t-1

I NEWFOUNDLA1VD NAlvJES

August 5th, 1583, Sir Humphrey sociable and it started me puzzling say 'Yankees; the Indians' attempt Gilbert set up Queen Elizabeth's about our :Names. to say 'English.' Hurrah means standard on the Beach, St. John's, It is a more difficult game than 'Thor save U5' (Kipling). Nevdoundland. the hardest Cro5s-Word ever in­ Boss is a Dutch word which From an address Today is May- vented. The clues all seem to be in crossed the Atlantic twice. Dumb ~ day, l\luy 1st, 1938, to Cochrane Old Norman-French; Beothic; Por­ is from German for 'stupid', dumm. Street Women·, Bible Class; and tuguese and Greek. Nit is 'nicht not. The Beothic 'No' partly from Newfoundland Names, You catch a word here and is newin. The German nein. Beothic, an address to the Summer School, there in conversation with your 'I thank you' 1s beothoatc. The Ger­ Bowring Park, July 28th. friends. One of mine mentioned she man bitte. Our word 'smug' is Ger­ Published in the Daily News in had climbed Sug<~r Loaf, poa de As­ man schmuck, elegant. 'Guts' is the eleven parts rluring August and sucar, at Rio de Janeiro. There are same word as 'plucl<': the heart, two Sugar Loafs near Dublin. SeptemLer, 1938. hver and lungs of an animal.. You come acros5 clues in the Silruce is Prussia, from Russia. The writer ouotes from Arch­ Daily News. Once you begin it, it Our spruce-beer and the verb 'to his:~ JP Howley c Ecclcsiasl.ical His­ gets such a hold, you'll play it till spruce up.' · tory and Newfoundland Name-Lore you die. (Newfoundland Quartcl'ly). James Brazil, a dye wood common in Most words have interesting his­ the 12th century, gave its name to P. Howley, F.R.S.: The Beothics, tories. Some which sound modern Aboriginal Inhabitants of New­ a South American country, Terra are quite ancient. 'Pal' is a very des perroquets. When the Portu-· foundland, 1915, "After forty years old Gipsy word for brother. 'Gang' research." Elaine Sanceau: Albe­ gue5c found it in America they and 'Set' are mentioned in the named Brazil after the dye wood. qucrque; Rodney Gallop: Portugal, Edda. a Boolc of F.ofk Ways; George Bor­ Madeira means 'wooded.' At St. John's, Gilbert met the Raimondo di Soncino, Ambassa­ row: The Bible in Spain, and other captains who took it in turn to be \vorks; Chambers' Encyclopaedia; dor of Ludovic le More, in England, Admiral. The word is from the describes for his master, 18th De­ Marindin's Classical Dictionary; Saracen Amir, Emir. Gilbert came , r cember., 1497, the voyage of John I Johnston'.> Worlcl-wi

The silly spelling Bacalieu is Buddha's fast; the Golden Rule; By in Trinity Bay, and Robin Hood's from Basque bacailaba, the name Jove; the mistletoe, cut down with· Bay, 1620. (WilJiam Douglass, M.D., for dried codfish long before the golden knives by the Druids; the in his History, 1745, 'Robinhood a discovery of America. It seems to Christmas tree; Arthur's twelve Sagamoor.'). 'Sagamoor,' an inter­ be connected with Bcnbecula, North knight's; Madoe's twelve harpers; esting word. Uist Scotland. St. Columlba's twelve disciples? Robin Hood Bay, Yorkshire. Rdbin Howley quotes Dr. Kohl (History At Jerash (Gerasa) a head of Hood, the famous outlaw who lived of 1\lai.ne): "These fish were called Zeus bearing a striking resemb­ i:: Henry Il's reign, when William in German Cubliawe or Kabbeljou­ lcmce to ti1e traditional head of and Jordan Morris or Mauriscos, we or by a corruption Backljau. Jesus suffering, was dug up about famous pirates, held wild Lundy Is­ The Portuguese changed it to Bac­ twelve years ago. (The Listener.) lc::nd at the mcuth of Bristol Chan­ calhau. The root of the word is Ger­ Zeus, father of the gods; Latin nel, twenty miles from Barnstaple man bolch, a fish." deos; Portuguese deus; Chinese Bar (Barnstaple so much connect­ "The small is:lands of Baccalhao joss; Beothic kuis 'the sun'; Ogus ed with Newfoundland in early in Notre Dame Bay near Twillin­ Khan's son Kuin 'the sun'; "Jizo, days), in defiance of the king. gate and the more widely known the Buddhist deity of children.'' (.Tourdain, the sick keeper of Ed­ one of Baccaliao near the Grate's (Life). dystone Dec. 1938). Point at the northern entrance to II.-BOOKS The 'Morris dance of England, Conception B..i,v." We have a ,·ery interesting New­ and 'Maurice' the surname, also One of Dr. Vaughan's place foundland literature. Rev. Charles 'Morris,' from Mauritania, the old names was Br~con, from Breck- Johnson's Songs and Sagas, in the name for MoroC\'!o. The Portuguese nockshire, Wales. Brecon lies Book of Newf.Qundland, should be 'maurisca.' between the River Usk and i11 the schools; also Archbishop On Lundy Island the Mauriscos' the River Hondu. The In. Howley's Name-Lore, now going Castle still stat.ds. Caer Sidi, its dians to 1 d Jacques Cartier through the Quarterly for the sec­ earlier Celtic nnme, the mysterious that Gaspe was Honguedo. In ond time. abode of Welsh Mabinogian. (Rev. the West Incies is Bahia Honda Gosling's great !books Gilbert and S. Baring Gould.) Welsh 'Ap' ear­ 'deep', and Ilondu ras, the 'ras', Labrador. J. B. Jukes, Excursions, lier 'Map'-son of. Powell is 'Ap' headland, is the same as our Cape in and about !'ewfoundland, a hun­ Howell. Pritchard is 'Ap' Richard. Race, and the surname Ross. Raso dred years ago. We. can read about On old maps of Newfoundland on is Arafbic for 'chieftain' or 'head.' Ju'kes in the Encyclopaedia. the east coast in Jor~an. Perhaps Whiskey from the same root as Rev. Lewis Amadeus Anspach, it is Londey and Bristol, not Lon­ River Usk, is ui.sge-beatha, 'water rector of the old Harbour Grace don and Bristow on Bacolaos Is­ of life.' Beothic was our Indians' church (he bas three interesting lanld. name for themnelves; it stood for 'I names), was succeeded by Rev. Lundie Mill in Scotland. The am going home.' Frederick Hamilton Carrington, Scandinavian name of a sea-bird. The Beothic word for caplin is whose descendants are in St. John's In Conception Bay Gilbert's men shamoth. Caplin is found in today. Anspacu's History, 1819. It met the Swallow, all the men were Greenland and Iceland. 'Sir William would be interesting to have a new dressed in new clothes. They had Logan found fossil caplin in clay at edition. Also a new edition of helped themselves from a fishing Ottawa.' Caplin Bay after three Prowse, 1895. Second edition, 1896, ship: 'Not sparir:g by torture (wind­ hundred years was changed to Cal­ known and qucted whenever New­ ing cords abc.ut their heads), to vert. Captain Daniel Powell arriv­ foundland is mentioned in other draw out what else they thought rived at Capelin Bay in 1622, from countries. Not nearly well enough good.' They up:.et their own cocke­ Plymouth, with settlers. known in Ne'vdoundland. boate and 'these silly (innocent) A man long connected with New­ Not long ago I read Whitbourne's soules whom· they had before spay­ foundland history was John Col­ Discourse. Not the well-known one, led ... saved and delivered them lins. I do not know if he gave his but another, much more rare; 1bound aboard the Swallow.' name to the drink. We send a in the original vellum. A thrill to Peter Easton (Eaton, Eason) "the Marconi. Fro'1'1 surnames come the hold in one's hand. It was not to arch-ipirate's" fort at Hr. Grace, verb 'to lynch' and 'to boycott.' everybody that James I gave per­ long before Guy's day. Easton in the From surno"le>o come Macadam; mission to publish a book. Only to iBristol Ohannel. Spaniard's Bay Mackintosh; Ford; Chesterfield; a a favoured few. was formerly called Avon, a Cel­ Prince Albert: a sandwich (Captain Captain mentions "a tic name. Cook's friend); a brougham. We Salee pyrate the Harts Desire or On Maggiolo's map in 1527 on the speak of a Victoria, a nightingale, Good Fortune" which he captured e~st coalit of Newfoundland tC. from peirao, 'attemPt'; pirate ship. anni are found on the East c-ast Have you f ver thought about Sa.lee, a port in Morocc·J. as well. words like Amen ( omani): Alahhu Purchase sayR "they arrived at Whitbnnrne ~tood nn the 'Beach,' (R Turkish war-cry). Oldmixon: Ran~.')m in 1 rinity Bay.'' Clode August 5th, 1583. He made m

•Mother Carey's chicken.' I saw The Ram hung over my grand­ "Hayman's garden full of roses, them on Bacol;ws. 1\Ia.ter ca.ra, 'dear father's store on Water Street. It Roses fair of York and Lancaster, mother' of the sailors' prayer, has was there about twenty years ago. To adorn the brow o£ Mary Saucey been suggsted. Alba Core 'Chicken Vaughan says 'many ships of Who tomorrow weds with Robert of the sea,' a small tunny. Newfoundland taken by Moorish Tossey. Whitbourne was governor of a pirates. They took away 1500 ma­ Tossey's son of Dartmouth town, part of Avalon. He h

IU.-DOGS foundland. The young man writes: Whitbourne, writing of the Beo­ Sept. 23, 1939: thics, says: ( 1 ti22) Anspach sa;rs Magistrate Gar- "The day beiore we left I bought "For they mark their wolves in lnnd·s wise Newfoundland dog, d good dog from one of the Indiam; the ears, with several marks, as is when told: "Go fetch thy master," (Micmacs) for 10/-." used here in England on sheep, and would set out with a lantern, and Oct. lOth, St. Peter's Bay: other beasts, which hath been like­ try variou.s humes until he found '·Mr. Camouge (Indian for 'stick') wise well approved; for the wolves where !1:s muster was visiting. it. now resting his great head on the in these parts ;;re not so violent and ' The origin of the short-haired tnble, cx.tmining my writing with cevour.ing as 1hose of other coun­ Newfoundland dog is perhaps the great gravity and occasionally tries, for no man that I ever heard old Portuguese ·water Dog, here on turning up the white·) of his eyes." oi, could say tl•at any wolf ... did fishing ships long before the da!s Sept. 28, 1839: set upon any man or boy in New­ of the Armada. A Portugu~se satl- •·A thin, ~hart-haired black dog foundland, although diver.> times or at SL. John's told Gilbert that belonging to George Harvey. This some men have been by themselves thirty years before, he had been animal was very different from in the woods, when they have sud­ 011 a ship which landed cattle on what we understami by the term denly come Pear unto them, and Sable Island. Newfoundland dog i•1 England. He those beasts hu.ve presently, upon Probably the Portuguese sailors had a long, tnin tail and rather sight o£ any christian, speedily run obtained these Water Dogs in New- thin but powerful legs with a lank from them. fcundland. body, the l1<1ir short and smooth. Neither let me seem ridiculous There are thousands of stories of These are the most abundant dogs t.c annex a matter of novelty rather tl-teir heroism and intelligence. In of the country, the long-haired than weight, 1 J this discourse. cases of shipwreck they swam curly dogs being comparatively In the yeere 1615 it was well a~hore with a line attached, and r<.Jre. They are by no means hand­ known to 48 persons of my com­ were the means of saving many some, but are generully more in- pany and divers other men, that lives. telligcnt and useful than t h e three several times the wolves and The Listener, May 25, 1938; others. beasts of the country came down '"Mr. William Ea:>t, ·speaking of This one caught his own fish. neere them to the sea-side, where sporting dogs, said: While judging He sat on a projecting rock be- they were lal.Jouring about their at Lisbon last year I saw a few of neath a fish fake or stage where fish, howling c.nd making a noise, lhe Portugue.;e Water Dog breed. the fish are la;d out to dry, watch­ sa that each time my Mastiffe­ They can definitely be traced back ir,g the water, whic~1 had a depth dogge went unto them (as the like t;· the early fourteenth century, and of six or eight feet, and the bottom ir that country hath not been it is known that at least one was o( which was white with fish bone.>. seene), the one began to fawne and on every ship of the Great Ar- On throwing n piece of cod-fish play with the other; and so went mada." into the water, three or four heavy tvgether into the woods, and con­ "They are still used on the fishing clumsy looking fish callccl in New­ tinued with them e\·ery of these boats on the Portuguese coast, and foundland, 'Sculpins,' with great times, nine or ten dayes and did have no hesitation in diving into hE:ads and mouths, and many spines returne unto u:; without any hurt. the watE'r like seals, every now and about them, an(! generally about a Hereof I am no way superstitious, then just popping their heads up foot long, woul~i swim in to catch it. for air. I saw one at work and he There he would 'set' attentively yet it is some!hing strange to me, couldn't be got out of the water and the moment one turned his that the wilde beasts being followed t..ntil he'd found the object sunk broadsides to him he darted down by a sterne mastiffe-dogge, should for him. They are said to be good like a fish-hawk and seldom came grow to a familiarite with him, retrievers and certainly seem very up without the fish in his mouth. seeing their natures are repugnant; intelligent." As he caught them he carried them surely much 1ather the people by our discreet ;md gentle usage be Labradors, prize winners at rf'gularly to ~~ place a few yards Crufts, favourite:s wlt:l1 the late King off, where ·he laid them down and brought to 'SOcietie, being already George V; his son, our present they told us thc;t in the summer he naturally . inclined thereunto." King; and frequently photographed would sometimes make a pile of Many writers connect the origin with the little Princesses. are none 50 or 60 a day just at that place. He of the Newfoundlano dog with the ether than our Water Dogs; fine never attempted to eat them but Pyreneen ~heep-dog. Newfoundland specimens, yellow, black, or black- seemed to be fshing purely for his ciogs are found in the Channel Is­ and-white, are to be l:'een at Branch own amusement. I watched him lands. Don Seitz in The Great Is­ and other parts of Newfoundland.·· for about two hours; and when the land, 1907. says; "An offshoot of the I knew one who had never seen fish did not c0me, I observed he Newfoundland strain is found in anybody swimming for pleasure once or twice TJUt his right foot in what is know:1 as the Chesapeake bt•fore. On TOi.'Sail beach he pulled the water and paddled it about. Bay dog, whit:h may. have come u~ all a:::hore by the hair, i!1 a very The foot was white, and Harvey with Baltimore's settlers from New­ determined mn·mer. Thev are called said he did it to 'toll' or entice the foundland." L~brarlors in En~lc:ond. ·This name fish: but whether it was for that is not know in Newfoundland, >pec:fic reason, or merely a mo­ IV .-LAELAPS '''hC're the only name for them is tion of impati~nce I could not nater Doll". exactly decide. The whole perform- Piero di Cosima (1462-1521) de­ J. B. Jukes, M.A., F.G.S., F.C.P.S., ance ·.struck me as remarkable. signed the carnival processions of or St. John's College, Cambridge, more especially as they said he had Florence. We n·ad of pageants with · afterwards of the British Survey, never been taupht anything of the thirty horses mounted by knights, did his pioneering work in New- .. kind." each attended by six or eight pages NE\YFOUNDLAND ~Al\IES 5 ------~----~------~ carrying lances: A gaily decorated longer the leacer. One morning he Payne 'allottee of the lot of St. tnumphal chanot followed. was found dear] on a doorstep. John's" Payne one of the oldest In January, !491, when Savona­ Savonarola's preaching had killed Harbour Grace names); Payne rola began preaching his peniten­ leis pagan art. means 'pagan.' Martin; Joyce; tial sermons, :t was all over with The "Death of Procris" is a sunny Gosse; Picot; Crawley; and many pwro's art. dream o£ the l0st pagan world. Such others that we do not hear so much florence in :l few months became u touching story. Such an unforget­ about. John Cullins, in 1680, says, ' 01 changed city. Silks, carpets, an­ table landscape. George Eliot, in "Captain Robert Payne and Captain tique book;; and mythological pic­ Romola, writes of Fiero di Cosimo, Timothy Fowler had sailed around tures were all cast into a great The story of Procris is: Iceland and hc.d often been there bonfire. The Auto da fe of Vani­ Procris fled to Crete. Artemis fishing.'' ties took place at the carnival of made her a present of a dog called Mr. LeMes.>urier, whose ances­ 1407. (History of Painting, l.\'Iuther.) Laelaps, and a spear. They were tors came from the Channel Islands, Savonarola thundered: "What never to miss their object. Then has written at-out names like Fil­ shall I then say to ye Christian Artemis disguised Procris and sent lier,; Wyatt (Guy); Gushue (Guisot painters who expos~ .half-n~de her back to her husband, Cephalus. or De Guichen) etc. Mr. Munn and fioures to the eye? This IS a thmg Cephalu.:; became very anxious to others have told us about our of evil which mu;;t cease. But ye have this dog and spear. One day ehed to Thebes where his dog be­ owned the prcperty next to John "Beautiful alvne is the beauty of came useful fo.:- hunting a destruc­ Guy's Sea Forest House, Cupids. the .:;oul. Behold a pious person tive fox. Late1· he was rewarded Clement's Pond is near Portugal whether man Gr woman who is in­ with the island which he called Cove. spired of the Holy Ghost." after his own name. Cummins aJ1d Mandevilles on The intelligent, detached, origi­ The point of this rather long old Brigu:; tombstones. Baine, an nal Florentine, Fiero di Cosimo, story, omitted from the articles in early Port-de-Grave name. Red painted the <~:ntique world-a lost the Daily News, is that in the John Comyn, heir to the throne of enchanted region filled with satyrs, famous painting, "The Death of Scotland, slain by Robert Bruce. nymphs, dragons, centaurs a n d Procris,'' four lClrge, black, smooth­ "His descendants married into all spirits. Pan iS alive again. haired Newfoundland Water Dogs the noble families of England." (Sir His most bec.utiful painting, "The are shown. John Mandeville sai:i he found the Death of Procns," is in London. We Laclaps sits at the feet of his dead remnants of Noah's Ark on the top can see it in the National Gallery. mistress, gazing at her in a pitiful 01 Mount Ararat.) It is reproduced in every collec­ manner. Three other Water Dogs Frazer (Frizell), and Cummins tion of famous paintings. are on the shor~ in the background. (of Commines), came to Scotland A faun kneels beside the lovely Here then w~ have a painter who in the 12th and 13th centuries from dead girl. She is lying on a flowery livl.!d in Florence in the time of Normandy. Frnser from 'frese.' Old bank beside a sunny shore. The Raphael and Botticelli; at the time French for strawberry. Seven painting is fuJi. of colour. Fiero is when the great Ltalian navigators strawberry leaves in the badge of Columbus and Cabot were discover­ the Frasers. ~. master of lar;.dscape, but our feel­ ing is of deep melancholy. ing the New World. Fiero di Cosimo Pinzon, the 11ame of three of Co­ was dead befcre the voyages of lumbus' captains. A direct descend­ Botticelli who lived at the same Verrazzano the Florentine. time, created c. new type of Ma­ ant was shot by the Reds in 1936 donna-a pale thoughtful maiden. We ask ourselves where did the in Spain. "Captain Jean Cousin of Venus the witch is forgotten, and painter get his models for this story Dieppe discovered the Amazon, Botticelli, insp1red by Savronarola, of romantic Hellenism? 1488," said Cajptain Gamlbier. preaches asceticism. Cabots in the Channel Islands. But what has Savonrola done to Connections ot Newfoundland Ber- Piero? The carnival procession PART 2 • teau family. which he designed in 1507 repre­ The Norman Isles connected with sents Death with scythe in hand I.-SURNAMES Newfoundland long before the En­ drawn by buffaloes. The black glish came to settle here. Perhaps chariot is painted with bcnes and 'Super-names' (Weekley) our Harbour Grace and Belle Isles cros~es, coffins follow. As the pro-· Some of our surnames have been are older names than the French cess10n passes, skeletons with bones in the same VIcinity since the dis­ ones. When I went to school Bell and ribs on their black robes sit covery of the island. Prowse and Island was settled on for the spell­ up wailing a 1\Iiserere mei deus. other writers, tell us about Ash; ing of the island in Conception Bay, D~ad men riding upon lean horses bnng up the rear. Pike; Dawe; Carter; Davis; (Dawe, A chapel at Placentia 1500 (Rev. Davis and Davies from David); Mgnr. Flynn, M.A;) Piero di Cosimo lived for ten Butler; (Butler tombstone, Port-de­ Years longer. He could never ac­ grave, 1703); Soper (an old way of Fagundes, Portuguese, mapped commodate himself to the change. spelling 'soap,' Weekley); Brad­ Placentia Bay, 1513. Fagunda is on He became an imitator and was no bury; Williams; Gill; Payne (W. early Newfoundland maps. NE\VFOUNDLAND NAMES ~6~------·------Pomeroy mt:?nns 'apple garden.' Kahn Baligh, Kambalu, or Cam­ for more than forty years. In 1761 Other intere::;ting names are Cos­ balu is Pekin, 'City of the Em­ John WinthrOi), L.L.D., Harvard tello; Conneliy (De <;onnolle); perOl·s.' It sounds like Cape Ballard, Professor (Fe~low of the Royal Manuel; Burke; Cock; Fmn. 'the bald Cape.' Society) came to Newfoundland to .i.\Ianucl, an early Port-de-Grave Tartar K'itan the name for the observe the .:;c>cond transit in the name. Port-dt>·Grave is one of our northern part of China through century. oldest settlements. Per.sian becomes Kitay, Catay, Ca­ Banks accompanied Cook on the thay, still Russian for China. first great voyage to Australia. H.-GORE, CLARKE, FURNEAU Kitte Vitte (there is an affected Banks and Cook are the 'Fathers,' pronunciation now, Kwidi Vydy) the National Heroes of Australia. Gore, ,clarke\ and Furneau, three i, on Henry Southwood's map cut At Quirpon Island, north New­ of our o1d I'fewfoundland names, by "Clarke, fo/'5:> Sir Joseph Banks, foundland, was Jens Haven, Mora­ are the names of three . of Captain ~ hu~cl ye<.rs later, spells it vian missionary. At Quirpon Cap­ cook's Captain.>. :Hewas in New­ Kitty Vitty. He writes: "Saw a tain Cook, aged 44, met (Sir) Jos­ foundland for a number of years muskrat in Ki.lty Vitty.'' It was eph Banks, aged 22. before he we.1t on his three great spelt Que de Vide by Downing. voyages. 'Vadi' is Russian for water. In 111.-QUIRPON Three other old Newfoundland England we have Bath: Aqua Solis names are Downing, Oxford, and o: the Romans, and in Europe On Jacobscs· map, 1621, Quirpon Wigmore, and they are the names Phoebis Vade; Weisbadcn; Karls­ i3 spelt Carbon. On "La Belle Carte or three impo1 tant London streets. bad, etc. In Newfoundland Kitai du Depot,'' 1682, is Carbon and At St. John's are Flowers Hill Vadi. Our Witless from Vatteville Tanqueux, Tangueus (Tangut). and 1\Iagg.ot's Cove (Margaret or may have a connection. Quito and Now the Funks. Madoc?) Kitty Hawk on the east coast of Gaspar Viegas, Pot tuguese, 1534, In the nortl1 of Newfoundland America. the year of Cortier';' first voyage, are St. John's Bay, St. Margaret's Magellan said 'Monte Vide' and spells it Carpunt. Jean Alfonse, Bay and Flower's Cove. A 1'\lagothy Monte video got its name. 1542, Portugue~e, spells it Carpont. at the mouth of Chesapeake Bay. Lord Baltimore writes to King Prowse thinks from a Basques A l\Iagothy ou Labrador. Flores in Charles that he was much troubled word 'harpoor..' The Basques, great the Azores; Florida., and Bay of by a pirate De la Rade of Deepe whalers, had a whal~ in their coat­ Flowers. (Dieppe); wh) went north. Our of-arms. One of the Beothic totems Mr. LeMessurier tells of Captain Harbour Deep is 'Dieppe.' was a whale's tail. Alfonse in his Michael Galte:1S daughter. Both she Hanna, the great navigator, tells Cosmography 'Nrites: "La carpont and her father lived to a great age. of hairy savages called 'gorillas.' est une isle." Harrisse: 'Il y a beau­ Another Newfoundland skipper to The name is afterwards used for coup de petites localities en Bret­ pilot Captain Cook, was Jonathon the great ape. agne du nom de Carpont." Arpen Hickman of . In Malay, the Malayans used the 'an acre,' and ~o on. (From Richard we get Richards; words orang utan ('man-of-the­ The name is from Carbon, north Richardson; Rid{etts, youngest V.C.; rwoods') albout an un'civilized tribe Algeria, across the Mediterranean Dickson; Dicltenson; Hickson; Hick­ of Malayans. from Spain. man, etc.) Captain Hickman died in In News from Tartary, Peter In 1530 Sebao.,tian Cabot was im­ 1648, aged 100. Grand Bank had Fleming says a strange new ante­ prisoned for a year, and banished been settled u.en about 150 years. lope met with, was called orango for two years to Oran in Africa. In Dr. Johannes Forster and his son by a native. 1533 he is back again as Pilot-Major were here witn Cook (Northern The present writer does not pose oi Spain. Jacq~es Cartier stayed at Voyages, 1786). as an authority, but is the humblest Quirpon, New£oundland, 1534. Professor Kc;lm (Kalmia from beginner in th:s difficult game. Oran ('Waran' of the Arabs may his name), in Pinkerton, tells us Archbishop Howley has told us be origin of Captain Warren's hOIW LaChine, farther up the river about many of our modern, and name) in Algeria, wc;s built by the than Montreal, got its name, ''La­ s0me of our l'ld names. The very Moors. It was :nade a penal settle­ Salle, looking for the short cut to early ones we must try and puzzle ment by Spain, 1509. China had to turn back here." cut for ourselves. In the West Indies is Orinoque Columbus. when he heard the in­ Many cairn::; in Newfoundland, (and Roanoke). In Scotland is Or­ habitants of Cuba say Cubuncan, some still staYJding, were built by onsay, thought it was Kublai Khan. The Captain Cook. Mr. LeMessurier says Afonso I, of Portugal, separated 'Khan' is Mohawk for Kanata: the cairn at Placentia overlooking Portugal from Spair•. For twenty­ 'castle.' Canada was only a small the harbour, was built by Cook. five years he iought the Arabs. His section of the country at first. Our Mr. Munn says the Beacon on the great victory was on the Plains of Chine and Chaisne etc., Cove. near beach at Harbour Grace stands on Ourique. Cape Race, IS perhaps 'China.' Cook's cairn; on an earlier cache The Gulf of Oran; and Ora., West (Ch!en, 'dO'g', suggested.) of rocks. .A fric

The Flower of the Sea hit a rock Shaw's National Theatre-to~be, is daughter. Desr.endants of t h e and sank, wiL1 a mysterious map 'Little John.' Hakluyt, the name is youngest son have the painting from Java, ard other documents, common in 13th century records made for Queen Elizabeth, referred and much gold from Malacca. of Salop and Heretordsh1re, was to in Raleigh's letter, March 7th, Albequerque writes to his King p.-ebendary of Bristol for thirty 1583, from Ri.::hmond. He encloses Manuel about the map made by a years. His Voyages, in Gosling Li­ Queen Elizabe'h's token, 'an ancor pilot of Java. brary. "His own voyaging was con­ guided by a la<~y.' .. "It showeth the Cape of Good fined to crossir.g the Channel ( Gos­ Gilbert was thirteen years older Hope, Portugal, the land of Brazil; ling). The name is Hack lut "little," than his half-b!.·other Raleigh. "Gil­ the Red Sea. the Persia Gulf, the "probably the first was a woodcut­ bert was the le;!der and Raleigh the Spice Islands c.nd the navigation of ter without enthusiasm" (Weekley). fr,llower" (Gosling). Gilbert's mot­ the two Gorc'i, with the courses Hakluyt was a cousin of the Gil­ to: Quid non? Why not? followed by their ships .... It berts and Raleighs. He was to have He says he has served the queen seems to me Senhor, the best thing accompanied G1lbert to Newfound­ 'from the age of a boy to white I had ever see•l. and your Highness l

Waldegrave ordered the second ship, assisted at the recapture of ception Bay." On Capt. Cook's map chimney to be pulled dotwn. Newfoundland from the French, it is spelt Carbonera and Carbo­ Gilbert (wit!1 Queen Elizabeth's 1762. Surrogalc Robert Carter, of niere. token) landed vt the Beach, Down­ , (his descendants in St. Howley suggests 'carbine' and ing's Cove. A petition a~out bar­ John's today h~ve permission to fly 'musket,' for Carbonear and Mos­ relled fish by ,fohn Downtng, 1583. the white ensign), was given a quito, \' .. , r. , , , loll' fnr Newfound- grant of the Isle au Bois in 1753. A The name is from C. Carbonara, 4 ' I ~(I I llf " dr ,., nrl:111t hat the French (the Sardinia. Among the 1.ames on an old map first came in 1662) all left in 1713 It is on Johannes Ruysch's (Al­ ci St. John's c:t e: Riverhead; :Mag­ after the Treaty of Utrecht, when lemand) map 1508. He is thought gots Cove; On:! O'clock Fort; Wash Newfoundland was declared to be­ to have been John Cabot's Burg­ Buttocks; Virginia; Downing; Ox­ long wholly t0 England. But we undian from the Azores. He was ford; Bennett; etc. get a different opinion if we read here in a ship Qf Bristol before Hon. L. E. Err.erson's great grand­ Captain Tavernor (still a New­ 1t06, and i.s the first to draw a father bought Virginia. from Gov­ foundland name), Captain Moody, map of the island from actual ob­ ernor Cochraue. On old maps at Sir Joseph Banks and others, and servation. He writes on Avalon in Virginia was Downing's farm and we think of the French here for l3rge capitals TERRA NOV A, and Downing's Pond, 100 years. on Cape Race he writes C. de Por­ The founder of Harvard Uni­ In 1762 four French ships from togesi. On his map he says: "qui ve:rsity was lJowning, Earl Bald­ Brest, landed French troops at Bay peninsulae Terra Nova vocatae." win's ·speech at Downing Street, Bulls (see P1owse). Bonnycastle (Cabot gave land to a barber during the tercentenary celebra­ says the French built substantial (surgeon) from Castile. CASTILlON tions of Harvard. (Our Bowden, stone houses at St. John's, and re­ is on a promontory north-east Abbe Boudouin, Baldovinetti etc. built the Forts during their four Newfoundland until nearly 1700. are the same as Baldwin. William months' ~cupation, June-Septem­ "The English do not use the term tbe Conqueror:; relative.) ber, 1762. As the Crow's Nest com­ Terra Nova until 1583" (Harrisse). In November. 1656, George Down­ manded Fort William, Count d' On Oliveriana's map of New­ ing "introduced a bi:l to loosen re­ Haussonville was forced to pull' fcundland, 1503, is Terranoba, strictions on foreign traders." A down the last fleur-de-lys in the Downing, master of Samuel Pepy's great 150 years struggle for North PART ill office. (John Jacksrm, son of Pepys' America. sister 'Pal', was Pepys' heir.) A The peak known as the Crow's I.-COOK Downing knighted by Charles II, Nest and Gibbet Hill is being Magistrate Garland was a friend 1660. blasted away for road-building of Captain Cook's. Rev. John Jackson was first material today. Sir Joseph Banks' extremely in­ clergyman after Rev. Erasmus Fort Amherst was named after teresting Journal of a Voyage to Stourton, who came with Guy, 1612, 'William Pitt Amherst. 1763. The Nt>wfoundland, 1766, was presented and fell out ·with Lord Baltimore, first lighthouse in Newfoundland to the Colonial Libra ~Y (a copy) by 1629. John Jat:kson, 1703, 'a pain­ there 1813 when the laws against Mayor Gosling 1908. It is here ful minister' (Pilot). He probably settlement were lifted. Queen's Bat­ now. Why has it not been publish­ fwas not related to Pepys!! tery, 'our best-preserved fort,' high ed? Sir Henry Pynn, born Mosquito, on Signal Hill, was built 1763. (See With Captain Cook on his last was 'right hand man' with the Duke Henry LeMessurier, C.M.G., "Forts" voyage was a smart young map­ of Wellington in the Peninsular and "Placentia," etc.) Since the maker Capt.. dn William Bligh. The War. Sir Henry and the Pynns of present article was written boards last words Cook wrote refer to Quirpon todav are descended from with "Fort William" and "Fort Bl:gh: "In the evening Mr. Bligh John Pynn. Miss Minnie Ash, of George" have been erected on the returned and reported that he had Trinity, through her grandmother sites of the oi.d forts. ftmnd a bay in which was a good Pynn, is a desc,~ndant of John Pynn. Carbonear is a very recent speil­ harbour for woo~ and water." Her great-granrlfather, Capt. Robert ing. Mr. LeMessurie:- suggests the Bligh was on duty in another part Ash. was the first Mason at Trinity. i1ame is from the charcoal uit;;; seen r ~ the island (Sandwich Island) William Hinion had been in exile there not 100 years ago. The sur­ when Cook, usually on the best of with Charles H (see Prowse). Hin­ name Collier m e a n s 'charcoal terms with the natives went a­ ton and Capt<:in Robert Robinson, burner.' · shore to recover a stolen boat. Cook, R.N., both as-ked to be mr1de Gover­ Lord Colville. Commander-in­ now a tired and disappointed man, nor of Newfoundland. Hinton had Chief of the British fleet in Amer­ v-a!' stabbed to death on Valentine's much property in Newfoundland. ica, writes: "lVlr. Garland and Mr. Day, 1779. Davis, two of the principal inhabit­ He, the greatest navigator of all, IX-CROW'S NEST ants of Harbour Grace and Car­ had had to turn rack at Icy Cape, Captain Cook, as Master of the bonera." ( 1762) . . . . and again: end the long-sought-for Passage Northumberland, Lord Colville'·s "The island ol Carbonera in Con- was still unconquered. NE\VFOUNDLAND NAMES------11 It was a year and a half later the life of this heroic captain. (See vid. North-east Newfoundland is bciore Mrs. Cook (Eliza Batt) Life of Vice-Admiral William Bligh, Cromwell's Ledge, Oliver's Cove is leawed of ner husband's death. by Professor George Macannes, now Bay Bulls Arm. Come-By­ Sails; no cable; no wireless; no Sydney, Australia.) Chance was Cromwell's Cove. In Panama Canal. Cook had .;;tamped out scurvy Presque Inlet the Rev. James When we drove to and from the by ins1sting that his men eat greens Walsh, 1850, changE:d Oliver's to Guy tercentenary celebrations at with their monotonQus 'burgoo' '!::it. Kyran's.' Cupids, 1910, in a buggy which had (porridge). Bligh followed his Mason's Cove was near Salmon­ ' nu rubber tyres, on bad roads, it leader and went a step further. He ier; Bacon Cove is in Conception took us about the same time as the introduced physical jerks. The men Bay. young men took recently to fly had to drill and dance on l'erdita may have taken her name uuud the world. dt:'ck for several hours a day to from the 'Winter's Tale,' or from ··cook's 1.1gh cheekbones show­ keep them fit, while blind old Portuguese Riccardiana's map, etl h1s Scottish descent." Michael Byrne played on his fid­ 1534. We read: "Costa perdita; C da Three of Cook'::; sons died in in­ dle. The men bitterly resented this espera; C da terra firme; R da boa­ fancy. Of the three who reached ir.novation. The greens were never vista; Terra do Ja 'baz; C de Manuel yc>ung manhood, two were lost at popular. Pinhe1ro (King Manuel 'of the sea. The younges1. aged 17 died at Bligh's splendid charts of the Pines'); C Frio (the southern Cape Camlbridge· University. He is 'bur­ Pacific were lost. Overboard were Freels was Friei, Norse; and R de iea at St. Andrew'::., Cambridge, flung all the precious Breadfruit lobos marineos," (Seal Cove. Our beside his mother. trees, now growing nicely in tubs Lance a loup, 'loups marins): 011 the cabin floo.·. The In the last article G. K. Chest­ 11.-BLIGH men were more crowded erton wrote he refers to Perdita, t'l.an ever. They did not look for­ sweetheart of Georg : IV, Sir Joseph Banks later chose ward to the long months of t.Pe Captain William Bligh to com­ Captain Cartwright was the humeward j ~urney. They return­ first white man to make a settle­ mand the Bounty, to fetch the ed to their sweethearts and t he Breadfruit trees from Tahiti to ment on the Labrador. In three lotus land; ~..ventually some of them the West Ir.dies, to be a cheap food large volumes he tells about his settled at Pitcairn Island. A de­ 1 fo1 the workers in England's sixteen years' adventures. An ed­ scendant attended the coronation itwn, 1911, by Dr. Charles Town­ colonies, when the United States last year, and was photographed had become an independent coun­ send of Boston. An earlier one by for the English newspapers, 1937. Captain Whiteley, inventor of the try. Captain Bligh was a friend of The Bounty was originally own­ cod-trap. Prince William Henry, afterwards Cartwright observed the Beothics ed by the rich ship-owner and West Kmg William IV, Queen Victoria'n Indian merchant, Duncan Camp­ 011 Exploits River with the help of bell, whose niece had married un'Cle. which the new invention, 'a pocket Doll­ Captain William Bligh. When was St. John's Island was named loud.' Campbell's kmsman, Governor after Victoria's fathe1, Prince Ed­ Cartwright moved into Captain Sil John Campbell, son of a Kir­ ward of Ker.t, William's brother. I'Hcholas Darby's abandoned quar­ cvdbrightshire minister (He brought Prince William kept a diary, ters at Cape Charles, afterwards religious freedom to Newfound­ 1786. ''Kinb William was King he:. went to settle farther north at land) came out, Captain Bligh George's son". Dr. Francis Brad­ Sandwich Bay now called Cart­ (Cornishman) wrote asking for a shaw was here with him. The story wright. 01 our naval doctors would make commission in the Newfoundland One of Cartwright's partners was fleet. The ships put in to New­ a;: interesting book. Jeremiah Coughlan. He was the fa­ . t~er of Pamela Sims (Canon Pilot) foundland on their way to the West III.-PERDITA Indies and Bligh commanded sev­ Pamela was born at Fogo, New­ eral of Campbell's ships to the In the Wallace Collecti.on, Lon­ foundland, in a winter's tilt. She West Indies. don, are portraits of the famous \o'vas the reputed daughter of the I have been informed that Gov­ br·auty Per·Uta, painted by Gains­ Duke and Duchess of Orleans. Her ernor Campbell'r descendants are b(•rough, Reynolds and other cele­ father was Jeremiah Coughlan a living here today and own proper­ brated painters of the day. naval officer at Fogo. He had a ty on the Southside St. John's. Her father was Nicholas Darby, fcrt there with six cannon, and The Bounty antl weapons were 'born in America.' of Fogo and did business with fish and oil in seized by the young mutineers Bristol. He had a whaling station exchange for wearing apparrel, (their average age was about at Fogo, North Newfoundland, and provisions, etc., from England and twenty-two) a<; Bligh slept. He was h&d attempted one e>t Cape Charles, It eland. hustled overboara. The story of Lersailles. She was brought up at 12 ~E\VFOUNDLAND NAMES the French court. The Due de Char­ etatlf's, except the potatoes which PAM IV \\!ere in the cabm were washed ov­ t1 es afterwards King Louis, wit­ I,-NOREMBEBUA m·s~ed her marriage to "an Irish erboard . . . We made a short patriot earl,'' Lord Edward Fitz~ mast of planks and stepped it Norembegua, ('Nuremberg' of gerald. ti.rough a l.o!e cut in the quarter Ma moli), ·the country of the When 1:1e privateers, came to aeck by way cf a rr:izzen-mast." Norsemen, is clearly marked with L~brador Coughlan's property was (Captain Cartrwright's Journal). castles, etc., on Mercator's map, It unmolested, but Cartwright suf­ includes Winland, the country be­ fE:rcd heavy lrsses. (See Book of V.-CORONA'l10N tween Boston (Bot.Qlf's town) and Newfoundland.) ~ew York (New Amsterdam). It Tuesday, October 3rd, 1786: George III came to the throne included parts of the present Mass­ After breakfast I brought most 1760. In 1761 he married Charlotta achussets, Rhode Island, ett::. ot my baggage on shore. Mr. Routh Sophia, and was crowned a fort­ Captain Richaro Clarke, 1583, (Richard Routh collector of Cus­ night later. Peace between England was "going for a voyage to Norem­ toms at St. John's) took me with and France came 1763. bega." him to Mr. Ogden's, the surgeon The coror1ation was celebrated in North of Newfoundland is Cape oi the island, where we sat down, Newfoundland a little late. It was Nl'rman, formerly N.Qrmans Cross <: party of ten, to a very genteel not celebrated in Australia, New and Norman's Coves. A Norman's dinner: af~er which we played at Zealand or South Africa. Cove in Trinirty Bay. cards and supped. This was a de­ In his Diary Banks writes: Roberval, and his famous Portu­ lightful day. guese pilot Jehan Alfonse, born at Wednesday, Oct. 4th. Oct. lOth for St. John's, 1766- Xaintongue, entered the Havre de I waited on His Excellency, John "After this short stay at Croque Saint Jean de Terre Neuvre, June Elliot Esq., the Governor of New­ intended only for filling water and 7th, 1542, t11e year that Mary Queen foundland, to whom I was intro­ gt tting on hoard the produce of of Scots was born. They set out duced by Mr. Routh. he invited us tbt gardens and poultry, we sail­ frvm France il) April. King Fran­ bl1th to dine with him on the mor­ eJ on the lOth and arrived there Cl'i had appointed Jean Francis de row. I dined today in company orr the 13 ... without any partic­ la Roche, Knight (of Picardy) Lord with some of the officers and young ular transaction during our pa·ss­ of Rdberval. gentlemen of the Merlin at the age. Our surname Power, pronounced Lmtdon Tavern. I dined with the Ilere we found the greater part 'poor' when I was a child, is from Governor on the 5th and all the oJ the squadron under the command 'pohier,' a Picard. re!'t of my time while I remained of Mr. Palliser in the Guernsey, ''Lieutenant and Governor of here was most agreeably spent as whose civilities we ought to ac­ Canada and Ilochelaga, Terra Neu­ I met with the greatest civilities knowledge, as he shewed us all we ve. Belle Isle, Carpont, N.Qrembega, frl1m all the Principal people <.auld expect. We all felt great e1e., were Roberval's titles. many of whom I was formerly ac­ plf'asure in returning to society, Delaroche (our surname Roach), qtreep. several head of poultry, yard winds, stuck round it. After ier set out. Mter great stonms they plenty of vegetable~ and good ttis we were all invited to a ball met at Carbon (Quirpon), north store of every other article which given by the Governor, where Newfoundland. Here they stayed we thought requisite for our pass­ the want of ladies was so great, oPe month. They went short of wa­ a£'"" to England. that my washerwoman and her ter between Bretagne (Brittany) Sunday the 22nd when a hard sister were there by formal invi­ arJd Newfoundland. and "had to g.,]P of wind came on . our bow­ tation, but what surprised me the give the goa~s, Hogges and other sprit was cr~rried away. This was most was that after dancing, we beasts which we carried for breede ~c

(R met Rober'Val at St. John's. He kept alight all night People ran Nicholas Desliens of Dieppe, 1541, ~c.d tound th~. Indians at Montreal 11om one housE. to another with has three interesting names: Terre too much for mm. br::1nds. Tt.ere were no matches de Jehan Bas

New World as "bordered by Brazil, lc.rd of Dieppe, 1541, is Zanni. On mother was a c:aughter of Surrogate the land of Corte Real and by Ia. Pedro Reine! is C das gamas, 1504. Robert Carter of l!'erryland. Norvege". Mason has Bay Noterdam, 1617. Magistrate William Sweetland Jerome Cock of Antwerp 1562 It is a small bay ibetween Foggs was her great-uncle. write.:;: The River St. Croix called · (Fogo) ;md Flour de lice. Not in Lord Baltimore's sons-in-law, Norembega." the same place as das gamas of old Sir R. Talbot and William Peasley, Grotius 1642: La Norembegue, a maps. accompanied him to Newfoundland. d1strict bordering on New England We speak of a 'Zany.' It is short Carter; Livingstone; Weston; Clap colonized by Norwegians." for Zanni--Giovanni; and we (Rev. Dr. Clap was first President Norembega seems to extend from speak of a 'Jack of all trades.' of Yale University) are names in t·elow Cape Breton . 'do Bertao,' of Aqua Fort is in letters patent Dr. Douglass' Hi~tory. They are old maps, (Berteau). to Florida. A from Charles I to Lord Baltimore. found in New England and in New­ century later Sir Walter Raleigh, Aqua Fort is described as the of­ fcundland in ~arliest records. Lady with his brother Sir Humphrey Gil­ ficial residenlce of this lord. Le Oxon, a relative of the Carter fam­ but's patent, named Virginia after forte Dagua. ily. Members d this old family to­ Queen Elizabeth (On Newfound­ day own property on Carter's Hill On an old ma'P in PrOIWse, Fitz­ (Burst Heart Hill) and Livingstone land maps Onze myl vergoes a hun­ burgh's 1693, Aqua. Fort is a castle cited years before Elizabeth's day). Street, St. Jor.11's. A monument to After Raleigh, Lord Baltimore with flags flying, and Wynne's Weston Carter on the Mall, St. btgan a settlement 1634 (National 'prettie sireet,' Ferryland, is John's. Westons in early Devon Geographic Magazine 1938). He shown. ('Aquafortis' was the records. Thomas Weston one of the liquid into which gold was put to Mayflower settlers from Plymouth. governed but did not live there The rec'uce it. Clipping coin was pun­ first Lady Baltimore was drowned ishable by death. Aquafortis turn­ at sea retun,ing to England (How­ ed gold black. Eighteenpence could PART 5 ley). Baltimore brought colonists b(' obtained fr0m a gold piece ...) to Chesapeake Bay in the Ark and Dove, the ships in which his Magistrate Willlam Sweetland 1.-B DE CORQUES fnther and colonists had come to says his ancestor Sir David Kirke married a sister of Lord Baltimore's. Richardson, Pinkerton and Cor­ Ferry~and. ·The Kirkes and Baltimores always r.lack, President of the Beothic So­ Caplin Bay (from Capelinos, ciety, graduate of Edinburgh Uni­ Cape Verde Islands) is mentioned quarrelled The Baltimores quar­ relled with the Penns of Pennsyl­ versity, friend of the great Jame­ b;v Captain Daniel Powell who son, believed that the Beothics, arrived here 1622. The name prob­ vania about boundaries. In New­ foundland the Baltimores renew­ Newfoundland Indians, were des­ ably a hundred years before that, cendants of Norsemen. was recently changed to Calvert en their claim 1754 (when Robert Carter had the grant of the Isle of H e 1 I u I a n d (Newfoundland; after Lord Baltimore. Powels Head Markland (the mouth of the River ar.d Daniel's Point, Trepassey. Pow­ Boys), just beiore the Seven Years' • War. The Kirkes had been order­ St. Lawrence st ); and ell asks permission to take 14 men Winland (Massachusetts); accord­ t, the Southward to form a settle­ eri to leave Newfoundland. Henry Kirke gives Sir David ing to Snorre Thorbrandson's his­ ment. S. Poulo on Dirokx' map torical narrations. (He was born in 1599, quarter of a century before Kirke's family tree from the Brit­ isl'. Museum Sir David Kirke mar­ America.) Pdwell. On earliest maps of Newfound­ I asked a friend, whose home ried Sara a daughter of Sir Joseph Andrews. He may have married a hmd is B de corques; called Bona­ is at Capelin Bay. where the vista Bay since Captain Cook. It is name Ferryland come~ from. She seC'ond time. When he came to Cork Bay on Thomas Kitchin, said: Verulam, ann produced Can­ Newfoundland 1638, the year that geographer, 1760, jmt before Cook. Oi 1 Pilot's 1906, Geography ( not the great Louis XIV was born, Kirke had been married ten years And B de Kore on T. Cour Lotter's hi!' 1888 or.e). I read: "Ferryland, map in Prowse (1720). called in the old !books Ferilham, and had a young family of sons. Bloody Bay, Bonavista Bay, "one said to be the corruption of Veru­ He and his family arrived at Fer­ of the primary English names of lam, ancient name of St. Albans, in ryland. in his famous ship the Abi­ gail with 100 colonists. North America (G. R. F. Prowse), England, was founded by Sir Geo. was changed to Alexander Bay. Mr. Calvert." Bacon was Lord St Al­ We hear of one daughter Lady Alexander's WJdow became the sec­ bans. Hopkins. She defended her father ond wife of Magistrate Sweetland I asked someone whose people when he was sent for by Cromwell. of Bonavista. The Sweetlands, h2ve lived for generations on the "Sir William Hopkins house at Hugenots, in Ferryland in Kirke's Snuthern Shore, if he could tell Ferryland. now in possession of day, Some of their old houses are ll'P the origin of the name. He Widow Clapp". (Prowse) still standing. Descendants in St. said: "Verulam." Lady Carter. wife of Sir Fred­ John's today. I told them tbe name is Portu­ erick B. Terr;ngton Carter, Ad­ Across the Atlantic from B de guese, Farilham, and means 'sand ministrator of Newfoundland, was Corques, Newfoundland, is Corea. bank.' It is on Verazzano's map, Anne Sweetland. According to Bascinn, Ireland. "the mar.:;hy low­ 1529. a hundred years before Lord Magistrate Wi!liam Sweetland. she lands of Clan Bascinn,' connected Baltimore came to Newfoundland was descended from both Kirke with the storie~ of "Conn of the for the first time. 1627. On Verazz­ ar.d Baltimore. Newfoundland's hundred fights." In Scotland is ano's map, given in Howley from well-known c:.rtist. Miss Marian Kyle. ' the Propaganda LibrarY Rome, '15- Bremner. is a descendant of Kirke In Ireland is Akile and Keels, 23, is zanna.; ~end on Nicholas Val- and Baltimore, bet• great-grand- and in East N f:wfoundland is Keels. NE\VFOUNDLAND NAMES 15

In the West Indies is Acul. In Ger­ 11.-SLEEPERS chant. "Coopering.'' Dr. Ernest many is Kiel. With Columbus was WE;ekly says, "was the illidt sale an Irishman !rom Galway. Sleepers in hudson's Bay. Sleep­ of spirits by Dutch boats to North In Devon is Cork County. Near ers is on Seller's map of New- Sea fishermen." Interesting old· Estramadura (a name on an old foundland, (English Pilot.) 1671, Dutch coins have been found at Newfoundland map) in Portugal between Caplin 'Bay and Cape Cooper's Cove, Conception Bay. h Cork Convent lined with cork. Ballard. At Clarke's Beach, near , (Portugal's sc>cond export. It ties The story of the Seven Sleepers old European gold coins with Ger­ '. in Germany. The myth is of Teuton.. . ) man letters, .wme of copper with­ In Ireland l'ork i:; an island in lc ongin connected with the dead vut description,, and some mill­ the River Lee. ''Cork is said to have Balder and others from the lower stones were found. They were Spanish blood from the days when v. orld. In Germany if it rains on thought to be remains of a Scandi­ Cork in the South, and Ga1way in 27th June rain will follow for seven navian settlement. (See Howley.) the West, were important centres weeks. The 5'even Sleepers, con­ John Guy writes to Mr. Slaney, of the Spanis:t wine trade." nected with the weather, are sup­ 16th May, 1611, from Cuper's Cove. "Cork means marsh." H. V. Mor­ posed to take :1 special care of sail­ Sir William Alexander, 'Father ton. ors. The story of Seven Sleepers of Nova Scotia,' "the poet who Rev. Philip Tocque in 1844 and walled up in 1 cave, to awake after would be kin~. King James the king 1877 published a Newfoundland His­ tv.·o hundred years, is said to be who would be poet" (laughed tory, As a youug man he had work­ of Syrian origin. The festival is the Buckingham and the courtiers), ed as a clerk at Elson's, Carbonear, 27th June. sent Scottish settlers to Canada. where Philip Henry Gosse and Wil­ Seven was a sacred number to "They wintered at St. John's, 1621, li&m Charles ~+. John, the historian, the Greeks, Apollo and Dionysos and took servJce with the fisher­ also worked. Mr. Elson had a fine (torn in seven pieces). Seven Cities: men." library and encouraged the lads (Pergamum and Philadelphia were Sir William Alexander, 1630, tc. read only the be;;t literature. All two of them.) To the Persians, In­ published a work. He says: "The tt,e new books came to Carbonear dians and Egyptians, also to the first houses were built at Cupid's soon after they were published. Romans, seven was a mythical Cove." ( 1 00 years ago.) number. There may be some connection Tocque, 1844: Paul Toscan£'lli writes to Colum­ with the recently extinct Cupido "I now arrived at Mock Baggar, bus about the "Seven Cities." Cupido, "heathcocke, grous, or the eastern part of Bonavista Har­ There were Seven champions of pheysant, plentiful, and used for bour, where :1 peat bog is situated, Christendom; Seven Churches of food by early white settlers before and from which human skeletons, Revelations. Pharaoh's dream twice 1633, in New England, New Jersey at various penods, have been dug, seven ears of corn. The Dove sent and New York. On Mason's map, and relics of "The stars in her The 'pheasant,' said to be of of the country. the Red Indians. At hair were seven." Asiatic origin (Phasianus colchi­ what time these bodies were de­ Genesis, chapter 7: "And the cus) was long introduced into Eu­ posited there is unknown. If they Lord said unto Noah ... of Fowls rope. The early English settlers in belonged to t:re Beothicks or abo­ also of the air by seven . . . For yet North America called the ruffled rigines of the country, they must SI."Ven days and I will cause it to grouse 'the pneasant.' Sir William have been there a period of up­ rain upon the earth.'' Vaughan writes of "partridges" and wards of 200 years. It is well "On the Se\·entb Day He rested." spells Fermeu$, 'Formosa..' known, however, that human ·skel­ The seventh son of a seventh son, etc., etc. etons have bee:n dug out of bogs rART6 after remaini~g there several hun­ The Gypsies told George BorrO'W they were banished for seven years dred years." I.-SEBASTIAN CABOT Conn: Connaught, Connemara, for disrespect to the Virgin. Conne River, Connoire, Connecti­ St. Brandan vytalled for seven Sebastian Cnbot's life has been cut, Connanore. years. Rome 'built on Seven Hills. the subject of great discussion. For George Borrow tells of Finn-ma.­ Seven Oaks England. The Sacred fifty years Spam an ~l England were Ganges one of the Seven Rivers trying to obta:n his services. Each coul of Ireland, an exposed child, from the Dan·cing Siva's head. Sev­ who came floating over the sea in a country gave h;m the highest hon­ chest which was cast ashore at en stories in Tower of Babel. ours, and Venice wus trying to ob­ Veintry Bay. He was found by a lll.-CUPIDS tain his services as well. He was Grand Pilot (Admiral), of Spain, giant's wife. The giant was High Copenhagen, 't h e 1\Ierchants' Sheriff of Cork. The same story is and Grand Pilot (Pilot) of Eng­ told of Norse Sigurd Fa.fnins bane haven,' is the same as our Cooper's land. (and the boy who led the Israelites Cove. Cnpar in Scotland. Cooper's For the whcle discussion of Se­ out of the land of Pharoah). Isle in the Be.mnudas. Charles­ bastian Cabot's map see Howley's Town, Carolina, on Cooper's Riv­ Ecclesf.a.stical History, 1888. The The stories of Finn and Ossian er. Dutch· merchants were belong to the Gaels. map said to be Cabot's has been coopers. The German word 'kau­ tampered with. (The word morue, . The Colonial Building, St. John's, lfen' to buy, and Dutch 'kQIPen', 'cod-fish,' is French, and there is 1'> built with Cork stone. Irish are cognate 'with A. S. Ceapman. nothing to show that Cabot knew cattle and woollens came to New­ F·rom it Cheap Side, London, and French.) fcundland. Th~ ships put in . to C~ippings, the English mal1ket In Sir HU1l111phrey Gilll>ert's Dis­ Cork on their way. (Prowse.) ttdWns, A 'chapman' was a mer- coures for IHscovery for a ~el9 1() NE\VFOUNDLA~D NAl\IES

Passage to Cataia, written 1566 on the Gulf of Mexico. "Sebastian Cabot furnished two (London 1576) he describes Sebas­ "The said Master John as being ships in England at 1.1is own charge; tian Ca•bot's manuscript map in the foreign-born e>nd poor would not and first w1th 300 men directed his house of the Duke of Bedford: "the i.Jc believed if his comrades, who are cuurse so far towards the North mouth of the North Western Strait almost all EJ;glishmen and from Pole that even in the month of July licth near the 318 meridian between Bristol, did not testify that what he found momtrous heaps of ice 61° and 64° in elevation. he says is true. swimming in the se:~., and in man­ Richard Wi!les in his edition of This Master John has the de­ ner continual daylight, yet saw he Eden, London 1577, says: scription of the world in a chart the land in tha~ tract free from ice "As you mny read in his card and al.>o a 5olid globe which he which had beE>n molten by heat of drawn with Ids own hand; the has made, and he shows where he the sun. Thus seeing such heaps of mouth of the North Western Strait landed, and t.1at going toward the ice before him he was enforced to Lieth near the 313 meridian be­ east he passeJ considerably be­ turn his sails and follow the west. t"'"cen 61 o and 64 o in elevation, yond the country of the Tansis .... So coasting still by the shore he continuing th ·'~ same breadth about they affirm that the sea is covered was thereby b.:-ought so far into the ten degrees West where it openeth with fishes which are caught not south, by reason of the land being southerly more and more." only with the net but with baskets, so much southward, that it was It is said tl1at this assertion de­ a stone being tied to them in order there almost equal in latitude with cided Frobisher to make his at­ that the baskets may sink in the the sea calle(l Fretum Herculeum tempt. Frobisher borrowed Sir water. And this I heard the said (Straits of Gibraltar) having the Humphrey Gilbert's North-West John relate, and the aforesaid En­ North Pole e'<'vate in manner in Passage" "for a few days." (Gos­ glishmen, his comrades, say that the ·same degree. He sailed like­ ling.) they will bring so many fish that wise in this ~ract, so far toward For both sides of the Cabot dis­ this kingdom will no longer have the west that he had the island of cussion read The Story of New­ need of Ic~land, from which Cuba (on) his left hand in manner foundland by Lord Birkenhead. He country there comes a very great in the same degree of longitude. gives the letteJ s from the publica­ store of fish c.alled 'stock-fish.' As he travelled by the coasts of tion of the Italian Columbian Royal But Master John has set his mind this great land which he named Commission. on something greater . . . . con­ Baccallaos, he saieth that he found Raimondo C!i Raimondi, arch­ stantly hugging the shore, until the like course of water .... priest of Sonc!no, official corres­ he will be over against the island Selbastian Ca!bot himself named pondent to the Duke Sforza of Mi­ by him calleci Cimpango (Japan) those lands Baccalaos becaus·e that lcn, August ~4 and December 18, situated in the equinoctial region in the sea thereabout he found 1497, writes two letters soon after where he thinks all the spices of great multitudes of certain big fish John Cabot's return. the world and also the ,precious much like unto tunnies (which the Nearly all cur early information stones originate . . . they hope to inhalbitants call Baccallaos), that about the Cabots comes from Italian establish in London a greater store­ they sometimes stayed his ships. He and Spanish sources. (See Lt.-Col. house of spices than there is in found .also the people of those re­ Richard Henr~ Bonnycastle, Royal Alexandria, ard the chief men of gions (Leonibus), covered with Engineers, History of Newfound­ the enterprise are of Bristol, great beasts' skins. yet not without the land, 1842.) sailors, who r.ow that they know use of reason. Raimondi to the Duke of Milan: where to go, -say that it is not a voyage of more tha•1 fifteen days. He saieth also that there is great "His Maje.> ty here has won a I have also talked with a Burg­ plenty of bears in those 7egions part of Asia w5thout a stroke of the wtdian, a comrade of Master John's which used to eat fish. For, plung­ sword. There JS in this kingdom a who confirms everything a n d ing themselves into the water where Venetian fellow Master John Cabot wi:;hes to return thither because the they perceived a multitude of those by name, of a fine mind, greatly Admiral (for so Master John al­ fish to lie they fasten their claws skilled in navigation, who seeing ready entitles himself) has given in their scales and so dram them to that those mo::t serene kings, first him an island; and he has given land and eat them. So that, as he h.- of Portugal, and then the one of another one to 2 barber of his from saieth, the bears being thus satisfied Spain, having occupied unknown Castiglione, of Genoa, and both of with fish are not noisome -to men." islands, determ·ned to· make a like tl1em regard t!1emselves as Counts; acquisit\on fo::- His Majesty afore- nor does my lord the Admiral m.-SALMON said ... and having set out from esteem himself anything less than Bristol . .. he fell in with terra Ramsuio, gives Selbastian Cabot a prince. as saying: firma where l" aving planted the I think that with this expedition Royal banner .. . and having taken "I sailed to 56 under the Pole will go several poor Italian monks, and seeking the coast turned east, SE'Veral tokem. he has returned v1ho have all been promised thence. "(Terre firme is one of the despairing to find the Passage I Bishoprics. And as I have become a turned back again and sailed down Parlie,:+ names on Labrador. On friend of the Admiral's. if I wish­ Cooks map C S. Francis, Point by the coast of that land toward ed to ~o thither I should get an Spear and C. St. Louis are on the Archbishopric. But I have thought the equinoctial (ever with intent south-east corner of Labrador. that the benefices which your Ex­ to find the said passage to India j They are three of the earliest cellency has in store for me are a and came to that part of this firm names on the south-east of New­ surer thing." land where •by victuals failing, I foundland-A.'M.A.) Terra Firma departed into England, where I o'f early maps is all the country IT-BACCALLAOS found great tumults among the peo­ along ·the top of South ·America, Peter Ma rty~· writes: ple and preparation for the war NEWFOUNDLAND NAMES 17

to be carried into Gcotland; by Captain Jack Mason, Printed by famous Basque pilot. It was only ft,und in 1833, after the book on reason wh.ereof there w~ no mor~ Andro Hart, Edinburgh, 1620: consideration had to this voyage. "May hath herrings, one equal the Caoots oy biddle had been This was 1498. Later when Henry to 2 of ours, cants and cod in good pu!Jlisnea. VIII came to the throne he refused quantity. June hath Capeline, a The Padron Real was changed fish much resembling smelts in to l'adron General ( 1536). to give his sister Margaret's jewels Cardinal Hlchelleu, Louis XIII's up to he: son King James V of Scot­ forme and eating, and such abund­ great state:;m

JV.-LA POILE ih•ged to inspect a Latin edition of PART 8 Marco Polo~ great work, a private powhatan was the early name ccpy of Columbus'. It is enriched I.-CARTIER ol the James rtver, called after b} frequem annotations in his Pt. whatan, ludian chieftain, fath­ he:mdwriting. Actuall~ there are Giovanni Verozzani (the spelling er of Pocahontas who mauied John m tes to most of the chapters, and of any surname is only a matter of Rolfe (Ralphs 01 Tray Town) "She a-s was to be expected the wealth of luck) did not have much success. ' s~ am every day when she was tt.(. c1t1es of China and Japan in A noble of Florence, a navigator, c.:1ossing tht Atlantic." Dean Inge, gt.ld, Jew... Js, silk and spices forms living in France. When he was 38 h the London Evening Standard thE:' bulk of tht annotations. ln he was sent by Francis I, 1523, says: "My own children are de­ short it may confidently be claim­ Verazzano surveyed 2000 miles of sctnded from Pocahontas." ed that the descnption given by the coast of North America. Near­ Potamcides were the water nym­ Marco Polo of tht wealth of China ly all the United States, and a phs. 1\Icsopo.tamia, ~eans "~etween arod her silk, tht. gold and pearls of great part of Canada, North of Two Rivers'· The r1ver Po m Italy. J<}pan and the sp1ces of Java, Su­ Newfoundland on Verrazano's map In American we have the Potomac. matra and lndta proved the main 1523 in Rome is Ba.nca da Zanna. Hippopotamus means 'water horse.' incentives for Columbus, Vasco da There were four ships. Charles ln Italy IS Apulio, Pughlia. In Gama and the Conquisadors. Suuth fJ1 .E.ngland Poole and south In this book, in Columbus' hand­ V, Francis' great enemy, had Ver­ razzano taken prisoner on a later of Newfoundland La Poile. Our La WJ iting: "The ships upon which the Poile and Shylock's ducat both merchants ,of China) go to India, voyage "as a pirate at Col.mencar." from Apulio, a Venetian coin from an: made of <' wood called fir and Charles took King FranCis prisoner, the Duchy d'Apullo of Puglia Comp pme. and his two sons as hostages were where first coinE:>d m the 12th cen­ They hav~ a deck. On this deck brought up at Madrid. tury. there are in most of them 60 cabins Hakluyt refers to Verozzani'a Humlboldt: "Les Normands onlt in each of which a merchant can "mightie large olde mappe in o' cupe successiven.ent 1 'Islande et livt! comfortably, ....Some of parchmente now in the custodie of lf' Newstrie ravage leb sanctuaries tr.e bigger ships also have inside Mr. Michael Locke' . . . "which de I' Italie conquis laPouille, sur them 13 tanks or compartments traces the ooaste from Florida to les Grecs inscript leurs caracteres made of strong boards firmly join­ Cape Briton with many Italian rLniques jusque sur leb flancs d'un ed together; thus if a ship should names .... and the isthmus of dE~ lions que Morosini enleve au chance by accident to spring a Dariena" (Panama). Ptree :>' Athenes pour en orner !'­ leak, then the water falls into the bilge which i., always kept empty, Our St. Shotts said to be "St. Arsenal de Venice." Jacques'. On the map of Newfound­ St. Paul'· cathedral was often and they stop the leak." . The famo•1s bishop Las Casas, and land by Sr. de Courcelle, of Royal spelt Poule, Powles Head is earlier French marines, (in command of the than Captain Daniel Powell; Dan­ Cortes, Conqueror of Peru, lived at Hayti. Cortes died 1519. lie Vigilant and Brilh;;nt), is chuchette iel's Point Trepassey, may be nam­ ciescribed Mexico, the Indian cap­ On another map about this time is ed after him. ital, as it was when he first saw ~hinchete, and on still another is C. On Jan Direkx's ma,p 1599. C. h : chincho. Pena; C S Marla; Placel; S Poulo; "The city was situated in a Our St. Shores, said to be St. Fagunda; De Joam Alvarez. great salt lake communicating with George's. St. George one of the hills The Appennines in Italy. LaPena P fresh water lake, and was ap­ of LiSbon. Shecatica. in Canada and LaPenina in Portugal. The proached by three causeways of 'JaJcques Cavtier.' Shorsha. is Irish Pcnnine Range. Pen in Wales, and Sltlid .nasonry, one two leagues for 'Geor.ge.' our Cape Pine on old map is C. long, with wooden drawbridges at M;lclovius or Maculthius was a Pene. C de Pena, Jacdbscen, 1621. ttE- ends. There were more than 300,000 inhabitant:...'' nephew of St. Brendan. St. Malo; Letters written by Christopher Macolovik; 1\lacovik; and Malone V.-LETTERS BY COLUMBUS Columbus and his family have Island, Newfoundland (Maloya.n). The surname MeDon and Malone. Both Columbus and Cabot had come into the possession of a Lon­ don bookShop (Manchester Guard· Cartier. the Breton from St. Malo !been to ancient Becca, half way (which had only rbelonged to France down the Red Sea. Christopher ian Weekly, August 1936) having bten passed on apparently by a for two years in 1534) named Cape 'bon of a wool comber' had voyaged Perce, Gaspe, Cape de Prato, a be-yond Thule. (Tile, 'the Lost'). member of the Spanish Royal fa­ mily. Portuguese term. These little John Cabot had negotiations with The fint is written 1492, the bronze tablets, marks, monoliths, the King of Denmark. Sebastian year that Cclumbm discovered pradoes, columns or pillars were Cabot's portrait is undoubtedly America. Others are by Columbus' made in Portugal in Joao II's reign Norse. sen from San Domingo. The letters and set up ·by the Portuguese navi­ Marco Polo was back in his na­ are well preserved. gators in Africa. (Cape Prato) said tive Venice 1295, having been in In 1492 when Columbus discov­ to be meaddw," and Albert de Asia twenty-six years. ered America for Spain he thought Prado Who writes to Cardinal Wol­ Sir Percy Sykes (Illustrated he had reached by a short course sey at the same time as John Rut. Lundon Nt>VI&, Nov. 28, 1936): the land of Asia. The countries of Prowse: " a canon of St Paul's on "In the Columoian Library of CIIPAJNIGO, CAMBALIEU, and Ca­ board perhaps. but his name was Seville I have recently been priv- THAY. not Allbert de Prado." Joao 1'1, 1481- 20 NE\VFOUNDLAND NAMES

1495. These padroes were raised at Pedro Reinel's map). Then Cartier Parkhurst says, "bears flesh if il the entrance to a harboul'. entered St. Catherine's Harbour oe pounded two days good to eat.'' The frequent inscriptions on (Catalina) Ap:il 20. Of the Fmtks. Parkhurst writes: maps Abai '. de Padrao or P. de He sighted Cape Bonavista. There "The Frenchman that fish neere the Padrao (Bay or Cape of the pillar), was ice about. He went back to grand baie (Gulf of St. Lawrence), is probably the origin of Abaia da Catalina for 10 days. doe bring small store of flesh with Crux. P da crux, which shCYWs At the Funks, 21 miles N.N.E. of them, but victuall themselves al­ where this sign was erected. Cape Freels and 24 miles from wayes with these birds." On Maggiolo's map 1527, afbout Wadham Island, Cartier writes of Captain Cartwright: "they make the middle of the east coast of the Isle of Birds, 14 leagues from their shallop fast to rthe shore, lay Nfld. is Abala do pad.ra.n, and to­ shore. "A !'isle des Ouaisscaulx'' theiT gang.Jboards from the gun­ wards the south is Abaia de crux (46 feet high), "the island is about wale of the boat to the rocks, and and at Cape Race (P do Portogesi of a league in circumference; it is so then drive as many penguins (great Ruysch) is P de crux. Later this is exceeding full of birds that one auks) on board as she will hold; moved along the coast to a headland would think they ·had been stowed for the wings of those birds being farther west than C Race. It is C there. In the air and around about remarJmbly short they cannot fly RQce on Pedro Reinel's map, 1504. are a hundred times as many moTe . ... the birds which the people Nea.r1by on early maps is Colmet. as on the island itself. Some of bring from thence they salt and eat Colinet in St. Mary's Bay may these birds are as large as geese, in lieu of salt pork." have a connection with Andrew being black and white with a beak Funks is pronounced Fung by Sir Colinet, a trader mentioned by His like a craw's. They are always in Joseph Bal!ks. A Fung in China. Excellency (Prowse the water. not being able to fly in On the Funks Beothic ar:ows and 320) "the person named Andrew the air, inasmuch as they have only relics have been found. Two Am­ Colinet, who has chargt> of the car.go small wings about the size of half erican students in 1936 reconstruct­ and the management of the voyage ed there five specimens of the went on shore at Engelie.' Spelt one's hand, with which however they move as quickly along the Great Auk for American museums. Ongley .and lnglee by Banks. How­ None in Newfoundland. They ask­ ley says "Englis,b'.• Lcs Anglais. water as the other birds fly through the air, and these birds ed that the Funk Is. be kept as a "Eagle" also suggested. A fort S. of are so fat that it is marvellous. sanctuary. They obtained feathers France with same name. Dr. Week­ from old mattresses in nearby set­ ley thinks Haricot a Mexican name. We call them ·~nats,' and our two long-l:>oats were laden with tlements. Colmet may mean 'column' or Sir Joseph Banks says Beothic 'pillar.' Colon "colonist, planter; them as with stones in less than half an hour. Of these each o.f our canoes were different from the West Indian settler." Colmet and canoes of Canadian Indians. "He­ Colinet are two distinct places on ships salted four or five casks, not counting those we were able to eat." othic canoes shut up by the sides, old maps. closing togethe::- far the convenient Cartier was interpreter of the "Futhermore, there is another carriage of them through the Portuguese language at · St. Malo. smaller kind of bird that flies in the wods.'' Fereira wrote several letters to air and swins in the sea, which is Banks describes their pudding Francis offering to tell him about called a tinker (Razor-billed auk). "made of eggs and deer's Portugal's transatlantic possessions. These stow and place themselves on hair to make it hang togeth­ Harrissee says this is mentioned this island underneath .the larger er as we put hair into our mortar only to show "en'Core les rapports ones. There were other white ones and bake it in the sun. . . . T·hey des mains portugais" with the sea­ larger still. that kept apart from the are said to fetch eggs for this com­ port tovms of Brititany, Normandy, rest in a portion of the island, and positi.:-n as far as Fung or Penguin in the middle of the 16th century, are very ugly to attack for they Island, 10 league from the nearest the fact that Jacques Cartiel" was bite like dogs. These are called land." interpreter of the Portuguese lan­ gannets. guage at St. Malo. Portuguese Cal"twright speaks of the Beth­ pilots were everywhere in demand. Bears swim out to it from the ics pudding stuffed into the guts Compared with the Spanish pilots mainland in order to feed on these of seals. "the composition had the bi.rds and our men found one as ibig 'haut gaut' to perfection. It sounds they were as p.rofessionals to ama­ as a calf and as white as a swan Mongolian. Tar~gueuses early name teurs. There was great jealousy. Magellan, and Stevan Gomes that sprang into the sea in front of for Funk Is. were Portuguese in the service of them." Cartwright: "It is a singular and Spain. Anthony Parkhurst, Bristol mer­ almost incredible fact that these Vasco de Gama; Joao de Castro, chant, wished to see Belle Isle ror­ people should visit Funk Island m-eat Portuguese raviga•tor. and the tified. "There is neere about the which lies forty miles from Cape emperor Charlt>" V. weTe born 1500. mouth of the Grand Bay an excel­ Freels, and sixty from the Island lent harbour called of the French­ of Fogo. The island being small men Chasteaux, and one island in and low they cannot see it from D.-FUNKS the very entrie of the straight call­ either of those places, nor is it pos­ In 1534 with two ships, Cartier ed Bellt: Isle, which places if they sible conceive how they could arrived at the new land called be peopled and well fortified . . . . get information from any other na­ Francis-la.nd (C. St. Francis was we shall be lords of the whole fish­ tion. The Indians repair thithe..­ Sam Francisuo, 1504 on Portuguese ing in small time." once or twice every year and return NE\VFOU.NDLAND NAMES 21

with their canoes laden with bird~ Herons''.... They arrived at St. or Cwnberland Harbour. and eggs; for the number of sea­ Ives in Cornewall about the end of At Cwnbcrland Harbour Cartier fowl which resort to this island to October. (The present write• saw met Indians from warmer countries breed are far beyond credibility." one of these large birds in •a yard who had come north to catch seals. The Funks world famous as the on Newtown Road. St. John's, two At St. Servan's (Ldbster Bay) last home of the G:eat Auk, ex- years ago. I saw it later in a cellar Cartier erected the first cross in tinct since 1844. . on Prince of Wales Street. It was Canada. Cook's sailors called them "race­ said to have been captured at New Cartier sailed across to New­ horses." They skimmed across the Perlican. A helpful onlooker ask­ foundland. He calls Pomt Riche, surface of the water with great ed: "Did you lose a goose lady?'' "Cape Double." speed. Before the days of light­ Hore described the Funks "full The Annual Register of Public houses, their harsh cries warned of great foules white and gray, as Events commenced 1759. For thirty sailors of rocks. Their fat carc­ bigge as geese," and they sawe in­ years Edmund Burke wrote the sur­ asses were used for fuel. finite nombers of their egges." vey of events. The Annual Register: In 1563 Master Hore, Master Car­ "They drave a great nomber of "From Cape Bonavista to Point ter, Master Oliver Da;wfbeney (Hak­ the foules into their 'boats UJpon Biche." 'Bicho is Portuguese for luyt's cousin), Master Rastall (Sir their sailes and tooke up many of animal. On Hermann Moll's map (in Thomas More's sister Elizabeth's their eggs; the foules they flead second edition of L~Hontan's ac­ son); and many others (some were and their skinnes were very like count of Newfoundland L'Hontan at young gentlemen of the Innes of hony comlbes full of holes; !being Placentia ten years before Alblbe Court and Chauncerie "anxious to flead ·off, they dressed and eate Baudouin) Point Riche is where see the strange countries of the them." the present and ancient (11502) Cape world.'') having first visited Cape Hakluyt rode two hundred miles Ray is situated. Breton. they must have gone north to take down the story. Port da Chouard on Moll's map through the Straits of Belle Isle Our place-name Goboso, Gorlob, seems to be our , Cowes, around the top of NewJioundland to Garblade, etc. may be ',goit' fogel', South of England. the Funks. garefowl. the Gorfus of Cuvier, the Our Pass Islands perhaps from When they were almost starving Great Auk. In Britain are Gare­ Basques Pasajes, :Port of San Se­ (one of the company was eaten lby lochhead and Garefortb, Gorlestone, bastian. Concha at San Se'bastian. the others), Hore and his com­ etc. Jehan Denys of Harfleur, fishing panions over-powered a French ship Gasper Viegas, Portuguese, on his at Newfoundland 1506. Thomas which arrived there to fish. They map of Newfoundland 1>534, the year Aubert. pilot of Dieppe to New­ sailed home in her. of Cartier's first voyage, spells it foundland 1508. Master Tucke, a gentleman of Funch. The French claimed from a map Kent; M. Tuckerfield; M. Thomas On Nicholas Desliens of Dieppe, drawn by J ehan Denys which plac­ Buts, the sonne of Sir William Buts, Normandy, 1541 it is spelt Ys de ed Pointe Riche at 49 degrees, up­ knight of Norfolk (His portrait is fen aux. on the borders, and to the north in the National Portrait Gallery, On T. Cour LotteT's may 1720 (in of Bay of Islands, now called North London. Court physician to Henry Prowse) I de fen"owe. Head. "It is really," sayiS PrO'Wse, VIII. Founder of the College Of In Cook's Voy.-.ges: "a place cov­ "a little to the North of Ingorna­ Physicians, London. One of the ered with fennel. which in Portu­ chois Bay" (Ing as England?) The characters in Shakespeare's Henry guese language is called funcho, Basqut'IS Oak of Guernica? Gar­ VLII. (Act V, Scene II). Oldmixon. from which the town of Funchal nish. M. Wickes, a gentleman of the or Funchiale (capital of Madeira) "The Indians came on board as West Ooun•trey of 500 mal'lkes. takes its name. freely as though they had been Master Hardie, Master Biron Mas­ Foenicularis campus is a plain Frenchmen.'' ter Wright, Master Ridley, Master covered with fennel near 'Darraco At Nanticosti Island (Nancy. Armigal Wade, and M. Joy, after­ in Spain. (Vaughan at Tarracod, Nantes) Cal'tier names it Isle d'Assumption. Assumption a wards gentleman of the King's Wales.) Chappell. Newfoundland place name also PART 9 (August 15th, Feast of the As­ They were two months on the sumption, a great fiesta and holi­ way. Arrived at Cape Breton, went day in France and Spain). The thence to the island at Penguinn I.-POINT RICH AND FIRST CROSS IN CANADA Indians told Cartier that they (this island standeth about the lati­ were Chief Thiennot's people, and tude of 50 degrees.) Beyond St. Servan's (St. Servan said all the ships had set s•ail from "In their journey they were so a suburb of St. Malo, St. Malo later the Grand Bay (Rio Gr:'.llldo. the farre Northwards that they sawe was the headquarters of the French Gulf of St. Lawrence on Portuguese mighty Islands of Y~e in the sum­ East India COffi!Pany), Cartier nam­ maps. Slt. Lawrence was a later mer season, on which were haukes ed a large opening in the coast St. name), 'laden with fish.' and other foules to Test themselves James' River. A league west of it he In a copy of the Studio last year being wearie of filying over farre piloted the la~e ship from La Ro­ was a design by a French artist from the maine." chelle which he met aJCCidentally in named Thiennot, Cape Thiennot ()f They saw also "certaine great the neighlbourhood into a hari>our Cartier is Nasta.s.hkwan Point, Je­ white foules with red billes and that he considered one of the bes't han Alfonse uses C. Thiennot when redde legges somewhat bigger than in the world; MJstanoque (vi'k), he means the present Cape Whittle.

• 22 NEWFOUNDLAND NAMES

C. Tienot is shown on Mercator's The Portuguese were at Los Bar­ name porcu pine means 'spiny pig,' map 1569 in Biggar. On this map bados a hundred years before the E'spin. a Bueno Vista is lbelow Norembega English. In 1550 they put cattle on Porpoise is from the old French and R. Jordan. Tienot on Muller. Salble Island "to breed." J,Jnrpeis, from the latin porcus 'hog', Dr. Biggar says "all the ships Our place name Rose Blanche ;.nd piscus 'fish'. It is the same as laden with fish". "It shows other perhaps \Vhite Bear, 'ours· blancs' modern French m~. rasouin, a co:­ vessels besides the one met with 'ursos brancos', 'Usos bramcos.' rupt form of German meer schwein from LaRochelle came yearly from Lance-a-loop and Lance-a-Mort 'sea hog' and give use our Mera­ France to the Straits of Belle Isle ( words ~bull', 'cOIW', 'ele­ ,~ · ell he sent forth a horrible voyce, land-Lalbrador. phant,' 'horse,' and we have 'ba'l­ roarin!! or bellowing as doth a The names agouda, sablonne, bal­ een' 'corbin' 'cerf' 'curee' etc. l:on." "This was a walrus," says lennas, minas (mille mynas Roze, The hippo potamus is 'river­ Gosling. 11542), patas (our Petty Hr.) e'k., norse'. The German name fot Sir Joseph Banks: Diary of a show the Portuguese had been be­ ,tuinea...:pig is Meerschweinchen, Voyage to Newfoundland, April to fore Cartier. 'little pig from over the sea.' The November 1766. Mr. Gosling's copy ------NE\VFOU~DLAND------NAMES------23 of Banks' diary is in the possess- r.E-ss, when they are frightened, In a description of Nova Fran­ iun of the Newfoundland Histor- t!.ther crush the men to deatn, 01 cia, in the year 1606, in Churchill's leal Society. carry them with them into the wa- \'oyages: "this animal is called "While we remained here 1 got ter. Morse, Hippopotamus, or Sea an account from the gentleman wllo Their long teeth, projectmg from Horse, and is said to be more had the gulph station, of the sea- their mouths 12 or 15 inches, seem l•ke to a cow than to a horse; of CC'W fishery, wnicn tS carried on uo- to be calculated only tor inconven­ hair, like the seal, that is to say, 1t \ cm the £v+agda1en Islands. ts car- jence, but the people there say dapple grey, and somewhat to­ ned on by two people whose names that the animal livmg upon a sheU wards red; the skin very hard; a are Brindley, it 1 mistake not, by fish who buries himself under the .>.Tlall head with two rows of teeth a patent. Great profit is made ev- ~· nnd, makes them necessary to dig on each side, between which there ery year of the1r oil and teeth, fur them. They also tell you that are two of them hanging from the which are very like ivory. (The they climb Rocks in landing by Ul)per jaw downward, of the form leather was formerly used for cuir- booking these teeth in crevises. and of a young elephant's tooth, where usses). by that means hauling up their with this creature helpeth himself For the easy method they have enormous ibodies." to climb on the rocks; his ears are 01 takmg them, the people there Rev. Lewis Anpsach, History of ~l.ort as well as his tail ; he loweth t;eing most commonly some few on Nfld, 1819: as an ox has wing:: or fins, at hiS .snore, tho at particular times they "It appears from the testimony feet, and' the female calleth her land in surprising numbers. As soon of several writers, that the penguin young ones on the land. This ap­ as one IS landed and has found (great auk) is not the only re­ ppars to be the walrus or sea-horse, sufiicient space for his body to re- markable animal that has either which is said to be sometimes main dry. He lies still, nor does he deserted or been extirpated from found on the coasts of Norway, and .TJove till the next drives him, by these latitudes. Hakluyt, in his ac­ . 5till more frequently about Iceland N.ating him with his teeth. Thus count of an expedition to New- 2nd Spitzbergen, where several they continue landing for some d th 1593 (C t time, tumbling one over the other. foundlan in e year ' ap · tr.ousands are often seen together." • r,d the hinder ones still driving Drake) informs us, that "in his time In 1935 the first walrus ·for 30 •1 tnere were on the shores of the years was seen in Canada Bay, [(Jrward those that are before them, I:-land of Ramea, within the Straits Newtoundland. It was bask­ ;ill a quantity sufficient for a cut, ~f Saint Peter, on the back ot ing in the sun on a rock. It was rs they call it, are drove far en- Newfoundland, chiefly in April, J,Jursued and shot, and the tusks (•ugh from the water. •t d f The people then begin with May and June, multl u es o am- gouged out by a visitor to the Bay. C'ubs to beat the hindermost of phibious creatures called vaccae Mr. Jack Angel on a trip to the marinae or morses, the two large .far north with his uncle Captain those they chose to take, who, im- teeth of which resembling ivory, Hob Bartlett captured a baby wal­ agining the blows to proceed from d the teeth of those who come after, find their oil were considere as rus for the New York Zoo. Mr. still continue to drive those who \'aluable articles of commerce; that Angel writes: Captain Drake found there a ship "On August 5th (the end of our lie before them, till the whole are bf'longing to the inhabitants ot p<.~tience was reached and we de­ drove retreating to the sea. Saint Malo, almost full freighted cided to force Pee-uk ('Good') to They then begin to kill them, with morses; that he also observed take nourishment . . Dress- which they are obliged to do by ::.everal whales of an enormous ed in oilskins I got in- ~t. ooting everyone singly, into a to the cage and wrestled 1.articular part of the head, which rize, together with great numbers is said to be the only part about of seals and porpoises." 1,1, ith him, getting him over on his t-ack and sitting on his fore-flip­ them penetrable by a musket ball. These sea-cows or morses are pers. Len then jammed the bottle The danger of doing this is far represented as having . been f~ of milk down his throat. He had to greater tha:-; it appears to be The l~r~e as some oxen, wtth a sk 1Fke the milk or blow up. While J•eople who do it must chose a v s1m1lar to. that of the ~a-dog, and most of the milk was spouted back t 1me when the wind blows off the a mouth like a cow, w1th two pro­ in our faces we managed to gi .te ·]:,nd, that they may come under jecting teeth crooked d~ards him about two pints . .. We could tr.e wind, upon those they mean to &bout half a yard. long, ... the not, however, persuade Pee-uk to tttke. The rest who have the wind fore feet. we~bed hke those of a eat sensibly. We realized that he r f them immediately throwing gl·Ose; th1s ammal had seldom more must have clams or some other themselves headlong into the sea: than one or two yo~n~ ones; was .-ea food. It ts· remark a bl e th a t th e an1ma· 1 strong,k nand shore very d1ff1cult to be This being 1936 the wireless op­ who has so little dread of man, at 18 en ~ . · £'rator was chatting with Belgium, l E=-ast the sight of him, should so The mhab1tants ~sed to cat~h who got in touch with New Jersey readily fly from his smell. If the them by the followmg strategem. hnd told them to tune in on the v·ind should change while they are "They tie," says Hakluyt "a bull Morrissey's wave length. New Jer­ c1riving them, or the animals by · tc a stake in the depth of two ~ey in turn asked Dr. Blair at the any other accident (as has some- feet of water; they then beat and Zoological Park. New York .... times been known to happen) torment him by twisting his tail the reply was "feed walrus shred­ ~ h ould take it into tneir heads to :;ntil they make him roar; as dt-d codfish six times per day . . . :-eturn to the sea, not a man who soon as these creatures hear his vary this with soft-shell clams." drives them can escape the animals cries, they crawl to the bull and · · "He prefers to eat from the rolling themselves with great alert- are easily taken." · hand." "He loved to be petted as 2·l ------NE\VFOUNDLAND NAMES------much as a chile." "Crossing the Pu:c. VI--FOGO Dr. Biggc>r, Harrison Lewis and tic Circle coming south, continuous otncrs say Brest ~~ Bonne EsDer­ daylight gave way to periods of The first time Fogo appears :s an<:e, Captain George Whiteley's daylight and darkness. Darkness un the map of Conte Ottomanno l':>IHnd. "'as a new experience for Pee-uK, fteducci (Conte is not 'Count'), ·'Cartier ·net a lacge ship of La­ ar.d on dark nights he would be­ <>bout 1513-21. He writes on his Rorhelle ,nat JP th!..! night had run come lonely and cry for someone map of New.foundland Y a fuego. past Esperance Harbour, where she to come and talk with him or to In 1529 it is Dla. do fuoca. On Eu­ intended to go and fish. She did not .t.old a leather boot or some rub­ gene Miller, 1520, it is Y do fogo• know that Cartier was there." ber material in his cage so he This is earlier than Magellan, Por­ On the 24th July at Honguedo r.ould snuggle against it." tuguese. in employ of Charles V of (t...:osp~). or. a headland overlook­ The baby walrus died three Spain. Fernao da Magalhaes had ing the harbour Cartier erected a rnonths later. found a passage to the Spice Is­ c, oss +..hirt~· f<'et high. He writes: lands far to the south at Tierre "Under the cross-/bar of which we V.-PORTUGUESE POSSESSIONS del Fuego, fixPd n shield with three fleur-de­ On August 5th, 1937, before Ro­ J ehan Alfonse, 1542, on his map lyf. in ·eliP:' and above it · on a tary (Newfoundland Hotel) I said ol Newfoundland spells it: V. nr,den O'lard engraved in large Gothic character.:;: LONG LIVE n~any of our names are from the Isles de feu. Oveida from Diego Portuguese possessions. The Arqui­ Ribero, (Portuguese, died 1533) THE KING OF FRANCE.'' pelago de Cabo Verde, the Azores, writes; "la baie des Daines 55 There were thrt:e hundred In­ Maderia, etc., came to Portugal in degrees; les ilots des Oiseaux dians gathered there. The chief the reign of Joao I. The Canaries {Funks); l'ile au feu (Fogo). Wf aring a bearskin, pointed to th~ were 'the Fortunate Isles.' Verrazzano (Propaganda Library croFs and made a long speech. Then Men of Flanders and Portuguese Rome), 1523, on hb map of New­ made the sign of +.he cross with two went to settle on the Azores 1430- fr .undland has I de Fortuna; I de uf hiF fingers, and next pointed to 1460. The Azores had much to do Ia tormenta; I S. Juane; S. Pietro; ti•P land all about. meaning that all with Bristol. Banca de los zanos; I del Fuego; thP region belonged tc him and that In Newfoundland we have Grand de los aves (Funks. Another group we ought "lot to have set up this is now Bird Islands); Banca de S cross without his permission.'' Gouffre des Canaries, now Canada (Biggar) Bay, Archipelago; Conche was La­ ciria, etc. Coucbette on old Newfoundland Giovanni is on an early map. Cartier writes, 1534: "I am rather maps; Bonavista; Fogo; Fourchette; r•ear St. Jullens, Petit Nord. if'lrlined to think from what I have Funch, May, Verde, etc. Riccardiana. Portuguese. 1534, seel" that there is ::t passage between John Collins mentions Groyne. writes: llla de fogo. In 1547: S. Newfoundland awi the Bretons' Groyne is Corunna where Sir John Jullierr, ille de fuego. On J. L. h·nd.'' Moore's tomb stands. There is al- . Fl"anquelin's map 1688: Isles de On Portuguese maps ten years be­ Sv Logrono in Portugal. North of Fouge. Howley says 1527 and 1529 fore this, the passage south of New­ NE:wfoundland is Groaix, Groyia, •y de Fuego.' "There can be no foundland if showr1. Stevan Gomes etc., spelt in many different ways. doubt 'but it must have been so Pnrtuguese, surveyed Nova Scoti~ Corunna dates its origin from the named by Oortereal on his voyage 1525. Robert Thorne sent a ship Phoenicians. of 1500.'' Not Bay of Fogs. 1!i':l7. Hore was at Cape Breton John Collins: "The want of tim­ In a recent National Geographic 1!1~6. ber in Iceland is supplied by great Magazine in an article "Among the Steven Gomez. was a Portuguese quantities that drive ashore in Big Knot Lois of Hainan" the writer pilot like Magellan in se7vice of .Blackbay and on Ragg and Lan­ tells of his journey to see · The Spain. g1ies Points, on the Northward­ Smoking Mountain of the people May 21, 1524 Gomez is called n.ost part of the Island, conceived of Ha. t(') come from an Island called the 'Captain of a ship.' . .. "all the coast "The plume was not smoke but f•·om Florida to Baccalaos, but not Groyne and what more they want mist formed when the high winds Nt>wfoundland. which according to is imported. Bears come over up­ strike the mountain aiter sweeping tl'>e Treaty of Tord«."sailles belonged on the Ice from Greenland to Ice­ over the hot and rain-soaked vege­ to Portugal. Gomez was sent to look land." Collins tells of 'little shock tation.'' Smoky Mountains, Labra­ dogs,' said to be whelps of ordin­ for a passage htween Florida and ary small bitches and Foxes 'that dor. B~ccalaos. He speaks of a large baiE' called des Bretons, because the t•ome over on the Ice.' (1680). VII.-CROSS AT GASPE We read of Johannis DuCarrow Bretons fJsh here every year . . . . ot Coroneat (Colinet). Jukes, Gosse On 27 May 1534 there was more "the fishers c.f Britanny on a stormy night saw flames called Saint and others refer to the Gaelic ac­ ice about, and Captain Jacques Cartier entered Cal1Punt Harbour Elmo's Fire and named an island <'E"nt at Colinet. Si. Elmo.'' One of the earliest Newfound- (now Quirpon) 1nnd names is Ficot or Fichot. An· Cartier, 'the :first to go through On the mao of Newfoundland by r·ther early name in this vicinity the Straits of Belle Isle,' in his Pedro Reinel, 1504, both the pas­ is St. Julian's (In Greenland is diary says at Brest (Labrador), he f;::tJ!P.S north and Fouth of Newfound­ Julianshaab). Griquet is an early saw a large ship of LaRochelle land are shown. Selbastian Munster, North Newfoundland name, so are fiFhing. 1537, draJWs Newfoundland as one Helilha, de grat, etc., all before Dr. Dawson. Gal'long and others island, with one word on it Corl­ lb50. identify Brest as Old Fort Bay. ereal. The mainland is Francisca. · NE\VFOUNDLAND NAMES 25 ------VIII.-LATHAN Holland. Dutch Den Haag, a 'fence in wood anu wak.:-, with St. Pierre or dyke'. In Kipling's Rewards and and Cape Breton, were "wayside vn the '.'?est C "~a.,; t of Newfound­ Fairies. Mr. Springett is inns" (J. D. Rogers). The French land Cartier cha11gcd the name talking to Sir Harry Dawe -J,Jt:: l, l nullWIJS l.J L:.' t tortuying Lou­ C~pe Latte to Cape Cormorant. The (Hal o' the Draft) who paint­ isbourg, Cape Breton, a ruin in pu·sent name for the southern tip ed Sebastian Cabot's portrait: "the Cook's day. of India is Cormorin. Our Ccrbin gentleman's lady-she'd come f.rom L'Honton of Placentia 1692, (be­ from the same bird. The British Lunnon, new married-she was all fore Baudouin. His book in French, ' cormorant is P. carbo formerly for buildin' what she called a haw i~ two volUmes, m the Colonial trained in England for fishing pur­ haw what you an' me 'ud call a L1brary 1933) say;::: "Placentia a poses. (To-day in Japan). dik-right acrost his park. But I told port ol the greatest importance' and Only one or two words beginning her there was a line o' springs just serv!c~ to the French King, a plac~ with 'l' in the Beothic language. where she wanted to dig her ditch." ol refuge t~ the ships that are One is Iathan 'trap'. P. r.,.tina near A Ha Ha on the Saguenay. On obliged to put ;nto a harbour where Placentia is on Cock's map. Peter Cook's map a Ha Ha Bay near near they go 01 come from Canada, and Martyr in Decades cf the Ocean, Great Mecatina Island. Labrador. even to tho.;e wr.ich come from writing during Seba-stian Calb­ Perhaps Hwa 'the flowery kingdom' SiJuth America when they want to ot's lifetime, says Cabot "de­ China. Or from Hainan, next to tnke in fresh wa te1 or provisions." CHH ea al~ u t.wt ••.. mauy places Cartier named the St. Lawrence, d those te:-1 !tone::; he saw plenty Formosa the largest island in the "River of Hochelaga.'' It was also of latien amongst the inhabitants. China Sea; where dwell the people called R. prime of Canada after of Ha. On Eugene Miller's map of Ramlylc.le Movre-Carew makin] F1 r.ncis I. Lawrence i~ a Portuguese 1'.1·,:. ;ourney nurth to New England, Newfoundland there are three For­ n11me. C11ptain Richard Clarke hnving escapt-d from Maryland, mosas. speaks of "St. Lawrence in Cadada." writes: "The Indians are great Cartier went south to Old Bic At St. L<'WJ'et~ce. Placentia Bay, f: ·ends t0 the Engiish and trade Harbour on the St. lawrence. He Robert DudiP.v 1646 write::: C. S. with us for lattens, kettels, frying landed at Isle of Bacchus. He nam­ Lorenzo. Lorenzo on Muller. pa" s, guns, powdal, Newfoundland, said C1 OJX . .!'Jeacby i::; a village called There is Toulon in France. to be "Mouse Harbour." is perhaps, Stadcona (a Norse name), nO'W like our Sanker, from Sa.ucergucc;; Quebec ( v1c again). ll.-VATTF.VlJ_,T f;. BOlTJLT,E. in ChP.r. Souris in Nova Scotia Great numbers of vines and haw­ CLAIS, PESMARK, AUDIERNE Misauris River Methlin lace is tnl•rnes '·bearmg a fruit as large from Malines, whith gives us our ::~s a damson," and hemp. On the In 1560 the little ports of Vatte­ Lal\Ialine. shores of the St. Lawrence Car.:. vme and LaBouille sent thirty ships Weekley say.;- Ermine from Ar­ tier's sailors came on board with to Newfoundland from the coast of r,enian rryouse, through French their arms full of grapes. "On both l'lormandy. Witless Bay in Trinity 'hermine,' from Old High German shores were so many vines loaded Bay. Nfld., was settled before 1700. 'tarmo.' wease,. with grapes that it seemed they A Whittlesey m England. On old New1oundland maps (Jo­ cc..cld only have been planted by Near Witless Bay and Bay Bulls. hnnnes Ludwig Franouelin 1688; l>asband.mer.., but because they are Southern Shor~ . is Joney Clais Hill, and Hendriok Doncker 1667), is never looked after," Cartier writes, at one time an important meeting LaEramilliere. "nor pruned, the grapes are not so place for the fishing ships (see In 1665 Michael De Ruyter blew S\Jeet nor so large as our own." Howley). up.St. John's. In 1536 1.wo Indians whom Car­ Professor Fernc:ld got the name her had seized on the first voyage, On Caotain John l\II':J~::nn'c: map Joan Plains from someone living 1617 .is Flour de lice, Petit Nord. showed l>Jm the short cut home to r:ea.:-by, when he was collecting France, south of Anticosti and New­ botanical specimens there. The Cartier examined Ha Ha B;.y. foundland. This, later on, was to be present uriter thought at first: Recently the name was changed to thE> highway to Quebec, capital of ("bamplains. Tt is referred to as Raleigh, "after a warship wrecked New France. It on Clay Bill, etc. there." Ha Ha is said to be the s~me Placentia, where the .French ships Henry VII Privv Purse expenses: as Poin·t La Haye, and the H·.'.gue on their way to the West Indies took "To Clais going to Richemount with 26 NEWFOUNDLAND NAMES

wylde catts and popynjays of the pomt.:; concerning our faith were Df'dda. Copper gilt was ca.ignetdaze. Ilot.:wioundlolJCi L>latlU, for his co::;ts explained to them which they be­ 'Ine Mohdwk for castle is Kanata, l~t4. August :l5m. 15U5." (Prowse) lJeved without trouble, and pro­ BaccalJaos ~s Itorth o1 the St. Law­ ClaJs 1s a LOWn near Dieppe, Nor­ CEeded to call the!r god, Cudouagny: rc..p1es Ramusic and writes: rrap, 1587 On it is "ANGLES, There is a Pensmark in Wales. Agouia(la, a noughtie liver.'' Hak­ 1496." TJ.ere 1s l'ensmarch in the depart­ lyt writes: "Ajouiada, that is to ment of Fini&tern~. The bay of Au­ sc.y nought.'' V.-NORSE NAMES d.t:!l'l1C 1s nearuy 11. Placentia Hay IV-TOBACCO. WAMPUM. AUdic1·ne 011 010 .naps, is now spelt The lndinns met with by Cartier OJerin. Pcnsmarcn, nearby, i.:; spelt CartiEr: "They have a plant of o.• an island oppo5lte the Sagucnay, in many ways. Pemart, Piesmart, which a lalge supply is collected in were on their way to Honguedo, I'ensmarcll.. Robert Dt..dley, son of summer 1or e1e winter's consump­ , Gaspe) ..::!t~Y we!e on the warpath agamst thetr enemy the Touda­ tJ•t Duke ct .i:-lorthumberland, map t~on. They holaid the Indians attach wintered at Sagadahock, On Mil­ French tor vetches.' (Belloc, no n•uch more importance to strings of ler's map t-f Newfoundland, 1520, s•.•• b thing as ·old Norman-French') '\A. ompum ~han to go~d or silver. The i;; Sadguea where Aquafort now is. Agouda is a mud1 earlier name v,ampum .r1as made out of the in­ Hochelaga (Mount Real). Hoche­ in this part o[ the world than Car­ side of shPlls. The white conques lc.ga &aid to mean 'at the beaver t~Pr's voyages. Ajuda at Belem one had a different value from the dc-m.' It has a Norse sound. Lake of the Pottugue.:;e royal palaces. purple :nt..sseb. The pieces were Cnc.mplain .vas formerly Coerler's The Indian-> tolci Cartier that strung on deer-skin thongs. (At Lrtke. Ochclay or Hochelay or Oche­ when they di·~ "the~· go up to the Iloorth- W~.:;t River, 1936, the writer laga (Portneuf, 32 miles from Que­ sl< y and Jescend (u the horizon like n ·Pt Indians and their Holy Woman, bec). At Ocheley, Surrey, England, s1ars. Next th~y go away to beau­ Penamee. The little dogs had their 851 Ethelwulf defeated the Danes. t.ful green fields c6vered with fine muzzles bound with deer-skin Oclaye is a Gy.psy word for 'king.' trees, flower~ and luscious fruits." thongs to keep them from barking). Bee is '1ear Rom.:n, capital of tNo streets paved with gold, or Captain , !\ormandy. Cartier speaks of Isle pearly gates. The Indians thought writing a hunc!red years after Car­ (Jf Bic and OI,i Bic Harbour. nothing of gold.) "The Indians had tier, describes the Beothics in New­ Bedek; Pidou (Poitou); a Kenne­ no Nobility among.st them but Su­ foundland when England was be- bec river in Maine (a Kennewick's perior Wisdom and Valour and that .ginning to colornze the island: Lane, St. John's) Malpeq. Marlbor­ remained no longer in the Family "Only ::.orne of them had their ough's great victories: Malplaquet than these Qualities. What a barb­ hats on their [leads, which were and Blenheim. (They are tearing arous way o'f thinking they had. n1ade of seal skins in fa·.:;hion like down Blenheim House Placentia) As if Nobility was confined to ot..J hats, 1- oegan to speak, and iam Douglass of Boston in his His­ was annoyed because Cartier was repeated 1nree time;;; "Jesus! Jesus! tory, 1745. l.Jtmt upon going to Hochelaga. The Jesus Ma.:-~a! Jacques Cartier!", ln ;::>kye •s Trotternish Point. Ir dian said the river was not worth lnoking llJ.. w neaven as the other Grinnish Puint at Uist. In Ireland e.\.ploring. had done. an. Inishmore aJH.. Inish Turk Is­ Cartier .,.aid he had been order­ Cartier \sked· "What's up now?" lclu as much; and Cartier nad k1d1~apped the chief­ lung harangue. anu presented Car­ that Jesus .vould keep them safe t<.>m Donnaconna. All the Indians t,er with a small girl, his sister's from the cold if they would trust c2me down to the water's edge. cry­ child, aged about ten or twelve. and in him.·• ing and lamenting throughout the t""o small boys. This. he said, was T3ignaogny aJJci his companion night. a present so that Cartier should not asked the capl;,in if he had spoken A chieftain had given Cartier two gC' to Hochel2ga Cartier said in to Jesus, and he replied that his cm!dren t.o try and prevent him that case the r!"uldr~n must be given }Jriests had clone ~o, and there f ·om going to Mi"-ntreal. One little back. would be fin<' wee. ther. (Biggar.) g1rl ran away. She said the cabin Donnacona begged Cartier to have At St. t-'eter s LJ({e the Indians buys beat her Silt. was brought a piece of artillery discharged, as cume to TT'eet the Frenchmen with­ back to tne shtp. rwnf' of them had ever seen or ou1 fear or ~lar 11" "1nd in a.;; fa mil­ King Francts ( saw the ten In­ hPard lrtillery Cartier ordered a it: T a manner ••:-: if thej had seen u·s drans whict~ Cart.er brought back. drzen cannon to ':>e fired into the all their tives.'· They gave them Vihf.n Cartier came tc Canada on wc.od. The Indians were very muskrats to eat., a'ld informed them hi~o third voyage all thf' Indians had aftoni;.hed, and began to howl and it was still three days journey to cied in l"ran('e with the exception shriek so ''that o'1e would have Hochelaga.'' uf one little girl. Cartier brought tJ,ought J,elJ had emptied itself With Cartier were his nephew, tw0 young French boys to Canada there." hi~ sister's so:-~ . Stevan Noel; Char­ ard left them with the Indians to Next da.r. S, the South-West Cape and their faces we:;;-e coloured hlark liife is older tt:01n Jolliet. Both from of Newfoundland. was C du Rey du :=~o.: coal. The three Indians were put French Joli, Mount Joli, Labrador. Portuguall. It and all the West Coast in a canoe and allowed to float The river Bret, S.oonersetshire; Dr. f •[ Newfou.1dalnd was Terra Real; d0wn the tide. Bn·f(l'n: the sw·name Eritfon; Har­ Terra ne Cortt> ReaJ. As thev ;irP'V near. the one stand­ bour Rret0on a:-e all from the same 'T'he Indians did not want Car­ ing in the middle made a loud and root as Willi,~rn le Breton. t;f'r to go up the river to Montreal. long speech "but thev oas~Prl hy At Hochelaga more than 1000 Donnacona. Taignaony and Dom our ships without once turning pnsons came tn welcome the Agaya saluted Cartier and his men. their fa" ·"~" t,.,ward u-o:. and proceed­ s!rc.ngers. The men danced in one Then Chief Donnacona said he waR rd to h~?ad for thP shore and to run ring, the women in another, and V(•Xed that the Captain and his thPir ~'·:moP or land •· tre children apart. They gave the pt>ople carried so many weapons, Donnacona ~md his men seized the v:sitors quantities. of fish and In- ~E\VFO{l~DLA:.:D NAMES

dtan corn bread. Throwing it into Isle, Newfoundland; and south to zled me, it belongs to the people our long boats. "It seemed to ram t1~<: Gult 01 Mt>xtco. residing on the shores of Cape St. bcead." Mary's and is peculiarly their VII-RIDBERVAL Cartier read to the Indians from ~wn. Neither English, Irish nor a p.:-ayer-book, a11d made the chil­ ·rhe rnc:1a1b told Cartier of the F:ench. Its main peculiarity !S dt en scranH)le for little ring.> and Rtchelieu diver ··!lowing to the tne pronounciation of the letter ·r' ' ta· agn us del (thE small ftgure of s..,uth-west, and a journey along lt 'Nhich is rather not pronounced but a lamb with a cross or flag. City of ic 1 one muon brir.gs one to land avoided, and a guttural sound given :;t John'~ C0at-of-arms.) where 1ce and sno•·J nevel come ... t"at 1 cannot explain.'' The village wa.s circular, com­ oranges, almonds walnuts and "Since the above lecture was plt-tely encwseC1 D) r wooden pali­ many kinds of fruit" . . "Florida," given,'' Mr. LeMessurier adds, ''I Sade m three tJers like a pyramid­ s:-ys Cart1er. have been informed this accent is two lances tn heigllt. ·'There was RobervdJ wa~ Lt.-General and ~t'culiar to a part of Brittany aod or1lY one gate 10 lhe village. In \ 'tceroy Jl Canada, Hochelaga, Sag­ many places e1bout the enclosure t!'lerefore it must have been im­ uenay; Terre Neuve; Belle Isle; ported by the Bretons which were a1 r gaJler.es with ladders for Carpon; Labrador; LaGrande Baye !)robably earlier settlers on this n•ou.nting them. The galleries are (Gul{ of ~t. Law1 ence); and Bac­ s~.ore." prov1ded with rvck..:; and stones for c<.~Jaos (the ruuntf.l' opposite the Already the interesting Branch defence ar!d protect.on of the place. West Coast :li ~•ewfoundland on the Tt>ere were fifty houses in the vil­ n ... mland >Vas Bacca.laos), 15th Jan­ river Ottawa'' (Odo?). gentleman,'· in 159d left 50 French Breton dialect is Leonais. King Adam, trom Heorew 'Red earth,' p1 is~ners on f-:::tble Island. Arthur's castle stands on the last gi\'es Tommy Atkin<;, (Ade), Mac­ Afterwards seven were found ht-adland of the lost land of Lyon­ Adam, Atkinson, Scottish Aitkin, at:ve and pardon~d by Henry of esse which lies beneath the sea, etc. Otago In New Zealand. The Navarre. He gave the survivors 50 of the coast of Cornwall. Scilly name is Maori, red earth, 'otakou.' c1 owns apiece. (In 1599 Cromwell 1Isles (Lost Lyonesse) where there The Beothi~ wc.rd for the sacred and Admiral Blake were born.) are many 'burial mounds. re<, ochre wtth wnich they smear­ The Brezounck language, the ed canoes, wigwams, !bones of their PART 11 nr.cient language of Brittany, s~ili dead, etc .. .,_,as Odemet. Emet, their I.-BREAD AND CHEESE ~··metimes called Armorican, ~ thP wcrd for 'iron In Norse mythology Celtic tongue, spoken down T\] the Odin. the father c.f the gods, gives A visitor uses the term "Cheese present day. the surnames Oates, Otho, Otto, <~nd Crackers" when writing of The language of the Bretons; an­ Odyssey and perhaps Ottaw;-J. Bread and Cheese, a Newfound­ cJent Cornwall, until the end of Beothic, Shucodimet "red ochre hod place-name. Queen Elizabeth's reign; Wales; drinking cup". The pitcher-plant 'Brezounckais' (Breton), and Highlands of Scotland; and Irish. is Nfld.'s, National flOIWer. •nauloise' (Gallows) the vocabu­ was Armoric or Armemoric. Dr. Biggar, referring to the '.A:g­ ~·~ry of Brittany, 'Bepred Breizad', The ancient name of Brittany was oujuda,' bad people from the river weans 'always Breton.' Armorica. Cape Breton was Arem- Ottawa, ;;ays: "We thus see that. Weekley gives Geoffrey Chese­ bec. Christ spoke Aramaic. eYJ::editions from Quebec to Gaspe andbrede (Yorks Knights' Fees, The name Americ.a appear-s were frequent and that there was 1303); and the famous Dutch Ad­ first in a latin treatise 1507.• -\.=­ n.)thing ueusual in the expedition miral Casemtrod. erigo Vespucci the Florentine. may cf the previou~· ~ummer in the Many Roman towns in Britain have received his name from the cPurse of whkb Taignoagny and 'coloniae.' Colchester was some­ Carib tribe and district A:.iARCA. Dom Aga Ja had been carried off times called 'colonia.' On early maps Our word 'canniibal' from the Carilb. f' om Gaspe." c.f Newfoundland, west of Cape Carib meant 'lbrave and valiant The North American Indians (as Race was Colmet. (Column?) warrior." tLe. Norsemen l . steered by the Druidism was the religion of the Brittany (French Bretagne). had stars. They knew the Bear and Britons at their conquest by the its base resting on Normandy, other constellations. Romans. Maine, Anjou and Poitou. The From t'.1eir headquarter~ about In his lecture on Placentio Mr. Breton is passionately attached to 1ne Great T~ake..; thP.y went by canoe LE'Messurier writes: "One accent his country. It is rich in folk-lore, to Hudson's Bay; to Straits of Belle in Placentia Bay has always puz- folk-tales and folk-songs. There ::\'E\VFOl':\DLA:\D-- --NAMES------29 Me many megalithic monuments What we know as Marseilles to­ The ideas, and the expression, of in Brittany. The largest weigh< ~42 day, was the most famous trading which Stonehenge is the culmina­ tons. There are 600 dolmens. etc.; •·o,Jony of Greece. Marsemes sent tion. must be sought at a distance-­ c.lso many cromlechs. Some are P ,;thea:; a merchant about 330 to across Eastern England, in the con­ r<.ctangular. 8~itain. He was the earliest Greek. tinental homes of the broad-headed Brittany was handed over to v riter to describe the country. H•' invaders of the Early Bronze Age." tne Northmen in the lOth century. ,,-,<.de a map. The word 'Brit' i& Anglesey (Mona), was a chie1 ' Its local parliament was at Rennes IT'entioned by him. 'Brit' may rep­ !:>tat of the Druids. It was con­ ( ;:,ur surname Rennie?). Jacques resent Verg:vn--'Western. It wa~> quered by Agricola. The Isle o! Cr.rtier was · a Breton. Brittany t Scotland. They arrived ROI.J e(f to his rel!im~nt which at tha\ by my an'Ces:ral To~nte>ul and is B.C. lime was stationed at a place call­ the fastest river in Scotland.'' The Kymry l'ometime£ called ed Norman Cross in LincolnshirP Tomi'ltoul. 'hi!!hest village 'in tllf' Briton::;, art'iw~d 300 B.C. They n. rather Huntingdonshire, at somf!l highlands,' seems to be connected fC'rmed most of the population of rlll'tance !rom the old town of PPt­ with out Toulinr,:11et. Ou~ Lawn 1reland, Wales, and Highlands. n·borough.'' ~eems to be the second Avon. T~elr priests were the Druids. Gines Navarro met Captain Joht. ('l'here were two of everything). Druidism :" a religion which Te­ Rut. R.N .. at l'ile de Ia Mona. 152l). L'asne of some old maps. Perjaps sembles that of the Hindus. George Gaspar Viegas writes R do Mont). the Christ.ma_s feast of l'ane. Borrow. "The stones at Stonehenge rH.. rth of Newfoundland 153.:1 Lockhart: "In my boyhood ev­ from Ireland." In 18th century a (Mark?). Labrad.:: r was Tcrr:t Ag­ e!·yone in Tomintoul spoke of the folk tradition said the prophet Mer­ ricule. River A'An and the Brig o'Broon. tin commissioned the clevil to bring Ramusio, describing ·the discov, Now all the :voung people say the stones from Ireland. Dr. H. H. enes of Corte Real, places on Ten<.~ Bridge of Brown and something Thomas of the Geolo_gical Survev in Nnva an 'Isola grand delta deiJI Demoij'. which sounds like A vven, and no 1923 ~aid the stnno-; {'arne from the two people agree whether the riv­ Presely reg:on of North Pemi:Jroke­ "The mo:>t ancient water-con­ er should be spelt Avon or Av~>n. shire. W. F. Grimes (The Listener). veyance was on 1 afts or floats; ar­ I doubt if there is a man in the About 2000 B.C. . . . stones from tnwards 'monoz:vlae' or canoes v!llage who can read Burns wi•11- North Pembr-o'keshire. Cam Meini in cut out of a hollowed piece of tim­ out a glossary, and alread:v in the the Presely Mountains. . . the col­ ber . . . . as also bark of trees, village school children mouth their onisation of Britain in the Early generally birch, with wooden rib~ r-E>ading lesson in the mincing ac­ Bronze age, at about 2000 B.C. by as among the inland Indians of CPllts of a BBC broadcaster Soon invajers from their starting places North America. Caesar says that they will be talking cockney. The in Holland and the Rhineland." Mr. upon his expedition to Great Brit­ ::~gents of this uniformity are the Gr~mes suggestion about the altar a!n he found no other vessels there radio and the gramaphone: anrl stone at Stonehenge: "I believe that but small boats made with wicker c~lthough he cannot be held re­ the first few miles of the journey hides.'' ~ronsible for what is happening, were travelled overland t-o the Howley says Jffll"',•~c. Labrador, J cannot refrain from streRsing the estuary of the Milford Haven, and from demoij, Dt>monios. sir.gular fact th::1t Sir John Reith probably along an ancient track is ar> Aberdonian Scot. which runs with the present road Gallows I cannot believe that Scotland from Presely southward... passing or. for that matter. the British Em­ within 200 yards of Meini Gwr--the The Goidels a'ld Britons travell­ pire has anything to ,l!;oJin from thi~ Stonehenge of south-west Wales. At ed between Britain and the contin­ g-radual suppres~ion of local in­ the estuary, sledges, levels and rol­ ,_mt_ Our GirdJ~ R'3cks, probably C:ividuality and local customs." lers would have given way to rafts Goidel. and boats. Somewhere in Milford Near Bay Bulls on old maps 1::. D.-BURGEO Haven the Altar Stone was taken I des goilan. also I iP~>s ~ohlanrlc;, aboard. And from there it came to On Henry Southwood's map I67J, The word brethyn 'cloth' has Wiltshire by the all-water route, or I des galeux in Trinity Bay. On been suggested for the origin of the up the Bristol Channel and by land \ 1cn's map of Newfoundland 1699 word, as the Bretons were 'cloth route across the Mendips. I des galeux near C ·de Esphera.. l'laci' insteau of 'skin wearers.' Does Stonehenge belong to Wales? Au I des goislands Bonavista tsay. 30 NE\VFOUNDLAND NAMES

Howley suggests 'beach stone' Wales or WaiU~. however is the "Shields, Tyne. Grimsby, GQole ror Gallows Cove (Beachy Cove). tJ ue, proper and without doubt Hull, Hell (Halifax), and, Hartle­ ln Henrl Harrisse we read of 'pet­ original name, as 1t relates not to pool.'' it<:: galets les plus convenable: r.ny particular race, which at pres­ Not long ago someone telephon­ The Portuguese are of Galacian t'tlt inhab1ts 1t, or may have ed me to ask for information about blood, derived from ancient Gal­ :-;ojourueo m 1t at any long bygone a plant named 'goole' for his local '~ iaci. I galeoias 1689. I des galea.ux, period, but to the country itself. broadcast. Vion's map 1699. Wales s1gnifies a land of mountains Gould withy is the common name Porto (our Port au Port), 1s sec­ oi vales of protruberances, a for Kalmia. It is poisonous. Rev. oud city of Portugal, Porto, Oporto 5pringmg forth; with the Celtic Philip Tocque tells us the steeped •tne port'. was PORTUS CALE of txul or beal. ·a mouth'; with the leaves with tobacco juice is a tilt Romans. It gives the country 0ld English wells, 'a fountain'; sure cure for mange in dogs. Far­ its name. Portugalois. with the original name of Italy, mers say when goats and cows eat Gaultois; Captain Galten; Gall­ stjll called by the Germans Wel­ it in the spring, it often causes tfnaw; Gallagner's range? 'Gallego' schland; w!th Balkan and vulcan, death. (Spanish an..J Pot·tuguese (Galician) hoth of which signlfy a 'casting­ Howley thinks "Goulds, a mod­ Harrow uses Gallegan. The Roman out·, an eruption; with Welint or <>rn word, may have some con­ Gallacci or Callacci. (Callahan?) Wayland, the name of the Anglo­ nection with the Irish word 'fork.' " "Gala Water, Galasltields, Leg­ baxon god of the forge (A.M.A. The Goulds at Brigus (Golds). end says King Arthur was at Gala Eee Puck or Pook's Hill); with the The Goulds at Petty Harbour. Up­ Water a stream of Edinburgh it Cl aldee val, 'a forest,' and the Ger­ per Gullies. passes Galashields. Galway, Ireland. man wald; with the English 'bluff' A Drokety at Brigus. At Tre­ Galloway, Scotland. Galatians, Gal­ and the :San~cnt palava-startling passey the Droke (Drook), and apa~os, Gallipoli, Calcutta (Galin assertions no doubt, at least to c.r1e near Carbonear. A 'drogue' is Kutta.). In Galloway lived the some; which are, however quite a wicker basket used in Africa to Gall Gael or foreign Gaels. Galley, t1 ue, and which at some future catch fish. "A Droke," Rev. Will­ Qlalleon, Port de Galle in S. W. Lime will be universally acknow­ iam Wilson (History of Newfound­ Ceylon. lPdged so to be.'' land) "is a valley wooded on li.:Joth The inhabitants of Wales spealt Volcano. Balcony. The Balearic ~ides.'' au ancient and peculiar langauge. lstes ('slingers.') Balkan penin­ Mr. Henry Shortis suggested to They call themselves Cumry or Sl:la. Troy was built on the hill Archbishop Howley the name Gal­ Cymry, called Bali Dagb. Pekin, city of lows from galleuses, 'braces'. A ltaly is called by the Germans the Emperors, was Khan Ba.ligh. Gallows Cove at Harbour Grace, at \Velschland. Wallachia is from a Kanata (Canada)? Witless Bay, and at Torbay. colony of "Welschers" which Trojan "Carthage (•worshi:P'Pers of Baal) Gallia Braccata was part of the ~em there. (Slang "to welsh".) was Kirjath Baal of the Bible, the country first subdued by the Ro­ Cabot's ·Coq d'lnd.' the turkey, Canaanite name.'' The island of mans, so called because the inhab­ is walsch-hahu. The walnut is the Rali, and Bala, Wales. Balgownie itants wore 'braccae' or trowsers. G'allea: land inhabited by galli or 'foreign nut'. French noix gauge and Balquidder in Aberd~en dis­ 'g&llica) Corn wall. Wales, Welsh, trict, are guesses. Balein, Whale. l'eltae. Walloon· (Tilly 'a walloon'); Wal~­ The Phonecian Baal, and the Cel­ Dr. Weekley: "A Ms of 1500 achia; Sir William Wallace; Walhs tic Beal Baalbek (Heliopolis) with dealing with a grant of land give Windsor; the word valley, etc, are great altar stones. the word golezweg. Professor Fields all connected. of Oxford suggests it may be M. Borrow tells of the Welsh H.G. golze, 'pair of breeches'; Lat­ lt­ "The original inhabitants of Bards: "the greatest of which was m calcea, applied to a fork in the &1:)' Taliesin, a professed Christian. but were a Cimbric tribe called road." Gwyltiad (Borrow), a race of wild in reality a Druid, whose poems J;:tople who were of the same blood fJing great light on doctrines of the Breekes or Breeks, Anglo Saxon ar.d sp0ke the same language a,~ rrimitive priesthood of Europe, brec, plural of broc. the present inhaibLtants o·f Wales. which corresp\Jnds remarkably with The Breeches Bible. A reprint in " 'Wal' is said to represent Cel­ th~ philosophy of the Hindus, be­ london 1607 of the Geneva vers­ tic tribal Volcae. It was applied fvre the time of Brahma." ion 1560. by the English to the Celts, and by Taliesin the Bard, belonged to There were 150 editions of tha the Germans to the French and Ddttany. 1607 one in ninety years. It was .ltnlians, especially Italians, whence the first time the Bible was divid­ German welsche nuss 'walnut'." ed into verses. The German-Swiss use it of the IV.-GOULDS Lord Ponsonby (The Listener, French-Swiss which gives the can­ August 1938): ton Waleis or Val a is. (Weekley). "In Algiers is a desert fortress Jn "My Bible gives a cross refer­ Borrow: "The inhabitants who Salah; and the lovely oasis of EL t-nce to the first of all inventions. GOLEA." Gyle, Gulguleh. ~peak an ancient and pecullar .1\dam and Eve's aprons, whicn hnguage, do not call this region In the north of England is Goole. .vere the consequence of their hav­ \Vales nor themselves Welsh. They C. F. S. in Punch, June 29th, ing eaten of the fruit of the tree call themselves Cymry or Cumry. 1938: of knowledge. From aprons we have NE\VFOO?\DLAND NAMES 31 rt-ached aeroplanes. How much Mr. Smith suggested Scar ·a he had perfected and sung in the further shall we go? I wonder.' l:eadland' as in Scarborough. The Amphitheatre at Parnassus. Scog­ "And the eyes of them both natives of the south coast of York­ gin and Skelton, the chief advo­ were opened and they knew they shire are of Danish descent. Sker­ cates for the dogrel Rimes ..... were naked and they sewed fig winco, East coast of Newfound­ etc." leaves together and made them­ l<'lnd; and Spurawinkle Island, at "The Jests of Scogin" was an old tdves aprons." (Genesis 3, verse entrance to Aquafort, may be from E(Jglish Jest-Book foisted on the 7). the same root as Scarborough. The i)ublic as having been compiled by 'win-co', the North American In­ A. B. of Physicke Doctour, mean­ V.-SPURAWINKLE. dians 'name for 'pitcher-plant.' ing the facetious Andrew Borde.. , SKERWINK, \Not Beothic). Smith: "The head­ "In this book Scogin or Scogan, SCOGIN lources. Some are from an Indian Wormwood Shrubbs, etc. rleece, which Vaughan published work." (Chamber's Encyclopedia). Dr. Weekley says Scoggins and :\t the time of Charles I marriage "I would sugge.c;t that when a Scroggins from above, is perhaps and coronation. He is describing peltition is sent in for a change o.t Scogin, the name of a poet con­ a meeting at the Court of Par­ name, it should be advertised for temporary with Chaucer, and by nassus. Apollo presiding: some months in the public papers, 9 court fool of the 15th century: Saints Patrick, George, Andrew and all persons interested should be Henry VI: "I saw him breaK ond David are present. Vaughan invited to send in any reTT'arks or Skllgan's head at the court gate." ~as a Welshman. He writes: "Saint objections which should be duly Howley acknowledges the con­ David (Vaughan), made choice to considered by a competent com­ stant help he receives from Rev. 'rejoyce the King's heart with a mittee or board appointed for the W Smith (son of Rev. B. Smith) s.. nnet in memory of his hopeful purpose."-AxohbiiShop Howley, Oc­ of Yorkshire descent. lllarriage and coronation, the which tober, 1901). APPENDIX ------APPENDIX In the present attempt to bring foundland Historical Society is not 1s one of the Great Lakes Golfo di in a number of Newfoundland unan1mous. lJasLetU 1s also snown on th1s map. Names, most of the notes or clues 'lne quest goes on. Sebastian or vn eany maps or •'l'ewJ:ounaland used in the newspaper articles have John"! Tne present wnter thillks we rma 1ne wurd tJorte .&eaJ. <.Jn been left untouc11ed. The reader is b€:1oast1an. Was Bonav1sLa, Labra­ beoaswan Munster's map, 15;11, asked not to lbe too critical, but to dor or Cape Breton the Landfall"? 1'1ewrounoland 1s drawn as one !S­ regard this as an effort to solve ·a The Norsemen·! Many thouglulul lana, m us proper place, wlth the very 0 lfficult puzzle. ana senous-mmued peupH:: ;:.ay lhe one wora. liOnereru on u. 'l'ne 'Much that is disconnected in this Norsemen did not come to America. ma,nlanu of runenca has one wora work is eXJplained in "Newfound­ blr W Hlrea Grenfell and others .l.' ' li.AJ.~ I,_,J..::>il... A (_r"ranks"f). land and Portuga:," an address have put 1t on record that Wmland u . .tt. .r·. .Prowse: ·'Dld Ca'bot or given befor.e the Newfoundland His­ was in Laorador. W. A. Munn says Laoraa.or learn o.r Hudson btrc:ught torical Society and the Memorial M1lan Arm in P1stole,t Bay, New­ nom ;:,colvus"t" University College, De'C. 1st., 1938. foundland is Winland. The present ,Magellan was at St Julian's, Arch.'bishop Howley was not a­ IWnter is among tho~e who thmk South America; at '.l'odos; the Vrr­ fraid of making mistakes in his Winland was Martha's Vineyard. gi.ns, e..c. Anct these are eany New- "Name-lore." When ever a better Many of the Ind1an pla'ce-names in 1ouno.1ano names as well. solution turned up and met with this vicm.ty have a Norse sound. We read that CaLiornia was dis­ his approval, he adopted it. North of the St. Lawrence lived the covered by the Portuguese. Here Major Moore, of the "Winnipeg Christano Inolans. Early travellers rwe tmd tue names San Francisco, Free Press," March 21, 1934, says: in America tell of white lndLns. l"ai·aJJon lsJ.anus, Santa. .Barbara, "A few mornings ago Mr. G. R. J:n Newl£oundland the alborig,nal Rosario, Cotmet, Los Angeles; To­ F. Prowse finished writing the book Indians, the Beothics, were de­ dos; etc, etc; names wh1ch are on he had begun 42 years ago . . . He 'scrilbed as 'a white race.' North of New.founoland maps. has lived as a recluse, but is not Newfoundland were Norman's The J:'ortuguese gave the early unknown. There are educators and Cross and N OI"Inan's Coves, A fre­ names in Brazil. In Central Amer­ publicists in the pmvince who ap­ quent Newfoundland place-name Ica are Angmlle, Caicos, Freels, preciate his scholarly profundity was Danes. In U1e St. Lawrence Coopers, Rosario, Trinidad, Faril­ and enjoy his spontaneous gE!Pial­ before Car~.ier's day was Brion's bam, Bermudas, Barbados, etc. ity. His former scholars are every­ Island. Bjorn, Leif's brother. We know the earlwst Labrador where in , rbut few o'f them Archbishop Howley and other names are Portuguese. Cabot's pil­ knew of the task engaging him all writers think Paradise, Dildo, and ot was a Portuguese named Lab­ these years. The work has been Tickle, frequent Newfoundland rador (G. R. F'. P.). The English that of the specialist among histor­ place-names, are Portuguese. and Spaniards employed Portu­ ians ... The historical method as The present writer thin'ks Fuego; guese pilots. Magellan, LaCosa ordinarily practised is based on a Funks; Farilham; l\1ose Ambros; ~the Basques were related to the few maps, ibut the method became Patas (Petty Hal"lbour); Cucos; Portuguese); Alionse. On Labrador bankrupt. Historians have not Logy (one can fancy cromlechs we .fmd the Portuguese names: reached real agreement on a sin­ here); Baccalhao; Los Angeles (An­ Finisterre (.E'astanastre) ;) Manuel gle point in a century. This realiz­ gles Cove, Cape Shore); Placentia; pinheiro (Kmg Manuel 'of the ation of the situation by Mr. Prow­ Todas (now Tors Cove); Bonavista; Pines'); Fortuna (King Manuel 'the se at the outset of his search for Capelinos; 1\lomables (recently Mo­ .fortunate'); Lance a Mort; Lance maps has led him to dust off many bile) Port au Port ('Porto)·: C. Ray; a Loup (Seal Cove); Blanc Sablon; . shelves or archives." C. Anguillo; C. Pene; B. Reali Batalha; ballenhas; sallinhas; my­ "Very fe.,v (write history carto­ (Corte Real); Assumption; Concept­ nas; esperanzo; prado, etc. ''The logically), and among those few ion; Trinity; Portugal; Baleen; Bis­ Portugu. '.Se put up these little the three authorities are Dr. W. F. cay; Freels; Espcranzo (Cape Spear bronze tablets at the entrance to Ganong, a New Brunswicker, who and C. Despair); Manuels; S. a harbour, in Joao H's reign, to is an emeritus professor of Smith Barbe and S. Lorenzo; Las Gamas; mark their territorial claims in College; Dr. H. P. Biggar, chief Formosa and many other New­ Africa." archivist for Canada in Europe, and foundland Names were given by G. R. F. Prowse, a Newfound­ Mr. Prowse ... Dr. Biggar is rec­ the Portuguese. Also Forche; f'un­ lander, whom future chroniclers ognized as the authority who wrote dy (.from Fundao in Portugal); and will rank greater than his illus­ the "Voyages of Jacques Cartier." Prado. A Portugal Cove near Hali­ trious father, "goes farther in an­ (Dr. Biggar died. 1938). fax. "Between Martha's Vineyard other direction than merely to The three authorities mentioned and Barnstaple County, the dan­ show how the Portuguese falsified above find plenty to disagree a­ gerous passage l\1alabar-Nantucket." their claims to maps they made. bout. In Newfoundland, Archbish­ "Perth-Amboy near Amboy Point." He claims cartological proof in his op Howley, Judge ProJWse, W. Gil­ On a map shoi\VIl in G. R. F. book that the English were on the bert Gosling and Henry LeMessur­ Prc1wse ("Remarkable Maps," coast of Cape Breton in 1498, and ier found many points albout which Frederick Muller, Amsterdam), that it was they who discovered they could rea.:h no agreement. there are two Prados; and S. Lor­ the Gulf of St. Larwrence in 1499- Today on many questions the New· enzo appears se-veral times. Lago 1500 • . . . A register of 3000 maps APPENDIX 33 is included in Mr. PrO\vse's work, without one of these MUSCHET­ Beaks and Tallons like himself. and they are maps chiefly of ter­ OES with them. The Commanders (Oldmixon). ritory that is Canada today." treat them in friendly fashion, give All their treasure is Peak and (Moore.) them good wages and call them Rocnoke made of Shells. .The Roe­ The present writer believes that 'Brother.' noke is a Piece of· Cockle drilled LaCosa's 'Bay of the English' (Gulf They are not afraid of the 'Lit­ through like a Bead. (Oldmixon). o.f St. Lawrence), and Newfound­ tle Breeches,' for so they call the Note vn land had earlier visitors than the Spaniards. Th€y have but one Rancocas in Sussex County. English and Portuguese. From the Wife, and have the highest vener­ "Portuguese left black Hogs and Mediterranean we get our early ation for the Ceremony of Marriage. Cattle in many places to breed for names: Carbon (Quirpon); Tanguet They adore the Sun. They 1mry B1"€ad. Bermudas in old Castilian (Funks); Amdre (Andros? ndW their dead with their faces to the dialect 'a black Hog.' " Placentia); Raz; Burin; Famish Gut East." (Oldmixon). "The Form and . Rules of the (Farnagusta, capital of Cyprus); Note ll Government of Carolina were Jordan; Cyria (Syria now Trinity Jacques Noel, Jaques Cartier's drawn up by ihat great Philoso­ Bay) Monte de Trigo, Trepassey: nephew, writes from St. Malo to pher Mr. Locke, at the Desire of and the high promontory Tr·abizan­ John Growte: "Your brother-in-law that famous Politician the Earl of do north of Salem, nCiw Cape Ann; Giles Walter, shewed me this Shaftesbury, one of the Propriet­ Cos; Rosas (Rhod€s) Pcrlican; morning a Mappe printed in Paris, ors and the only one that could be Musico (Bonne Bay); Carbonara; dedicated to one M. Hakluyt, an suspected of having the least Incli­ Gra.ca; and Terra Nova. Carboucar English Gentleman: wherein all nation to favour the Dissenter.:;.'' and Terra Nova from Sardinia, the the West Indies, the kingdome of largest island in the Mediterranean, Mexico and the Countreys of Can­ ''Admiral Coligny (Charles IX), in a central position ibetween France ada, Ho·chelaga and Saguenay are go.t other Ships and sent to this Spain, Italy and Africa. Judas; contained .... my booke, where­ Country which was no"Vv called Carolina from Fort Charles, as that Rames; LaPoile and the frequent of I spake unto you, it is made af­ was from th€ French .King." Old­ Newfoundland place-name Turk. ter the maner of a sea Chart, On earliest maps of La·brador we which I have delivered to my two mixon tells a1bout the expeditions find B. dos Morros and G. Merosro. sonnes Michael and John, which at of Jean Ribaut and Lewis Laudon­ Sir William Vaughan refers to the the pr€sent are in Canada.'' (see er. "Moors." The Isthmus of Dariena. G. R. F. P.). ·He writes of a family named On the map of Johannes Ruysch, Note III PALAEOWGUS. They had a Plan­ 1507, we read Barbatos In. and "Lawrence Coughlan's church is tation near the top of the Clift Biggetv ln. These Biggetv Islands old St Baul's, C. of E. on Church (Barbados). may refer to the Bogota Indians of Hill. Rev. Mr. Balfour, then min­ "How he came by that Imperial Central America, related to the ister at Trinity, came to Harbour Name we have not heard fairly Japanese. Today in Lima, Peru, Grace and took charge albout 1770. made out; neither can we believe the Japanes€ claim a racial relat­ He tried to do the same at Car­ the Tradition of the Family, of ionship with the ancient Incas. bonear, but Clement Noel caught whom one attested to the Author Wadhams in 'th€ vicinity of Fo­ him by the gown as he was going that his Ancestors were originally go., and Cromwell's Ledge, Nich­ into the pulpit, and that church Greek Fugitives and descended olas and Dorothy Wadham of Som­ always remained Wesleyan. from the Emperor of Constantinople erset founded Wadham College, The first real Wesleyan church of that Name who re;gned in the Oxford; it was .completed 1613. Ad­ at Harlbour Grace was built by East from the driving out of the miral Blake, and twenty out of John Stretton at the foot of Strett­ Fren'ch by Michael Palaeologus in twenty-six original members came on's Hill on Harvey Street, about the 13th Century, to the Dissolut­ from the West Country: Somerset, 1770" (W. A. Munn). ion of that Thnn're under Constan­ Dorset, Devon or Cornwall. (C. D. tine PalaeologUs. by Mahomet the Curtis). Note IV Great. In Barbados th':!re are a~ Note I "Sir George Downing a New Eng­ many good Fammes as there arE Shoots of rnes11uite in Texas. landman. Educated at Harvard in any of the Counties of En~land 1'\IUSCHETOES, an Indian Nat­ College. He became a Tool to Ol­ "We know 'tis pretended that a ion on the continent between Trax­ iver and the Rump.'' (Oldmixon). Dane made the Discovery of this illo and the Honduras. They were Note V Stre;ght. and that hf' called it. never conquered by the Spaniards, Birds called COHOWS are almost Christiana, fnrn th€ King of Den­ and still have the'r original Lib­ extinct in Bermudas. They bred in mark. Chr'stiern the IV, •hen erty. They are still govern'd by Holes of Rocks and in Burrows like reigning; but Capt. Hud s ~n was the Captains and Kings of thP.ir own, a Coney, so numerous and gentle, m::~n wh'l dio;ocver'd it b the Eng­ under the protection of the English. they were taken bv Hand. Bigness b=]'l'' They lived on a marshy Country of a S=a-Mew. (Oldlmixon). "The French say Jrh'1 Verazzan on a sandy Bay beyond C. Gracia Note VI called Virg:nia MOSOOSA; and de Dios. not far fr0m the Bay of The Orinoco is a large Bird shaip­ Canada. New FraPcP.'' Cam peachy. ed like an Eagle, his Feathers light "the Dutch in MONADUS, since They are very expert Hunters grey spotted with black, the end callE'd New York." and Fishers. No people so exnert of his Wing and Tail yellow. He "Captain Bartholome

The Commander of the first Band Thorne and Hugh Eliot, mer­ colony; their connection can be of Indians who came to trade was chants of Bristol, were the dis­ traced back to the Shaplcighs dressed with Waistcoat, Breeches, coverers of Newfoundland." (one of whom was grandfather to Shoes and Stockings." In 1527 R~bert Thorne sent a John Treworgie, the Cromwellian "A little a!bove one of the Falls map of Newfoundland to Seville Governor of the colony), thence (River Merrimack, Sussex County) to Dr. Ley, a:mlbassador to the through the Bevils to William is a Place called A.rrunuskeag, court of Chas. V. The anap is in Bevil ThQI1llas. where a huge Rock lies in the midsf Hakluyt's 'Divers Voyages' 1582; The Thomases carried on busi­ of the Stream, on the Top ot the year before Sir Humphrey ness at Dartmouth and St. John's whi<:h are a great number of Pits, Gilbert's voyage to Newfoundland. in partnership with a Mr. Stokc5 made exactly round like Barrels J In 1527 the Thomes fitted out as Thomas and Stokes. William or Hogsheads of different sizes, two ships for Newfoundland--one Bevil Thomas was born in some of which would hold several was wrecked near the Straits of St. John's in 1757, he married Tons. The Indians knew nothing of Belle Isle. The other reached Cape Elizaibe~h Way in 1785, at Dart­ the making of them, and 'tis liD­ Breton and Nova Scotia. mouth and had bwo sons, William possible anyone else should. Nor John M'Gregor, 1832 in 'Britisn Thomas and Henry Philip Thomas. can it be guess'd very judiciously America' writes: "Eliot and Thorne William Thomas was . . . dis­ how the Savages could without attempted in end of Henry VIJii tin•guished as a merchant and a reign to make a settlement in Iron Instruments work such Cavit­ politician. Brookfield; the fine ies in Stone . . . bhey seem plainly Newfoundland. An expedition was house at Devon Row; their Water to be arti.f\icial and in such case, made at the e:xJPense of a Mr. Hore, a merchant of eminence and Street premises; and the beauti­ the Indians of Old, perhaps nearer ful cottage a1 Topsail are monu­ Noah than Cohtm'bus were greatei his friends for the purpose of ments of the large progressive Artists than the Indians now are. planting Newfoundland." ideas of the Thomases, and es­ In 1502 Hugh Elliott and Thom­ notwithstanding the Improvements pecially of the constructive ability they are said to have made in as Ashehurst dbtained permission of Henry Philllps Thomas. Knowledge by Commerce with the from Henry Viii to establish colon­ Europeans. ( Oldmixon). ists in Newfoundland. John Trewougie, or Treworgay, Prowse gives a page of names for 1&27 Robert Thorne obtained the appears to have been the son otf Funk Islands and says: services of Sebastian Cabot, Grand James Tretworgie, who married a "On 17th arnd 18th Century Maps Pilot of ~ain, for Henry VIti. daughter