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© Copyright by Brett Thomas Olmsted May 2017 © Copyright by Brett Thomas Olmsted May 2017 “LOS MEXICANOS DE MICHIGAN: CLAIMING SPACE AND CREATING COMMUNITY THROUGH LEISURE AND LABOR, 1920-1970” _______________ A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the Department of History University of Houston _______________ In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy _______________ By Brett Thomas Olmsted May 2017 “LOS MEXICANOS DE MICHIGAN: CLAIMING SPACE AND CREATING COMMUNITY THROUGH LEISURE AND LABOR, 1920-1970” _______________ An Abstract of a Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the Department of History University of Houston _______________ In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy _______________ By Brett Thomas Olmsted May 2017 ABSTRACT This dissertation chronicles how Mexicanos struggled to make a home in Michigan. From the time Mexicanos entered Michigan in the 1920s, they found themselves living and working within a racialized space that benefited from their labor in the fields and factories, but that sought to render them invisible in mainstream society. In the minds of most Anglos, Mexicanos were first-class laborers and second-class citizens. This degraded view of Mexicanos helped erect powerful figurative boundaries of social, economic, and political exclusion that led to their persistent marginalization. Economically, Mexicanos were relegated to fieldwork or the worst jobs in factories. In the community, segregation and racism existed in public spaces, housing, and education, precipitating additional affronts to their civil rights. This study examines how Michigan Mexicanos actively negotiated, constructed, and molded the space around them, redefining how and where they belonged. It argues that because Michigan Mexicanos never constituted a numerically significant population in any one area, they pursued belonging via leisure spaces and labor unionism. By gathering together for activities such as celebrations, sports, movies, and music, Mexicanos claimed physical and social space within Michigan’s cities and towns, connected with other Mexicano communities across the state, and constructed their own sense of identity and community. Within the labor arena, Mexicanos embraced interethnic union activism in the United Auto Workers (UAW), pushing it to address their needs when the union fell short in curtailing lingering racism in job placement and promotion. iv This study also argues for the need to break the rural/urban divide when examining Mexicanos. There was often great fluidity between the two arenas. In gathering for leisure and cultural activities, Mexicanos cemented translocal, intrastate, and intraregional networks that strengthened communities and helped remake their cultural identities. Taking advantage of Michigan’s dual economy, by participating in both industrial and farm work simultaneously, helped to subsidize the family income and maintain economic viability. In sum, Michigan Mexicanos adapted remarkably to their environment by finding which mode of leisure and/or labor worked the best, enabling them to demand inclusion and pass on a better standard of living to the next generation. v Acknowledgments I started with just trying to tell the history of Mexicanos in Michigan, but two important things changed. First, I moved from traditional archival research to an oral history project. With so many people entrusting the stories of their families to me, this altered my perspective on the subject, causing me to realize I needed to make this their story. The second thing that happened was the birth of my daughter – a new generation Mexican American. She caused this project to take on a whole new meaning. While she was not born in Michigan, she has roots there, her mother and I spending the first eight years of our marriage in the state. Therefore, this project needed to recover a history that would allow her someday to be proud of her historical roots. This project would not have been possible without the support of countless people. Special thanks to all the participants who not only allowed me to interview them, but also shared with me personal material from their private collections. Thanks to archivists and librarians across the state of Michigan, especially Rose San Miguel of Saginaw Valley State University and Diana Rivera of Michigan State University. A heartfelt thanks to my committee members Dr. Monica Perales, Dr. Nancy Young, Dr. Raúl Ramos, and Dr. Steven Rosales who were exceedingly helpful with their comments, suggestions, and, most important, all their wonderful support. Thanks also to the history faculty at the University of Houston who constantly challenged me to become a better scholar. With a special acknowledgement, I would like to thank to Dr. Rosales and Dr. Maria Cotera for opening up their oral history collections early for my use. No work is ever completed without the love, support, and kind patience of one’s family and friends. Thanks to my parents Tom and Kathy Olmsted for all the love and vi support over the years. Thanks to my sister Dawn Olmsted-Swanson for her assistance in research inquiries. The most heartfelt thanks, however, goes to my wife, Elsa, for her patience, endurance, unwavering support, constant encouragement, and, most of all, love that got me through all the trials and pitfalls of undertaking a project like this. I know I often put you to sleep discussing the project, but you were always there for me. Finally, thank you to my little Princesa Marisa, whose coming began just as I started working on this project. You helped me stay grounded and focused to endure to the end, as well as providing an exciting future wherever we may go. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION……………………………..……………………………………………...1 Creating Identity…….………………………………………………………………...7 The Significance of Michigan…………………………………………………….....12 Sources and Methodology…………………………………………………………...21 Chapters and Organization…………………………………………………………..23 CHAPTER 1: THE JOURNEY TO MICHIGAN…………………………………………...28 Life in Texas…..……………………………………………………………………..34 The Journey North: Farmworker Networks.………………………………………....39 The Journey North: Industrial Networks...………………………………………......47 Anglo Exclusion……………………………………….………………………….….51 Mexicano Life in the Midwest…...……………………………………………….….66 Nonwhite Imposition of Social Exclusion……………………………………..….....76 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………….…..79 CHAPTER 2: CONTESTED CELEBRATORY LEISURE SPACES…....……….…….….81 Anglo Appropriation of Mexicano Celebrations………………………………….....86 Making “Mexicans”: How the Mexican Government Utilized Celebrations…..…....95 Bridging Divides through Celebrations……….………………………………..…....99 Interregional and Intraregional Connections………………………………...….….113 Claiming Societal Space and Political Entrance……………………………..……..122 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………..…...134 CHAPTER 3: CLAIMING SPACE THROUGH SPORTS……………………………......136 The Diamond…………………………………………………………….………....142 The Ring………………………………………………………………….………...164 New Midwestern Sports: The Gridiron and the Hardwood Court……...…………..170 Becoming Midwestern on the Sports Page……………………………...………….180 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………...……..185 CHAPTER 4: FORGING COMMUNITY, MAKING A HOME..………………..……….187 Neighborhood Construction………………………………...……………………....193 The Importance of Businesses………………………………...……………...…….204 Organizations………………………………………………...……………………..210 Growth through Popular Culture and Education…………………………………...231 Food Exchange…………………………………………………………...…………232 At the Movies…………………………………………………………………….…235 Music and the Great Outdoors………………………………………………...…....238 Claiming Space through Education……………………………………….……......243 Conclusion……………………………………………………………...…………..250 viii CHAPTER 5: LABOR AND UNION ACTIVISM……………………….………………..252 The Rise of the UAW………………………………………………………………258 Mexicanos in the UAW: The 1937 Sit Down Strike……………………………….262 Labor in the Dual Economy………………………………………………………...272 Pushing the UAW for Change……………………………………………………...277 The Impact of the UAW on Farm Labor in Michigan…………….………………..282 Non-UAW Industrial Work…………………………………...……………………291 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………….....294 EPILOGUE: THE 1970S AND BEYOND…………………………………………….…...296 BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………………………......312 ix Illustrations and Maps Illustrations 1.1 Sample Sugar Beet Company Advisements 30 1.2 Mt. Pleasant 1926 dieciséis Advertisement 60 2.1 1961 Cinco de Mayo Parade, Saginaw, Michigan 111 2.2 Ruben Vela Concert Flyer 118 3.1 Saginaw “La Favorita” Team Picture 147 3.2 Roster of the Lansing Caballeros de Santa Maria, 1961 160 3.3 Blissfield Varsity Basketball team photograph, 1955 175 3.4 Blissfield Varsity Football team photograph, 1958 177 4.1 Mr. and Mrs. Joe Sanchez Wedding Announcement 225 4.2 Various images of the Mexican Village neighborhood outside Blissfield, Michigan 227 4.3 Sample Movie Advertisement for “Mexican Features” at the Bliss Movie Theater 238 5.1 Bronze Bust of Rafael Arceo, 1987 266 Maps 3.1 Confirmed Michigan Mexicano Baseball Teams, 1940-1970 149 4.1 Mexicantown, City of Detroit, Michigan 195 4.2 First Ward, Saginaw, Michigan 196 4.3 City of Flint 198 4.4 Sunnyside Neighborhood and Adrian, Michigan 200 4.5 Mexican Village and Blissfield, Michigan 202 4.6 Traverse City 204 x Introduction “Our culture unites and educates the family of La Raza toward liberation with one heart and one mind.”1 Rodolfo “Corky” Gonzales spoke these words in 1969 at the First National Chicano Youth Liberation Conference in Denver, Colorado, while unveiling his Plan
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