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SOMALİ Barış, İstikrar Ve Kurumsallaşma MİLLİ SAVUNMA ÜNİVERSİTESİ YAYINLARI SOMALİ Barış, İstikrar Ve Kurumsallaşma

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SOMALİ Barış, İstikrar Ve Kurumsallaşma MİLLİ SAVUNMA ÜNİVERSİTESİ YAYINLARI SOMALİ Barış, İstikrar Ve Kurumsallaşma MİLLİ SAVUNMA ÜNİVERSİTESİ YAYINLARI SOMALİ Barış, İstikrar ve Kurumsallaşma MİLLİ SAVUNMA ÜNİVERSİTESİ YAYINLARI SOMALİ Barış, İstikrar ve Kurumsallaşma Editör Dr.Per.Alb. Güngör ŞAHİN Hazırlayanlar Dr.Per.Alb. Güngör ŞAHİN Em. Topçu Kur.Alb. Ö. Faruk DEMİRCİOĞLU Ulş.Bnb. Ali BUYRUK Grafik Tasarım De.Me. Serap DERMAN Baskı ve Cilt Milli Savunma Üniversitesi Merkez Basımevi ve Yayınevi ISBN: 978-605-68035-6-7 Sertifika Numarası : 36431 Yayın Numarası : 19/32 İstanbul, 2019 Somali : barış, istikrar ve kurumsallaşma. -- Güngör Şahin, Faruk Demircioğlu, Ali Buyuk ; ed. Güngör Şahin ; graf. tsrm. Serap Derman. -- İstanbul : Milli Savunma Üniversitesi, 2018. IX,129 s. : fotoğ. ,hrt. ; 24 sm. Kaynakça. 1. Somali 2. Somali -jeostratejik önem 3. Somali - Türkiye ilişkileri 4. Somali - Siyaset ve Yönetim DT 407 ÖNSÖZ Somali, Eritre, Cibuti ve Etiyopya’nın yer almış olduğu Afrika kıtasının kuzeydoğusunda yer alan ve Afrika Boynuzu olarak adlandırılan bölge; Avrupa, Afrika, Ortadoğu ve Asya’yı birbirine bağlayan küresel deniz ticaret yolu olan Kızıldeniz’i kontrol etmesi dolayısıyla jeostratejik öneme sahiptir. 1960 yılında bağımsızlığını kazanan Somali; 1991 yılında General Mohamed Siad Barre rejiminin yıkılması ile birlikte iç savaşa sürüklenmiş, tüm devlet kurumlarının çökmesiyle Soğuk Savaş sonrasının ilk “başarısız devlet” örneğini oluşturmuştur. Bab’ül Mendep Boğazı’nı kontrol eden Somali’ye yönelik 16’ncı yüzyıldan itibaren başlayan sömürgecilik girişimleri karşısında, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’ndan bugüne kadar bölge halkına yönelik ülkemizin desteği artarak devam etmektedir. 19 Ağustos 2011 tarihinde bölgede yaşanan açlık, kuraklık ve siyasi istikrarsızlığa dikkat çekmek için Cumhurbaşkanı Sn. Recep Tayyip Erdoğan’ın Somali ziyareti önemli bir dönüm noktası olmuştur. Kapatılan Mogadişu Büyükelçiliğimiz 01 Kasım 2011 tarihinde yeniden açılmıştır. 2011’deki açlık krizinden beri Türkiye, Somali’ye yönelik yardımları güvenlik gerekçesiyle ülke dışından sağlamak yerine direkt sahaya inmiş, yardımları yerinden ve görerek yapmıştır. Ayrıca batı ülkelerinden farklı olarak Türkiye, Somali’ye yatırım yapmak için ülkenin istikrar kazanmasını beklemek yerine ülkede istikrar sağlamaya yönelik yatırımlarda bulunmaktadır. Somali Silahlı Kuvvetlerinin gelecekte üst düzey yönetim kademesini oluşturacak subay/astsubaylar ile tabur personelinin eğitimlerine Türkiye’nin yurtdışındaki en büyük eğitim merkezi olan Somali Türk Görev Kuvveti Komutanlığında devam edilmektedir. Kitapta, Türkiye’nin tüm kurumlarıyla etkisini ve varlığını artırdığı Somali’de yaptığı yardımlarla model ülke haline gelmesinin ve insani diplomasi faaliyetlerinin yarattığı etkinin önemi vurgulanmaktadır. Bu kitap, Somali’de görev yapacak TSK personelinin, devlet kurumlarımızın temsilcilerinin ve ülkemizin vatandaşlarının bölgeyi tanımalarının; Afrika Kıtası’nda ortaya çıkacak durum ve fırsatları, millî menfaatlerimiz çerçevesinde değerlendirmelerini kolaylaştıracağı düşüncesi ile hazırlanmıştır. Uluslararası ilişkilerde gücün doğası değişmiş; ikna, itibar kazanma ve uzun vadeli ilişki yönetimi, ülkelerin dış politikalarında istedikleri sonuçları elde edebilmelerinin yeni yöntemleri olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu kapsamda hazırlanan kitabın; Türkiye’nin yumuşak gücünün, barışçıl ve insani dış III politikasının, artan ekonomik görünürlüğünün, Somali ile tarihi-askeri-sosyal- kültürel bağlarının, devlet ve sivil toplum kuruluşlarının başarılarının daha iyi anlaşılmasını sağlayacağı değerlendirilmektedir. Güngör ŞAHİN Dr.Öğr.Üyesi Per.Alb. İstanbul/ 2019 IV İÇİNDEKİLER ÖNSÖZ ...............................................................................................................III I. BÖLÜM AFRİKA BOYNUZU VE JEOSTRATEJİK ÖNEMİ Em.Topçu Kur.Alb. Ö. Faruk DEMİRCİOĞLU I. Cibuti............................................................................................................... 5 II. Etiyopya ......................................................................................................... 7 III. Kenya ..........................................................................................................10 I V. Eritre ............................................................................................... 13 II. BÖLÜM SOMALİ’NİN JEOSTRATEJİK ÖNEMİ Em.Topçu Kur.Alb. Ö. Faruk DEMİRCİOĞLU I. Coğrafi Bilgiler .............................................................................................19 A. Konumu ....................................................................................................19 B. Yüzölçümü ................................................................................................19 C. Komşuları, Komşuları ile Sınır Uzunlukları ve İlişkileri ....................19 Ç. İklim Özellikleri ......................................................................................21 D. Doğal Kaynakları ....................................................................................22 E. Kritik Arazi Kesimleri .............................................................................22 II. Tarih .............................................................................................................23 A. Uzak Tarih ................................................................................................23 B. Yakın Tarih ...............................................................................................25 C. Türkiye ile Tarihsel Bağlar ......................................................................28 V III. BÖLÜM SOSYOEKONOMİK, SOSYOKÜLTÜREL, İDARİ VE SİYASİ YAPI Dr.Öğr.Üyesi Per.Alb. Güngör ŞAHİN I. Sosyal Yapı ....................................................................................................35 A. Nüfus.........................................................................................................35 B. Etnik Yapı ..................................................................................................35 C. Dini Yapı ...................................................................................................36 Ç. Dil ..............................................................................................................36 II. Eyalet Yapısı ................................................................................................37 A. Somaliland Eyaleti ..................................................................................37 B. Puntland Eyaleti .......................................................................................38 C. Galmudug Eyaleti ....................................................................................39 Ç. Hirshabelle Eyaleti ..................................................................................40 D. Güneybatı Eyaleti ....................................................................................41 E. Jubaland Eyaleti .......................................................................................42 III. Kültürel Yapı ..............................................................................................43 A. Önemli Günler ........................................................................................43 B. Toplumsal Değerler .................................................................................44 C. Örf ve Adetler ..........................................................................................47 Ç. Halkla İlişkilerde Dikkat Edilecek Hususlar ........................................49 IV. Siyasi ve İdari Yapı ....................................................................................50 A. Yönetim Şekli ...........................................................................................50 B. Devlet Teşkilatı .........................................................................................52 C. 4,5 Klan Sistemi, Amaç ve Faaliyetleri ................................................53 V. Güvenlik Teşkilatı .......................................................................................56 A. Silahlı Kuvvetler Teşkilatı .......................................................................56 VI B. Kolluk Teşkilatı (Polis, Jandarma, Sahil Güvenlik vb.) .......................59 VI. Sağlık Durumu..........................................................................................59 A. Hastane/ Sağlık Ocağı Durumu ............................................................59 B. Yaygın Hastalıklar ....................................................................................60 VII. Alt Yapı .....................................................................................................60 A. İletişim ......................................................................................................60 B. Ulaştırma ..................................................................................................60 C. Ülkeye Ulaşım İmkânları .......................................................................61 VIII. Ekonomik Durumu ...............................................................................61 A. Gelir Kaynakları ......................................................................................61 B. Gelir Dağılımı ..........................................................................................62 C. Önemli Endüstri Merkezleri ..................................................................62 Ç. Bankacılık Sistemi ...................................................................................62 IX. Güvenlik ve Asayiş Durumu ...................................................................63
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