Arctic Bulletin No 2.08 • PUBLISHED BY THE WWF I nte r n ati o n a l a r C T I C P RO G r a MME Arctic preserves global crop bio- diversity p. 11–13

New hope for polar bears? p. 5 Plans to survey North Pole ice cap p. 9 Climate change & arctic shipping p. 18 Sled dog race heats up p. 21  WWF ARCTIC BULLETIN • No. 2.08 Contents

l Climate change threatens arctic fisheries 8 l Dutch campaign for a white Arctic 10 l Inuit perspective on oil & gas development in the Arctic 14 l The Circumpolar Biodiversity Monitoring Program 15 l On the rocks without ice: Shipping in the Arctic 18 l Hail and farewell to WWF staff in the Arctic 22 l Climate Solutions 24

Svalbard Seed Vault: Views on the Pacific walrus under stress Safeguarding Arctic Council: 20 l in the Chukchi Sea 4l Global Biodiversity l in the Arctic 11 The future is already here 16 l l StatoilHydro’s Norway increases coal production on Svalbard 7 lack of vision 6 l Chukchi Sea oil lease l US admits polar bears threatened 4 sale goes ahead 7 l First detailed mapping of North Pole ice cap 9 l Arctic sea ice still at risk despite cold winter 8 l Interview: Sled dog race heats up 21

The Arctic Bulletin Publisher: Programme Design and production: Cover: Maize seeds prior to is published quarterly by the WWF WWF International Director: Film & Form/Ketill Berger planting. Photo from a WWF International Arctic Programme. Arctic Programme Neil Hamilton [email protected] project in Mazabuka, Zambia. Reproduction and quotation with PO Box 6784 [email protected] Maize is among the seeds stored appropriate credit are encouraged. St Olavs plass Date of publication: at the Svalbard Global Seed Vault Articles by non-affiliated sources do not N-0130 Oslo, Norway Editor: May, 2008 in Norway. necessarily reflect the views or policies Ph: +47 22 03 65 00 Mark Burnett ISSN 1023-9081 Photo: WWF-Canon/Sarah Black of WWF. Send change of address and Fax: +47 22 20 06 66 [email protected] subscription queries to the address on Internet: www.panda.org/arctic Printed at Merkur-Trykk AS

the right. We reserve the right to edit Associate editor: on 100% recycled paper. letters for publication, and assume no Emma Duncan responsibility for unsolicited material. Please include name, title and, address with all correspondence. WWF ARCTIC BULLETIN • No. 2.08 

Editorial

Agents for change

he spring melt is already well underway in the Arctic, motivated students who are determined to make a difference a theme reflected yet again in this issue of the Arctic (see article on page 8). Bulletin: the extraordinary impact of climate change Further youth-driven, climate-change advocacy is on the suite of ecosystems at the top of the world. planned for June when students from Canada, Germany, the TWWF is becoming increasingly concerned that these impacts Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Sweden, the UK, Japan, and threaten not just the Arctic but the entire global system. the United States will join WWF on the How can we say this? Earlier this month we published a ‘Voyage for the Future.’ This initiative new peer-reviewed assessment called Arctic Climate Impact involves a cruise to the Arctic where the Science – An Update Since ACIA, and released it at the Arctic young people will become ‘Ambassadors Council Senior Arctic Officials meeting. It represents the most of Change’ – effective advocates for wide-ranging review of arctic climate impact science since the climate change action. Each of the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment was published in 2005. The students will document their experi- report is available from our website: www.panda.org/arctic . ences through weblogs, photos and The new study found that change was occurring in all videos which will be posted on www. Dr Neil arctic systems, impacting on the atmosphere and oceans, panda.org/arctic. Once back home they Hamilton Director, sea ice and ice sheets, snow and permafrost, as well as will work with WWF to reach out to WWF International species and populations, food webs, ecosystems and human the media and national policymakers to Arctic Programme societies. One factor is particularly worrying: the world’s best deliver the message for urgent action on [email protected] arctic science lags behind the actual recent arctic changes this issue. We expect these outstanding that have occurred. This is extremely dangerous as some young people will become fresh new of these arctic changes have the potential to substantially voices and ambassadors for global climate change – the warm the earth beyond current forecasts by modellers. That ‘Voyage for the Future’. is because current climate models don’t adequately incorpo- Beyond deploying advocacy as a policy-changing agent, rate the important underlying drivers of the arctic changes we are also seeking to answer some of the fundamental we are already observing, such as the interaction between sea questions about arctic change such as how quickly the arctic ice thickness and water temperature. sea ice is decreasing. In spring 2009, we hope to undertake a A powerful agent for policy change, the report is now in ground-breaking venture – The Arctic Survey – which aims the hands of the Arctic Council and the arctic governments. to measure the thickness of the arctic sea ice cap along a It is not too late for them to act: it is just way too late for complete traverse from Point Barrow, Alaska to the North business as usual. Pole and beyond (see article on page 11). It is the first detailed Melting of arctic sea ice and the Greenland Ice Sheet has mapping of the sea ice with state-of-the-art impulse radar severely accelerated, now even prompting the expert scien- technology. Satellites and submarines currently provide the tists to discuss whether both may be close to their “tipping scientific community with such data, but this is respectively point” (the point where, because of climate change, natural imprecise (10km pixels are commonly used) and patchy, and systems may experience sudden, rapid and possibly irrevers- critically, neither method can distinguish between the snow ible change). layer and the sea ice beneath. The loss of summer arctic sea ice in particular has increased By working with the scientific community, the Arctic Survey dramatically, with record lows reached in September 2007 will significantly improve the accuracy and reliability of when the sea ice shrank to 39 percent below its 1979-2000 computer models forecasting the timing of the ice cap’s disap- mean. That’s the lowest since satellite monitoring began in pearance, and the associated impacts on the global climate. 1979 and also the lowest for the entire 20th century based It will form an essential part of WWF’s work to protect the on monitoring from ships and aircraft. This winter, we saw Arctic, raising awareness around the world about the plight perennial sea ice – the older sea ice that lasts for several of the Arctic, the impact of climate change, and the need to years – continue its sharp decline (see “Arctic sea ice still at secure radical CO2 emission reductions. We are looking for risk despite cold winter,” page 8). In Greenland, the rapid significant sponsors to support this critical but expensive melting has generated a moving call to action by a group of endeavour – please contact me if you are interested.  News WWF ARCTIC BULLETIN • No. 2.08

Inupiat leader concerned about Chukchi Sea The recent US sale of oil and gas Pacific walrus under stress in the Chukchi Sea leases in the Chukchi Sea off of Alaska’s northwest coast worries the oastal resting sites (or Inupiat people who have lived in the “haul-outs”) on the region for centuries. Jack Schaefer, Carctic coast of Chukotka, president of the Inupiat village of Russia, have become very Point Hope, expressed his concerns: important for the Pacific “We want to continue to survive. walrus population. For Our lives are tied to subsistence. example, last year for the So is our culture and our religion first time ever around 40,000 with all the animals. We don’t have walruses occupied a haul- anything to replace that with. The high out on the Chukchi Sea coast unemployment rate here will continue near the village of Ryrkaypiy. even if there is offshore oil and gas Although survey data are development since there will only lacking, about half of the be a few jobs that will be available.” Pacific walrus population is (Source: Reuters) estimated to have inhabited coastal haul-outs between Canadian provinces take Cape Kozhevnikov and action to protect polar Kolyuchin Island in 2007. bears T h i s re l a t ive ly n e w Manitoba has joined a growing list phenomenon is due to of government bodies that have global warming. Pacific recognised polar bears as threatened. walruses spend winter in In February, the Canadian province the Bering Strait. In spring, Pacific walruses. Koyevnikov Cape, upgraded the status of polar bears they follow the retreating sea Chukchi Sea region, Russian Federation. from “of concern” to “threatened” ice and migrate northwards under its regional Endangered Species into their summer feeding and comparatively shallow edge has retreated to deep Act. Under the new designation, polar grounds in the Chukchi Sea. area of the Chukchi Sea water. Walruses following bears in Manitoba will have special At the end of summer, the during summer, using the the rapidly retreating sea ice protection including restrictions walruses start their autumn scattered sea ice as resting now end up in areas where on how close people can approach migration back to the Bering platforms, or haul-outs. they cannot normally feed bears and limited development near Strait. However, the shallow areas because the water depth critical habitats along the Hudson Until the mid-1990s, of the sea are now totally ice- exceeds their diving abili- Bay coastline. The province will also the walruses fed in a wide free in summer, and the ice ties. increase research and study of the bears and climate change. Ontario and Newfoundland have already listed polar bears as endangered. (Source: WWF Bering Sea and Kamchatka Program) permafrost “wild card” US admits polar bears threatened in global warming The threat of arctic permafrost thawing is a “wild card” with potential to accelerate global warming by releasing greenhouse gases frozen in the soil, according to the UN Environment Programme (UNEP). More research is urgently needed to determine the probability and consequences of methane gas emissions from permafrost thawing, UNEP said in its Year Book 2008. Current annual global methane emissions from all sources are estimated at 500–600 million tonnes, with one-quarter to one-third of this coming from arctic soils. Arctic methane emissions are projected to at least double during the 21st century, said the UNEP report. (Source: www. unep.org) WWF ARCTIC BULLETIN • No. 2.08 News 

US moves to protect Cape Kozhevnikov world’s most endangered whale Pacific walrus under stress in the Chukchi Sea RUSSIA The US government has formally Cape Kozhevnikov Alaska declared the North Pacific Right USA Whale “endangered” under the federal Endangered Species Act. Perhaps fewer than 50 individuals remain in a population that visits the Pier Bering Sea each summer to feed. The species was previously listed in the Endangered Species Act under Ryrkaypiy 0 400 m older taxonomy that regarded North Atlantic and North PacificR ight Map: Ketill Berger, Film & Form Film & Form Berger, Ketill Map: Whales as a single species. Separate its inspection of about 350 provides favorable condi- listing of the North Pacific Right kilometres of the arctic tions for infections. In addi- Whale significantly increases its legal coast of Chukotka between tion, unlike on sea ice, some protection and triggers requirements Cape Shmidt on the west walruses in coastal haul-outs to prepare a recovery plan and take and Kolyuchinskaya Inlet on occupy slopes above others other actions to better protect the the east (see “The future is in a “layering” effect (see species and its habitat. (Source: www. already here”, page 16–17). photo), which exacerbates biologicaldiversity.org) There are two main causes mortality during panics. of this increased mortality. Given their importance to Climate change and Y V R First, the long swim through Pacific walrus, urgent meas- fisheries management rough, ice-free seas to the ures are required to study In April, fisheries and climate coast is exhausting for the and protect haul-outs on the change experts gathered in Bergen, walruses, leading to the death arctic coast of Chukotka. Norway for a conference about how of many young, old, and sick northern marine ecosystems may be A Vlad K WWF- R ussia / Photo: animals. Second, the coastal Andrei Boltunov affected by global warming. Among The only reprieve for haul-outs are extremely All-Russian Research Institute for the topics discussed were how walruses is to form coastal crowded, which affects Nature Protection climate change may impact marine haul-outs. However, this mortality in several ways. For [email protected] biological productivity, fish stock leads to higher mortality example, the increased popu- distribution, and the political and rates. In December 2007, lation density compared Viktor Nikiforov social consequences of these changes. for example, the WWF to sea ice haul-outs leads WWF-Russia "Changes in fish stocks' migration Polar Bear Patrol found to increased competition [email protected] patterns are likely to become a major 1,000 dead walruses during for food resources. It also fisheries-policy issue," predicted Helga Pedersen, the Norwegian Minister of Fisheries and Coastal Affairs. Climate change will likely he United States govern- conserve the Arctic ice, the result in the need to revise current m e n t h a s b o w e d t o critical habitat for the polar international agreements about the Tthe weight of scientific bear. York says the crisis in geographic distribution of fishery US admits polar bears threatened evidence and listed the polar polar bear habitat is under- rights. (Source: Nordic News Weekly) bear as ‘threatened’ under its scored by his recent fieldwork. Endangered Species Act. The “In the ten years since I have New global map shows news broke as WWF polar studied polar bears I have human toll on seas bear experts were meeting in never seen such poor sea ice Scientists have produced the first Washington to develop a stra- conditions.” global-scale map of human influences tegy for conserving the bears. The listing provides an on marine ecosystems. By overlaying Geoffrey York, coordinator opportunity for action on maps of activities such as fishing, of WWF’s Polar Bear conser- conserving the polar bear in climate change, and pollution, the vation program cautiously the American Arctic, an oppor- researchers produced a composite welcomed the US move. “A tunity it should not under- map showing more than 40 percent of threatened species designa- mine. It also provides a strong the world’s oceans are heavily affected tion should provide additional example to other countries, by human activities. “Unfortunately, legal protections for the bears, such as Canada, that have not as polar ice sheets disappear but the US government made yet added the species to their with warming global climate and it clear that it would continue lists of threatened animals. human activities spread into these to support what it called ‘vital areas, there is a great risk of rapid energy production in Alaska.’” Margaret Williams degradation of these relatively pristine The US government also Coordinator ecosystems,” said Carrie Kappel, a took pains to distance itself Bering Sea – Kamchatka Program scientist involved in producing the from the necessary climate WWF-US map. (Source: University of California, change actions required to [email protected] Santa Barbara) Photo: Erik Malm Photo: Photo: Kristin Svorte Photo:

 News WWF ARCTIC BULLETIN • No. 2.08 tore Norske Spitsbergen Kullkompani (SNSK), the SNorwegian mining company on Svalbard, has announced plans to open a new coal mine on the arctic archipelago. In 2001, the Norwegian StatoilHydro’s Parliament agreed to permanent mining on Svalbard. Today, the main operation is located in Svea, about 60 km from Longyearbyen. lack of vision The new mine is at Lunckefjellet, just next to Reindalen national Rasmus Hansson, CEO of WWF-Norway, argues park. The project is disputed and that Norway’s oil company should abandon its has drawn sharp criticism from push to further exploit oil and gas resources WWF about interference with the untouched environment, such as in the Arctic, and instead focus on new energy the fact that the mine requires a sources. road to be built across a glacier. 2007 was the most productive

n a short time span, Norway’s company bought 16 leases in year in SNSK’s history, and this oil company StatoilHydro the Chukchi Sea off Alaska (see Ihas damaged its reputation “Chukchi Sea oil lease sale goes considerably. The company has ahead” , bellow), a key polar

plunged into tar sand invest- bear habitat and an area where ments in Canada and oil leases ice conditions leave little chance in ice-covered areas off Alaska. for oil spill response (see www. In December, the second-largest panda.org/arctic/publications/ oil spill in Norway’s history oilspillresponse). occurred at one of StatoilHydro’s At home,❝ StatoilHydro’s platforms in the North Sea. CEO Helge Lund is putting With the 2007 merger the company’s full political between Statoil and the oil and and economic weight behind gas division of an outrageous the industrial d e m a n d f o r conglomerate l i c e n s e s i n Hydro, the new The future belongs extremely valu- company ranks to energy compa- a b l e m a r i n e as the world’s areas off the tenth-largest nies pursuing a Lofo ten a n d p e t r o l e u m strategy for renew- Ve s t e r a a l e n company. The able resources islands, north of N o r w e g i a n the Polar Circle. g o v e r n m e n t M r L u n d ’ s h o l d s 6 2 . 5 claims of very Svea mine, percent of the shares. high environmental and safety Svalbard StatoilHydro should use standards are not supported its money, technology, and by StatoilHydro’s recent track brightest minds to develop new record. For instance, The energy resources. However, its Petroleum Safety Authority efforts in renewable energy are Norway recently revealed severe Chukchi Sea oil lease sale goes ahead so far dwarfed by investments violations of safety and envi- in other forms of “alternative” ronmental rules at the Statfjord n February 6, the US Minerals energy. Even before the merger, A platform where 4,000 metric Management Service’s (MMS) last April Statoil entered into tonnes of crude oil spilled into OLease Sale 193 in Alaska went tar sand production in Alberta, the North Sea in December ahead, opening around 121,405 Canada. The initial US$2.3 2007. square kilometers of the pristine billion (€1.5 billion) investment Environmentalists are no Chukchi Sea to oil and gas activi- will be followed by further, much longer alone in asking whether ties. Before the sale, the US Fish larger investments into a sector StatoilHydro and other petro- and Wildlife Service (FWS) missed with highly negative impacts on leum companies really are ready a legally required deadline for global CO2 emissions. for the long-announced run for making its final decision on whether In its core offshore busi- the Arctic. Clearly, the future to list polar bears as “threatened” ness, StatoilHydro’s current belongs to energy companies or “endangered” under the US strategy is to push for access pursuing a strategy for renew- Endangered Species Act (ESA). to even the most ecologically able resources, not those who Polar bear populations are valuable and sensitive areas enter into high-risk gambling predicted to decline significantly in the Arctic. In February, the with the world’s last wilderness. as a result of the impacts of global warming on the bear’s habitat in WWF ARCTIC BULLETIN • No. 2.08 News  year may set another profit record. It is time to phase out coal In 2006, coal production was 3.6 production on Svalbard. The Svea million tons. The new mine at mine will not produce for many Lunckefjellet could potentially years, and even with the new mine hold 10 million tons of coal, and at Lunckefjellet, Svalbard contains at the current production speed it limited coal resources. “There is would be empty in less than four no sense in pushing for such large years. It will cost an estimated investments knowing that the mine US$130 million and release nearly will be empty after just a few years,” 40 million tons of CO2. Hansson says. “The mine is likely to WWF urges the Norwegian generate CO2 equal to two thirds of Government to stop these expan- Norway’s annual emissions.” sion plans. “This is total madness,” Maren Esmark said Rasmus Hansson, WWF- Head of Conservation Department Norway’s CEO. “Representatives of WWF-Norway the Norwegian Government travel [email protected] around the world urging other countries to step down their coal Norway production, and at the same time they want to continue Norwegian coal production”. increases coal production on Svalbard

Chukchi Sea oil lease sale goes ahead

the Chukchi Sea and across the Carter Roberts, President and CEO of the polar bear in the Arctic is Arctic. As a result of FWS’ delay, of WWF-US. tenuous due to global warming,” the Chukchi Sea lease sale took “According to the final envi- said Margaret Williams, Director place before the ESA listing deci- ronmental impact statement for of the WWF Bering Sea Program. sion, allowing MMS to sell off Lease Sale 193, MMS estimates a 40 “Allowing this lease sale to go polar bear habitat to the oil and percent chance of a major crude oil forward without having proper gas industry without needing to spill,” said Pamela Miller of Northern protection in place for polar bears adhere to protection obligations Alaska Environmental Center. is extremely irresponsible. The under the ESA. “The decision to allow drilling in technology to effectively contain A coalition of environmental the Chukchi Sea makes a mockery and clean up oil spills does not groups condemned the sale. of the interagency consultation and currently exist, so this oil lease is a “Selling off our natural heritage to oversight that is supposed to take disaster waiting to happen.” the highest bidder is a sad spectacle place when it comes to managing and represents a step backwards in our public lands and waters,” said Lee Poston our efforts to save the irreplaceable Trish Rolfe, Alaska Representative Director, Media Communications Arctic and the magnificent polar for the Sierra Club. WWF-US bears for future generations,” said “We already know the future [email protected]  News WWF ARCTIC BULLETIN • No. 2.08 Climate change threatens arctic fisheries

new report from the United water, bringing nutrients to fish- reefs, and possibly to their complete N a t i o n s E n v i r o n m e n t eries and keeping them healthy by disappearance. As these reefs serve A Programme (UNEP) describes flushing out waste and pollution. as important fish spawning and the multiple dangers that global According to the UNEP report, nursery grounds, any loss could warming poses to arctic fisheries. global warming could disrupt this affect fisheries. Ocean acidification The rapid response report, In Dead natural pumping system, leading to will also reduce the biocalcifica- Water, maps the merged impacts serious impacts on at least three- tion of other shell-forming organ- of climate change with pollu- quarters of the world’s key fishing isms, which may in turn impact tion, invasive species, and over- grounds, including those in the the marine food chain, and hence exploitation on the world’s fishing Arctic. fisheries. grounds. The report also explains that as Another threat comes from inva- The Arctic is one of the world’s atmospheric CO2 concentrations sive marine species. The report finds most productive fishing grounds, increase, so does ocean assimila- that the major pathways and origins supplying millions of tonnes of tion of CO2, resulting in sea water of invasive or exotic species infesta- whitefish each year. The health of becoming more acidic. This will tions in the marine environment are these fisheries depends in part on likely lead to a reduction in the area strikingly concurrent with major natural ocean pumps that circulate covered by arctic cold-water coral shipping routes. This means that

Arctic sea ice still at risk despite cold winter Greenlandic youth send strong message he latest satellite obser- ice extent slightly increased vations indicate that the this year by 3.9 percent TArctic is still on “thin over that of the previous ice” when it comes to sea three years. However, this ice cover. A colder-than- maximum extent it is still average winter in some arctic 2.2 percent below the long- regions this year led to an term average. Increases in increase in the area of new ice extent occurred in areas sea ice. However, the extent where surface temperatures of older sea ice that lasts for were colder than the histor- several years (perennial sea ical averages. ice) continued to decline, At the same time, the area reflecting the longer-term of perennial ice decreased trend caused by global to an all-time minimum, warming. due to increased melting In March, NASA, of sea ice during summer NOAA and US Defense and greater movement of Indra Film A nders R osenberg,

Department satellites older ice out of the Arctic. Photo: showed the maximum sea According to NASA, peren- Ice extent March 9, 2008 nial ice used to cover 100% 50–60 percent of the Arctic; however this he future of Greenland for icebergs are launched into deep year it covers less than its youth was a hot topic at a fjords by melting glaciers, and huge 50% 30 percent. Very old ice Trecent international confer- lakes of melt-water on the island’s that remains for at least ence on climate change and kilometre-thick ice cap suddenly 0% six years comprised sustainability held in the village disappear into gaping holes formed over 20 percent of the of Narsaq, Greenland. In a special in the ice. Greenland is in transition Arctic area in the mid Earth Day message on April 22, due to climate change, but also due – to late-1980s, but this a group of students participating to a growing independence from winter it decreased to in the conference expressed their its old colonial power, Denmark. just 6 percent. With concerns about the lack of trans- With independence comes oppor- perennial ice becoming parency and access to information tunities for stronger local involve- younger, and therefore provided by their government. ment in decision-making. From thinner, it is more Global warming impacts are atop a melting ice floe, the students vulnerable during the visible across Greenland. Massive launched a ‘Messenger Kayak’ Clim. max ice extent 2006 max ice extent summer melt period. Source: NASA Map: N A S Map: WWF ARCTIC BULLETIN • No. 2.08 News  Climate change threatens arctic fisheries First detailed mapping

as melting sea ice opens summer of North Pole ice cap shipping lanes across the Arctic, a surge in shipping traffic could lead to more invasive species introduced through ship ballast water. According to the report, urgent efforts to control global warming are needed, but this alone will not be sufficient. It calls for integrated ocean management including stronger regulation of fisheries, protecting the continental shelves from bottom trawling and other extractive activi- ties, establishing marine protected areas in deeper waters, and reducing coastal pollution. Source: www.unep.org

Greenlandic youth send strong message 2008 Survey Plumer/ A rctic John Map: WF has entered into an The expedition Planned directed towards the politicians in ambitious research partner- will take place route of the the capital of Nuuk: Wship that will use new tools between February Arctic Survey “We the youth of Greenland and knowledge to develop a three- and June 2009 are willing to take responsibility dimensional understanding of a key and will consist of a small team for our impact on Earth. We now climate issue – the speed and extent of extremely experienced polar look towards our leaders in Nuuk of polar ice loss. The Arctic Survey explorers, led by renowned explorer to show such responsibility in an team will cross the ice from Alaska Pen Hadow. The team will be trav- open and transparent way at a to Svalbard via the North Pole and, elling on foot, swimming across national level, and to our world by distinguishing between ice and areas of open water where neces- leaders for leadership in addressing snow, provide a more accurate sary, and hauling sledges across climate change and pollution, picture of sea ice loss. WWF’s part- 2,000 kilometres of shifting sea ice which so dramatically are affecting ners for the survey include NASA, for over 100 days in temperatures our homeland from far away.” the European Space Agency, the US down to -50°C. One example the students Navy, the University of Cambridge The Arctic Survey complements mentioned is the recent decision and the UK Met Office. WWF’s goal to raise awareness to allow Alcoa, one of the world’s The Arctic Survey will perform about the impact of climate change largest aluminum companies, to the first-ever detailed mapping of and to secure radical CO2 emis- build a huge smelter in north- the thickness of the North Pole ice sion reductions to prevent an arctic western Greenland. The attraction cap using state-of-the-art impulse meltdown. Both the Arctic Survey for Alcoa is cheap hydroelectric radar technology. Satellites and team and WWF are currently power and few environmental and submarines currently provide the searching for donors to support social regulations and demands. scientific community with such this unique project. The polar “The issue of climate change is data, but they are imprecise and expedition will provide world- bringing awareness to our country. patchy, respectively. Neither method wide media outreach and branding We want to translate that into can distinguish between the snow opportunities, live video and radio action on the ground, starting with layer and the sea ice beneath, which broadcasts from the field, profes- the issues that are close to home. If is critical to advancing our knowl- sional photography, potential seats Greenland is to be an independent edge of climate change. The survey on re-supply planes out to the ice, democracy, then there must be will significantly improve the accu- and participation in pre- and post- ways for the voices of the country’s racy and reliability of computer expedition events. For more infor- youth to be heard up in the capital,” models forecasting the timing of mation: www.thearcticsurvey.com said one of the student activists. the ice cap’s disappearance, and the Stefan Norris associated impacts on the global Marianne Ernstberger [email protected] climate. [email protected] 10 News WWF ARCTIC BULLETIN • No. 2.08 Photo: R ob Doolaard Photo: WWF’s Dutch “Rangers” taking a “white action” dressed as polar bears for an ice-skating event Dutch campaign for a white Arctic ince the end of March across The campaign is designed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions, the Netherlands, the image of stimulate broad Dutch public the Netherlands can contribute to Sa polar bear face looks at you support for a white Arctic. Research a white Arctic and a sustainable when you are waiting for public indicates that more than 80 percent future for the polar bear. transport or are just taking a of the Dutch public is already aware To strengthen the lobbying walk in a Dutch city. The image of the Arctic melting due to global efforts towards the Dutch govern- is the centerpiece of a new WWF- warming. WWF asks the Dutch ment, WWF has approached a Netherlands campaign and appears public to take action and visibly selection of large Dutch corpora- with the slogan, “Draag bij aan een show their concern for the Arctic tions that are big energy consumers. Dutch campaign poster witte Noordpool,” which translates by using the color white to express WWF intends to form a coalition at bus stop. to “Contribute to a white Arctic.” this. People are invited to upload with these companies to show the photos documenting their “white Dutch government that the market action” (see www.wnf.nl/noord- is prepared to buy energy from off- pool). The photos will be included shore wind farms and make this in a visual petition to the Dutch available to Dutch consumers. government later this year. The campaign also includes The first Dutch politician WWF-Netherlands’ Rangers, a to publicly endorse WWF’s youth group involved in animal campaign was Jacqueline Cramer, conservation activities. During the Minister of Environment and a campaign kick-off ice-skating Spatial Planning. In a meeting event in early March, 850 Rangers with Minister Cramer, WWF- were “transformed” into “polar Netherlands CEO, Johan van de bears.” From March through May, Gronden, asked the government the young campaigners are taking to commit to large-scale develop- “white action” by going door-to- ment of off-shore wind farms at door to raise funds for polar bear the North Sea. With off-shore wind conservation. farms, the Netherlands can source 20 percent of its energy sustain- Petra van Aken able by 2020, instead of the current Communications & Campaigns Manager 2.6 percent. WWF wants to show WWF Netherlands the Dutch government that by [email protected]

Jacqueline Cramer autographs Dutch campaign poster. Photo: WWF Netherlands Photo: SvalbardWWF AR CTICSeed BULLETIN Vault: • No. 2.0 8 11 Safeguarding Global Biodiversity in the Arctic Buried deep underground. Able to with- stand a “bunker buster” bomb. In a location carefully selected for maximum security. Equipped with state-of-the-art electronic monitoring devices. No, it’s not a high-tech bunker in Baghdad, Kabul or Washington. Look to the North: WWF’s Mark Burnett reports on the new seed bank in Svalbard, Norway.

Photo: Mari Tefre/Global Crop Diversity Trust

he Svalbard Global Seed Vault, The Seed Vault functions local infrastructure is excellent; which opened on February like a safety deposit box at a Norway, a leader in many multi- 26, has a simple purpose: to bank. Statsbygg (the Norwegian national efforts, is a willing host; provide insurance against Directorate of Public Construction and the area is geologically stable. both incremental and cata- and Property) owns the building The polar bears that prowl the area Tstrophic loss of crop diversity held and vault, while the depositing seed may be seen by some as providing in traditional seed banks around banks own the contents of their an extra layer of security. the world. The bunker-like facility individual boxes. The samples The arctic climate provides a in Svalbard represents a partner- stored in Svalbard are back-up reliable environment conducive for ship including the Nordic Gene copies that seed banks can access seed storage. Located 125 meters Bank, the Norwegian Ministry if their original samples are lost, inside a mountain, the vaults are of Agriculture and Food, and destroyed or damaged. buried deep within the arctic the Global Crop Diversity Trust. Svalbard, an arctic archipelago permafrost. Even given worst-case International seed banks partici- located in the northwestern Barents scenarios for global warming, the pated in preparing and shipping to Sea, was chosen for a variety of vault rooms will remain naturally Svalbard over a quarter of a million reasons: The permafrost offers frozen for up to 200 years, according samples containing 100 million natural freezing for the seeds; the to the Norwegian Meteorological seeds. Eventually the vault will hold vault’s remote location enhances Institute. more than two billion seeds. the security of the facility; the Stability is another advan- ➤ 12 12 Biodiversity WWF ARCTIC BULLETIN • No. 2.08

WWF’s global network is active in sustainability initiatives involving agriculture. With its deep connec- tions to the world economy, human societies, and biodiversity, agriculture is one of the most important fron- tiers for conservation. The photos show WWF agricultural conservation projects around the world.

A R C T I C D OCEAN N A L N E E R G

Seed vault

S v a l b a r d

ATLANTIC OCEAN Barents Sea

Photos, counter clokwise from top: WWF-Canon/Martin Harvey, WWF-Canon/Sandra Mbanefo Obiago, Piccolo Namek/Wikimedia Commons, Brent Stirton/Getty Images/WWF-UK, WWF-Canon/Michèle Dépraz, WWF-Canon/Michel Gunther, WWF-Canon/John E. Newby, WWF-Canon/ Michel Gunther, WWF-Canon/Michel Roggo, WWF-Canon/Gustavo Ybarra,, WWF-Canon/Alain Compost. Map: Ketill Berger/Film & Form WWF ARCTIC BULLETIN • No. 2.08 Biodiversity 13

11 ➤ tage the Arctic offers. Some of the the frequency and intensity of world’s best seed banks are located extreme weather events. Floods,

in countries with unstable polit- droughts and hurricanes are effects ical or geological situations: Peru, of climate change that threaten the Columbia, Syria, India, Ethopia, world’s food security. and the Philippines. “We are inside “A quiet rescue mission is under

a mountain in the Arctic because way,” said Fowler. “It will intensify we wanted a really, really safe place in the coming years, as thousands that operates by itself,” said Dr Cary of scientists, plant breeders, farmers

Fowler, Executive Director of the and those working in the Global Global Crop Diversity Trust. Crop Diversity Trust identify and A Food security is a challenge in save as many distinct crop varieties as ❝ many developing countries, and possible.” As gene banks around the in the face of climate change is a world produce fresh seeds, they will growing concern in the west. Crop send a steady flow of new samples to diversity is the resource we need to Svalbard for safekeeping.

develop varieties that can withstand While the Seed Vault is a testa- I pests and diseases that come with ment to international cooperation, A quiet warmer temperatures. By providing it is also emblematic of the Arctic’s a backup sample, the Svalbard Seed role in safeguarding and regulating rescue Vault will ensure that unique diver- the global environment. Arctic sea sity held in seed banks in developing ice and glaciers hold trillions of mission is countries is not lost forever should liters of fresh water that - if released an accident occur. In effect, the in large amounts due to global under way S Arctic now provides a kind of insur- warming - could alter the world’s ance policy for the world’s agricul- ocean currents and change weather tural biodiversity. patterns dramatically. Governments “Crop diversity will soon prove and institutions have united to to be our most potent and indis- preserve the world’s agricultural pensable resource for addressing biodiversity in the Arctic – now climate change, water and energy the onus is on international deci- S supply constraints, and for meeting sion-makers to join forces and take A R C T I C the food needs of a growing popula- action to protect our planet from the tion,” Dr Fowler argues. dangers of a melting Arctic. OCEAN With growing evidence that climate change could seriously Mark Burnett threaten global agricultural produc- Barents Sea Officer U tion, the Svalbard Global Seed Vault WWF International Arctic Programme plays a valuable role in safeguarding [email protected] genetic material stored in seed collections scattered around the Learn more about the Svalbard Seed Vault: world. Scientists believe that rising www.seedvault.no • www.croptrust.org • CO2 emissions are causing not only www.nordgen.org R global warming, but also increasing

On guard in the seed vault: Dr Cary Fowler “Climate change will place enormous pressure on agriculture, presenting our crops with conditions that will make productive harvests ever harder to achieve. Scientists must turn to the genetic diversity of our crops to breed crop varieties which can succeed in these new conditions. However, this very diversity is also threatened – as the climate changes, crop species will no longer find suitable growing conditions, and will disappear. The Svalbard Global Seed Vault will protect this crop diversity from climate change by providing the Cary Fowler, Director of world’s safest storage, at the same time the Global Crop Diversity as ensuring that plant breeders have the Trust, inside the Vault best possible chance to protect our food supply from climate change.” Photo: Mari Tefre/Global Crop Diversity Trust Diversity Crop Tefre/Global Mari Photo: Aleuts Aleuts

Aleuts Aleuts

Evens Evens

Alutiiq Alutiiq Central Koryaks Central Kereks Kereks Koryaks Alaskan Alaskan Yupik Yupik Chukchi Chukchi Evenks Evenks Dena’ina Dena’inaSiberian Siberian Alutiiq Tanacross Yupik Alutiiq Tanacross Yupik Evens Evens Tlingit EyakTlingit Ahtna UpperEyak Kusko- Upper Kusko- Evens Evens kwim DegAhtna Evenks kwim Deg Chukchi Yukagirs Evenks Tutchone TutchoneHit’an Hit’an Chukchi Yukagirs Tagish Tanana TagishHolikachukTananaHolikachuk Inuit Inuit Evens (Iñupiat) Sakha Sakha Evens Koyukon (Iñupiat) Yukagirs (Yakuts) Hän Hän Koyukon Yukagirs (Yakuts) Kaska Kaska Sakha Sakha Gwich'in Gwich'in (Yakuts) Sakha Sakha Evens Evens (Yakuts)(Yakuts) Slavey Slavey (Yakuts)Evenks Evenks

Inuit Dogrib Inuit (Inuvialuit)Dogrib (Inuvialuit) Evenks Evenks

Chipewyan Chipewyan Inuit Inuit Evenks Evenks

NganasansDolgans Dolgans Inuit Inuit Nganasans

Dolgans Dolgans Kets Kets Enets Enets Kets Kets

Selkups Selkups 14 Oil & gas WWF ARCTIC BULLETIN • No. 2.08 Selkups Selkups Nenets Nenets Inuit Nenets Nenets Inuit Khanty Inuit Inuit Khanty

Khanty Khanty Inuit Inuit Mansi (Kalaallit) (Kalaallit) Mansi

Nenets Komi Nenets Komi

Saami Saami

Inuit perspective on oil & gas Finns Finns Saami Saami Karelians Karelians

Icelanders Finns Finns Icelanders Norwegians Faroese Faroese Norwegians

Swedes development in the Arctic Swedes Chair of the Inuit Aleuts Circumpolar Council Aleuts Indo-EuropeanIndo-European family family Isolated languagesIsolated languages Notes: Notes: Evens (Ketic and Yukagir) Areas show colours according to the original languages Germanic branch (Ketic and Yukagir) Areas show colours according to the original languages Patricia Cochran shares Alutiiq Germanic branch of the respectiveof the indigenous respective peoples,indigenous even peoples, if they evendo not if they do not Central Kereks Koryaks speak their languages today. Alaskan Uralic family Eskimo-AleutEskimo-Aleut family family speak their languages today. Yupik Chukchi Evenks Uralic family Dena’ina Siberian OverlappingOverlapping populations populationsare not shown. are The not shown.map does The map does her views on the Alutiiq Tanacross Yupik Evens Finno-Ugric branch Inuit group (ofInuit Eskimo group br.) (of Eskimo br.)not claim to show exact boundaries between the individual Tlingit Finno-Ugric branch not claim to show exact boundaries between the individual Eyak Ahtna Upper Kusko- Evens language groups. kwim Deg Evenks Yupik group (of Eskimo br.) language groups. Tutchone Chukchi Yukagirs Samoyedic branchSamoyedic branch Yupik group (of Eskimo br.) Hit’an Typical colonialTypical populations, colonial populations, which are not which traditional are not Arctic traditional Arctic impacts of petroleum Tagish TananaHolikachuk Aleut branch Inuit Evens Aleut branch populations,populations, are not shown are (Danes not shown in Greenland, (Danes in RussiansGreenland, Russians (Iñupiat) Sakha Altaic familyAltaic family Hän Koyukon Yukagirs (Yakuts) in the Russianin theFederation, Russian non-nativeFederation, Americans non-native in Americans North in North Na-Dene family America). development on arctic Kaska Turkic branchTurkic branch Na-Dene family America). Sakha Gwich'in Evens (Yakuts) Sakha Athabaskan branch Slavey (Yakuts) Evenks Tungusic branchTungusic branch Athabaskan branch indigenous people. Tlingit branch Inuit Tlingit branch Adopted from mapAdopted by W.K. from Dallmann map by W.K.published Dallmann in Arctic published Human in Development Arctic Human Development Dogrib (Inuvialuit) Chukotko-Kamchatkan fam. Chukotko-Kamchatkan fam. Eyak branch Report (2004). DataReport and (2004). information Data andcompiled information by W.K. compiled Dallmann, by W.K. Norwegian Dallmann, Norwegian Eyak branch Polar Institute and P. Schweitzer, University of Alaska Fairbanks Although I am proud to be the Evenks Polar Institute and P. Schweitzer, University of Alaska Fairbanks Chipewyan Inuit head of an organisation that repre- Evenks Dolgans sents Inuit around the circumpolar Inuit Nganasans n Colours according to Dolgans world, in this article I will focus on Enets Kets Kets the original languages of

Selkups the experience of Inuit in my home Selkups the respective indigenous

Nenets Nenets Inuit peoples, even if they do not in Alaska. This is partly because I Inuit Khanty can discuss this with the knowledge Khanty speak their languages today. Inuit that comes from personal experi- (Kalaallit) Mansi n Overlapping populations ence. It is also because the Inuit Nenets Komi are not shown. The map Saami in Alaska have the longest history does not claim to show Finns Saami of living with oil and gas develop- Karelians exact boundaries between ment, compared to other parts of Icelanders Finns the individual language Faroese Norwegians the Inuit world. groups. More than thirty years ago, Swedes n Typical colonial a man named Eben Hopson about where it will deposit us, and our regions from oil and gas, food populations, which are appeared before the Mackenzie how hard we will land.” prices are very high. not traditional Arctic

Valley pipeline inquiry in Canada. Indo-EuropeanNow, family more than 30 yearsIsolated languages later, PerhapsNotes: the lesson other regions populations, are not shown (Ketic and Yukagir) Areas show colours according to the original languages This inquiry was trying to figure weGermanic are branch still riding that wave, still can ofdraw the respective from indigenous this peoples, experience even if they do not is (Danes in Greenland, speak their languages today. Uralic family Eskimo-Aleut family out whether a pipeline that would wondering where, and how hard, to beOverlapping very populations careful are not that shown. Theoil map and does gas Russians in the Russian Finno-Ugric branch Inuit group (of Eskimo br.) not claim to show exact boundaries between the individual language groups. begin the exploitation of large gas weSamoyedic will branch land. In this time,Yupik we group have (of Eskimo br.) technologies have been thoroughly Federation, non-native Typical colonial populations, which are not traditional Arctic reserves in the Canadian Arctic gotten some ideas aboutAleut branch what testedpopulations, before are not theyshown (Danes are in Greenland,used inRussians your Americans in North Altaic family in the Russian Federation, non-native Americans in North should be allowed. Hopson was effectsTurkic branch we can expect, Na-Deneand family what area.America). Another lesson is that essen- America). Tungusic branch Athabaskan branch an extraordinary man, an Inupiat others might learn from our expe- tial habitat for subsistence food Map: Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal. Tlingit branch Adopted from map by W.K. Dallmann published in Arctic Human Development Chukotko-Kamchatkan fam. Eyak branch Report (2004). Data and information compiled by W.K. Dallmann, Norwegian who helped lead the push for land riences. resourcesPolar Institute and shouldP. Schweitzer, University be of Alaska protected Fairbanks in Data sources: Adopted from map by W.K. Dallmann published in Arctic Human claims in Alaska, and instrumental We have seen effects on the advance of oil and gas develop- Development Report (2004). Data and information compiled by W.K. Dallmann, in forming the Inuit Circumpolar animals on which we have tradi- ment. Knowledge is so important Norwegian Polar Institute and P. Schweitzer, Council that I represent today. tionally relied for subsistence. Our when you are dealing with oil and University of Alaska Fairbanks. Hopson gave this inquiry a full observations, backed up by scien- gas development. What we have account of his views of oil and gas tific studies, have concluded that learned in our region is that the development. He was not anti- noise from underwater drilling commitment to knowledge, to development. As mayor of the and seismic work has driven away learning about the effects of oil North Slope Borough in Alaska, he bowhead whales. This has driven and gas development, must be used revenues from development our hunters further offshore, continuous. to help build roads and houses, to following the whales into increas- “Landing” from our current improve the lives of the Inupiat. ingly dangerous waters. We do not economic wave may be one of the But he had also seen the down- know if the bowhead may eventu- most difficult impacts of oil and side of development, and was ally move away altogether. gas development on our Inupiat most concerned about how the We are intensely afraid that there communities. In the 40 years since sudden influx of oil and gas money will be a major oil spill in our tradi- the discovery of the Prudhoe Bay distorted local economies, which in tional area. We saw what happened field, our communities, our society, turn distorted local cultures, local as the result of the Exxon Valdez and our culture have been trans- societies, and local politics. spill. If the coastal resources on formed by the addition of cash “I am very concerned,” Hopson which we rely are polluted, then the from those developments. But told the inquiry, “about the long- bottom drops out of our culture. when the wells eventually run dry, term economic impact of oil and We need that link to the land, to our those communities who maintain gas development upon our arctic history, to our traditions. In many traditional lifestyles and build up community. We are riding the crest cases we still need the food, as even enough local financial capital are of a high economic wave, and I fear with the extra money coming into likely to have a softer landing. WWF ARCTIC BULLETIN • No. 2.08 International Polar Year 15

Even though the Alaskan International Polar Year update: North Slope may be declining as a source of oil and gas, the Arctic as a whole will become ever more important. A study by the US Geological Survey says that one- The Circumpolar quarter of all untapped reserves in areas known to contain oil are found north of the Arctic Circle. That is only the known reserves — Biodiversity experts can only guess at the size of unknown reserves in the largely unexplored Arctic. Some of those guesses would place the Arctic at Monitoring Program the forefront of oil and gas explora- tion over the coming decades. This The 4th International Polar Given the size and complexity means that those pockets that have Year (IPY) — an international of the Arctic, the CBMP is taking so far mostly escaped the inroads of program launched in the late an integrated ecosystem-based industrial development will shrink, 19th century involving coor- approach to monitoring. This and may ultimately disappear. dination and cost-sharing involves monitoring that bridges From the shores of Chukotka, among polar scientists and ecosystems, habi- ever-deeper into the Beaufort Sea, researchers — began in 2007 tats, and species through Canada’s arctic islands to and continues through to a n d w h i c h Greenland, the rigs are coming. The 2009. Mike Gill, Chair of the demands informa- global thirst for oil and gas is such Circumpolar Biodiveristy tion not only on the that it is not question of if explora- Monitoring Program, status and trends in tion will come, but when. We need provides an update on one Arctic biodiversity, to be ready, more ready than we IPY initiative. but also on their were in Alaska. One important way underlying causes. in which we can be ready is to be In recognition of the increasing The information will be collected politically ready. pressures on the Arctic’s biodi- and made available to generate Wherever development occurs versity and our limited capacity effective strategies for adapting to in the Inuit world, it cannot be a to monitor and understand the changes now taking place in process that goes on above the heads these changes, the Arctic Climate the Arctic. of local people. Decisions made by Impact Assessment recommended In March, the CBMP held an remote control in southern centres, that long-term arctic biodiver- international workshop, Building no matter how well intentioned, sity monitoring be expanded and a Partnership for Enhanced cannot understand the reality of enhanced. In response, the Arctic Understanding and Conservation the lives of Inuit living in small Council’s Conservation of Arctic of Arctic Biodiversity. Participants arctic communities. The Inuit must Flora and Fauna (CAFF) Working included international government be involved, not just on a consulta- Group launched the Circumpolar agencies, academic institutions, tive level, but on a decision-making Biodiversity Monitoring Program non-governmental organisations, level. We may not always make (CBMP). and funding foundations. The perfect decisions for ourselves. But Currently led by Canada, the group prioritised the CBMP’s five- if we make mistakes, when we make CBMP forms part of this year’s year implementation plan with key mistakes, those mistakes will surely IPY activities. It operates as an activities focused on development of be easier to live with if they are our international network of scientists five Expert Monitoring Groups for mistakes. Other peoples’ mistakes, and local resource users working developing Integrated Pan-Arctic imposed on our people, breed together to harmonise and enhance Monitoring Plans. The workshop resentment and dysfunction. long-term biodiversity moni- also produced plans to develop a Eben Hopson once said: “The toring efforts across the Arctic. web-based data portal to provide politics of the Arctic are no longer The program aims to improve a central clearinghouse for current the politics of the people, but they our ability to detect, understand, Arctic biodiversity trend data. are the politics of oil.” It is our report on, and respond to signifi- With the help of our existing responsibility to ensure that does cant trends and pressures. The partners, the CBMP has lever- not happen to Inuit or to any of resulting information will be used aged new strategic partnerships to the other peoples of the Arctic. As to facilitate better conservation and deliver on the key products and new parts of the Arctic are opened adaptation actions from local levels activities planned over the next up to oil and gas development, the to global fora such as the United five years. The CBMP is confident politics of the Arctic must be of the Nations Convention on Biological that our vision of expanded and people of the Arctic, and not the Diversity, the Ramsar Convention enhanced Arctic biodiversity moni- politics of oil. on Wetlands, the Biodiversity toring and improved conservation Information Partnership, United and adaptation decisions for the Patricia Cochran Nations Millennium Development Arctic will be achieved. Chair, Inuit Circumpolar Council Goals, and the International Arctic For more information, visit the www.inuitcircumpolar.com Science Committee. CBMP website: www.cbmp.is 16 Climate change WWF ARCTIC BULLETIN • No. 2.08

District of Chukotka, Russia. Every ever seen a polar bear? There are winter this coastline is visited by smiles everywhere, and a ten-year- hundreds of polar bears. In 2006, old girl explains that last fall they about 200 gathered around the could count up to ten polar bears at The future is village of Vankarem which has a a time in the school yard. All have population of about 200 people. different stories about encoun- This is not a good combination, tering bears to and from school. and is why the Polar Bear Patrol was I realise that for these kids, polar formed: “to decrease the conflict bears are part of their normal life. already here between humans and polar bears.” 1 December 24 November The wind shifts and it starts to In 2007, Dr Tom Arnbom, a biologist at The polar bears should have been rain, which is very unusual for this WWF-Sweden, joined WWF’s Polar here some weeks ago, but the winter time of year. Luckily, I am wearing Bear Patrol project in Vankarem, sea ice which should have frozen by a survival suite made for rain, but October to form a “bridge” from the others in the team have warm Chukotka, northeast Russia. The Wrangel Island to the mainland clothes made for dry, cold air. It following excerpts from his expedi- Chukotka coast is absent — instead does not take long before they tion diary highlight changes in the I see a dark open sea. The starving look more like drenched dogs than bears are dependant on this bridge tough Arctic explorers in fluffy region caused by global warming. to get to the mainland to find food down jackets. after being stranded at Wrangel I ask Vlad Kavry, head of the Island and unable to hunt properly. Polar Bear Patrol, if he has noticed 23 November We are hoping for, and expecting, any differences over the last few We are flying over a harsh and hundreds of bears to turn up within years. Yes, he has observed many desolated landscape with not a the next two weeks. changes. Last summer, several large single trace of human presence. flocks of swans were observed, Our destination is Cape Schmidt, 28 November and on the beach a large ray was due south of Wrangel Island on On a visit to the local school, I ask washed up for the first time. the mainland of the Autonomous some children if any of them have The numbers of ptarmigan and lemming are decreasing along the

The Polar Bear Patrol in action, Chukotka, Russia. Photo: Viktor Nikiforov/WWF WWF ARCTIC BULLETIN • No. 2.08 Climate change 17 coast, probably due to winter rain: must have died. Most of the 14 December the wet ground freezes, creating an carcasses were moved away from World leaders are in Bali right now ice shield that stops the birds and the village but some are still lying discussing climate change. At the rodents from getting access to food on the beach. When the polar bears same time, the sea ice in Chukotka on the ground. arrive from Wrangel Island, they is almost two months late following will be attracted by the carcasses. a summer where all the sea ice 3 December This will most likely cause some melted. For over a week we have The sea ice along the Chukotka coast problems. not been able to fly out from Cape has still not frozen. This means that Schmidt due to bad weather and few (if any) female polar bears will 10 December snowstorms — weather that used to be able to give birth on the main- Out on a routine monitoring trip, be normal until the sea ice freezes in land this year. Normally, around we spot a male polar bear 200 October, but lately has been contin- 20 females build winter dens along metres from us. We leave the skidoo uing even in November. The polar the coast. By now, they should be in and walk like a living wall towards bears are missing. The walruses had their dens, where the cubs will be him. Vlad has a spade as the main to swim to land to rest. born around New Year. Vlad turns defence weapon. Fifty metres This is what climate change to me and says: “This is the first from the bear, we all sit down. He researchers have been saying time I really wonder if the winter suddenly stands up and takes a would happen to the Arctic in the will come. Yesterday it rained, and few steps towards us. I realise how future: large weather variations, hundreds of polar bears are missing big he is, much larger than all the winter rains, less summer sea ice, — what is happening?” brown bears I have seen in Finland. and more snowstorms. All this I I estimate his weight at 500–600 know by heart, but it is not until 5 December kilograms. The bear smells us and now that I realise the enormity of I am shocked to see so many dead suddenly everything explodes as the coming changes in the Arctic. Pacific walruses along the coast. I he runs at full speed to the beach. It is an insight that I hoped I never can barely hold my tears anymore. On his way, he breaks through a would have to experience. What Forty thousand appeared on snow wall and finally he throws kind of world are we living in? Vankarem beach earlier this year himself into the water and starts Dr Tom Arnbom — the first time they appeared swimming away from us. I walk up WWF-Sweden along this coastline, probably to where he had been — the snow [email protected] because there was no summer sea is a mixture of red and brown and ice for them to rest on in their usual it smells horrible. I had no idea that Read more from the expedition diary at feeding grounds at sea. Thousands polar bears smell. What a memory www.panda.org/arctic/arnbomdiary of a wild polar bear! For more information about the WWF Polar Bear Patrol project, see: www.umkypatrol.ru Russian oil tanker Belokamenka

18 WWF ARCTIC BULLETIN • No. 2.08

On the rocks without ice: Shipping in the Arctic

WWF’s Anne-Beth Skrede explains why an ice-free Arctic Ocean creates new needs for mandatory regulation of international shipping.

In 2004, the Arctic Climate Impact much faster, and some experts pollution is very slow due to low Assessment projected an ice-free think the Arctic Ocean will be ice- temperatures and lack of sunlight Arctic Ocean for a short summer free during summer in just a couple for long periods. Preparedness for period in 30–50 years. Now we of years. Increased shipping in this rescue operations and combating know the Arctic area is regarded as inevitable. oil spills are lacking — and anyway is melting The Arctic Council, being difficult in vast, remote areas. the official circumpolar body There are large seasonal variations comprising the five Arctic Ocean (in temperature, weather and light) states plus Iceland, Sweden, and biological production and food Finland, and representatives of access are very concentrated in several indigenous peoples, has time and space. This makes arctic expressed concern over the renewable resources both sensitive dangers of increased ship- and vulnerable. Observed sea-ice ping. September 2002 Mandatory regulations needed Threats A report published in 2007 by the Projected Shipping poses great Fridtjof Nansen Institute (FNI), sea-ice dangers to the arctic The IMO Guidelines for Ships 2070–2090 ecosystem. Accidents Operating in Arctic Ice-covered happen, and risks are Waters, shows that today’s ship- higher in polar areas ping legislation and regulations as they are difficult and have major gaps for protection of Projected winter surface temperature increase dangerous to navigate the Arctic’s vulnerable environ- around 2090 (°C) and operate in. The ment and are not sufficient to meet + 7 – 12 + 6 natural breakdown of a future with an ice-free Arctic + 5 + 4 + 0 – 3

Navigational routes Map: Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal. Data source: Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA), 2004 Impacts of a Warming Arctic. WWF ARCTIC BULLETIN • No. 2.08 Shipping 19

The heat is on Ironically, international shipping is CO2 emissions from international also a contributor to climate change. shipping are not yet part of the Kyoto The tank ship owner organization Protocol and not calculated to be

INTERTANKO estimates that CO2 part of any nation’s reduction respon- emissions from burning fossil fuels for sibilities. However, a 50% reduction

international shipping are about 1,200 of CO2 emissions from shipping is million tonnes each year, adding up to readily within reach. According to

about 5 percent of annual global CO2 calculations by Det Norske Veritas emissions. Emissions from national sea (DNV; DNV Paper Series 2007-P004), transport like ferries, inland navigation, technical measures such as optimal and fisheries are also significant. In hull shape and better propulsion

Norway, for example, internal sea systems could reduce CO2 emis- transport and fisheries contribute sions by 17–28% percent, while a 10

9 percent of Norway’s total CO2 percent reduction in speed would

emissions. The release of particulate reduce CO2 emissions by 23 percent. matter also contributes to global WWF calls on ship owners to warming: soot, for example, builds up reduce their emissions as a matter of on ice, reducing its reflective capacity urgency. for the sun’s radiation.

While we wait On the rocks without ice: Shipping in the Arctic While we wait for the establishment of a binding international instrument to regulate shipping in the Arctic, WWF asks responsible, precautionary, and proactive ship owners to ensure that their ships adhere to the following when operating in the Arctic Oceans: • Absolutely NO discharges at sea • Ice class • No heavy bunker fuel • Ballast water treatment on board • Environmentally friendly hull paint and anti-fouling systems • Booms and equipment on board to take care of minor accidental spills • Minimised air emissions • Full transparency on all environmental aspects • Documentation of impacts and measures to reduce impacts, and comparison with other ship owners and other transport modes. Photo: The Norwegian Barents Secretariat Barents The Norwegian Photo:

Ocean and increased traffic. in today’s arrangement be addressed and not easily covered by rescue Responsibility for monitoring in (sic) near future, and that the services. and controlling international feasibility of improved and manda- Most responsible ship owners shipping is unclear, and there is tory regulations be considered by the will probably find it unattrac- currently no adequate mandatory IMO under the SOLAS Convention tive to put too many eggs in this international regulation. The Arctic [International Convention for the basket in the short-term. However, Ocean falls under the regime of the Safety of Life at Sea]” WWF fears that some less respon- United Nations Convention on the “In a non-binding form, the sible operators might try to exploit Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), thus all (Polar) Guidelines’ contribution the fact that the route between states involved in arctic shipping to maritime safety in ice-covered Northern Europe and North- share responsibility for environ- waters seems rather limited.” Eastern Asia can be almost halved mental protection of the region. by sailing through the Arctic. But while UNCLOS is good, it is We will probably not see exten- That’s why we need strict, prompt, not sufficient as it does not provide sive shipping in the Arctic within and binding international shipping specific regulations for shipping. this decade, or maybe even for regulations. The International Maritime decades. Physical conditions such Anne-Beth Skrede Organization (IMO), the UN body as water depth, icing, and bad Senior Marine Conservation and Shipping that regulates international ship- weather are obvious limitations. Officer ping, has adopted voluntary, non- In addition, it will be difficult for WWF-Norway binding guidelines for arctic ship- commercial shipping to ensure [email protected] ping (the Polar Guidelines). punctuality and predictability in The FNI report concludes: such conditions. Safe operations The FNI report: O. Jensen. The IMO “Given the likely future devel- and safety for the ship, crew, and Guidelines for ships operating in Arctic opments in arctic shipping, it is of cargo is challenging in this area, ice-covered waters. The Fridtjof Nansen utmost importance that any shortfalls since the Arctic is vast and remote Institute for WWF. www.fni.no 20 Opinion WWF ARCTIC BULLETIN • No. 2.08 Views on the Arctic Council: Personal reflections from Ambassador Helena Ödmark, senior arctic official for Sweden.

The effects of globalisation and climate Member states change are strongly felt in the Arctic. Arctic Council Social and economic conditions are Observers changing fast. The Arctic is also heavily Arctic Council influenced by decisions taken outside the region. There is an urgent need to strengthen cooperation, confidence building, and coordinated political decision-making on arctic matters. Arctic matters are best addressed in a circum-Arctic context. The Arctic Council has a unique mission: to address arctic issues at a political level through multilateral cooperation, on the basis of consensus. The Council also has a unique http://arctic-council.org Source: Film & Form. Berger, Ketill Map: composition: the governments of the on politically sensitive issues. Arctic land territory falls under the eight arctic states and representatives Expanded and transparent coop- jurisdictions of the eight arctic states. of the indigenous peoples in the arctic eration under the auspices of the Arctic Substantial areas in the Arctic Ocean region. Council would contradict alarmist will still remain beyond national juris- Observer states, intergovernmental media reports on growing tension and diction after maritime territorial claims organisations, United Nation bodies, conflict in the Arctic. have been settled. Arctic states and international financial institutions, and The Arctic Council has a strong observer states have special responsi- non-governmental organisations that tradition of cooperation, not confron- bilities in the Arctic Council since they deal with various issues including arctic tation. Trust and understanding are decide on the political and legal frame- science, environmental protection, and essential elements in the Council work. works that apply in the Arctic. higher education also take part in Arctic The structure it inherited from the At Arctic Council Ministerial Council work. Industry too is expressing Arctic Environment Protection Strategy Meetings, foreign ministers and leaders interest in becoming involved. (AEPS), however, does not fully meet of the permanent participants gather Through its unique composition present requirements. The Council every second year. If well prepared in and many observers, the Arctic Council should spend more time on developing advance, their decisions will reflect comprises a wide range of interests and innovative cooperation mechanisms to their joint political will and provide provides an excellent forum for mean- effectively address new challenges in the a basis for coordinated follow-up ingful discussion. It has the legitimacy Arctic. It should identify policy options action at the national/federal level, and required to influence policy-making and concrete measures that could be at the local level in arctic communi- on arctic matters, and the capacity to implemented in a coordinated fashion. ties — as well as ensure that proper provide circum-Arctic perspectives It should also provide more circum- attention is given to arctic matters through its multilateral approach. It Arctic input to intergovernmental nego- in global contexts such as the United has the potential to develop solid and tiations as well as to national and local Nations Framework Convention on well-founded views through its access decision-making on specific issues. Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the to experts, and offers the transparency Substantive action is often required International Maritime Organization needed for political impact. to achieve tangible results. Fact- (IMO). Many look to the Arctic Council for finding might be a necessary starting “Senior Arctic Officials” meetings leadership — the Council should rise to point, but needs to be accompanied provide an opportunity for the partic- this challenge. by longer-term cooperative arrange- ipants to contribute their views and It has already shown that it can lead. ments and other measures. Scientific explain their concerns so that others Through the Arctic Climate Impact advice is best provided to the Council become aware of all aspects of relevance Assessment (ACIA) the Council success- by the expanding international arctic and can consider the interests at stake. fully presented the effects of climate science community. As a legacy of the Observers should be more active. change in the Arctic to the global International Polar Year, this community Multilateral cooperation might seem community in 2004. Since then, arctic is making concerted efforts to promote cumbersome, but it enables the parties aspects are an integral part of the United outreach and effective communication involved to develop consensus views Nations Framework Convention on of research results to policy-makers and and joint positions through informed Climate Change (UNFCCC) negotia- arctic residents. These developments consultation and discussion. This tions on global climate change. Through will facilitate a clearer division of work increases trust and confidence. The its “Policy document” in response to the and reinforce the role of the Council as Arctic Council offers a much-needed ACIA key findings, the Council also a forum for circum-Arctic dialogue on platform to address pressing problems showed that it can reach consensus also policy issues. in the Arctic. WWF ARCTIC BULLETIN • No. 2.08 Interview 21 Sled dog race heats up Martin Buser has completed the Iditarod sled dog race in Alaska 25 times and has won four times. He spoke with Nigel Allan, communications manager of the WWF Climate Witness Programme, about new challenges on the trail, including hundreds of miles of bare ground, rain, and mosquitoes — all in the Alaskan winter.

Nigel Allan: How long O n e t i m e , m o r e have you been dog Martin Buser recently, we were well sledding and what got into the second third you started? of the race and it got so Martin Buser: I was warm that we got stung born and raised in by mosquitoes, which Switzerland and I is also totally unprec- always liked the great edented. We jokingly call outdoors. As a teen- mosquitoes the “Alaskan ager I was exposed to state bird”, and they were some sled dogs, which out in force around a I ended up helping crossing on the frozen with in my spare time. Yukon River near a check- I had absolutely no point called Kaltag, about intention to make 70 miles (110 kilometres) the dogs my liveli- west of the coastal town hood and dedicating of Unalakleet. So here we the rest of my life to are in northern Alaska in them, but that sort of winter and we encounter just evolved. mosquitoes! In 1979 I decided to Every year there is a go to Alaska for a year. bit of a variance in the It was just supposed to trail and the conditions. be an adventure, but I Of course we start on the am still here. south side of the Alaska Range where there is NA: Wh a t i s t h e typically a lot of snow Iditarod and how and then on the north long have you been side of the range it is not competing? unheard of to have 60–80 MB: The Iditarod is the miles (96–128 kilome- longest sled dog race © Martin Buser tres) of bare ground, even in the world. The official length is when the temperature hovered at in a cold year. But in 2007 we had 1,049 miles, simply because Alaska around -50 degrees Fahrenheit (-45 260 miles (418 kilometres) of bare is the 49th US state and the trail is degrees Celsius) for over a week. ground, and that is totally unprece- over 1,000 miles long. Unofficially But in recent years, the tempera- dented. We are moving over frozen it is about 1,150 miles (1,850 kilo- ture increase has been drastic to the tundra and literally on bare ground metres), but every year the course point where in the last few years❝ we for hundreds of miles. It is great varies slightly as there might be actually got rained on a few times, for the dogs as they get excellent open water that we have to go which is totally unheard of. traction of course, there is no snow around or frozen sea ice that we impeding their little feet, but it is can pass over. really challenging on the driver and I just finished my 25th Iditarod his or her equipment because it is sled dog race and I now hold the such a bouncy ride. One five-mile dubious distinction of having the So here we are (eight-kilometre) section of the most consecutive finishes. in northern trail alone knocked out about 15 Alaska in percent of the participants. This NA: What changes have you seen in winter and one section of bare and icy ground the race over the years? was so rough that it was very diffi- MB: My first 16 Iditarod’s were we encounter cult for a lot of people. brutally cold. I ran the coldest-ever mosquitoes! 2008 was another pretty unusual Iditarod during the early 1990s race. We are used to having 50 or ➤ 22 22 Interview WWF ARCTIC BULLETIN • No. 2.08

colder to be able to run those a longer autumn and a shorter Iditarod 2008 distances without getting too hot. winter. The window of opportunity to NA: What are the prospects for the run sled dogs is shrinking like so future of the Iditarod? many other things in the North. MB: We are starting to discuss that more recently. Traditionally the NA: What impact do you think Alaska race has started the first Saturday in these changes will have on people March. In the 1980s and early 1990s, in Alaska? every now and then we would get a MB: I am starting to hear a lot more Nome Fairbanks relatively warm year and we would anecdotal stories from people who Kaltag joke that we would have to move are experiencing changes. My Unalakeet the race closer to February or into friend Joe Garnier who lives north February. But more recently we of Nome in a tiny little place called have started to seriously discuss Teller is seeing the impact of global Anchorage these sorts of things and whether warming even more than I am. we should look at moving the race Joe and I talk a lot about climate up a week or two. change: he is like me and spends a

At first glance this might not lot of time in the outdoors and he have a big impact, but in the bigger has seen plenty of changes in the picture of course there is a ripple environment over the last 20–30 A llan effect as the whole season would years as well.

have to be moved up and we could Joe runs coastal dogs and these Map: Nigel Map: start to see the shrinking of the dogs have been bred with a much 22 ➤ 60 miles of trail that is what we call sled dog racing season. The impact thicker coat than our dogs, which “punchy”. This is where the warm would also be felt in some of the we jokingly call “banana dogs”. My temperature has softened the trail southern states such as Montana dogs have less hair and a thinner to the point where the dogs break and Michigan where there is❝ sled coat because we live in a warmer through the upper layer of snow dog racing and they are also experi- region of Alaska. So Joe’s dogs had and they punch down into the encing warmer temperatures with a much harder time in the warmer lower layer. But we had hundreds conditions this year and that liter- of miles of that this year, and we ally knocked them out of the race. also got rained on well before the Joe had to pull out on the southern first half of the race. side of the Alaska Range before he The warmer temperatures, like The window of reached the interior. So this is really we have had recently, of around opportunity to crazy when it is too warm in Alaska 40 degrees Fahrenheit (4 degrees run sled dogs is to run dogs in winter time. Celsius) and higher can make it shrinking like so easier for the driver but it makes Nigel Allan it harder for the dogs. They like it many other things Communications Manager right around 0 degrees Fahrenheit in the North. WWF Climate Witness Programme (-18 degrees Celsius) or a little [email protected]

Hail and farewell to WWF staff in the Arctic

Nigel Allan the Arctic Programme. He will P r e v i o u s l y, s h e The Arctic Programme wishes Nigel continue to be based in Australia has worked on the Allan all the best in his new posi- in his new position. WWF expects online news desks of tion as communications manager that Nigel’s communications The Times and The for WWF’s Climate Witness — an expertise in using new media will Guardian newspa- initiative to docu- help Climate Witness stories reach pers in London and ment the direct expe- a wider audience. For more infor- the Sydney Morning Herald news- riences of people who mation about Climate Witness, see: paper in Australia. Most recently, are witnessing the www.panda.org/climatewitness she was news and home page editor impacts of climate for Yahoo! in Australia. Amalie is change on their local Amalie Finlayson currently studying for a PhD in environment. Since Amalie Finlayson joined the WWF Communications at Charles Sturt January 2004, Nigel has served as International Arctic Programme University, with research inter- the web manager and editor of the as web manager in March 2008. ests in the area of crisis commu- Arctic Bulletin. Working from his Amalie graduated from Charles nications and information flow home north of Sydney, Australia, Sturt University in Bathurst, in digital media, and the use of Nigel has provided outstanding Australia, with a Bachelor of computer gaming for educational communications support for Arts (Communications) in 1995. purposes. WWF ARCTIC BULLETIN • No. 2.08 Calendar/new staff 23

Forthcoming arctic meetings & events

Arctic Council events Emergency Prevention, Preparedness and Response Working Group Meeting WHERE: Luleå, Sweden • WHEN: 19–21 August • MORE INFO: http://eppr.arctic-council.org/

Conferences and workshops “Impacts of Climate Change on the Maritime Industry” International Conference WHERE: Malmø, Sweden • WHEN: 2–4 June • MORE INFO: www.iccmi.info 2008 American Society of Limnology and Oceanography (ASLO) Summer Meeting: “Interactions on the Edge” WHERE: St. John’s, Canada • WHEN: 8–13 June • MORE INFO: www.aslo.org/meetings/stjohns2008/ The 11th Chatham House Conference on Climate Change 2008: “A New Global Climate Deal? Achieving real collaboration for a low carbon future.” WHERE: London, UK • WHEN: 16–17 June • MORE INFO: www.chathamhouse.org.uk/climatechange “Understanding the Role of Permafrost in a Rapidly Warming Climate” Summer Course for K-12 Teachers WHERE: Fairbanks, US • WHEN: 25–27 June • MORE INFO: www.nicop.org/courses.html 9th International Conference on Permafrost WHERE: Fairbanks, US • WHEN: 29 June – 3 July • MORE INFO: www.nicop.org/ 2nd St. Petersburg International Ecological Forum: Environment and Human Health WHERE: St. Petersburg, Russia • WHEN: 1–4 July • MORE INFO: www.ecoforum2008.com 19th International Association of Hydraulic Engineering and Research (IAHR) International Symposium on Ice: Using New Technology to Understand Water-Ice Interaction WHERE: Vancouver, Canada • WHEN: 6–11 July • MORE INFO: www.cripe.ca/iahr-2008 Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and International Arctic Science Committee (IASC) Open Science Conference: Polar Research – Arctic and Antarctic Perspectives in the International Polar Year WHERE: St. Petersburg, Russia • WHEN: 8–11 July • MORE INFO: www.scar-iasc-ipy2008.org/ ICETECH 2008 – International Conference on Exhibition and Performance of Ships and Structures in Ice WHERE: Banff, Canada • WHEN: 20–23 July • MORE INFO: www.icetech08.org “Planning for Climate Change: Weathering Uncertainty” Symposium WHERE: Iqaluit, Canada • WHEN: 20–23 July • MORE INFO: www.planningforclimatechange.ca Standing Committee of Parliamentarians of the Arctic Region WHERE: Fairbanks, US • WHEN: 1 August • MORE INFO: /www.arcticparl.org/ 5th World Congress of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC): “Interactions Between Climate Change and the Fate of Contaminants in Polar Environments” WHERE: Sydney, Australia • WHEN: 3–7 August • MORE INFO: www.setac2008.com/ Marine Geology of Fjords – 33rd International Geological Congress WHERE: Oslo, Norway • WHEN: 6–14 August • MORE INFO: www.33igc.org The 2nd Global Fisheries Enforcement Training Workshop WHERE: Trondheim, Norway • WHEN: 7–11 August • MORE INFO: www.gfetw.org or www.imcsnet.org “Climate, Language and Indigenous Perspectives” Workshop WHERE: Fairbanks, US • WHEN: 13–15 August • MORE INFO: Olga Lovick (e-mail: [email protected]) 6th International Moose Symposium: “Moose in Virgin and Anthropogenic Altered Landscapes” WHERE: Yakutsk, Russia • WHEN: 13–23 August • MORE INFO: Innokentiy Okhlopkov (e-mail: [email protected]) 6th International Congress of Arctic Social Sciences (ICASS VI) WHERE: Nuuk, Greenland • WHEN: 22–26 August • MORE INFO: E-mail: [email protected] For more on these events and other meetings, please visit: http://arcticportal.org/iasc/services/arctic-meeting-calendar • http://calendar.arcus.org

ABOUT THE BACK COVER: Climate Solutions – WWF’s vision for 2050 n n Is it technically possible to meet the necessary economic policy deci- scale. The top yellow line refers to the in global emissions the growing global demand for energy sions and government interventions energy demand projection. Note that which the current by using clean and sustainable energy are made in the next five years. since energy-efficiency technologies scientific consensus sources and technologies that will The figure on the back cover is a are shown alongside energy supply indicates are needed protect the global climate? This is the representative scenario of the WWF from low-emission sources, the results to avert dramatic question that a recent WWF report, Climate Solutions Model. It depicts are expressed in final energy supplied climate change Climate Solutions, seeks to answer. technology “wedges” capable of or avoided (rather than primary impacts. WWF The report’s conclusion is that the averting dangerous climate change energy production). believes that radical technologies and sustainable energy that could cause an arctic meltdown. The WWF Climate Solutions and immediate greenhouse gas reduc- resources known or available today Each “climate solution wedge” grows Model builds on the Pacala-Socolow tions are necessary to prevent the are sufficient to meet this challenge, over time and the sum of all wedges “wedges” concept by adapting it to Arctic from disintegrating. and there is still sufficient time to becomes significant as industrial go beyond stabilization, to achieve The full Climate Solutions report can build up and deploy them, but only if capacity and deployment increase in by 2050 the significant reductions be found at: www.panda.org/climate B-economique Retur WWF-Norge PO Box 6784 St Olavs plass, N-0130 Oslo, Norway

Climate Solutions

Each wedge depicts technology capable of averting dangerous climate change. Each “climate solution wedge” grows over time. The sum of all wedges becomes significant as industrial capacity and deployment increase in scale. The yellow line refers to the energy demand projection in the SRES A1B scenario. Since energy-efficiency technologies are shown alongside energy supply from low-emission sources, the results are expressed in final energy supplied or avoided (rather than primary energy production). To download the full Climate Solutions report, go to: www.panda.org/climate

1200

Industrial energy efficency and conservation Efficient buildings Efficient vehicles 1000 Reduced use of vehicles Aviation and shipping efficency Repowering hydro Traditional – biomass Biomass 800 Wind power Solar PV Solar thermal power oided (EJ)

av Solar thermal – heat Small hydro 600 Geothermal (heat and power) Large hydro (existing plus sustainable)

y supplied or Sea and ocean energy rg Hydrogen from renewables Nuclear

Final ene 400 Fossil fuel used with CCS Naural gas instead of coal for baseload Energy scenario, A1B

200

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