERATION Cover photo: South African 33 LETTERS Armoured Car 34 BOOK REVIEWS 35 RESOURCES 36 ACTION NEWS NOTES AUGUST 1977/SOUTHERN AFRICA 1 What Arms Embargo?

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'- A

SouthAfrican AJrce Mirage jets

UN/Contact

by Sean Gervasi noting that "...any publicity given to bill of' $450 millions and more than this testimony couldresult in embar $800 millions in 1973 and 1975 respec The UN arms embargo against rassment to countriesfriendly to South tively, South Africa's projected de South Africa has in no way deterred for 1977 is, according Western countries, notably the US, Africa and therefore affect South Af fense import bill Britain, Italy and France,from selling rica s security. to US Senate sources, in excess of $1,200 millions. major weapons systems to South Africa. The following Special Report Evidence has recently come to light Prepared to Pay the Price outlines the basisfor this claim by pro which makes it clear tLat the United Almost all of this money has been viding Southern Africa readerswith an Nations arms embargo against South spent, and is being spent, in Western edited version of Sean Gervasi's testi Africa, instituted through resolutions countries, or in countries used for the money before the Subcommittee on 181 and 182 of 1963, is in practical fact trans-shipment of Western arms, who Africa Committee on InternationalRe non-existent. An exhaustive examina have been willing to sell South Africa lations, House of Representatives, 14 tion of both governmental and confi almost anything it wants for a price. July, 1977. Gervasi, an economist who dential industry sources reveals that a Prepared to pay that price, South has worked for the Office of the Com thriving international trade in arms to Africa has been purchasing every kind missioner for Namibia at the UN, the apartheid state has been undervay of weapon and type of equipment, called on Congress to investigate US for nearly a decade. As a result, South from tanks and radar to helicopters and arms sales to the apartheid regime, Africa has been able to build a power self-propelled guns. and received a particularly sympa fil modern military machine based on It was generally believed until now thetic hearing from Congressmen foreign weapons-the ven, outcome that France had supplied South Africa Diggs, Whalen and Bonker. the UN embargo was designed to with most of its imported arms in r e ve n A telex from the Rand Daily Mail to a p t. recent ears. However, this now correspondent in Washington dated 14 According to American journalist seems doubtful. While figures on the July, 1977, relays a South African De Jim tHoagland (Washington Post, 16 value of the arms trade are not yet fense Department request suggesting January, 1977) the South African gov available, it appears that Great Britain, that South Africa is more than a little ernment has in recent vears )een the United States and France have concerned about the information pro spending the equivalent of two-thirds accounted for the bulk of sales to South tided by Gervasi. The Department re of its annual defense budget on inili Africa since 1963, with Italy as a fourth quested no publication of the report, tary imports. With a defense import principal supplier. As the South Afri-

2 SOUTHERN AFRICA/AUGUST 1977 can defense import figures indicate, the volume of the arms trade with South Africa has been far larger than it TABLE A was thought to be, with French sales DELIVERIES OF WEAPONS KNOWN TO BE IN SERVICE accounting for only a part of that trade. WITH THE SOUTH AFRICAN DEFENSE FORCES It goes without saying that, for the (END 1976) most part, western arms sales to South Africa, in particular, those involving Manufactured/ Numbers Britain, the US, and Italy, have been ITEM Licensed by Deliveries IISS* shrouded in secrecy. Mirage III fighter/bomber A thorough analysis of this "invisi trainer/recce France ble" trade must begin with an accurate Mirage F-1 all weather description of the present South Afri multi-purpose fighter France can arms inventory. The difficulty up to now has been that published figures Aermacchi MB-326M Imapala I on this inventory .were inaccurate. strike/trainer S.A./Italy 300 Specifically, data generally regarded Aermacchi MB-326K Impala ii as authoritative published by the Lon strike S.A./Italy 100 don-based International Institute for Aerospatiale Alouette III armed Strategic Studies (IISS) and indicating attack helicopter France 115+ the quantities of different kinds of mili Aerospatiale/Westland 330 Puma tary equipment held by most countries assault helicopter France/UK 40+ has provided a misleading view of Centurion Mk7 heavy tank South Africa's strength in two respects: UK 150 Daimler Ferret Mk 2 scout car/ First, the IISS publication, The anti-tank armored car UK 450 Military Balance, 1976-77, fails to list M-3A1 White armored personnel many major weapon systems currently carrier US 400 in use in South Africa, including Cen Saracen FV603 and FV610 armored turion Mk 10, Patton, Walker Bulldog personnel carrier UK 700 and AMX-13 tanks; Staghound and Shorland MK 3 armored cars; T-17 El Staghound armored car US 450 M-113A1, V-150 Commando, Piranha, *The Military Balance 1976-1977 Short SB 301, and M3A1 armored per n.s. = not specified sonnel carriers; and Sexton 88mm, M-7 Priest 105mm, and M-109 155mm self-propelled guns. Not listed among South Africa's combat aircraft and heli copters are Impala II jets, F-104G ventory which are not credited to 13,000 men in the Permanent Force Starfighters, F-51D Cavalier COIN, South Africa by standard sources such and total military expenditures of ap and Iroquois and Gazelle helicopters. as The Military Balance. With one ex proximately Rand 120 million. The Air ception, all of the arms listed have Force had few modem aircraft and Second, the IISS figures on weapons been delivered to South Africa since which it does list often understate the onl a few helicopters. The Army had a the arms embargo began, and many collection of old British and American quantities actually in use. This is the have been delivered within the last case with regard to Centurion tanks, tanks, armored cars and artillery. eight or nine years. Orders for some Lacking even a small mobile attack Ferret sct/armored cars, Saracen and are still on the books in Great Britain, Ratel armored personnel carriers, force, the apartheid regime had an Portugal and Italy. essentially defensive capability. Mirage II strike interceptors, and sev The data set out in these Tables eral types of helicopter. show that France, the US, the UK and Awesome Military Capability Italy have failed altogether to heed the Today the situation is completely Large Quantities Not Reported Security Council call for an arms em different. South Africa now has an awe From the evidence now available it bargo against South Africa. While some military capability. The Air is clear that suppliers have been selling there may be "arms export control" Force possesses more than 600 combat far larger quantities of certain weapons regulations of some kind on the books aircraft, including nearly 150 Mirage to South Africa than is generally re in various countries, they have not III and Mirage F-1 aircraft, as well as ported, and have been selling South stopped the flow of Western arms to some 300 Aermacchi MB-326 strike Africa many items of equipment, not South Africa over the whole of the last trainer and strike jets, 40 Lockheed generally believed to be part of the decade. F104G fighter-bombers and 50 North South African inventory. The breakdown of the arms embargo American F-51D Cavalier counter has had very serious consequences. insurgency strike aircraft. It also has Table A provides some details on the Perhaps the most serious is that South more than 200 helicopters. There are sale of "extra quantities" of equipment Africahas been able to build a modem well over one thousand aircraft in to South Africa, and the sources of that military force on the African continent, service with the South African Air equipment. a force which in the present circum Force. Table B indicates that many impor stances gives it formidable power. The army possesses more than 500 tant arms deals have been kept en When the arms embargo began, tanks. A large number of thesc are tirely secret until now. It lists weapons South Africa had a relatively small Centurion Mk 10's, with a 105mm gun systems now in the South African in- military establishment, with less than and better armor and engine than the

AUGUST 1977/SOUTHERN AFRICA 3 Mk 5 and Mk 7 models which South Africa is usually listed as having. The Patton tanks are an improved model TABLE B fitted with a British 105mm gun. DELIVERIES OF WEAPON SYSTEMS The army -also has nearly 200 Pan NOT GENERALLY KNOWN TO BE IN SERVICE hard armored cars fitted with 90ram WITH THE SOUTH AFRICAN DEFENCE FORCES guns. These are made in South Africa (END 1976) under French license. In addition, it possesses several hundred other ar Manufactured/ mored cars and nearly 1,000 armored ITEM Licensed by Deliveries personnel carriers. Some of the latter Lockheed F-104G Starfighter are very recent American and British fighter/bomber US/ex-Luftwaffe 40 models. It has a large number of self North American F-51D Cavalier propelled guns-medium and heavy counter-insurgency strike Us 50 artillery, of 88mm, 105mm and Aerospatiale/Westland 341 Gazelle 155mm, mounted on tank chassis. general purpose helicopter France/UK 2 (?) Table C indicates the extent to Agusta-Bell 205A Iroquois which The Military Balance generally utility/s.r. helicopter US 25 underestimates South African power, Lockheed P-2 Neptune giving figures for each type of major anti-submarine patrol US 12 weapon actually in service. Weapons systems now known to be in the South Centurion Mk 10 heavy tank UK 240 African inventory at the end of 1976 M-47 Patton main battle tank US/Italy 100 include four times the number of com M-41 Walker Bulldog light tank US 100 bat aircraft, twice the number of heli AMX-13 light tank France 80 copters, three times as many tanks, as US/Italy (400) well asmore armored cars and person M-113A1 armored personnel carrier nel carriers than the IISS lists, and Commando V-150 armored personnel carrier US/Portugal (300) self-propelled guns not listed at -all. Piranha armored personnel carrier Switzerland (100) Shorland Mk3 armored car UK (200) Now A Dominant Influence Short SB 301 armored personnel carrier 1 UK (300) The new data on South African arms Sexton 25 pdr self-propelled gun Canada 200 make it clear that in terms of real H-7 105mm self-propelled gun US 200 military capability, South Africa's M-109 155mm self-propelled gun US/Italy (50) strength, generally compared with that of Nigeria, Poland and Argentina, Figures in brackets indicate orders on which delivery continues. ought in fact to be compared with Iran, 1. In service with the South African Police Brazil, Egypt and Japan, all significant military powers with a dominant influ ence in important regions of the world TABLE C (see Table D). ARMS INVENTORY: Although it is true that South Africa SOUTH AFRICAN DEFENSE FORCES has a relatively small standing force, its (END 1976) actual manpower pool, according to IISS* South African sources, contains some Gervasi 450,000 trained personnel. More im combat aircraft 133 625 portantly, South Africa can mobilize helicopters 92 215 large numbers at relatively short notice by calling up the Citizen Force tanks 161 525 reserves, units composed of men with armored cars 1,050 1,430 military experience, who are re armored personnel carriers 250 960 trained every year. At the present self-propelled guns not listed 294 time, Citizen Force units are being medium and light artillery n.a. 380 rotated continuously througl- the standing forces, those on active duty, *The Military Balance 1976-1977 in order to maintain a high degree of n.a. = not available readiness. There is no question that South I Africa has achieved overwhelming military power south of the Sahara because Western countries have been tory is largely old or shipped to South even while it continues to lack the willing to violate the arms embargo Afr'ica before the arms embargo began capacity to produce sophisticated and sell it aircraft, tanks and other mili are incorrect. Although some of the modern arms economically. Thus as tary equipment. Western equipment still in service, South Africa prepares for war it knows such as the Walker Bulldog tank and that it has a tremendous advantage Acquired In Last Ten Years the Staghound armored car, is quite over its weaker and poorer neigh Those who insist that the Western old, much of it is still serviceable. bors-an advantage achieved largely equipment in the South African inven- More importantly, other equipment,

4 SOUTHERN AFRICA/AUGUST 1977 South Africa's firepower on the ground. TABLE D Although the US declared its inten COMPARATIVE STRENGTH OF SELECTE D ARMED FORCES tion to adhere strictly to the UN em (END 1976) bargo from the very beginning, and has consistently maintained that it is South doing so, it is now clear that a great Iran Brazil Egypt Japan Africa deal of US military equipment has total armed forces (000s) 281 254 322 236 1301 found its way into the South African combat aircraft 450 190 600 500+ 625 Defense Forces. Major items about helicopters 125 50+ 160 n. a. 215 which we know at this time include the following: tanks 1,990 350+ 1,975 750 525 armored cars n.a. 120 100 n.a. 1,430 - M-3A1 armored personnel car armored personnel carriers 460 960 riers 1,960 500 2,500 - T-17 El Staghound armored cars self-propelled guns n.s. n.s. 200 660 294 - M-47 Patton main battle tanks Sources: Defense and ForeignAffairs Handbook 197f6-77, Washington, D.C. and - M-41 Walker Bulldog light tanks London, 1977 and various inaustry sources. - M-113AI armored personnel n.a. = not available carriers n.s. = not specified - Commando V-150 personnel car South Africa riers 1. Estimate by the author based on South African so urce material. - M-7 105mm self-propelled guns can mobilize 200,000 men within 2 days in an em ergency. - M-109 155mm self-propelled guns - Lockheed F-104G Starfighter jets TABLE E - North American F-51D counter MAJOR WEAPON SYSTEMS IN SERVICE insurgency aircraft WITH THE SOUTH AFRICAN REG ULAR ARMY - Agusta-Bell 205A Iroquois heli (EARLY 1977) copters - Lockheed Hercules C-130B approx number approx date transport aircraft ITEM in service of delivery Centurion Mk 10 tank These weapons, made in the US or 180 1967-1968 in other countries under US license Panhard AML 245 H60 armored car 800 produced under are all in service with South Africa's license regular forces or the Citizen Force. Panhard AML 245 H90 armored car 170 produced under Most of the US weapons have been license sold to South Africa since the arms em Daimler Ferret Mk 2 bargo began. More importantly, de with Vigilant ATGW 160 1968-1969 liveries of some items of US equip Saracen armored personnel carrier 280 1962-1966 inent were continuing in early 1977. Commando V-150 armored US corporations do not, so far as is personnel carrier 110 post-1971 known, sell directly to the apartheid Piranha armored personnel carrier delivery beginning regime. The preferred channel for M-113A1 armored personnel carrier getting US arms to South Africa at 150 1973-1974 present appears to be licensed produc delivery continuing tion-an arrangement by which US Sexton 25 pdr self-propelled gun 150 1946 corporations agree to let a foreign M-109 155mm self-propelled gun 24 1972-1973 manufacturer produce an American delivery continuing weapon under license. The foreign Shorland Mk 3 armored car 60 1973 manufacturer then ships the item in delivery continuing question to South Africa. M-47 Patton tankl 70 1971 In theory, this traffic should be con 1. Assigned to the Citizen Force, but major equipment. trolled by the Office of Munitions Con trol in the Department of State. How ever, the OMC apparently does not control some foreign sales when pro such as the Patton tank, has recently African army has been imported from duction takes place under US license. been re-conditioned and improved. Western countries within the last ten For example, the Ford Motor Com And most of the major weapons now in years, with important items such as the pany has licensed Oto Melara, a major service with the regular Air Force and M-113A1 armored personnel carrier Italian arms manufacturer, to produce the Regular Army have been delivered and the M-109 self-propelled gun im a version of the M-113A1 armored per in the last ten years. ported very recently. Given this sonnel carrier. Table E shows that -almost all the equipment, all of the front-line states It is the Oto Melara models which first-line armor of the regular South combined could not hope to match have been recently sold to South

AUGUST 1977/SOUTHERN AFRICA 5 Africa. Oto Melara is also producing, and have, for all practical purposes, The Military Balance 1976-1977, or refurbishing, the M-109 self-pro ignored the UN arms embargo against International Institute for Strategic pelled gun under license and then sell South Africa. In so doing, they have Studies, London; Almanac of World ing it to South Africa. Meanwhile helped South Africa to impose apart Military Power, T. N. Dupuy and Bavia, a firm in Portugal, is producing heid and have encouraged a state Associates, New York, 1974; Foreign the V-150 Commando personnel car whose policies they profess to abhor. Military Markets, South Africa Force rier under license from Cadillac Gage That is, these states, the US in Structure, 1976, Defense Marketing of Detroit. The Commandos, like cluded, have taken the side of the Services, Greenwich, Conn.; South other US weapons produced under apartheid regime and have, in fact, ern Africa, The Escalation of a Con license, were in the process of being armed the white minority regime for flict, Stockholm International Peace delivered to South Africa earlier this the military confrontation which is Research Institute, Stockholm, 1976, ear, and so far as is known, no attempt now developing in southern Africa. Li Appendix 1; International Military as been made to stop this traffic. Aircraft and Aviation Directory, 1970 A NOTE ON SOURCES and 1976; Aviation and Advisory Ser There is a great deal which is still Data on arms deliveries to South vices, Stapleford, Essex; Defense and unclear about the breakdown of the Africa and weapons currently present Foreign Affairs Handbook 1976-77, arms embargo. What is clear, how in the South African weapon systems Washington, D.C. and London, 1977; ever, is that the US, and other West rovided in the text and tables above Jane's Weapons Systems, 1977, Lon ern powers, have allowed vast quanti ave been derived from the following don, 1977; diverse government and ties of arms to be sent to South Africa, sources: industry sources.

U.S. Press Smears Mozambique

by Allen Isaacman The prohibition carries far-reaching rivalry between the United States and implications in that its stipulation of the Soviet Union; Since gaining independence in "indirectly" would also deprive Mo *the government of the People's June, 1975, Mozambique has come zambique of much needed bilateral Republic of Mozambique is an aggres under repeated attack from a variety of and multi-lateral assistance, primarily sive government, while the racist and sources, both near and far. through the UN. imperialist forces that invade its bor The political climate legitimating ders do so in self-defense; The most immediate threat comes both the Rhodesian invasions, and the *a climate of instability and people's from the illegal Rhodesian regime right-wing maneuvers here, has been revolt exists in Mozambique such that whose armed forces have launched prepared by the US media establish "the imperialist lackeys who partici more than 150 incursions across the ment, whose distortions about Mo pate in the massacre and slaughter of border. A less direct, but nonetheless zambique are identical to the stereo our people" become representative of telling, blow has been struck from the types propagated by the Smith the will of the masses. US, where Congressional allies of regime. Lurid Tales Salisbury have pushed through legisla Among the newspapers which have tion to cut off aid to Mozambique. repeatedly depicted the Mozambican The dominant theme of most ac government as a totalitarian and racist counts of Mozambique in the US press The House action-a voice vote on regime slavishly tied to the Soviet is the widespread existence of "politi June 23 approving an amendment by Union are the New York Times, the cal repression. " It is not uncommon to right-wing Illinois Republican Philip Washington Post, the Christian Sci find detailed and often lurid tales pur Crane-prohibits any appropriated ence Monitor and the Los Angeles portedly illustrating the authoritarian funds from going "directly or indi Times-the very newspapers which in regime imposed by FRELIMO: "Talk directly" to Marxist African states, in fluence policymakers and define pub of human dignity in Mozambique will cluding also Angola. lic opinion. get you a rifle butt upside the head and The implications of this propaganda an all expense paid vacation in that campaign have not been lost on the rather nasty Marxist nation's reeduca Mozam b ican government. Last De tion camps." (Philadelphia Inquirer, Allen Isaacman is Professor, Depart May 6, 1976). Dial Torgenson of the ments of History and Afro-American cember, the Ministry of Information denounced these distortions which, it Los Angeles Times, who has exten Studies, University of Minnesota; sively written about what he terms the Associate, Centro de Estudos Afri observed, were designed to persuade world public opinion that: -down of Mozambican law and the canos, Universidade de Eduardo capricious nature of the new regime, Mondlane. He has written two books *the liberation struggle is not being reiterated this theme: "Technically, and a number of articles on historical carried out by the oppressed peoples the legal system left over from the days and contemporary Mozambique. of Southern Africa, and is reducible to of Portuguese rule still applies. But on 6 SOUTHERN AFRICA/AUGUST 1977 romised to key Portuguese owners" uly 25, 1976). The reputed repression, racism and economic turmoil has, predictably, created a groundswell of opposition to FRELIMO, according to the US press. Periodic, but unconfirmed, re ports that Tanzanian and Somalian troops were being used to put down internal opposition in northern Mo zambique have appeared in the Ameri can press. As proof of internal dissen sion the Newsweek bureau chief in Nairobi interviewed "one Makonde tribesman" who informed him that, "I fou ht seven years with Samora in the bush. I believed in the vision of libera tion and hard work. But now my family is worse off than when the Portuguese were there" (May 3, 1976). More re cently, the New York Times repro duced extracts of a staged interview at a Salisbury prison in which several Mozambican dissidents claimed that Rhodesian forces "are welcomed as Mozambican women march in Independence Celebration liberation from the rule of that coun try's Marxist government" (June 9, 1977). the street level, what applies is what ments since independence, reporter the Portuguese called Kalashnikov's Torgenson nevertheless asserts that Purges Alleged law-so named for the Russian-de President Machel "seeking support The alleged divisions within Mo signed weapons carried by soldiers from the African majority ... now zambique are also said to be reflected and mixed who man the roadblocks and make attacks whites, Asians, within FRELIMO itself. Purges, in arrests" (February 11, 1976). blood Africans in his speeches and trigue violent retribution against Special attention has also been given allows them to be harassed and ar and those who are deemed disloyal pur to the reeducation centers, dubbed rested seemingly at will" (Los Angeles "concentration camps" by the Western Times, January 1, 1976). For those who portedly characterize the chaotic poli tical process. While it is true that there press. Unverified reports in a variety might be fooled by the presence of havebeen some expulsions for corrup Europeans at the highest levels of gov of American publications claim that as tion and abuse of power, these efforts many as 75,000 have been incarcer ernment, including three ministers, to make government more responsive reporter Tom Lambert -alleges it is ated. An article in the Christian Sci do not warrant the sensational charges "the white ence Monitor noted that "the refugees' common knowledge that of influential columnist Robin Wright ministers are ultra-leftists with no par stories tell of the regime's increasing that "almost daily new lists are re ticular -affection for their race" (Wash ferocity, where summary arrests for leased with the names of people ex anything from being late to work to not ington Post, September 24, 1975). The pelled from FRELIMO" (Christian carrying the correct identification can ultimate result of this anti-white cam Science Monitor, April 20, 1976). The labor paign, it is asserted in all such ac send a person to prison or to most startling assertion appeared in an (May counts, has been the mass exodus of camps 7, 1976). This "Siberian" article written by John Burns for the image surfaced again in Newsweek, Portuguese from Mozambique. New York Times and International which claimed that FRELIMO com The outflow of whites is also Herald Tribune. He claimed that a pensated for its lack of leadership and vanced as the primary reason for Mo deep rift existed between President popular support by packing off "thou zambique's faltering economy. Rarely Machel and Interior Minister Gu sands of Mozambicans to reeducation do Western reports acknowledge that bueza, that the latter tried to assassi centers where Machel's brand of the underlying causes of this poverty nate Machel, and that Gubueza was Marxism is taught with a heavy and badly wounded in the abortive coup. sometimes brutal hand" (May 3, 1976). are deeply rooted in 400 years of colo nial exploitation. Instead, reverse rac These events were supposed to have Reverse Racism? ism and socialism become the culprits. occurred at a Central Committee Linked to these unsubstantial In the latter vein, John Burns of the meeting, on a day when the Central charges of massive political repression New York Times noted: "Many of the Committee was not in session and are claims that it is Europeans who are troubles and the economic deteriora Gubueza was out of the country. particularly vulnerable and arrested tion that underlies and compounds In addition to uncritically accepting in numbers grossly disproportionate them can be traced to the doctrinaire and popularizing these fabrications to their percentage in the population" policies that Mr. Machel introduced about life in Mozambique, the press (Washington Post, January 1, 1977). shortly after taking office. Land was continually depicts Mozambique as a While acknowledging that such a racist nationalized, and unwilling peasants "pawn" of either the Soviet Union or policy is explicitly forbidden in the were coerced into collective farming. China. American journalists, employ Mozambican constitution and is incon The state took over key industries and ing the rhetoric of the Cold War era, sistent with FRELIMO pronounce- utilities, without the compensations frequently speculate on which of the

AUGUST 1977/SOUTHERN AFRICA 7 super-powers will ultimately swallow problems of daily life, the government But what of the reputed concentra the country whole. seems popular' (New Y ork Times, tion camps and prisons holding many The Soviet presence, according to December, 1976). thousands of Europeans about which one version, includes air and naval Why the dependence oin such sus- Western reporters have written so in bases along the strategic Indian Ocean |)ect information? Burns and others dignantly? Writes the English journal coastline (Washington Star, October ave argued that it is extr emely diffi- ist, David Martin: 13, 1976), a fact disputed by Western cult to get a visa for Moza mbique and At least 3,000 persons have been diplomats who have visited the area. therefore journalists must rely on sec- sent to political reeducation camps. Reports of several thousand Cuban ondary sources which h e acknowl- They include drug addicts, pushers, troops, in Mozambique as proxies for edges to be less than satisifactory. The prostitutes and pimps, petty thieves the Russians and backed by sophisti fact of the matter is, ho wever, that and fences .... Those who need it cated weaponry, have also been dis there have been a number of Western are given medical treatment. All are credited. correspondents from resp ected publi- given the taste and habit of produc tive work including building their own camp and growing their own food. There is no discrimination about who is sent for reeducation. Some of the inmates are white and inevitably that has brought an out cry from the Portuguese and other whites who have remained here and 4 t are not used to being treated the 0. " same1977). as blacks (Africa, February A Swedish sociologist, one of the few

foreigners to visit a reeducation camp, presented a similar picture. "Men without families, employment, aspira tion, drop-outs for whom no cure is available in our own society, are here Afrique-Asie gradually brought back to social life through progressive methods of group Samora Machel surrounded by school children work, shared responsibility, discus sion, education, and the collective im In actual fact, these fantasies cations who collectively ha ye spent an provement of their living conditions" Soviet bases, Cuban troops and deep appreciable amount of time inMozam- (Washington Post, April 9, 1976). divisions within FRELIMO-can all bique. Although they have written ex- I recall the sense of surprise and be traced to South African "intelli tensive and informed acc ounts, their disbelief when colleagues and I inad gence reports" disseminated as propa reports have been largely overlooked vertently walked into a makeshift pris ganda by Pretoria and reproduced un by the American press,p perhaps be- on (which was also an historical monu critically by American correspondents. cause they provide a very d ifferent pic- ment) in northern Mozambique last None of the guards carried Secondhand Accounts ture of e in Mozambi lue. While summer. acknowledging difficulties , especially rifles. The prisoners were engaged in Notwithstanding the detail and cer in the economic sphere, th ese journal- small group discussions, and the only tainty of most of the scathing attacks in ists debunk popular sterreotypes of weapon in sight was a hatchet being the mass media, rarely have the writ chaos and repression. used by a prisoner to chop wood. ers visited Mozambique. Instead, the These detainees, we subsequently overwhelming majority of the news Another Picture heard, were former soldiers involved items and analyses are written from According to David Ot taway, "op- in an abortive coup. Perhaps we South Africa, Rhodesia, Kenya and position to [President Mac]hel's] rule is should not have been so surprised, Portugal, and the few writers who have grossly exaggerated in ti he Western since Mozambique is the first country visited Mozambique have generally and Southern African pr ess" (Wash- in Africa to have abolished the death spent only a limited time in the coun ington Post, February 16, 1977). His penalty. Certainly we would be hard try, primarily in Maputo, the capital. assessment is confirmed by the En- pressed to find a similar scene in an Moreover, their inability to speak Por glish journalist Nicholas A shford, "the American prison. tuguese undoubtedly biases their most striking thing abo ut Maputo sources. under FRELIMO is how c alm the city Irrational Panic John Burns' acceptance of dubious appears. Reports about a reign of Rather than brutal repression, it was sources is particularly revealing. He terror being enforced are just not true. deep-rooted anxieties, reinforced by freely admitted that the accounts of There are virtually no p olice to be unfounded rumors of retribution, terror and instability which he re seen, no armed soldiers ir* the street which primarily precipitated the large ported were derived from interviews and no roadblocks near the city" (The scale migration of Portuguese. Noted with alienated businessmen, depart Times, October 5, 1976). In a similar David Martin: "Since FRELIMO na ing Portuguese settlers and defectors vein, Renee Lefort notes that debate tionalized rented buildings in Febru from FRELIMO. Moreover, when he rather than coercion chara cterizes Mo ary there have been whispers that finally visited Mozambique he was zambique's revolutionary transforma Machel is about to nationalize chil forced to acknowledge that "a visitor's tion (The Guardian (vlanchester), dren, wives and bank accounts. In assessment is not so dire. For all the February 13, 1976). credibly, some of these rumors have 8 SOUTHERN AFRICA/AUGUST 1977 been printed and broadcast abroad, come disenchanted because the social right-wing American allies (such as the and panicked the white community ist goals of FRELIMO jeopardized American Heritage Foundation). here into exodus" (Washington Post, their social position. The effect of this campaign is to re April 9, 1976). Thus, two rather different pictures define the legitimate struggle for ma Nicholas Ashford of The Times filed of contemporary Mozambique jority rule and self-determination in a similar account on October 5, 1976: emerge-one based primarily on sec Southern Africa in global Cold War Today many of these cement build ondary accounts, rumors and Rho terms. The white minority govern ings are empty, abandoned by their desian and South African propaganda, ments become defenders of Western Portuguese owners who fled to Lis and the other based primarily on per interests against communist-backed bon or Brazil rather than face the sonal observations. Sadly, it is the for terrorists, who use Mozambique, future under the FRELIMO gov mer which has carried the day. As in "pawn" of the Soviet Union, as their ernment. Some left for ideological the case of Vietnam and Cuba, the base of operations. reasons, some because they were American press-with such noticeable Thus, public opinion is manipulated harassed, many because they could exceptions as the Washington Post to support American alliances, both not face being governed by people which has published conflicting ac covert and overt, with a dying colonial whom they considered inferior. But counts-has selectively reproduced ism and to resist efforts to improve most departed because an irrational images of Mozambique that bear little relations with Mozambique, Angola panic appeared to overcome the relationship to reality. and the future majority governments white community once the exodus in Zimbabwe, and Namibia who, it is began. Propaganda Campaign claimed, will pursue an anti-Western Anxieties of this sort were expressed Such gross distortions both conform policy as Mozambique reportedly has. to me last summer not only by Portu to and complement the extensive pro Herein lies the roots of yet another guese but by mulattoes and Africans paganda campaign being waged in this self-fulfilling prophecy, of which the who, after living in relative privilege country by the minority regimes of Crane amendment is the earliest during the colonial period, had be- Rhodesia and South Africa and their expression. El U.S. Aid Examined: The Cambodian Experience

Readers of Southern Africa may be surprised to find an Africa armory, has been widely used by the US in Latin article on US aid to Cambodia in our pages this month. We America and South East Asia. The recent US/British pro have broken the long-standing tradition of only writing posal to establish a Zimbabwe Development Fundprovides a about events in Africa, and in southern Africa in particular, dramaticexample of the extension of this technique to south because we think the issues raised in this article deserve ern Africa. We believe it may be useful for those whose serious attention. The questions dealt with will confront primaryconcern is Africa, to have access to the experience of policy makers in Africa with increasingfrequency in the others in similar circumstances. coming period.As the conflict on that continent shifts from a war against open colonial rule to the far more complex It would be arrogantto suggest that no country should at struggle againstneo-colonial domination, new imperialstra any time take any aidfrom the US, Japan, or the industrial tegies will inevitably be brought into operation. One such ized countries of Western Europe. But recent history indi strategy likely to be heavily used, is "captureby kindness" cates that countriesaccepting such aid will need to examine or the use of aid. the "gift" very carefully-a few sharp tugs may reveal the This approach, while relatively new in Washington's pelt of a wolf underneath the lambskin surface.

by George Hildebrand presents. Yet even a cursory examina failing to contribute to Cambodian de Since the collapse of its wars in tion of US aid policies in one Asian velopment. But as approximately 40% South East Asia, the United States country, Cambodia, is sufficient to of the money was ostensibly ear hand extended to developing coun establish that in that particular case marked for economic assistance it is in tries has dropped its gun and now such assistance has been at best irrele fact relevant to examine the impact of holds out offers of aid and assistance. vant and for the most part pernicious. the aid. Nearly two and a quarter billion Many countries seem tempted to grasp Aid to Sihanouk that hand firmly-hoping perhaps to dollars was channeled to Cambodia "dance with Vance" into a rosy future between 1953 and 1975. Much of this During the Sihanouk era of the paid for by US aid. How realistic is that staggering sum was consumed in the fifties and early sixties Cambodia had ope? five-year war that killed 800,000 Cam two overriding objectives; the preser bodians (out of seven million) and vation of national independence and A definitive answer may have to wounded or crippled another 400,000. the establishment of the foundations of await an exhaustive analysis of the In that framework it might seem maca economic development. The mainte Carter administration and what it re- bre to criticize US aid programs for nance of independence required the

AUGUST 1977/SOUTHERN AFRICA 9 irrigation works of the Angkor Empire ermitted the production of three and four rice crops a year.) US aid programs listed irrigation projects as a priority, and US funds restored the Baray Occidental, the enormous western reservoir at Ang kor. Yet no great improvement in rice production ensued, largely, in the view of one IMF economist familiar with the region, becuse of the failure to develop programs which would pro vide the peasants with access to the improved water supply. Most peasants did not have the money necessary to build even the most simple irrigation works. Existing social relations had saddled the peasants with a crushing burden of del)t; they were the victims of extortionate landlords, money lenders, etc. But no US support was -allocated to break the structural bar riers which prevented the peasant from increasing production. Yet twenty-five or thirty millions in 1950s dollars-poured into Cam bodia each year. Where did it all go? Irrigation Project built by Cambodian Peasants Building A Capitalist Sector For political reasons the US refused adoption of a genuinely neutral stand quently adjudged Cambodian by the to foster the state economic institu in the East/West Cold War. Economic World Court. tions designed to implement Prince development seemed to demand state In this crisis the US informed Siha Sihanouk's "Buddhist socialism." initiatives and some national planning. nouk that US military aid could only be Much of the money was directed to The Eisenhower Administration employed against "'communist aggres wards entrepreneurs from the small viewed both these Cambodian priori sors," admonishing him not even to but growing capitalist sector in order ties with hostility. Following the use US-provided trucks for troop to finance the importation of US-made French defeat at Dien Bien Phu, the transport. ie was further warned that goods. These goods were selected for Administration organized the South any recourse to the socialist bloc would their profitability in terms of elite con East Asia Treaty Organization in result in the automatic termination of suiption, without regard for the pri Manila in 1954. This alliance included US aid. According to US Ambassador orities of national development Cambodia's antagonistic neighbor, the Carl Strom, such an aid cut-off was planning. Moreover, the US State De Thai military dictatorship, and ex actively being studied in Washington. partment at the same time held the tended its protective "umbrella" over Its purpose was to incite right-wing Cambodian government liable for de the developing reactionary Ngo Dinh elements to oust the Prince, exactly as faulting importers. Diem regime in Saigon. Secretary of the pro-US General Phoumi Nosavan State John Foster Dulles denounced had overthrown Premier Prince Sou US aid thus failed to contribute sub neutralism as "immoral," and, with his banna Phouma a short time before in stantialy to Cambodia's development, brother, CIA-chief Allen Dulles, re Laos, following the suspension of US especially insofar as the great, rural peatedly attempted to cajole or coerce aid. Thus, US military assistance not based, majority of the population was Sihanouk into subscribing to the Ma only failed to preserve Cambodian in concerned. Secondly, US aid served to nila Pact. de )(ndence, 1it was in fact deliber intensify the country's dependent rela Sihanouk resisted these pressures, ate ly used as a means of threatening it. tionship with the producing countries accepting US aid of the First World, without ever earn but balancing it by a Agriculture in Trouble visit to the People's Republic of China. in sufficient capital from the rice and But by 1958 a full-scale crisis had In the realm of economic develop rubber exports to finance a develop arisen; Diem's forces seized territory inent, Cambodia's primary problem ment program. As Khieu Samphan on the Cambodian side of the frontier, was the extreme under-productivity of today president of the State Council and Thai soldiers occupied an area on agriculture, by which most Camnbodi analyzed it in his 1959 thesis, Cambod the northern frontier, that was subse ans lived. Rice vields still ran at a low ia became "part of a whole whose cen one ton per hectare. Besides lacking ter is outside the country, rather than fertilizer and modern implements, part of a homogeneous national George Hildebrandhas written exten Cambodia's preasants relied almost ex whole." Thirdly, to cite Prince sively on South East Asia; he worked clusively on monsoon rains, and were, Sihanouk's sober reflections upon the with the Indo-China Resource Center in terms of rice production, effectively matter in 1971, "within a couple of and is the author of a book published idled nearly 250 days a year. (Chinese years the United States has created a by Monthly Review Press entitled travelers at the end of the Thirteenth powerful internal lobby in our coun Cambodia: Starvation and Revolution. Century reported that the extensive try, a political fifth column working to

10 SOUTHERN AFRICA/AUGUST 1977 scrap neutrality and place Cambodia on devoting as much aid as possible to officers, Cambodia's Revolutionary under SEATO." military purposes, deliberately under Organization began an armed struggle Although Sihanouk cancelled US aid estimated the number of refugees from and was thus fighting and in place at in 1963 and broke off relations entirely US bombing. Of a war budget of $748 the time of the 1970 Lon Nol coup and in 1965, this was not enough to tame million for 1971, 1972, and 1973, US invasion. the right wing in the country. By 1969, exactly $1.1 million was channeled to For the last two years of the war, with US support, Lon Nol had become the refugees. following the Paris Agreement (US/ Premier, relations with the US had The same cynicism characterized Vietnam Paris Accord) Cambodia been re-established, and banking and the "Food for Peace" program, under fought on without substantial external commerce had been de-nationalized. Title I of which 80% of the funds gen assistance. Rice surpluses, generated All that was lacking was the resump erated by sale of US foodstuffs-to by agricultural re-organization, paid tion of the US aid flow. those in the ruined Cambodian society for much of the equipment needed to Overthrowing Sihanouk who could pay -could in turn be spent go on fighting. Without a single officer on military hardware for "common de graduated from a Cambodian or for "Sihanouk had power. We wanted fense" and "internal security." So eign military academy, the Cambodian it. The way to get it was to attack the pleased was the Administration with resistance mounted continually Viet Cong" confessed Son Ngoc this ploughshares-to-swords device stronger offensives against Phnom Thanh, one of the chief authors of the that by fiscal year 1974 "Food for Penh eventually driving out the re March 1970 coup, which finally over Peace" aid to Cambodia had expanded gime in 1975. threw Sihanouk. more than six times to nearly $200 Self-reliance also characterized re Signing on with Washington, which million. volutionary policy at the end of the at that time was deeply embroiled in a war, when the collapse of the regime Generating Starvation The injection of lavish aid programs Within a couple of years the into a devastated economy, ruled by a Cambodia became part of a United States had created a small elite, engendered massive cor whole whose center powerful internal lobby in ruption. A naval lieutenant, in the is outside the country, ratherthan part of our country, a political fifth Admiralty's accounting department told this writer of $1 million syphoned a homogeneous national whole. column... off annually from the budget for Lon Nol's personal use. Rice provided by the US for the needy was instead sys loosing war in Vietnam, brought in tematically diverted to private sale, left Phnom Penh with a week's supply stant recognition to the Lon Nol re and as a result much of Phnom Penh's of rice. Rather than rely on interna gime. Torrents of renewed US assis three million people (those people not tional assistance the Revolutionary tance soon followed. in the liberated zones) were starving Organization determined instead to The Lon Nol regime established by the end of the war. The Director of take the population to the countryside, new records in international mendi Catholic Relief Services stated at that whence 85% of them had already fled. cancy receiving 95.1% of its last bud point that "hundreds are dying of mal Food production was already well un get from US aid, finding it necessary to nutrition every day." derway in the countryside. Though vi set up a cabinet post devoted exclu Ultimately the US intervention that tuperatively denounced in the western sively to the reception of foreign aid! began with aid programs in the '50's ress, some US officials approved the From the US side, Cambodia was ended by financing the destruction of a ecision: "That's the only thing they seen as a test case for the substitution great part of Cambodia's productive can do," one Food for Peace official of American money and material for resources -buffalo, rice-lands, rubber told me. American men-the "Nixon Doctrine trees, and railways. More than 500,000 The evacuation of the city was made in purest form," "the best foreign pol tons of bombs were dropped. Half of possible because two years earlier, in icy investment the United States has the February-August 1973 bombing, the midst of the murderous 1973 made in my political lifetime," as Pres according to US Senate reports, was bombing campaign, a cooperative ident Nixon expressed it. The Lon Nol aimed at the populated and productive movement had been launched to trans regime received an admitted $1.883 areas of the countryside. form the three million pre-war land bilion in US aid, to which President Yet for all this enormous destruc parcels into 30,000 agricultural coop Ford vainly tried to add a supplemen tion,and despite the scale of its aid to eratives. A major goal of this 173 cam tal $222 million during the last weeks Lon Nol, US assistance in the end paign was to achieve mastery over of the regime. Added to this was con p roved incapable of preventing a revo water resources so that more than one siderable surreptitious assistance, that utionary victory. rice crop could be grown every year. contravened the intent of Congress to By releasing and directing the ener cut aid, exemplified by the training of gies of the people, thousands of reser Self-Reliance in voirs and canals were constructed Cambodian soldiers in Laos or their Cambodia's Revolution officers in junta-ruled Greece, and the throughout the country to store and participation of US forces and their Cambodia's ongoing adherence to conduct water from the monsoon rains. advisors in battle. the strategy of self-reliance is well Today, barely two years after the known.The modem Cambodian revo close of the war, Cambodia has Food for War lution has been developing in the achieved self-sufficiency in food pro Much aid that had been designated countryside since the early 1960's. duction and generated a 150,000 ton for economic development was diver After 1967, when peasants in western surplus, representing about 40% of the ted to military use. For example, in the Cambodia staged an uprising to defend highest export tonnage from the peace first years of the war US officials, intent traditional land rights against military time Sihanouk years. Cambodians now

AUGUST 1977/SOUTHERN AFRICA 11 receive between 1.3 and 2 lbs. of rice hand. Cambodia is not universally tions-little technology, low produc per day, as well as substantial meat opposed to foreign assistance. It has tivity, high illiteracy, endemic disease rations, a significant improvement accepted aid where it feels no adverse and poor rural health. The Cambodian over pre-war consumption patterns. political strings are attached. But in example demonstrates that even a very After a tour last November, Tanzania's the main it is Cambodia's peasants who small country can progress economi ambassador declared "This is a great are bringing about the country's devel cally without US aid-in fact, in spite lesson for -all of us in the developing opment-building 500 ton ships en of two decades of its influence. Cam countries. Food-I repeat, food-is tirely from abandoned US gasoline bodia's progress, of course, rests on a the key to development." drums and constructing rice-hulling political foundation, the mobilization These achievements have been won machines fuelled by rice-hulls, or de of the people behind ideas that free not through US AID-style "green re vising fertilizers that utilize nutrient popular enerqy to expand production. volutions,' and imported pesticides, rich ant-hill earth and natural insecti As Cambodia s United Nations delega chemical fertilizers, and gasoline-con cides derived from local poisonous tion chief Thiounn Prasith remarked in suming farm machinery, but by peas plants. the fall of 1975, "When a people is ants in every phum (village) improving Cambodia confronts many of the awakened by political consciousness, conditions locally with the means at same conditions faced by African na- they can do anything." Ej

Zaire: The U.S.-Belgian French Connection

by Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban their political underlings, South Zaire has increased from $3.5 million Africa and Morocco, playing key to $32.5 million. There were also re The rebellion by the Congolese roles. Egypt, Sudan and Uganda ports that the CIA covertly supported National Liberation Front (FLNC) in Zaire's played minor roles. Although African efforts to recruit several hundred Shaba province has apparently and western diplomatic sources uni mercenaries in the US and Britian to been quelled, but not without posing formly agreed that there was no evi fight for Mobutu. David Bulkin, a no a serious threat to the Mobutu dicta dence of outside support to the FLNC, torious soldier of fortune torship and establishing the FLNC as and the a major force to be reckoned with in Mobutu claimed that Cuban and Rus CIA's key man in the recruitment of Zairese politics. sian as well as Portuguese troops were mercenaries for Angola, was reported fighting with the FLNC. to be in charge. The Zairian army, consisting of Hesitation and indecision on the 65,000 soldiers, proved to be a weak, In March, as the military situation part of the US gave way to approval undisciplined force. Mass desertions in Shaba province was deteriorating, when a plan to bolster the from the Zaire army were reported Zairian Belgium called a secret meeting of army with African troops was sug during the fighting, and confirmed by Belgian, French and American offi gested. Gabon, Senegal, Ivory Coast, western diplomats and journalists in cials. The Belgian government was Zaire. Estimates of the FLNC Togo, Cameroon, Morocco and alarmed that Mobutu's family had Tunisia were suggested by France as strength range from 1000 to 10,000. already fled to Switzerland and that The discrepancy in these figures re possibilities, and Anglo-American Mobutu himself had reportedly "al neocolonies such as Egypt, Sudan, flects a relative ignorance in the west ready packed his bags." Uganda, Nigeria and Ghana were about the FLNC, as well as the large The first discussions centered on a number of recruits who joined the mentioned. replacement for Mobutu, a "moderate These nations were contacted, but Front after sections of Shaba province nationalist" in their terms. Salvaging were liberated. The FLNC was initi many responded that they could send the Mobutu government was next dis only a token force, since openly fight ally successful in beating back the cussed, and the necessity of direct Zairian army until considerable rein ing in support of an unpopular African western intervention was favored by leader such as Mobutu could prove forcements were brought in from the Belgium, France and West Germany. outside to aid Mobutu. politically dangerous at home. King South African, Rhodesian and Israeli Hassan of Morocco, however, respon 'Rescue' Committee officials reportedly pleaded for a ded most strongly in the affirmative prompt military intervention to save The major powers behind the res Zaire. The smokescreen would be the and offered up to 10,000 troops. The cue were the US and France, with Shah of Iran also pledged military -allegation of a Soviet-Cuban-Angolan support if the Moroccan troops invasion of Zaire. At this juncture only proved insufficient to the task. Carolyn Fleuhr-Lobban is a member the US hesitated to endorse the plan. of the Southern Africa magazine collec Instead of troops, the US re Intervention tive. She teaches Anthropology at sponded with a total of $13 million in Part of the Brussels agreement Rhode Island College, Providence. direct aid. In the past two years aid to seems to have been that France would

12 SOUTHERN AFRICA/AUGUST 1977 where else in the world I can write off my entire investment in just six months." President Carter, in approv ing the emergency aid to Zaire, said, "Over a period of years President Mobutu has been a good friend of ours. We've enjoyed good relations with Zaire. We have substantial com mercial investments in that country." Zaire is a major supplier of copper to western Europe and accounts for about 15% of copper production out side of the socialist nations, mainly from Shaba province. France has the largest trading concerns in Zaire of the European countries, while Bel gium has longstanding colonial and economic ties. Afrique-Asie Zairian Troops Re-Colonization The fighting in the copper-rich province of Shaba occured in the mid take on the most overt role in aiding onel. Sophisticated military hardware Bel Sudan by the US le of a reconciliation between the Zaire government. France pro recently sold to the gian business and President Mobutu. vided the aircraft to ferry Moroccan was loaned to Zaire for the operations also sent supple A single Belgian company, the Societe equipment for the 1500 troops sent to in Shaba. Nigeria Generale de Belgique, is estimated to Zaire. There were reports of French menty military personnel. Presi control 70% of all assets in Zaire that advisers with the troops and that dent Idi Amin arrived in Kinshasa in These interests, once April, and before returning home Belgium claims. other troops were brought in French nationalized in 1969 under Mobutu's planes. The Defense Minister in Paris announced that he was ready to assist President Mobutu. "authenticity" or "Zairianization" pro admitted the presence of French mili g am, are now being given back to tary instructors, whom he said were Financial Background reir old owners on increasingly gen there solely "to instruct the Zaire erous terms. army in the use of equipment." It is The US is the senior partner in the clear that the Moroccan troops and Euro-American imperialist alliance. Zaire's collapsing economy and French military advisers were respon While France and Belgium trade Mobutu's unabashed lack of interest sible for turning the tide for the Zaire more with Zaire, US investments in in anything but his own personal government and Mobutu. Zaire are substantial. A conservative wealth are responsible for what is As soon as intervention had been estimate of $1.25 billon in 1975 makes essentially the recolonization of Zaire decided upon, South Africa's BOSS Zaire second only to South Africa as a by Belgium, this time with US econ (Bureau of State Security) officials site for US investment in Africa. omic support. Belgians have been were busy in Kinshasa negotiating Heading the list of US monopolies asked to run the countries industries, emergency aid in fuel and support in Zaire: Gulf Oil, General Motors, mines and plantations, as well as such funds for Mobutu. Zaire normally Texaco, Mobil Oil, Goodyear, Inter key government-owned services as buys food and medicine from South Continental Hotels, Continental the road, rail and river transport sys Africa with South African beef a spe Grain, IBM and Singer, along with tems-on which the export of copper ciality in Kinshasa market. Zaire is US copper companies and Westing depends-and the airports. South Africa's strongest ally in central house, US Steel and Morrison Conditions in the country are de and southern Africa. Knudsen. The latter two companies teriorating, making this potentially A New Strategy are jointly building 1,050 miles of elec rich nation one of the most backward In addition to direct intervention tric power lines. with one of the lowest standards of by the Western powers, other inter Today Zaire's economy rests on a living for its people. In the old days national support for Zaire points to a stack of loans amounting to $2.5 Zaire exported palm oil and other ag new imperialist strategy for "trouble billion, and Zaire's debt to private ricultural crops, now it must import lenders stands at $800 million, nearly them. While Mobutu owns 11 palatial shooting" in Africa. That strategy is to people use neocolonial military assistance half of which is owed to US banks. In residences in the country, the and troops to stop progressive move 1976 the US imported nearly $100 of Kinshasa can barely afford the price ments from coming to power in Africa million worth of cobalt, industrial dia of a 10 lb. bag of flour. A 40-mile The political cover story is that such monds and other raw materials from superhighway extends from Kinshasa intervention is necessary to halt Zaire. Exports to Zaire totaled close to to one of Mobutu's palaces while the Soviet-Cuban expansion on the conti $200 million. Since 1962 the US has country's antiquated railway system nent. poured nearly $500 million in econ cannot accomodate the export of cop Besides Morocco, other African omic and military aid into Zaire, per. As the Peace Corps/Zaire Evalu neocolonies that responded to the call making it one of the largest aid recip ation Program, of 1976, put it, "What for help were Egypt, Sudan and ients in Africa. ever Zaire has become today, both Uganda. Egyptian President Sadat A businessman with investments in politically and economically, the US sent an estimated 200 Egyptian pilots Zaire was quoted in the New York assumes a large share of the respon and mechanics and one air force col- Times April 4 as saying, "Tell me sibility." LI AUGUST 1977/SOUTHERN AFRICA 13 Two South African Trials: Introduction The following personal report was written by Martin Garbus, an observer representingthe InternationalLeague for Human Rights at two of the current political trials: the Pretoria African National Congress trial and the trial of Breyten Breytenbach, the Afrikaans poet. The twelve accused in the ANC trial, the most significant in many years, are charged under the Terrorism Act for various activities including secretly taking people out of the country, or recruiting people, for military training; smug gling arms into South Africa; trying to establish an under ground organization with secret cells and arsenals; distri buting propagandamaterial; undergoing military training in Russia and China; giving instructions in manufacturing explosives and the use of firearms; the throwing of a hand grenade at a police vehicle and injuring two policemen, and the blowing up of a section of railway line. The accused are: Morima Sexwale (24), Naledi Tsiki (21), Lele Motuang (44), Simon Mohlanyaneng (23), Elias Ma singa (24), Martin Ramokgadi (67), Joe Cqabi (48), Petrus Mchabaleng (50), Nelson Diale (41), Michael Ngubeni (42), Jacob Seatlholo (47), and Pauline Mohale (26). Throughout the trial, the accused were referred to by number rather than by name. Recent reports indicate that nine of the accused have been convicted; sentences were not published. It is not known who they are or what the fate of UN/Contact the other three is. Demonstrator being arrested in Johannesburg This is Breyten Breytenbach's second trial, in which the State alledged that he had tried to recruit a prison warder, which have white mobilizationfor armed resistance.Some of those who acted as the State's main witness, for Okhela (a taken place since the 1976 uprisings are: undergroundorganization) and to help him escapefrom the ,The "Pieternaritzburg10" who are accused of running PretoriaCentral Prison. maximum security section of the a terrorist recruitment ring" to send recruits through Breytenbach pleaded not guilty to the charges but ad for guerrilla training. Two of the accused claim mitted that 40 notes and letters which were handed in as Swaziland in a that they were kidnapped by Security Police agents from exhibits were written by him. Some of these notes were Swaziland. The judge ruled that that was irrelevant to their code which the South Africans were unable to break. It was Nxasana, told the reportedin the South African press that the coded messages case. The State's key witness, Mr. Harold court that after he had been detainedfor 17 months, he no were sent to the United States to be decifered. Although the of his evidence was true and which it points to the level of cooperation longer knew which part US was unsuccessful part had been suggested to him by the Security Police. between the two countries. To the surprise of those following the trial, Breytenbach eSibusiso Ndebele and three others are on trial in Rand burg, chargedwith arrangingfor people to travel to Swazi was acquitted on July 15. He now continues to serve his landfor guerrilla training. original nine year sentence, and has been released from *Stanley Nkosi and Petrus Mothlanthe were convicted of solitary confinement. Why he was suddenly acquitted when the State appeared ANC activity associated with publications and explosives to have had a weight of evidence against him is puzzling. It and were sentenced to 10 years imprisonment. men and one woman were convicted of furthering could be due to the fact that he is widely known as a poet and *Two considerableinternational support. It the aims of the ANC by distributingANC pamphlets. artist and hence had Black People's could also be due to the fact that unlike other Afrikaaners *Steve Biko, honorary president of the who rejected the politics of the South African government, Convention, has been charged with persuadingschool stu he has not in additionrejected Afrikaner culture. Instead, he dents to give false evidence in a sabotage case so as to secure is a leading contributorto it. As such, he identifies both with the release of those charged with burning a secondary Afrikaner culture and with the struggle for liberation in school. South Africa. Because of his success as an Afrikaans writer, *Walter Tshikila, Joseph Madyo and PenroseMdwandwa he cannot easily be rejected as an Afrikaner. Therefore, the were sentenced in Grahamstownunder the TerrorismAct to potentialexists for those Afrikaners who respect his work to five years imprisonment for participatingin Pan African also be influenced by his politics. His acquittal helps to Congress activities. weaken him as a politicalfigure and to defuse international On July 19, a mass trial began of 143 school students who pressurefor his release. were involved in the school demonstrations around South Africa earlierthis year. Increase in PoliticalTrials The number of prisoners on Robben Island (a political There has been an increase in the number of "terrorism" prison near Cape Town) has increased by over 50%, from trials,a reflection of the growing black unrest and escalating 253 to 383, since the beginning of 1976.

14 SOUTHERN AFRICA/AUGUST 1977 An Observer's Report

by Martin Garbus witnesses in South African jails-three Two of the most important trials in months in total solitary-away from his Africa's history were tried in June and family, friends and even police-then July in Pretoria; One of Africa's past, taken to see his son, given money by the other of its future. Each trial was the police to give to the child and told, very different yet they both told the that if he cooperated, he would get same story: opposition by both whites more money for his son. He under and blacks to apartheid is brutally pun stood if he did not cooperate, he would ished by the South African Govern never see the child again. The next ment. three months he saw the police every First, in the Palace of Justice, the day. But they kept asking him for more trial of Breyton Breytenbach, 37, one and more facts. Beaten on a daily basis, of the leading Afrikaner poets, was the he was strangled, suffocated, tortured State's attempt to finally crush what and kept naked in the cold cell. ever liberal white views still exist. After Rwaxa recanted, the judge advised, as the law required, that Breytenbach, married to a Vietnamese Charges against ANC members woman, was not allowed to live with because Rwaxa changed his testimony, include throwing a hand grenade he could be charged with perjury. I her in South Africa. This was Breyten into this police van and injuring bach's second trial. Convicted in 1975 two policemen. asked one of the lawyers whether that under the Terrorism Act and given a was likely. He smiled softly and said nine year sentence, Breytenbach jail, was ordered to wear the prison "No, I don't think he will be charged. I would under the law be eligible for re clothes of the men who just died. don't think he'll ever see a courtroom lease -after three years. Instead, the The defense tried to show that Brey again. I don't think we'll ever see him South African government, vindictive tenbach was given a special vicious ive. Remember, he remains with the because he was one of theirs, threw kind of treatment, previously reserved police and he now can be charged as an him into solitary confinement for two only for blacks. The South African gov accomplice but that won't happen years, telling him he would have to ernment had tried to break Robert either. It took enormous courage for serve the full nine years of his sentence Sobukwe, a black, by holding him nine him to do what he did. He knows he and threatening him with serving it all years in solitary confinement-and may never be seen again." And the in the most brutal kind of solitary trial moved on. imaginable. they succeeded. Breytenbach was Te State was seeking the death sen given the same treatment. No warden or prisoner was permitted to talk to Comparisons tence. Breytenbach, admitting the him-no reading materials furnished Perhaps the most significant fact escape attempt, tried, in mitigation, to to him. He spent 23/2 hours per day in concerning these trials was not the tes describe what drove him to it. Delib his lightless cell and when he took his timony but the way it pointed out the erately kept next to the death cell for half hour exercise, he took it alone distance between the black and white the full two years, where each month a away from all the other prisoners. communities. In two weeks, there was dozen black Africans wait to be hanged, not one black spectator at the Breyten he heard the prisoners singing as they ANC Trial bach trial. There was only one white tried to quiet their fears-and saw as In the second trial, the government spectator amongst the 200 black spec each of the over two hundred men also sought the maximum penalty. tators at the ANC trial. White liberals walked to the gallows during his two Twelve blacks, members of the African and radicals told me what I could see year stay. The wardens made a point of National Congress and, according to there was no longer any contact be telling how, even in their last mo the government, some of them trained tween them and blacks of any political ments, blacks were discriminated in Russia and China, were charged stripe. against. If a white man were hanged, with terrorism. Held two blocks away Other comparisons. The Breyten he would get a new rope, but for the from Breytenbach's trial, heavily bach courtroom, populated by some blacks, the same ropes were used over armed police and army surrounded the white students and some of Breyten and over again, even though many of building and sat in the courtroom dur bach's friends, had a funereal air. A them were full of vomit and saliva from ing the trial. good portion of the audience were the hangings before. He saw the war The State's first witness, Ian Deway probably police. Very few university dens wash their hands after each hang Rwaxa-the key witness-after testify faculty. The sparse attendance was ing as if it were ajob well done and only ing for four days on direct-linking understandable. Every courtroom Breytenbach, of all the prisoners in the each of the defendants to Russia, visitor was photographed and some China, telling of bombing and killing, day when he applies for a job or pass recanted. He said his testimony was port, he may be confronted with this Martin Garbus is a New York attor false and beaten out of him. transgression. Each day, the audience ney who has been active in the civil Mr. Rwaxa, in his dramatic turn filed in quietly, sat quietly and sadly rights and civil liberties movement in about in open court, described what heard the testimony. the United States. He has previously happened to him. After testifying for The ANC trial was another matter. been an observer of political trials four days in his native Xhosa, he asked It reminded me of trials in the Ameri abroad in Spain, Chile, India and if he could address the court in Englsh. can south in the '60s. The spectators Bangladesh. He described the lot of potential black hung on each word-reacted to each

AUGUST 1977/SOUTHERN AFRICA 15 answer. At lunch and at the end of each rounded by hundreds of black specta As the prisoners drove off in the van, day's court session, the defendants, tors. Each day, the blacks sang free they poked their hands through the lifting their hands in black power sa dom songs and cheered the defen holes giving the black power salute. At lutes, shouted "amandla" (power). The dants. that point, on two separate days, the audience answered "awetu" (to us). It Guards with machine guns and a dogs were allowed to bite at the near often became noisy to the point of dozen Alsatian dogs trained only to est black. provocation. attack blacks, kept pushing the crowd The Breytenbach and ANC trials are Breytenbach left court each day un back hoping to provoke an incident. show" trials. Commencing on the first observed in a van. At the end of each The hatred of the white community, anniversary of the Soweto riots of last court day, the ANC prisoners were seen not only in the eyes of the police year, they are designed to show the removed in a van that-as it drove but also the shopkeepers across the government's continued firmness. through the street - became sur- street, was palpabe. More arrests and trials will follow. n

Students demonstrate at memorial for those slain in last year's uprising

Students taking to the streets in Student Power in Soweto of the eligible voters went to the polls. South Africa's Black townships is al A campaig n to end Bantu education, Known in the townships as the Useless most a commonplace event now. But 'education for slavery" as the students Boys' Clubs, the Soweto Council gen this has been accompanied by a signifi characterize it, remains an immediate erlly held its meetings without a quo cant solidification of the student resis focus for the South African student rum present. A fourth of its member tance movement in the year since the movement. Another objective is the ship had already resigned since last brutal police response to the first release of hundreds of students de June. peaceful protests in Soweto triggered tained in the government campaign to Although the UBC exercised little the student uprising. repress student militancy. real power, it became a target of the Large contingents of militant Black SSRC because they had the false ap The Soweto Student Representa students held protests in white down )earance of being a representative town areas of Johannesburg and Pre tives Council (SSRC) established dur body, and furthermore encouraged toria in June. Students have taken up ing last year's uprisings, has emerged the coalescing of a conservative black community-related issues such as the as a significant force in Soweto's politi cal life. The most recent examples of political grouping potentially capable township rent increases the govern of challenging radical, popiilar-based their authority within the Soweto cor ment proposed in June. leadership in the townships. of mnnity were the issue of Soweto's Ur The ideological acceptability Following the governmnent's an ban Bantu Council (UBC)and the ac "moderate" Black political figures has nouncement of its intention to raise tivities called to commemorate those rents 40-80 percent for the inadequate been undermined by the students' who died in last year's June 16 massa governminent-supplied housing of the well-planned and courageous acts of cre. defiance. Furthermore, politically mo township, the students marched on tivated, small-scale armed actions and Campaign Against UBC the UBC offices. They charged it with incidents of sabotage, many claimed The Soweto UBC, like those in oth complicity with the government and by Umkonto We Sizwe, the armed er Black townships, was comprised of demanded their resignation. The wing of the African National Congress government-appointed officials an(l township pop)ulation solidly opposed (ANC), indicate the re-emergence of other black figures acceptable to the the proposed increase and the UBC South African government. In the was forced to present this position to an armed underground as a factor in continued South African political life. 1974 elections for the UBC, only 14% on page 21

16 SOUTHERN AFRICA/AUGUST 1977 Overview

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I AUGUST 1977/SOUTHERN AFRICA 17 In other economic news... Ten major black groups represent *The South African Commerce De ing teachers, students, trade unionists partment reported that between 1966 and other activists announced that 1976, exports to other parts of Africa they have agreed "to mobilize all black rose more than 130% to R453 million, people in Azania to demonstrate in no while imports from the rest of Africa uncertain terms their rejection of Ban rose 141% to R312. tustan independence." The announce oThe South African Reserve Bank con ment followed a July 16 meeting held cluded a "gold swap" in May which near Pretoria. involved three million ounces (almost In a related action, police broke up a a quarter of its total holdings). Neither crowd of young blacks demonstrating the price nor the identity of the other in the town of Ikaheng against Chief participating party was revealed, but Lucas Mangope, Prime Minister of according to the Financial Mail, it's Baphuthatswana, which is scheduled likely it was a group of Swiss banks to become "independent" on De SOUTH AFRICA's balance of which participated in a similar transac cember 6. j payments for the first five tion last year involving five million months of 1977 showed a sur ounces. plus in the current account for The swaps are actually mortgages in the first time in four years. The figures, tended to cover deficits in South which do not include exports of gold or Africa's balance of payments. equipment, The first small firearm to be fully imports of oil and military oThe government has proposed mak manufactured in South Africa, a semi show that the total value of exports for ing "economic sabotage" a crime May was R2.21 billion while automatic stainless steel pistol called January to against state security. A government the Mamba, is expected to be on sale that of imports was R2.10 billion. spokesman on security matters sug on luxury imports and in about August 1. It was designed by two Restrictions gested that not only communists but Rhodesians. creased mineral exports owing to new liberalists" should be regarded as a harbor facilities at Richards Bay and threat to state security. Saldanha Bay were cited as major fac tors in the turnaround.

Some 8,578 people left South Africa in the first four months of this year, the highest figure for any quarter since ITT announced it would sell its record-keeping started in 1924. Immi South African subsidiary in an ex gration has been halved and emigra change of shares which would give ITf tion has more than doubled in the 12 a minority position in Allied Technolo A South African research agency firm. The months since the Soweto uprisings. calculated that between 1973 and gies, a South African-owned Britain draws the most emigrants, fol 1975, white per capita monthly income action follows a similar move by lowed by the US, Canada and Aus rose 19% to R182. For the same Chrysler a few months ago involving tralia. period, Indian income rose 67% to Anglo-American Corp. R50; coloured income 52% to R35; and Best Western of America, another African income 32% to R12.50. While US corporation, announced it has Africans enjoyed a higher percentage formed a South African subsidiary of its rise, the gap between white and Afri motel chain. can earnings continued to grow, reach A new white political party, which ing R169.50 in 1975 compared with bills itself as a'centrist force,' has been R143.50 in 1973. [note: $1.00 US= 0 formed from the old United Party and 11.15] the Democratic Party, which together National income was divided as fol won 31% of the vote in 1974. The UP, lows: whites, 67%, Africans, 23%, col Twenty-one more US companies by far the larger of the two, lost power oured, 7% and Indians, 3%. Govern operating in South Africa have en to the National Party in 1948. The ment figures show that whites cur dorsed a statement of Six Principles other major white political group is the rently make up 13% of the population, they describe as aimed at ending seg liberal Progressive Reform Party. Africans 72%, coloureds 9% and In gregation and promoting fair employ dians 3%. ment in South Africa. The firms in The vast majority of black families, clude Pfizer Inc., Eastman Kodak, 0 however, remain substantially below Gillette, and CPC International. the poverty line. Twelve major firms originally en South Africa has been voted off the By way of comparison, in UK the dorsed the Six Principles last March. governing council of the International wealthiest 15% of the population (com At the time the American Committee Atomic Energy Agency and will be re parable to South Africa's whites) re on Africa attacked the statement as es placed by Egypt. Third World coun ceive about 35% of total income. In sentially meaningless and noted that tries voted for the expulsion, Western France, the top 15% receive 47% of the firms' action had been lauded by countries against, and Japan abstained total income. the white minority regime. at a June meeting in Vienna.

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18 SOUTHERN AFRICA/AUGUST 1977 As of March 25, 471 persons were cial Mail. The current year is expected An American mercenary was re believed to be held in detention. to produce no real growth. ported killed in a clash with Zimbab Among them, 107 have been identified However, a bright spot for the wean guerrilla forces on May 17. He as students, 23 as teachers, 16 as as Smith regime was the act that the was the second US fatality among an sociated with the South African Stu country enjoyed a trade surplus of estimated 400 recruits. dents Organization or the Black Peo $176 million in 1976, up from $47.6 ple's Convention, five as churchmen million in 1975. Exports rose 6% in and five as journalists. Between Janu volume and 10% in value, accom 0 ary 1, 1976 and March 25, 1,977, 366 panied by sharp cutbacks in imports. persons were released from detention Despite a sharp drop in foreign capi without charges having been brought tal investment and significant in Transportation Consultants Interna against them after serving a total of creases in net outflows involving in 30,314 days. Also during that period, tional, based in Los Angeles, has been vestment income and foreign travel, named at least 12 detainees are known to have to represent Rhodesia's United the country had an overall current and Touring Company in North America. died. capital accounts surplus of $43.4 mil lion, compared with a deficit of $16.3 million in 1975. Black employment fell to 926,000 in 0 1976, down from 933,000 a year earlier, the first such fall since 1966. An estimated 50,000 persons who African wages increased an average of fled from Transkei following indepen 11.2% to $517 a year, but declined The CAPE VERDE govern dence are living in refugee camps in fractionally in real terms. ment uncovered a coup plot Ciskei described as appalling. Camp The country's white population fell in early June and arrested the officials say an average often children a by 5,000 to 273,000, owing to emi people involved. week are dying. gration. A communique of the National Di A number of Transkei students op rectorate of Security said that the goal posed to independence are reported to of the plotters was to create favorable have fled to Botswana. conditions for foreign intervention with a view to overthrowing the pres ent government and halting the pro 0 Zimbabwean freedom fighers enjoy cess of social change. They planned to widespread support according to Dr. sabotage key points such as the desali Selwyn Spray, a United Church of nization plant, the power station, mili Christ missionary doctor who was ex tary barracks, the Sao Vicente radio j THE RHODESIAN FRONT pelled by white authorities for having station and some vital roads on Santo of Ian Smith is in disarray fol given medical advice and supplies to Antao island. The plotters, who in lowing the breakaway of a guerrillas. Dr. Spray said in a New cluded two Portuguese nationals and right-wing group led by for York Times interview upon his return with the complicity of elements in Por mer party chairman Des Frost to form in June that during nearly three years tugal, planned to assassinate several the Rhodesian Action Party. A third in a district near the Mozambique bor PIAGC and government leaders. white group at present is the Rho der, "I never found anyone who spoke desian Action Movement, comprised against the guerrillas.' Dr. Spray also of an estimated 3,000 servicemen who said that security forces confiscated a proclaim themselves disillusioned work he was preparing on torture, cov 0 with politicians. ering 10 cases he had personally The threat Smith faces from his encountered. white opponents (which includes the possibility of action by the military) ' ABOTSWANA court found may have been what prompted Smith a black member of the Rho to agree to the return home of Rev. desian security force's Selous Ndabaningi Sithole, who had been Scouts guilty of kidnapping allowed previously to leave the coun Justice is hardly blind in Rhodesia. four Botswanans into Rhodesia. The try after being jailed for six years in Recently one 21-year-old Zimbabwean four were subsequently detained. 1969. A commentary in the London was given a mandatory nine-year sen Observer suggests that Smith may be tence for stealing an ox while two other hoping to find in Sithole a black leader men were given like sentences for willing to aid him in forming an alli stealing a heifer. ance with moderate blacks. The cases recall one earlier this year in Salisbury in which an employer who pleaded guilty in the death of a 65 0 year-old employee was fined $300. CUBA's Foreign Minister said The magistrate said he did not regard in a speech in Lusaka that his the assault which resulted in the em country will, if asked, give Rhodesia's Gross Domestic Product ployee's death as serious. military help to frontline fell 3.4% in real terms in 1976, follow states and liberation movements. He ing 1.1% decline in 1975, accordig to said such aid could include military an official survey quoted in the Finan- personnel, teachers, and economists. AUGUST 1977/SOUTHERN AFRICA 19 Citibank's willingness to advance movement's objection to continued the latest loan was reportedly contin South African military presence in the gent on the guarantee from London territory. SWAPO maintains that the ased Consolidated. free elections called for in the settle ment scheme will be impossible as South Africans Challenge long as the country is under the control White Authority of the South African military and I1If',I 1 l I L-a Residents ofJohannesburg's sprawl police. ing Soweto township last month unani mously accepted a plan to establish U.S. Leaves Hands Off France and South Africa their own local government in defiance Rhodesian Office Set Uranium Deal of apartheid policies. Congressional pressure has forced France, which has already con The proposal was drafted by the the Carter administration to postpone tracted to sell nuclear reactors to South "Committee of Ten," a group repre closure of the Rhodesian Information Africa, now says it has agreed to pur senting a variety of black organiza Office in Washington. chase 1,000 tons of natural uranium tions, including the Students' Repre Although the US delegation en from the Johannesburg-based Rand sentative Council and the Black Peo dorsed a UN Security Council resolu fontein Gold Mininng Company. ple's Convention. tion in May which in effect called for Compagnie Generale des Matieres The draft establishes a five-year plan closure of all Rhodesian outposts, no Nucleaires, a subsidiary of the French to improve black living conditions by: action has yet been taken in the United atomic energy agency, is the signator 1) assuming the power to levy taxes; 2) States. Says Kenneth Towsey, director to the accord. It has agreed to pay a establishing departments to control of the Rhodesian office, "We are con base price of $29 a pound, with an education, housing, public works and tinuing to fill our information function, escalating clause covering wide price health; 3) taking control of police func and have heard nothing whatsoever fluctuations. tions; and 4) seeking financial aid from from the US administration. The deal is also believed to include a the Organization of African Unity, the In June, the Senate adopted by French agreement to extend a major International Monetary Fund, and voice vote a resolution that declared interest-free loan to Randofntein. All other governments and institutions. the "sense of Congress that any foreign sales contracts negotiated by South The self-government proposal con country should be allowed to maintain Africa's Nuclear Fuels Corporation on travenes government policy, which an information office in the United behalf of mining firms include the loan gives Africans no political power ex States." In addition, 44 members of provision. cept in rural reserves. the House, including Chairman Ed Randfontein, which is owned by the Derwinski of the International Rela Johannesburg Consolidated Invest Churches Rebuffed tions Committee, wrote Secretary of ment Group, extracts uranium as a by In Namibia Mediation State Cyrus Vance calling closure of product of its gold production. But Representatives of Namibia's three the office an "unnecessary measure." uranium's importance to the gold firms largest Protestant denominations last In his reply, Vance defended "our has increased as the price has risen month offered a new set of proposals planned implementation of the [UN] from about $6 per pound four years ago for a peaceful settlement in South resolution,' and officials say the office to $40 per pound today. Africa-controlled Namibia. will be shut down. The church leaders, convinced that South African Project the plan put forth by Western powers U.S. Wants Distance From was doomed to failure, suggested a Attracts Citibank phased withdrawal of South African South African Intelligence Citibank of New York, the nation's troops from the disputed territory, US officials are considering a shaip second largest financial institution, has along with the deployment of a UN response to the report from Johannes agreed to loan $60 million to a new peacekeeping force and the sharing of burg that South African agents are copper - lead - zinc - silver project in administrative authority between working and training in this country. South Africa's Cape Province. South African and UN representa Under study is a public move "to put The loan is destined for Gold Fields tives. some distance," in the words of one of South Africa, and is apparently guar South African officials refused to State Department official, between anteed by the South African firm's meet with the church leaders. West US intelligence bodies and South Afri London parent, Consolidated Gold ern diplomats withheld comment on ca s Bureau for State Security (BOSS). Fields. the new proposals. In a banner-headlined article late Phelps Dodge, a large US copper A major obstacle to the plan negoti last month, the Johannesburg Sunday firm, already has about $25 million in ated by Pretoria and the five Western Times reported that "BOSS has ad vested in the mining property, which powers is the SWAPO liberation mitted for the first time it has under it has owned since 1970. In May, how cover agents working in Britain, ever, Phelps sold 51% interest to Gold America, and other countries." The Fields, a move largely designed to paper also quoted BOSS director Alex avoid investing additional capital ac ander Van Wyck saying the agents cording to a company spokesperson. UPDATE is written by Africa News Service, which also pub were trained in both the US and West The latest Citibank loan comes at a lishes a weekly digest available to Germany. time when US banks and other in individuals for $28 per year. A month earlier, the paper reported vestors are growing hesitant to put Address correspondence to P.O. the involvement of American police in more money into the country because Box 3851, Durham, NC 27702. ting to crack a code used by a South of its serious economic and political rican political prisoner, poet Brey problems. ten Breytenbach. 20 SOUTHERN AFRICA/AUGUST 1977 continuedfrom page 16 "is alive and well," called a meeting for for South Africa postponed a major the South African authorities. The gov the end of June. Some of the resigned soccer match between Rhodesian and ernment "postponed" the increase. council members attended but it was a South African teams to have been held shortlived victory for the Board as the in Salisbury. A scheduled religious Community Councils meeting turned down the Community commemoration was cancelled so as Proposed by Government Council proposal presented for ratifi not to conflict with student plans which The government passed legislation cation. It is clearly becoming increas were regarded as the "official" activi providing for the establishment of ingly difficult for moderate black poli ties of the period. Community Councils, which would tical figures to continue to press for Soweto's shops, schools, and beer replace the UBCs. In terms of the act, compromises with apartheid. halls remained closed on June 16 and the administrative responsibilities of 17. Most significant of -all was the the Councils for community authority, SSRC Takes Initiative breadth of support for the three-day mainly for dispensing the meager re For Anniversary Activities general strike, or "stay away," which sources allocated to the townships, The SSRC called a week of com depended for its success on the sup would be increased. They would aso memorative activities in June for the port of Soweto's 320,000 commuting control the new "community guards," victims of the first Soweto uprising. workers. South African authorities seen as little more than black vigilante Deferring to the students' announce stated commuter traffic was 10% of groups. These councils would be little ment, the All-Race Football Council normal on June 16. more than revised UBCs still operat ing as puppet councils. The students continued to press for their resignation, and on May 30, the remainder of the Soweto Council resigned. The government refused to Black Students Deny accept their resignation, questioning the legality of the form on which the Meeting With Young resignations were submitted. David Thebeha-li, chairman of the without trial by and outspoken In the June/July issue of Southern the South African UIBC proponent of Africa it was reported that UN Am police. They remain in detention. cooperation with the white govem bassador Andrew Young had met US Mission to the UN aide Tom nient claimed that he went -alongwith with Sechaba Montsitsi, chairman of Offenburger told Southern Africa resignation in an effort to spare council the Soweto Students Representative that Young had met with Black stu members and the people of Soweto Council (SSRC) and other Black stu dents (at the home of Harry Oppen further violence. Black "moderates" dents during his trip to South Africa heimer, chairman of the Anglo have consistently opposed militant in May. American Corporation) but insisted actions against the white supremacist Subsequently, however, the Rand that "no names of individuals or or system with the argument that 'those Daily Mail (May 24) reported that ganizations were disclosed at the who die are always the black people.' Sechaba Montsitsi denied that he or time nor could he now." It is known To this the students reply, 'we will die other SSRC members had met with that great efforts were made during if we must. Young, though the meeting had re Young's trip to arrange to meet Black Following the resignation, the stu portedly been mentioned by Young student and Black consciousness dents called upon the residents of himself. The student leader said, (the Black Peoples Convention) Soweto to choose their own form of "The SSRC categorically rejects re leaders and that Black consciousness representation. Sechaba Montsitsi, ports that its members met and groups refused to meet him. They chairman of the SSRC (since detained), spoke to Mr. Young. said he should meet the true leaders, explained that the SSRC "cannot sug "It was put very well by all black those like Nelson Mandela, held in gest the alternative. The people should consciousness movements and or prison. be responsible for the establishment of ganizationswho have links with stu Asked to comment on the deten a meaningful and powerful body which ents that if Mr. Young is not going tion of the Soweto student leaders might come into being," and once to meet the true leaders of the people following Young's visit Offenburger again stated: "We condemn the gov then there is no reason why he stated that "It would not be useful to ernment-instituted bodies because should be met at all. comment on that specifically. We they capture the minds of unsuspect "We do not regret it if he has been are opposed to the South African ing blacks and obscure the truth by sold a dummy by meetingfalse SSRC government's policies and their creating a false impression." members but we object to our name rounding up of opponents of Apart A committee of ten community being dragged in the mud. " heid. " " leaders representing a wide range of Montsitsi added that had a meet It is ironic that US policy, which Soweto organizations was formed as a ing taken place he would have asked Ambassador Young has helped focus preliminary step towards a popularly Young to work for an end to US in on human rights and the goal of )ased council. Predictably the govern vestments in South Africa and an peaceful change in South Africa (to ment refused to recognize it on the arms embargoagainst the Apartheid head off the radical fight for libera rounds that no law exists providing regime. tion) remains immobilized in the or such an organization to operate. On June 12 the entire leadership face of continuing repression of The government-sponsored West of the SSRC including Sechaba those who have struggled openly Rand Administrative Board tried to Montsitsi was detained and held and non-violently for freedom. revive the UBC and after announcing in the press that the Soweto Council AUGUST 1977/SOUTHERN AFRICA 21 As in last September's general arrested 146, charging them with hold circumstances are very different. The strike, the industries employing most ing a political gathering without a liberation of Mozambique and Angola ly women reported the highest coop permit. and the ongoing conflicts in Zimbabwe eration with the strike, with some Contrary to the public image of rea and Namibia have placed the white firms reporting 95% compliance. A sonableness the press had helped build regime on the defensive, as well as section of track -along the Johannes for him, Brigadier Jan Visser stated the provided popular inspiration and burg-Soweto rail line was blown up, police position bluntly: "I think we sources of support for liberation. hindering transportation by that have played this in a low key long Government officials in the town means. Buses were stoned and drivers enoug ....If they want trouble, they ships regularly wear sidearms and persuaded not to drive. In the culmi can have trouble.' must often travel with police escort. nation of protests on June 23, three On June 28, students held a peaceful They fear stonings and the burning of black youths were killed by police. In protest march in downtown Pretoria, government vehicles and buildings. opposing Bantu education and the June 16 demonstrations in townships Discoveries outside of Uitenhage (in the eastern detention of students. Twenty-three ofarms caches and reve Cape area), police killed six people and were arrested. lations of ferries of young militants to wounded 33. and from guerrilla training camps Struggle Sharpens abroad indicate that the popular sling Circumventing police efforts to re shots of strict demonstrations to townships, the The situation in the townships re today may soon be replaced by students staged protest marches into mains tense. The political repression more effective weapons. On June 13 white downtown areas of Johannes of the South African government two whites died in what appeared to burg and Pretoria. Several hundred against the student movement has con have been intended as a commando students aged 13-19 converged on tinued as their political influence has attack on the nearby police headquar John Vorster Square in Johannesburg increased. Twenty black leaders were ters in Johannesburg where many on the -afternoon of June 23. They sat detained on June 12, among them -all black political prisoners are held. The down, raised clenched fists and sang the officers of the SSRC, including its action was claimed by ANC's Umkonto freedom songs. Their placards con chairman, Sechaba Montsitsi. There We Sizwe. demned Bantu education and de have been a number of students ac The students' militancy has synthe manded the release of the most re cused in the regime's wave of"terror sized the South African people's deep cently detained student leaders. The ism" trials of people charged with feelings of anger and frustration, swept police were caught by surprise but working with the underground ANC. aside many years of compromise with their response was brutal. They beat But this repression can not have the the racist regime and opened the way the students, pushing one group same intimidating effect as that at the towards a revolutionary solution in through a plate glass window. They time of the Rivonia trials in 1964. The South Africa. 1]

aNamibia Drive Toward Settlement

The concentrated effort to achieve a Africa People's Organization (SWAPO) April talks with the South African 'settlement' on the International Terri of Namibia and to groups inside Government." tory of Namibia by the United States, Namibia. Canada and the west European mem SWAPO Rejects Appointment bers of the United Nations Security On June 10, at the end of three days Legislation was rushed through the Council has reached fever pitch. of talks, the South African government South African Parliament by June 15 announced that it would abandon without opposition. The Southwest A second round of talks between the plans to set up the Turnhalle interim Africa Constitution Amendment Act five Security Council members and regime in Windhoek at the request of provides for South Africa's state presi high officials of the South African re the members of the Pretoria-created dent to appoint the administrator gen gime was completed in Cape Town in body. Instead, South Africa would in eral. On July 6 Pretoria announced early June. The full extent of these stall an "administrator general" for that South African Supreme Court Jus discussions have not been publicly Namibia with virtually absolute pow tice Martinus T. Steyn would assume revealed. ers over the territory, including the the post as Namibia's administrator preparations for elections. tgeneral. He will enforce the decrees of The five-the US, Britain, France, the South African president, who is West Germany and Canada-strenu The Johannesburg Star reported, empowered to proclaim, repeal and ously deny they are engaged in nego however, that Don McHenry, head of amend laws. tiations, and there are no known docu the Western delegation and number A SWAPO statement issued from its ments or written agreements. Repre three man at the US Mission to the London office rejected the appoint sentatives of the five have made a UN, stated "although the Turnhalle ment, according to the Windhoek series of reports to the African Group group gave the impression they origi Advertiser, as a' symbol of South Afri at the United Nations, the UN Secre nated the idea of an administrator gen can control." tary General, the UN Council for eral for Namibia, this was only one of a A columnist wrote in the Advertiser: Namibia, officers of the South West number of possibilities aired in our "the administrator general was pro-

22 SOUTHERN AFRICA/AUGUST 1977 expansion of Pretoria's giant army and air force base at Grootfontein in north central Namibia. Mention of the role of the UN dur ing the transition scheme is limited to vague talk of a UN presence in the territory. The group persists in saying they intend to honor and fulfill the terms of Security Council Resolutions 385 of January 1976, which calls speci fically for UN "supervision and con troll' of the entire election process in Namibia. Yet "control" is as persis tently lost in all the talk. US govern ment spokesmen say that a UN super vision team can spot any intimidation, harassment or election fraud. The firmest and most vocal defender of the UN's right and role has been SWAPO. The movement's Informa tion Secretary, Peter Katjavivi, writ ing in the July 1977 issue of New Afri can Development, repeats the point that "SWAPO insists on UN control, which does not mean, as suggested, that a special UN representative should observe the proceedings while the South African army and police South African military presence in Namibia. Inset - South African ap force are still in occupation." He con pointed Administrator General Martinus Steyn. tinues: "It is impossible for one UN representative or a host of interna tional jurists to oversee the activities of posed in talks with the Western en and Pretoria hope to work out, two are 50,000 trooops, let alone the police voys, but to date negotiations are still paramount: the presence in Namibia of and BOSS. The world knows from past continuing, and the proposal of ad the South African Defense Force, experience how South Africa has been ministrator general was not ratified by police, security branch, Bureau of able to intimidate voters in past 'Ban the 'interested parties' . . . Only the State Security (BOSS) and the entire tustan' elections, and through its con South African Government and the bureaucracy built up by Pretoria over trol of the state apparatus, to deter Turnhalle support the proposed ad the decades of occupation; and the role mine election results. ministrator general." of the lawful authority over Namibia, The writer continues: "Should the the United Nations. Internal Maneuvers Pretoria has up to 50,000 members West be in agreement with Mr. Vor In the wake of Pretoria's abandon ster and the Turnhalle, then they will of its armed forces in the Territory en ment of the Turnhalle scheme, there have failed in gauging the opinion of gaged in war with SWAPO's Peoples Liberation Army of Namibia not only has been a jostling for position by poli the 'interested parties' in this regard tical groups preparing to enter the lists and will furthermore have failed to along Namibia's border with Angola of a national election. Formation of a maintain any objectivity in the matter. but also deep into the country. This political party by some or perhaps all There has been no indication that occupation army, together with South the 11 Turnhalle ethnic groups is the five Western nations have re African police and both police and de under way. A Turnhalle Election Fund nounced the new proconsul in Wind veloping military battalions belonging to thepuppet bantustans, are respon has collected over 100,000 Rand hoek. In fact, the Windhoek Adver ($1.00=R1.15). The all-white Federal tiser of June 15 relates South African sible or a constant reign of terror Party and the black Namibia National Prime Minister Vorster's presentation against the Black inhabitants of the ter Front are discussing a possible merger in Parliament during discussion of the ritory. Not only SWAPO leaders but in preparation to contest seats in a con new South-West Africa Constitution also representatives of other Namibian stituent assembly. Amendment bill. "The West had been entities, including the churches, fully informed of what had been in strongly assert that any progress to Turnhalle white leader Dirk Mudge tended by the legislation and agreed ward independence is impossible in is recorded in an article in the Chris that both the Bill and the appointment the presence of all these elements of tian Science Monitor of July 11 as say of an administrator general were con South Africa's rule. ing Turnhalle's role is far from over. sistent with their discussions aimed at The scheme devised by the group The dispatch is cast under a rubric that and Pretoria appears only to call for describes faithfully Rhodesian Prime reaching an internationally acceptable Minister Ian Smith's long-proven de solution to the South West Africa prob some kind of ' phased withdrawal" of lem," the daily reported. South African forces, not to be com laying procedures in Zimbabwe: "How pleted until after nationwide elections to appear to be movin& while actually Hard Realities and the selection of a government for digging in one's heels. Among the many facts that stand be the territory. Far from withdrawing, Notwithstanding all these maneu tween any deal that the five powers there are renewed reports of further vers, there can be no resolution of the

AUGUST 1977/SOUTHERN AFRICA 23 issue of independence for Namibia issue of Foreign Affairs: "America this, America would first have to without SWAPO. The US and West cannot control these events. But it accept that SWAPO is the only Nami ern Europe cannot avoid the admoni could use its considerable influence to bian nationalist organization, and that tion of Tanzanian President Julius avert the dangers of a serious war of no settlement is possible without its Nyerere, who writes in the July 1977 liberation in Namibia. In order to do agreement. LI

Zimbabwe Smith Looks for a Vote of Confidence

Prime Minister Ian Smith of Rho Rhodesian officials accused the An In addition, economic sanctions are desia has dissolved Parliament and glo-American negotiating team that beginning to bite more deeply, and scheduled new elections for August recently toured southern Africa of last month a major ferrochrome plant 31, an effort to secure a vote of confi letting the Patriotic Front "call the owned by the British Rio Tinto Zinc dence from the predominantly white tune, and the Western initiative was Cororation closed down operations. electorate before moving -ahead with brusquely dismissed by Prime Minis An[a record loss of 1,339 whites in his plans for an 'internal settlement.' ter Smith as a "non-starter." May, as revealed by official statistics, In a special late-July broadcast on The guerrilla war, meanwhile, is at is widely regarded as a low estimate, Rhodesian television, Smith told his an all-time high, with government since many whites leave on "vacation" constituency that he was aiming for a forces stretched thin -all over the coun without expressing the intention to settlement that would empower 'mod try fighting an estimated 2,500 guer emigrate. erate' blacks by the end of the year. ri las. Another eight thousand guer The scheme envisioned would appar rilla recruits are believed to be under As a result the government has ently revolve around a qualified fran going trainingat camps in Tanzania ordered its Reserve Bank to slow the chise-something short of one man, and Zambia, but already many rural tax clearance documents of whites one vote-and would aim to secure the locales in the Tribal Trust Lands are seeking to leave, according to the support of either Bishop Muzorewa or designated "no-go" areas. Christian Science Monitor. El Ndabaningi Sithole, both of whom are currently living in Rhodesia. Smith called the new election large ly because he lacked sufficient support in Parliament to carry through the Farmworkers Join Guerrillas plan. A two-thirds majority is required to approve changes in the political sys African farm laborers have been de In some of the liberated areas, land tem, and with twelve ultra-rightist serting en mass from white-owned less Africans have occupied farms white MPs in active rebellion against farms along Rhodesia's border with abandoned by white settlers. Smith his chances looked dim. The Mozambique, leaving an increasingly Because wives of farmers on call-up fifteen black MPs are thought unlikely difficult security problem for the be duties are left alone, the security to go along with any internal settle leaguered Smith regime. forces are offering them the protection ment based on qualified franchise. Some settlers, reporting that 100 of the so-called 'bright lights"-vigi Some observers, in fact, prdict that per cent of their labor force has crossed lante bands of armed soldiers who, the new right-wing grouping, the Rho the border to join the Zimbabwe Peo with the help of bright light outside desian Action Party, may make a good ple's Army (ZIPA), have chosen to farm houses, help guard against guer showing in the upcoming ballot. Near abandon their farms, although it was rilla attacks. clear the land would automatically ly a third of Rhodesia's 85,000 regis of the border families have tered voters are civil servants - a come under guerrilla control. Many Meanwhile, says a report in the Tan been heartened by this development, oup that would fear for their jobs at "No, it's e very least under a black govern zanian press, Rhodesian security but one farmer told reporters: forces and representatives of the Na too late. It's just shutting the stable ment. the horse is gone. Let the Of the country's 6.1 million black tional Farmer's Union are attempting door now various ploys to keep the farms occu young 'briht lights' get into the army residents, ony 7,500 will be permitted and fight.' to vote. The rest are excluded by prop pied, and the border secure. erty and educational requirements. Several African businessmen have Another measure of the deteriora Even if Smith's Rhodesian Front been approached by the hitherto ting military situation in the desertion arty does succeed in consolidating its whites-only Agricultural Finance Cor plagued Umtali district has been the old on the white electorate, its plans p oration to take long-term loans to buy call by farmers for exemption from the for an internal settlement have been farms in the war zone. But the offers draft. To bolster security, they are de completely rejected by the Patriotic have been refused because they are manding a curfew and the designation Front guerrilla leaders and are re perceived as a desperate attempt by of their area as an official no-go zone, garded as unrealistic by the US and the enfeebled minority regime to bol whereby any African stranger could be Britain. ster its sagging position. shot on sight. 1]

24 SOUTHERN AFRICA/AUGUST 1977 Angola Leaders of Attempted Coup Arrested

Two months after the attempted through the Angolan Women's Organi had contacts with some foreign em coup d'etat in Angola, life is gradually zation, MPLA Youth, and its Action bassies, while not identifying them. returning to normal. Southern Africa committees. Vales used her previous Recruitment was also heavy among learned that Nito Alves, the central experience as a clandestine member of the military. Some commanders were figure in the coup attempt, has been the Young Portuguese Communists to encouraged to travel regularly to arrested by the MPLA in Angola. No create a structure-a sort of secre Luanda for meetings and de ate, leav additional information about his arrest tariat-to challenge the state and ing certain areas of the country more could be obtained, but the Angolan spread distrust of the decisions of the susceptible to infiltration from the out ambassador to the UN indicated that in MPLA leadership. side. Sympathizing officers withheld all several hundred had been arrested. Alves Removed from Office pay from their soldiers to promote dis content. The bank account of a com Angolan President Agostinho Neto At a Central Committee meeting in mander of the Military Police was said in a speech before a large crowd in late October these activities were de found to contain the salaries of at least Luanda in mid-June, that the conspira nounced and the problem of factional forty soldiers. tors---called 'factionalists' in Angola- ism heatedly debated. Nito Alves was Sabotage within the Ministry of were spread through MPLA organiza removed from his position as Minister Commerce was undertaken by the tions and agencies of the government, of Internal Administration, although Minister himself, David Aires Ma in Luanda and other provinces. he remained a member of the Central chado, who exacerbated congestion in Among those arrested were members Committee, and Vales was expelled the crowded ports by refusing to off of the general headquarters of the from her office. load ships which were carrying impor army, the state security police, the Deviations within the political com tant food products--claiming that local provincial commissions, the military missariat of the army were rebuked, markets couldn't absorb them, while and civil police, the MPLA Central the Central Committee completely re food shortages in Luanda and other Committee itself, of schools, unions, organized DOM and restricted to towns increased. Edmond Vales, head and nationalized and private enter Angolan citizens exclusively the right of the commission for restructuring of prises. to ideological debate within MPLA, heavy industry and brother of Cita A first hand inquiry by Afrique Asie, thus automatically eliminating a num Vales, opposed the purchase of spare Paris, has substantially supplemented ber of important Portuguese citizens parts from western markets--despite recently released information from who had been active in Angolan poli the western origin of the machinery Luanda. The report indicates that the tics before that. under thepretext that it would be trad coup leaders-Alves, Jose Van Dunem In addition, the Committee decided ing with the imperialists. and several others-began to plan the to shut down the afternoon daily In some neighborhoods, Alves had coup in late October 1976, but their paper, Diario de Luanda, which had ordered the local committees or state expulsion from MPLA forced them to become a forum for Alves' speeches stores which stocked immense quanti act earlier. The report also reveals that and declarations. This left a single ties of food of all sorts to refuse to dis the MPLA had already thwarted one morning paper in Luanda, the Journal tribute them. "Take your complaints coup plot before the actual May 27 de Angola, whose white editor, but to the mulattos and whites who rule attempt. long-time MPLA militant Fernando this government," the people were Alves, Van Dunen, and a white de Costa Andrade, would later become then told. Angolan woman born in Cabinda, Cita a prime target of criticism by the fac Vales, had begun the systematic re tionalists. Central Committee cruiting of militants and cadres in op After these serious blows to their Expels Factionalists position to Neto, and the Political prestige and power, the conspirators The Central Committee met on May Bureau of MPLA. Joining with them eg an an intensive campaign to sabo 20, amid this explosive atmosphere, were some foreigners, primarily Por tage all the sectors of life in Angola and and most of its members demanded tuguese who had come to Luanda after to reinforce their own clandestine immediate disciplinary measures the April 25, 1974 revolution in Por organization. According to the Af against the factionalists. Fifteen min tugal. They infiltrated diverse struc rique-Asie report, they organized a utes before the meeting was due to tures of the MPLA, the government veritable parallel movement next to convene, Neto changed the site from and the army, in Luanda and in other MPLA, a sort of anti-party, counter downtown Luanda's Museum of the provinces. government which aimed at seizing Revolution to a location 15 miles south Cita Vales was an important figure in power. They sought the destabiliza of Luanda closer to his home. the MPLA's Department for the Or tion of the country and the total dis Apparently the Political Bureau had ganization of the Masses (DOM) which credit of the government and the lead learned that a demonstration against ad the responsibility for overseeing ership of MPLA. MPLA's Political the government had been organized to the political mobilization of Angolans, Bureau indicated that the conspirators take place outside the Museum. Mem AUGUST 1977/SOUTHERN AFRICA 25 bers of the 9th armored division and next MPLA Congress-was hastily without the reorganization of MPLA military police who were "Nitoists" changed. No longer members of the itself, "we cannot progress very far." were to surround the Museum to "pro Central Committee, the freedom of Thus the major result of May's coup tect" the demonstrators; the majority movement Alves and Van Dunen attempt will be a further consolidation of the Central Committee loyal to Neto needed in order to organize was cur of the power of the Political Bureau of were to be taken hostage, cut off from tailed. Their plans were further aggra MPLA. contact with the outside; and Nito vated when MPLA discovered arms "All the organizations of the masses Alves was to have delivered an ulti caches in the Luanda neighborhood of must be subordinated at all levels to matum-the immediate dissolution of Sambizanga. They then opted for the the organisms of MPLA," the Presi the Central Committee and the Poli May 27 date. dent declared. "The Neighborhood tical Bureau, and in case of refusal or Commissions which must be elected, resistance, their arrest. MPLA Shaken must be subordinated to the orienta The Central Committee demanded The coup attempt has clearly shaken tion of MPLA, so that we don't have the expulsion of Alves and his sup MPLA. In the face of monumental parallel organizations within the coun porters, but Neto made one last at tasks of reconstruction following the try. termpt to reconcile differences. Sus war and severe threats on both the "In the government, its members penin the meetings until the after northern and southern borders, MPLA must submit themselves to the orien noon, he met with Alves and Van leaders have had to confront a severe tation outlied by the Political Bureau. Dunen arguing once again for the division within their own ranks. There cannot be governmental deci necessity of maintaining MPLA on a What of the future? sions that aren't controlled by the Poli sound base of national unity against Speaking in a large meeting in mid tical Bureau. All the Ministers must serious threats to Angola from the June, President Neto again called on know that they can do only that which outside. the Angolan people to press on with is authorized by the Political Bureau, The factionalists wouldn't budge the primary tasks of national recon and when the Political Bureau de and Neto supported their expulsion. struction and defense. Citing recent cides, they must execute those deci The tentative date for the coup set attacks across the Zaire border, viola sions as urgently as possible. after the meeting in October for a year tions of Angola air space, and bom "Who leads here in Angola is the hence-to coincide with the eve of the bardment of villages, Neto said that MPLA." El

Mozambique Attack on Mapai

Following is an excerpt from a re Altogether, damage must be more some 200 Rhodesian troops stayed in ort in Mozambique's weekly Tempo than $4 million. The people in the sur Mapai station to destroy the railway from Mapai, the village in western rounding rural area have lost all the line, the bulk of the column, preceded Mozambique that was raided and oc services renderedby the town. And the by three jet bombers and one Mirage, cupied by Rhodesian security forces on Ngala company was practically the advanced toward Mapai River with May 29. The raid, one of dozens that only one carrying passengers in the heavy artillery. On May 29 the first have taken place in the year since Mo region. two 500 kg bombs fell near the airfield zambique closed its border to Rho The attack began on on the bank of the Limpopo River. desia, prompted Security Council ses the morning of May 29, when about 1,000 Rhodesian On May 30 the Rhodesians reached sions that took place at the end of June. soldiers entered Mozambique in the the second airfield, about 7 km from Chitanga zone and advanced Mapai. There, the People's Forces am Mapai is completely destroyed. We along the road linking bushed the enemy, killing three of had hardly entered the town when we Mapai to Vila Eduardo Mondlane (formerly Malvernia). In them. Mapai was occupied on May 31 smelled the characteristic odor of amid constant aerial bombardment rotting flesh, coming from the corrats spite of being heavily armed and pro tected by aircraft, the Rhodesians did and heavy artilleryfire. where more than 100 head of cattle lay Also on May 31 a Rhodesian trans dead. When Rhodesian troops occu not escape some ambushes by People's Forces patrols stationed in Vila port aircraft landed on the runway at pied the town they machine-gunned all Mapai. Among the trees on the side of the cattle they found. They also pil Eduardo Mondlane. Meanwhile, the Chicualacuala the field were three members of the laged the people's store and then dyna comnmnd notified Mapai, and in the two parts of Mapai People's Forces who waited until the mited it, as well as a granary that held aircraft loaded up. When the plane several tons of corn. the People's Forces and the militia or ganized the retreat of the people to the was taking off one of the three fired his Almost all of the houses of the town bazooka at the airplane, totally de were dynamited. Nothing remained of stroying it. The soldiersstill at the field the Ngala transport company. The After some hours of resistance in fled. The three People's Forces soldiers company s garage and about twenty Mapai, the railway town was occupied fired mortar shells at them, but were vehicles were completely destroye, by the Rhodesians, who lost four sol unable to tell if there were any casual also by dynamite. diers by a confirmed count. While ties. 26 SOUTHERN AFRICA/AUGUST 1977 been killed in Mozambican territory by Rhodesian forces since the clo sure-i ,001 Zimbabwean refugees and over 400 Mozambican citizens. These figures were cited in the speech by Marcelino dos Santos, Mozam bique's minister of economic planning and development, at the start of the debates. Rhodesian security forces have destroyed Mozambican villages, health and educational facilities, pre cious cattle, and transport and com munications links. The Mozambican position taken at the debates was simple and straight forward. "If we look at the pattern of aggression we see that during the pe riod of the application of [UN eco nomic] sanctions [against Rhodesia], the People's Republic of Mozambique has suffered an average of more than one attack every three days. An aver age of three civilians per day were murdered during this same period," Tempo Dos Santos said on opening the debate Wreckage of the Mapai bus depot and regional maintenance garages after June 28. the latest Rhodesian attack. Accordingly, Rhodesian aggression is not simply a matter of Mozambican concern, he argued. It is "above all, a Altogether, three members of the Samora Machel closed its borders to People s Forces were killed in the Rhodesian import and export activity. challenge to the international com "The People's fighting. That move as proven costly in the munity." And he added: struggle for the liberation of Zim Republic of Mozambique is being The United Nations Security Coun babwe-for both sides. Rhodesia lost attacked because the Mozambican cil met late in June to take action on the what had been one of its principal com people have assumed the commitment continuing raids into Mozambique by mercial routes to the outside world of sup porting without reservation the military forces of the Ian Smith re when Mozambique was under Portu struggle for liberation of the people of gime. On June 30 the council unani guese colonial domination. It also lost Zimbabwe. The People's Republic of mously condemned "the illicit racist millions of dollars worth of rolling Mozambique is being attacked be minority regime in Southern Rhodesia stock stuck in Mozambique when the caus'e it is fully implementing the sanc for its recent acts of aggression." More closure was declared, together with tions determined by this Council of the important, the council's final resolu the cargo the rail cars carried. United Nations." tion called on all nations to give "im On the other side, one thousand Before a final resolution was agreed mediate and substantial material assis thirty-two people have upon June 30, there was some argu- tance" to aid Mozambique's defense. four hundred The immediate cause for the ses sions was Rhodesia's May 29 seizure of Mapai, a Mozambican village some 50 miles from the border between the two countries. Termed the largest of many so-called "hot pursuit" efforts since combat with Zimbabwean nationalists was stepped up four years ago, the raid includedthe use of 500 kg fragmenta tion bombs, napalm, and-apparenty for the first time-French-made Mir age jets. The Mirages were part of a group of six fighter jets Rhodesia has received from South Africa. But throughout the three days of debates, which were attended by nu merous high African officials, speakers in the Security Council drew repeated attention to the continuing pattern of Rhodesian incursions into Mozam bican territory in pursuit of Zimbab wean nationalists. Such attacks have apparently increased drastically since UNHCR March 1976, when the government of Refugees at Chibabava carry cooked food for distribution AUGUST 1977/SOUTHERN AFRICA 27 ment both on and off the Security fore, became the key word describing that along with other Western council Council floor regarding the wording of the support called for. And the result members he interpreted the resolu an acceptable document. Western offi ing ambiguity was reportedly inten tion to be limited to a call for economic cials, claiming their reluctance to sup tional. aid. But as one Western official was port a resolution that could be con For Western officials, such wording quoted as saying, the resolution's final strued as an acceptance of direct for was considerably more restrictive than to include languagemoney, was widely taken eign military involvement, sought to the original call for "practical" aid schoolbooks, tanks-any weaken considerably the draft ad which could include direct military in thing but troops." And this was appar vanced by members of participating volvement. And US representative ently a compromise with Western offi African delegations. "Material," there- Andrew Young said outside the council cials won by African delegations. []

iJL Forging the Carter Policy

Reprinted from Africa News, Dur three days in Vance's office. Then they high-ranking appointees especially in ham, North Carolina,July 11, 1977. were moved down the hall, and Habib terested or experienced in African assumed the chairmanship. affairs, and On January 21, the first full day in a conflict quickly devel "The striking difference," says one oped between them and former Kis office for the Carter administration, a participant who survived the transition singer insiders. little State Department ritual which Lrom Ford to the Carter administra Most prominent among the new ar Secretary Kissinger had carried on for tion, "was in the style of operation." rivals, ofcourse, was Andrew Young, the previous six months was enacted in Kissinger's method, he says, was "ver the black Georgia Congressman Car the office of the department head. tical": Outside the working group no Secretary Cyrus Vance, joined by ter picked as Ambassador to the one in the State Department had in Undersecretary Phillip Habib, Assis United Nations. Others in this cate put; no one even knew what was going gory tant Secretary for Africa William included Tony Lake, the new di on. But under Vance procedures were rector of Policy Planning, and William Schaufele, and several other officials "more horizontal, more democratic." Maynes, the new Assistant Secretary and aides gathered to discuss the day's of State for International Organization developments in Africa. These ses Even if they were more participa Affairs. sions of the 'Africa working group,' the tory, however, the sessions in Habib's While the old guard, such as Assis structure Kissinger used to conduct his suite were not always harmonious. The tant Secretary southern Africa initiative, met for only incoming administration has several William Schaufele, in sisted that the British/American plan for peacefully ending white rule in Rhodesia deserved more time, Carter appointees tended to think Kissinger had been on the wrong course. They asserted that he had relied too heavily on highly-publicized diplomatic shut tles in his quest for moderate solutions and had overlooked the possible coop eration of European allies. Southern Africa Review President Carter agreed to continue US backing for the Rhodesian negotia tions, but he also ordered a full-scale policy review on southern Africa. Within ten days of the inauguration, in fact, National Security Advisor Zbig niew Brzezinski had set in motion an interagency task force to work on the project, Policy Review Memorandum 4. Much of the groundwork for this re view had been carried out during the Financial Mail transition period. Don McHenry, a That's agreed then, gentlemen: on moral grounds we won't Invest In former foreign service officer who did Johannesburg ... until there's some money to be made. extensive research on US corporations

28 SOUTHERN AFRICA/AUGUST 1977 in South Africa while at Brookings In the other two territories. They carried in South Africa will jeopardize rela stitution and the Carnegie Endow their case to Vance and ultimately to tions with the rest of Africa and much ment, collaborated with Lake on Africa Carter, and the Presidential Directive of the Third World; policy ideas. (PD) on southern Africa, which Carter *determines that the administration Using the papers they wrote, with signed in early March, endorses this will have to take "visible steps" to input from State, Defense, the CIA view. downgrade relations with South and other agencies, Policy Planning In sum, the Directive Africa, unless the whites begin to officer, Donald Petterson, a career *attaches great urgency to southern move towards power sharing with the diplomat, began drafting PRM 4 in Africa's problems; black majority. early February. The initial versions, Oreaffirms the US commitment to heavily influenced by Schaufele and peaceful solutions, saying that escalat Private Consultation, others in the Africa Bureau at State, ing guerrilla warfare allows the Soviets Public Diplomacy emphasized the need to find settle to gain influence they otherwise won't Even before PRM 4 was completed, ments in Rhodesia and Namibia. have in the region; policy planners were hammering out a But Young, McHenry (by then a *declares the necessity of working review of US relations in the Horn of Young appointee at the UN), and Lake with European allies and African states Africa. This memo, PRM 21, gave argued that the problem of South to find solutions; most attention to Ethiopia and won Africa must be faced head-on, and not *states that a continued American Presidential approval on a proposal to put off until solutions were found in failure to speak out against white rule reduce the American presence there.

Congressional Conservatives Support Minority Regimes

Conservative southern Congress its share of funding for the Institute, as velopment Fund, and it is designed to men and other hard-line rightists on well as for the UN Education and aid refugees and address other prob Capital Hill have in recent months, Training Program for Southern Afri lems of the region caused by economic consistently mounted well-planned at cans. And it would cut $10 million from dislocation resulting from regional tacks on legislation providing aid to its share of funding for the UN Devel conflicts. The Senate has subsequently southern African nations opposed to opment Fund. The Lott amendment agreed to cut $20 million from the the continent's remaining minority re has thus far not succeeded, however, fund. gimes. And they have argued in favor suffering a 232-182 defeat in the Also at issue is bilateral US aid to of a continued US presence for such House earlier this year. African states working in opposition to lobbying instruments as the Rhodesian ZIMBABWE has been the center of the Smith regime. Crane and his allies Information Office. Together with the most of the action on Capital Hill. proposed a specific prohibition of aid powerful South African presence in Ichord and other House and Senate to Mozambique, Angola, Tanzania, Washington, this office is one of the conservatives have argued that no aid and Zambia. Crane has recently at lobbies most actively engaged in influ should be given to any of the frontline tempted to soften the prohibition a encing the positions taken by these states because of the so-called Anglo mendment by eliminating Tanzania Congressmen. American initiatives for a peaceful set and Western-tilted Zambia from it, Namibia and Zimbabwe are, of tlement of the Rhodesian issue. concentrating instead on any aid, di course, the focal points for many provi "I know for a fact that the Smith rect or indirect, to Angola or Mozam sions in recently proposed aid and as government is sensitive to the need for bique. This amendment covers all bi sistance bills. On each issue, Con representative government and has lateral aid programs, Export-Import gressmen such as Richard H. Ichord made considerable strides in that di Bank credits,all international financial (D-Missouri) and Phillip M. Crane (R rection," Ichord argued in House institutions (the World Bank and the Illinois) have attempted to block aid hearings. Crane added to this: "The IMF, for instance), and UN agencies. that would benefit enemies of the political conflict in the region is the If passed, it would prohibit even such Smith regime or the South African ad irect result not of white minority gov popular children-oriented programs as ministration in Namibia. ernment in Rhodesia but is in fact the UNICEF grants for Mozambique. On NAMIBIA, House Republicans result of the aggressive actions taken But without debate or recorded have attacked US funding for the Lu by the so-called front-line countries, vote, the Senate agreed to the House saka-based Institute, which trains fu which we are contemplating reward amendment to the security assistance ture Namibian administrators, jour ing under the provisions of this bill." authorization bill prohibiting aid to all nalists, diplomats, and other person Two proposals were at issue in these four nations except by Presidential nel necessary for a fully independent arguments. One was a deletion of $100 waiver. The waiver provision had been nation. Through an amendment to an million from the Southern Africa Spe earlier proposed by House liberal aid bill introduced by Trent Lott (R cial Requirements Fund. The fund is a Charles Diggs (D-Michigan) in order Mississippi), the US would withhold reprogramming of the Zimbabwe De- to blunt Ichord's original proposal. []

AUGUST 1977/SOUTHERN AFRICA 29 Specifically, the administration de Young, and given the President's poli US-South African relations depend on cided to wind down military training tical acumen the timing may have been progress towards "full political partici programs and close the Kagnew com calculated. But an African expert from pation by all citizens of South Africa." munications base. But before these the UN mission staff had been working But the final questioner at his Vienna measures could be taken the Ethiopian with Mondale aides for several weeks news conference asked if the "full par government expelled a large part of by then, and Mondale himself had tici pation" phrase was a compromise the American contingent, and broke begun toprepare for his meeting with replacing one man, one vote, and off military links that had existed South Atrican Prime Minister John Mondale replied, "No, no, it's the between the two countries for thirty Vorster. same thing.' years. Facing Off With Vorster Shuffling Personnel While the deliberations on policy Mondale's role in Africa policy has of the May was perhaps the busiest month remained secret, many aspects to date on the administration's Africa been much reduced since then. He has Carter administration's activities re expressed a desire to spend more time public atten calendar. Schaufele, Young and other garding Africa grabbed officials from Washington met in Abid on other foreign and domestic policy tion. First came Young's early Febru jan, Ivory Coast, with all US ambassa matters, and his aides say he is anxious ary trip to Africa, during which he suc dors in sub-Saharan Africa. Young not to become identified as "the per ceeded in winning the confidence of went on to visit several west African son" responsible for African affairs in the Nigerian regime, which had devel nations before flying to Mozambique Washington. "He knows it will take at oped a deep mistrust of Kissinger. to attned a special United Nations con least ten years to resolve things down In March, President Carter stepped ference on Rhodesia and Namibia. there," one aide says frankly, "and his into the spotlight. He addressed the Then he made his controversial private political career will pass through some United Nations just after Congress had visit to South Africa. crucial periods in that time." modified the Byrd Amendment so that Mondale, meanwhile, met Vorster With Africa policy more or less set in US firms could not longer legally vio in Vienna on May 19 and 20, on the eve motion, Carter and Vance have moved late UN sanctions against Rhodesia, of the Maputo conference, and the un to resolve remaining personnel prob and promised support for "fundamen precedented high-level talks between lems. In April, Petterson was trans tal transformation in southern Africa. the two governments produced more ferred from Policy Planning to the im Carter -also tapped Vice President dissonance than harmony. Vorster was portant Office of Southern African Mondale as coordinator of African apparently shaken and angered by the Affairs in the Africa Bureau, replacing policy-a move intended to meet Brit sharp words Mondale had for South Frank Wisner, another Kissinger hold ish requests for clear American coop Africa's racial policies. Upon his return over who had joined Schaufele in op eration in the difficult Rhodesia settle to Pretoria, Vorster told his cabinet posing some of the new strategies. ment pegotiations. Mondale was also that the American demands were Richard Moose was sworn in last expected to "ride herd" in the admini unreasonable. week as Schaufele's replacement, and stration, which was still beset with in Spearheading the South African for several weeks has been functioning fighting over Africa policy. With Vance response to the Vienna talks, Foreign in the assistant secretary's post. The occupied on other pressing matters, Minister Roelof Botha has accused Africa group meetings still take place Mondale was the logical choice. Washington of asking the whites to daily, now in Moose s suite, drawing Carter announced the Mondale se commit suicide by demanding "one together officials from Policy Planning, lection on April 15, just one day after man, one vote." International Organization Affairs, Young had been quoted as saying "yes" Actually, Mondale avoided that Young's State Department office, one when asked it the South African gov phrase, which carries considerable or more deputy assistant secretaries ernment was illegitimate. Carter's emotional weight with white South from the Africa Bureau, and Habib move was interpreted as a rebuff to Africans, asserting instead that firm aid George Moose. El

(onfewences Conference Against Apartheid Held in Lisbon

The following report was written by Major organizations backing the Front of Western Sahara. The 22 Mimi Edmunds, a member of our col Conference included the Afro-Asian member US delegation represented a lective who represented the magazine People's Solidarity Organization, the wide range of opinion and political ac at the conference. World Peace Council, and a number of tivity, including Black groups, anti other organizations including the OAU imperialist and liberation movement Commemorating the first anniver and UN committees. support groups, trade unions, a city sary of the Soweto uprising, over 400 councillor from Florida and a State delegates from 75 countries and 38 in The broad international spectrum of Senator from Massachusetts. ternational organizations attended the the conference was evidenced by dele World Conference Against Apartheid, gations from socialist and non-socialist The highlight of the conference was Racism and Colonialism in Lisbon, countries throughout the world, as the attendance of the leaders of south June 16-19. well as the PLO and the Polisario ern Africa's liberation movements,

30 SOUTHERN AFRICA/AUGUST 1977 notably Oliver Tambo of the African gime or mediated by the Carter Ad drafted resolutions on South Africa, National Congress of South Africa, ministration. Referring to Ambassador Zimbabwe, and Namibia stressing Robert Mugabe and Joshua Nkomo of Andrew Young's statements support material and political support. the Patriotic Front of Zimbabwe, and ing majority rule, he warned that A general Declaration was passed Sam Nujoma of SWAPO of Namibia. "when the enemy puts on your uni supporting the objectives of the con Their presence and participation pro form, waves your flag and shouts your ference and condemning apartheid vided a springboard for the work in the slogans, be very careful." and -all states which supported it, not plenaries and commissions, as well as Joshua Nkomo spurred the confer ably the US, West Germany, Britain, an inspiration to the conference as a ence delegates into a mood of'serious France and Israel. whole. In addition major delegations business' and action by stressing the A plan of action passed by the assem from the frontline states, Angola, need for concrete resolutions of mate bly called for governments and non Mozambique, Zambia, and Botswana rial and political support. governmental groups throughout the made significant presentations Robert Mugabe documented the world to "strongly condemn the policy throughout the proceedings. history of the struggle in Zimbabwe of apartheid pursued by the minority The conference opened with a grand and the conditions the Patriotic Front regime of South Africa ... ; the illegal Elenary welcome session, addressed laid down for its struggle to be vic occupation of Namibia ... ; and the y, among others, the liberation torious. babwe,"regime of racism and terror in Zim movement leaders. Oliver Tambo laid The conference divided into five and to "strongly mobilize the out what 'majority rule' means to the working commissions-Political, Le public opinion against these policies." people of South Africa, in contrast to gal, Economic, Military Collabora Areas of action and solidarity were versions put forth by the Vorster re- tion, and Action and Solidarity, which specified in terms of assistance to the liberation movements, boycotts of the Vorster and Smith regimes, dissemi nation of information, and establish ment of anti-apartheid and solidarity movements in all countries where they do not yet exist. OAU Liberation Committee One of the highlights of the confer ence was the six-hour public rally held Sunday -afternoon for the Portuguese Stresses Armed Struggle people, where support and highly emotional solidarity was expressed by The 21 member states and two ob tacked on an unprecedented scale by the Portuguese people for the libera server delegations participating in the Rhodesian and South African forces. tion movements in southern Africa, meeting of the Liberation Committee "We cannot allow this." he said, and the independent governments of of the Organization of African Unity in "And we cannot allow the enemy to go the former Portuguese colonies. Luanda, Angola, June 14-19, stressed on gainin time via a so-called peaceful The conference demonstrated the the need to support the intensification solution.' potential and strength of an interna of armed struggle as the key to libera SWAPO President Sam Nujoma, tional movement that is growing and tion in Zimbabwe, Namibia and South speaking for the southern African lib taking shape. At the same time its goals Africa. eration movements, urged increased will be realized not only in the move Angola's President Agostinho Neto aid for the armed struggle. ments themselves as the struggles ac setting the tone in the opening address The Liberation Committee strongly celerate, but in the countries and or said: Armed struggle should not be recommended to the upcoming meet ganizations represented at this confer neglected in any area still occupied by ing of the OAU to recognize the Patri ence where a movement to destroy the enemy. Only through armed strug otic Front as the sole representative of apartheid, racism, and colonialism is gle is it possible to defeat the oppres the Zimbabwean people. LI also growing at an accelerated pace. ] sive forces in the world." In reference to the attempt by west ern powers to negotiate for peaceful settlement, he warned: "It is not through negotiations, through confer ences or councils that people will de termine their own future, because OAU Backs Patriotic Front there is a struggle of interests, a strug gle between classes developed through The Organization of African Unity African National Council and Rev. imperialism and through the desire of gave total backing to the Patriotic Ndabaningi Sithole's wing of ZANU, just one social group to dominate all Front of Zimbabwe, led by Robert the OAU called on all Zimbabweans others." The conference also con Mugabe of ZANU and Joshua Nkomo "devoted to the liberation of the coun demned manuveuvers by Western of ZAPU, as the representative of the try [to fight for liberation] within the powers and the racist regimes to de political and military struggle for the framework of the Patriotic Front." stabilize frontline states' support for liberation of Zimbabwe against the Nkomo assured the body that the the liberation forces. Smith regime. Front would be open to all Zimbab Mozambican Foreign Minister The OAU met July 2-5 in Libreville, weans wanting to take up the struggle. Joaquim Chissano noted that on May Gabon with 48 nations represented, It also called on OAU members "to 27 Angola had to put down an imper including 23 by heads of state. While refrain from supporting individuals, ialist-inspired coup attempt, while on not specifically withdrawing recogni thus running the risk of creating more the same day Mozambique was at- tion from Bishop Abel Muzorewa's than one army for the liberation and AUGUST 1977/SOUTHERN AFRICA 31 defense of an independent Zim perialism and social imperialism and the Front have clearly been subordi babwe." the menace from social imperialism, in nated to the main task. The decision was a blow to Muzo particular, is more insidious and dan Other OAU Actions rewa and Sithole, who have been gerous. -allowed by the Smith regime to oper SWAPO leader Sam Nujoma spoke The purported statement was re on behalf of the liberation movements ate inside Zimbabwe and to travel out leased while Mugabe was enroute to side to seek support from African states of southern Africa urging greater sup Gabon from China, where he had led a port for their struggles. He stressed and Western countries. Zimbabwe friendship delegation. On The resolution backing the Patriotic the need for greater isolation of the arrival, he denounced the report as South African regime through an em Front was introduced by Zambian fdse. "Such fabrications are aimed at President Kaunda representing the bargo on ship and aircraft links. undermining the Patriotic Front," he On Namibia, Nujoma called fc~r five frontline states. He proclaimed said. "It is absurd to come out against that Zimbabweans could gain their elections to be organized by the UN the Soviet Union which makes a tan Council for Namibia, and not, as the freedom only from "the barrel of a gible contribution to the cause of lib Uni, " an unusually strog statement five Western powers are suggesting, in eration of southern Africa from the co-operation with South Africa, reduc from a leader who is considered to be yoke of racism. We highly appreciate pro-West and to abhor violence. ing the UN role to a token. the Soviet Union's effective and unsel The OAU denounced interference Chinese Quote Raises Problems fish assistance." by outside powers in African -affairsand An ideological controversy resulted While the Soviet role was an issue in describing mercenary activity as inter from a statement attributed to Robert the ZANU/ZAPU split in the '60s, national piracy. Also approved was a Mugabe by Hsinhua, the Chinese unity is now based around the central resolution calling for increased mili News Agency and the Peking Review, goal of defeating the Smith regime. tarv, economic, and diplomatic aid to that "the people of Zimbabwe are fac Any differing views on Soviet policy or Mozambique in the face of attacks from ing a menace from both Western im- other issues between the two groups in the Rhodesian regime. El

Secret Meetings to Win the West

A hush-hush,high-powered seminar The seminar was to have been con his shop would be boycotted because of US businessmen and South African ducted in the greatest secrecy but alert of his collaberation. trade, financial, business, labor, ban anti-apartheid forces spread'the word. The most endearing topic was han tustan and government representa Many newspeople made inquiries and dled by L. E.S. de Villiers, deputy sec tives met at a posh suburban hotel out turned up only to be told that the retary of the South African Depart side New York City on June 20/21. meeting was private and not open to ment of Information: 'Strategies for The tightly guarded meeting was the press. Enduring Investment.' Donald de sponsored by two South African out The desperate Pretoria regime had Kieffer, a Washington attorney whose fits, the South African Trade Organi brought over a top level team. Leslie firm has been retained to lobby in the zation (SAFTO) and an up and coming Lulofs, chairman of SAFTO, opened capital by the Pretoria regime, acted as Afrikaner financial entity, Senbank. A the conference. Dr. Gerhard de Kock, moderator. New York public relations firm, Sid a senior deputy governor of the Re The high point of the seminar was ney Baron, Inc., promoted the event, serve Bank of South Africa, was a pan the keynote speech by Pretoria's For and E.F. Andrews, a vice president of elist with the moderator Dr. Chris van eign Minister, Roelof F. (Pik) Botha, the American corporation Allegheny Wyk, general manager of Senbank. whose passionate message was that Ludlum Industries, was a speaker; his The theme: 'Financial Policies.' South Africa was politically stable and subject: 'Why Is South Africa So Im 'Labor Relations and Resources' fea still a top place to invest in. portant?' tured Mr. Arthur Grobbelaar, secre After a final cocktail party thrown by American business people swarmed tary-general of the Trade Union Coun South African Airways, the South Afri to the meeting. The South African Fi cil of South Africa. Martin Spring, for can team split up, many to visit various nancial Mail reported 1000 invitations mer editor of Johannesburg's Finan parts of the USA. Some went to Wash were mailed out to Americans. Over cial Gazette and the new right-wing ington to reach lawmakers, others 300 of them attended and many had to newspaper, The Citizen, moderated. went as far as the West Coast with be turned away because there wasn't Africans who have cast their lot with stops in between. room for more. Pretoria were incuded. Ciskei bantus Pretoria's investment and financial Former Secretary of State Henry tan leader Lennox Sebe addressed the worries match its international and Kissinger was to have been the prin gathering on 'What A Black South Af domestic social and political straits. cipal guest speaker, but he pleaded rican Wants For I lis People And The Financial Mail says that "even prior commitments.' Instead, his for Country.'The moderator was a Soweto with a booming economy SA would be mer cabinet mate, ex-Secretary of the businessman Richard Maponya, once a relatively poor credit risk." The Treasury William Simon, now a con deputy leader of the now defunct Ur Namibian Windhoek Advertiser re sultant to a Wall Street brokerage firm, ban Bantu Council in South Africa's ports a Capetown business consultant plumped for the right of American cor largest city.Tine magazine of June 27 as warning "The World Bank regards porations to invest wherever they describes Maponya's encounter with South Africa to be as great a loan risk as want. the "Children of Soweto": he was told Angola." El

32 SOUTHERN AFRICA/AUGUST 1977 Commonwealth Debates African Liberation

The final communique of the meet After lengthy debate and behind An equally ineffective position was ing of British Commonwealth nations the-scenes conferences, the member taken in the matter of sports contacts is an ambiguous hodge podge of non nations agreed to press for: with South Africa which, in the eyes of positions on just about every issue of *An end to South Africa's occupa Africans, have the effect of condoning the African liberation agenda. tion of Namibia, and release of all Apartheid. Namibian political prisoners; Calling on each government to take For example: the conferees now are practical steps "in accordance with its on record as endorsing the armed *Immediate international action to apply an arms embargo against South own laws" to discourage such contacts, struggle in Zimbabwe and Namibia, Arica; the language of the Commonwealth while at the same time supporting the declaration thus seems to provide renewed *Rejection of Vorster's Bantustan efforts of the U.S. and Britain plan and non-recognition of any "inde loopholes for countries which do not to achieve a negotiated settlement have government control of sports. with the intransigent Smith regime. pendent" nations that might spring trom it; Indeed, the absence of national Realistically, however, it is not sur eNon-collaboration with South Afri legislation was cited by Prime Minister prising that such a contradictory reso ca in the field of nuclear science. Muldoon, who told questioners after lution could emanate from this partic President Kenneth Kaunda of Zam the conference that New Zealand had ular organization. bia arrived at the conference incensed no plans to end sports contacts by its at the recent revelations of UN sanc nationals with South Africa. The 33-nation Commonwealth is it tions breaking by major oil companies self a contradiction, consisting of a (Mobil, Shell, BP, Caltex and Total) For their part, African delegates couple of neo-colonial powers and -allof which have been supplying oil to Rho said the Supreme Council for Sport in Britain's former colonies in the Third desia via South Africa. Africa would be guided by the future World. The 1977 meeting was held in The final communique, however, course of New Zealand's sports activi London, from June 7-16, so that it requested only that the Common ties, rather than the Commonwealth would coincide, symbolically, with wealth sanctions committee immedi declaration, befor making a decision to another week-long exercise in futility, ately study the issue and make recom lift a planned boycott of the upcoming known as the Queen's Jubilee. mendations for action. Commonwealth Games. D]

livery of that information. We will do it increasingly difficult to support your all we can to keep Southern Africa magazine. magazine from folding. Please send us Your drift towards a blind loyalty to more application forms (about 200) and marxist regimes and the failure to we will get them out to potential sub recognize excesses of the left as well as scribers. Please accept these posters as the right has destroyed your credi a contribution toward the liberation bility. When marxism becomes a code struggles that are ongoing in Southern word for "progressive" and all else is Africa. Your work is much needed. Sell defined as reactionary, then you force them at a price that is just. Thanking me to part company'with your maga zine and its financial problems. Dear Friends: you in advance. In response to your appeal in the Respectfully yours, I have no appetite for oppression May issue of Southern Africa, I am Ray Eglin under whatever banner-fascism, Veneta, Oregon 97487 communism, capitalism, proletarian sending a gift subscription to every internationalism, body I know who would appreciate it. etc. If you choose to Attached are wear blinkers that is your business, of the addresses and en course, but it makes the eternal strug closed is a check for $104.00. You may Dear Sirs: hear more from me because I am try As a moderate opposed to racism gle for freedom that much more diffi ing to get interested local newsstands and strongly supportive of majority cult. rule in Southern Africa, but not the Dr. Thomas Nyquist to carry Southern Africa and I'm also imposition of a communist dictator State University trying to get organizations with which I ship (or any other dictatorship), I find New Paltz, New York am affiliated to stuff your brochures in their mailings. I will also give you a plug whenever I speak. Your magazine is one of my most cherished treasures. Do tell me if there is anything else I White T-shirts displaying the maga can do to help it. zine logo and a large map of Africa in Sincerely, Southern Africa brown are available in small, medium BGH and large. Price $5.00 plus 50 cents Washington, DC Magazine postage. Order from: Southern Africa Magazine, 156 Fifth Avenue, Room 0 In Style 707, New York, NY 10010. Comrades, we realize the need for adequate information and prompt de- AUGUST 1977/SOUTHERN AFRICA 33 totality, the study provides important optation and armed confrontation" documentation and critical analysis (p. 22). bearing on the character of Portuguese Isaacman provides a valuable ac colonialism and the extent of African count of African responses to the in resistance to European intrusion. creasing Portuguese pressures. His The book is well organized, follow analysis documents the trend by which ing a chronological pattern and using the Zambesian peoples gradually real both historic and analytical approaches ized the need to bury their differences to the subject. Isaacman has compiled and to organize broader alliances information from a wide variety of against the Portuguese. Some alliances Isaacman, Allen F., The Tradi sources including oral testimony and were formed in the 1880s, including tion of Resistance in Mozam written records from Portugal's Ar several chieftaincies and kingdoms, to quivo Historico de Mocambique as fight for their independence. Although bique: Anti-Colonial Activity in well as from the Rhodesian and Zam these coalitions did not accomplish the Zambesi Valley, 1850-1921 bian National Archives. The data are their objectives, they did "represent (Berkeley and Los Angeles, reported adequately and objectively. the first indications of an incipient University of California Press, Although he treats Africans with com Zambesian consciousness which tran 1976), Perspectives on Southern passion and sympathy, he does not scended ethnic affiliation and racial spare them criticism when deemed origins" (p. 39). A far reaching multi Africa, 18. xxi + 232 pp. necessary. ethnic coalition was organized by the The book provides a detailed and Barue nation, the only major state out by Mohamed A. EI-Khawas candid account of African opposition to side the Portuguese sphere, in the The collapse of Portuguese colonial Portuguese encroachment in the Zam 1890s because its leaders became con ism in Africa and the victory of FRE bezi Valley. It is unique because it has vinced that its survival was "inextric LIMO has encouraged renewed atten not limited itself to the mass protest ably linked to that of the surrounding tion to the legacy of African resistance movements (a normal pattern for the African polities, including those in study of resistance) but instead has neighboring Rhodesia" (p. 58). This throughout Mozambique's history. In "examined resistance the past, African history was inter from the broad alliance successfully challenged Por preted largely from a colonialist per est perspective by emphasizing its tuguese control over the Zambesi spective. Historians concentrated regional character and long historical Valley and provided logistic and mate their analyses on Portugal's colonial development" (p. 197). Consequently, rial assistance to the rebels of Cam administration and paid little attention it has paid attention to such long buemba, Luis and the Shona in their to the responses of the African popula ignored forms of opposition as peasant attempts to repel foreign intrusion into tion. Only recently has the trend been revolts, social banditry, work slow their territories. The Barue were fin reversed. Allen F. Isaacman's writing downs and modes of passive resis ally defeated when Portugal recruited offers testimony of such a trend. His tance. These acts of defiance, which a large African force from "the Nguni of latest book, The Tradition of Resis occurred from the early years of Por Inhambane, the Chope of Lourenco tance in Mozambique: Anti-Colonial tuguese contact and throughout the Marques, the Macua of northern Mo Activity in the Zambezi Valley, 1850 colonial period, form an important zambique and a mix of Angolan peo 1921, is a pioneering and important chapter in the story of African opposi ples" (p. 65). study. It focuses directly on the history tion to colonial rule. Isaacman gives Isaacman devotes an entire chapter of the exploited Africans rather than on examples of acts of daily resistance or to the forms of localized African oppo the Portuguese and it chronicles the of groups fleeing into neighboring sition to Portuguese colonialism that record of resistance rather than col countries; such defiance occurred fre occurred between 1880-1917. His laboration with the colonial regime. quently and appears to have increased analysis shows that African resistance His book, providing valuable informa as the colonial period progressed. In was widespread throughout the region tion on a period in the history of Mo contrast, the more visible forms of op and that anti-colonial sentiment mani zambique that has long been obscure, position-including peasant revolts fested itself in many forms with "differ makes a substantial contribution to our and social banditry-took place mainly ent recruitment patterns, tactics and understanding of how Africans re during the first decades of colonialism. levels of political consciousness.... sponded to European colonialism. His analysis suggests that Portugal's Each form of protest, moreover, re This is an impressive study. It care eventual success in colonizing the presented an attempt to modify the fully documents growing African op Zambezi Valley was due to the support existing social order, or to escape it position to Portugal's attempts to con Lisbon received from African groups altogether" (p. 97). trol the Zambesi Valley. His analysis is as much as to the technological advan Chapters six and seven examine in unique and highly informative because Throughout some detail six rebellions that at "much of tages of its own weaponry. this anti-colonial agitation the book, Isaacman identifies social, tempted to overthrow the Portuguese was ignored by contemporary observ economic and ethnic groups that sup colonial system. They all represented ers and historians alike (p. 97). In its ported Portuguese colonialism and both a high level of political awareness attempts to explain their actions. In his and an intensified expression of dis view, the history of the Zambezi Valley content. Isaacman details the prepara Mohamed A. EI-Khawas, Professor of has been largely influenced by ethnic tions of these rebellions, particularly History at the Universityof the District particularism, cultural diversity and the Barue rebellion (1917) which ne of Columbia, Washington, D.C., co political fragmentation. Time and time cessitated the use of both diplomacy edited American-Southern African Re again he shows that internal political and pressure to broaden the base of the lations: Bibliographic Essays (Green instability and tribal rivalries enabled anti-Portuguese coalition. The rebel wood, 1975) and The Kissinger Study Portugal "to establish its hegemony leaders attempted to form "an alliance of Southern Africa (Hill, 1976). through a combination of threats, co- of groups residing on both banks of the

34 SOUTHERN AFRICA/AUGUST 1977 Zambesi, regardless of their past loyal besian peoples undermined efforts at ever, because "they were unable to ties, ethnic affiliation and racial com coordinatedanti-colonial activities and grow to a size necessary to offset Por position" (p. 161). They even solicited provided the Portuguese with vital as tugal's technological advantage" (p. British support, without success, in sistance in pacification." Second, "in 148). their effort to isolate the Portuguese. ternal rivalries also induced segments All in all, Isaacman's book is a major The account reveals that the Barue of the ruling elite to ally with the Euro addition to the literature on Mozam leadership was sophisticated and aware peans" (p. 189). Third, "economic con bique. He has successfully demon of the necessary steps in staging a suc siderations provided an additional in strated the considerable extent of Afri cessful insurrection. They put to centive to cooperate with the Euro can resistance to Portuguese colonial gether what came very close to a pan peans" (p. 190). Fourth, some African ism and has analyzed the reasons for its Zambesian movement for indepen groups like the Manica refused to assist failure. A basic theme that emerges is dence. Moreover, the Portuguese the rebels despite their common an that "Portuguese policy rested upon a were unable to defeat them without cestry and grievances. Fifth, they set of culturaly arrogant and racist assistance from African mercenaries were outgunned and outnumbered by values" (p. 75). The analysis reveals and/or collaborators. Africans who willingly or unwillingly the fallacy of Portugal's claim of racial fought on the Portuguese side. Follow egalitarianism and the claim of a civi Isaacman believes that the African ing their defeat, some rebels tried to lizing mission which was frequently resistance failed because of several fac launch guerrillas warfare to liberate used to justify its colonization of tors. First, "rivalries among Zam- their lands. These efforts failed, how Africa. LI

Development of Dual Power in South Southern Africa/Black America Africa, by A. Lukele, in PAN AFRI Same Struggle/Same Fight, an analy CAN NOTES, Magazine of PASOA sis of the South African and Angolan L " 11 L( (Volume 6, No. 2), P.O. Box 467, liberation struggles, by Bill Sales. Cathedral Station, New York, NY Published by Black Liberation Press, 10025. -t Box 955, Harlem, NY 10027. 71 pages. A Vitoria e Certa: The Story of An Price $1.00. gola, Southern Africa Committee, 156 Turnhalle: South Africa's Neo-Colo Fifth Avenue, Room 707, New York, nial Solution for Namibia, published Rothmans: South Africa's Multina NY 10010. Sale p rice: $25 for slide by the Namibia Support Committee, tional, published by National Anti show; $10 for filmstrip or donation 21-25 Tabernacle Street, London Apartheid Committee, Box 9154, Wel accepted. EC2, England. Price 10p. lington, New Zealand. 32 pages. No price mentioned. White South Africa's Outward Adven Smash Apartheid, a Progressive Labor tures: An Appraisal from the Stand Party Pamphlet, published by Pro LSM News, a quarterly journal of the point of National Liberation, by A. f ressive Labor Party, Box 808, Brook Liberation Support Movement. Issue Mangunte Lukele. Obtainable from yn, NY 11201. Price 25¢. 33 pages Number 13 contains an overview arti KARABO, P.O. Box 1033, New York, cle on the struggle for liberation NY 10025. Price $1.80 (includes post Southern Africa: The United States throughout southern Africa, and an age). Record at the United Nations, 1976, article on the "Sino-Soviet Split," published by the Africa Fund, 305 E. which dicusses, inter-alia reasons for Free Southern Africa Committee 46th St., New York, NY 10017. Price LSM's changing view on the role of the Newsletter, published by the Free 25t. Soviet Union and China. Obtainable Southern Africa Committee, Box 422, from LSM, P.O. Box 2077, Oakland, U of A, Edmonton, Alberta. Subscrip Rhodesia to Zimbabwe - A Chro California 94604. Price $2.00 for a one tion: $3.00 per year. nology, 1830 to 1976, by George year subscription, 75o a single copy. Houser, published by the Africa Fund, Hill Samuel and South Africa: Financ 305 E. 46th St., New York, NY 10017. Don't Get Hooked on South African ing Apartheid, published by ELTSA, Price 50o. Fish Imports. The Committee to Save 134 Wrottesley Road, London NW10 New England Fisheries is introducing 5XR, England. Published June 1977 US Business in South Africa: Voices legislation into the Massachusetts this is a brief expose on the role of this for Withdrawal, published by the State Legislature which Elizabeth bank in South Africa. Africa Fund, 305 E. 46th St., New Landis, of the UN Office of the Com York, NY 10017. Price 10¢. missioner for Namibia, has called an The WCC and Bank Loans to Apart "ingenious effort to benefit the strug heid, published by World Council of Will the US Continue to Prop Up e for independence in Namibia." To Churches, Publications Office, 150 Apartheid?, by the Coalition for a New find out more about how one business Route de Femey, P.O. Box 66, 1211 Foreign and Military Policy, 120 community is preparing to affect Geneva 20, Switzerland. Price $2.50. Maryland Avenue, N.E., Washington, change in southern Africa write for the Add 10% postage. Describes in detail D.C. 20002. Shows how apartheid re Committee's information packet, the World Council's struggle over gimes (South Africa, Namibia, Rho which includes the above pamphlet, almost five years, to persuade the esia) are dependent on military, eco and one called What Are We Doing European-American Banking Corpo nomic and technical services from the About Apartheid? Price $1.00, obtain ration (EABC) and its six member industrialized world to carry out poli able from Committee to Save New banks to end their loans to the Govern cies of white supremacy. No price England Fisheries, 120 Boylston, ment of South Africa and its agencies. mentioned. Room 320, Boston, MA 02116. AUGUST 1977/SOUTHERN AFRICA 35 IV Vt1 // and Tube (YST), in East Chicago, have put forward a local bargaining demand that, "YST not use or purchase prod ucts produced under non-union condi tions in Southern Africa, including but not limited to chrome from Rhodesia and coal and coke from the Republic of South Africa; Union further demands that a monitoring system he provided to assure the Union of Company coin pliance." The YST workers discovered some two years ago that the company was using coke, a coal by-product that is basic to the manufacture of steel, which was imported from South Africa. Guardian/George Cohen Local 1011 President Norman Pur "Mobil Oil, Citibank, out of southern Africa!" chant New York City demon due said in a statement, "The Union strators commemorating Soweto uprisings June 18. position against South A rican prod ucts is based both on the defense of our through Prexy Nesbitt, ACOA execu mnembers" jobs, which are threatened tike associate, 306 E. 46th St., New the Coke,' York, NY 10017, and through the fol by the use of 'Slave Labor and also as a move in solidarity with lowing regiond bank campaign cen the demand of Black African workers ters: Boston-Boston Coalition for the Liberation of Southern Africa, P.O. for union representationand majority rule. Liberationforces in South Africa Box 101, Boston, MA 02123; Chi cago -- Chicago Coalition on Southern have calledfora ban on goods from the Africa, 8th Day Center, 22 E. Van white-ruled regime. Buren, Chicago, IL 60605; Northern California-ICCR, 870 Market St. TALLYING THE VOTE . .. The In BANK CAMPAIGN LAUNCI lIED... #770, San Francisco, CA 9412; South terfith Center for Corporate Respon The Committee to Oppose Ba nk Loans em California-co Thompson, 5925 sibility says churches are expected to to South Africa, whose mem hers in- Canterbury, Apt. 101, Culver City, their efforts to end US bus elude the American Commiittee on CA. intensify ness involvement in South Africa fol Africa, Clergy and Laity Conicerned, lowing a season of stockholder resolu and the American Friends Service tions which met with modest success. officially kicked o ffa cam- ART AGAINST APARTHEID... An Committee, Resolutions put to stockholders of paign to end US bank loans tto South anti-apartheid poster campaign spon Texaco, Union Carbide and Manufac Africa on June 24. At a New Yoirk press sored-by the American Committee on conference, the committee c alled on Africa brought 375 entries from around individuals and groups to mvithdraw the country. Cash awards made pos money from banks with South African sible by a $1,300 grant from the Africa ties. Office of the National Council of If your group is planning a A representative of the Furriers Churches went to five winners, includ stockholder campaign, an educa Joint Council announced t hat the img top winner Bob Ziering of New tional meeting, a demonstration, union would withdraw in exce ss of $11 York. The posters have been displayed or some other action involving a million in pension and savin gs funds at the UN and other locations in the southern Africa issue, tell us and from one such bank. A repres entative New York metropolitan area and will we'll pass the word through this of the New York Conferencee of the go on tour starting in the fall. monthly column. United Methodist Church reported Interested groups can apply for a If your group has just engaged that a resolution had been ado pted di- showing of 10 or more posters by con in such an action, send us a report. recting the conference to m ithdraw tacting Raphael Gould, ACOA direc Be as specific as possible: tell us funds it has in several banks pairticipat- tor of special projects, 306 E. 46th St., how many people showed tip, how ing in South African loans. New York, NY 10017. Groups must many leaflets were handed out, or At noon the same day, ah ont 125 pay all transportationcosts (about S25 how much money was raised. In people protested in front of C itibank's for 10 to 20 posters) and are asked to clude ideas, tips, and samples of main office in Manhattan. make a donation, depending on ability any materials you've developed. A research arm of the Co mmittee to pay, to help defray expenses. The deadline is the 10th of has prepared a guide on how to investi- Ordersare also being takenfor a 12 every month before the month of gate a bank's possible involve [ment in poster 1978 calendar. The price is $4 publication, e.g. material for in South African loans. It will alsoinpublish each, with funds going to support lib clusion in the October issue must by mid-August an essay descri bing the eration projects. reach us by September 10. Our process through which inter national address is: News and Notes, bank loans are made. Southern Africa, 156 Fifth Ave The guide, along with a flie r outlim- UNION ACTS ...Members of United ue, Room 707, New York, NY ing the bank campaign, the es say, and Steelworkers Local 1011, representing I( 10. additional information are available 85(X) workers at Youngstown Sheet

36 SOUTHERN AFRICA/AUGUST 1977 state attorney-general ruled that the holdings violate state law. Wisconsin Attorney-General Bron Helping Education in Mozambique son LaFollette has told the university's regents that the law prohibits them A fund to support education in Although one of our guiding p rin from knowingly investing in any com Mozambqiue has been started by ciplcs has always been and will con pany that condones discrimination. Allen Isaacman and Barbara Isaac tinue to be, the necessity for self That included investments in South man. The idea for the fund devel reliance, "depender das nossas pro Africa, LaFollette said, where "dis oped out of talks they had last year prias forcas" nevertheless we alwasy crimination is a matter of national with representatives of the Ministry welcome outside support for our policy." of Education in Maputo. efforts, when based on genuine in The board of regents met on June 9 From the outset FRELIMO has ternationalist principles of soli and 10 and agreed to develop a plan to placed the highest priority on educa darity between peoples. sell its holdings in 19 companies with tion, with the result that school at For this reason we welcome the South African operations in such a way tendance increased from 700,000 in enterprising initiative taken in es as "to minimize losses." The student 1973 to over 2 million by 1976. tablishing the Mozambique Educa newspaper had prompted the attor These gains have been made despite tion Fund and wish you success in ney-general's investigation. the acute shortage of books, maps your venture. At Harvard University, a flyer passed out at graduation urged gradu and other educational materials. Tax exempt donations can be sent In a letter from Graca Simbine, to: ates and alumni to protest Harvard's Minister of Education and Culture, Mozambique Education Fund $206 million investment in corpora to the Fund, she said: Main Post Office tions with South African ties. Some The end of the exploitation, P.O. Box 83 seniors wore white armbands in pro the formation of a new mentality, Minneapolis, Minn. 55440 test of the school's investment policy. new relations between man, and the Donation will be used to purchase creation of a just economic infra books primarily in Portugal and ... structure, do not happen over Brazil, and to arrange for their ship SOWETO COMMEMORATED night... ment to Mozambique. In Washington, D.C., the city council declared June 16 South Africa Soli darity Day and a rally attracted several hundred people to hear speakers in turers Hanover Trust received siffici members to work and pray for an end cluding Rev. Ben Chavis of the Wilm ent votes to permit reintroduction next to apartheid in South Africa. ington 10. year. The Annual Meeting of the Massa In New York about 250 people Among other stockholder targets, chusetts Conference, United Church marched from Herald Square to South Chase Manhattan Bank announced re of Christ, has adopted various resolu African Airways on Fifth Avenue and strictions on loans to South Africa and tions on Africa, among them one urg held a spirited demonstration. One of GM announced it will not expand its ing the Church Board for World Minis the marchers was arrested when he operations in South Africa. Olin Co. tries to do more to assist refugees in stepped off the sidewalk. Speakers in agreed to comply with a stockholder Southern Africa and to enlarge its pro front of SAA included a South African, request for disclosure of military sales. grain for African leadership develop a representative of SWAPO and repre As one indication of the growing ment. sentatives of black solidarity groups. sentiment for church action, ICCR Other demonstrations took place in executive director Tim Smith points to other cities, including Atlanta, Boston the adoption by the general synod of ON THE CAMPUSES . . . The Uni and Philadelphia. United Church of Christ of a resolution versity of Wisconsin decided in May to urging withdrawal of US firms from sell its stock in American firms that do South Africa. That action, at a July business with South Africa -after the BOOKS NEEDED . . . Acting on a meeting in Washington, marked a UN request, the American Committee change from a previous policy of cau on Africa is seeking to supply the Mo tion on the issue. zambican Ministry of Foreign Affairs with a basic library for diplomatic training. ACOA welcomes contribu CHURCHES SPEAK OUT ...The tions of books which it will forward to Lutheran World Federation, repre Mozambique. Please send any books senting 58 million members world in the following categories ONLY to wide adopted a resolution in June say ACOA, 306 E. 46th St., New York, NY ing its churches in southern Africa 10017: International Organizations; must reject racial segregation as a mat Diplomacy; Political Economy; Dia ter of faith. lectic Materialism and Historical Ma The Women's Division, Board of terialism; Liberation Movements; In Global Ministries of the Methodist ternational Problems of interest at Church has urged all members of present (example: Indian Ocean, Dis United Methodist Women to refrain armament, Law of the Sea, New Eco from buying Krugerrands and to pro nomic Order, etc.); Public and Private test to those who sell or advertise the International Law; Civil Law; Trade coins. The resolution also calls on Law. AUGUST 1977/SOUTHERN AFRICA 37 Name SUBSCRIPTION RATES: Address Individuals (Domestic and Foreign) $8.00 per year Institutions (Domestic and Foreign) $18.00 per year Introductory 7 month offer $4.00 Pz INew IRenewal Airmail: Africa, Change of Address Asia, Europe $20.50 South & Central America $17.50 (enclose label) 3 month trial $1.00

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