Making Room for the

Thesis Statement Mitigating against flood risk, biodiversity loss and climate change by restoring the River Dodder’s natural floodplain and habitats. Returning the land to the river and adapting to climate change.

Alix Bent Landscape Studio 4B 2020 Abstract

Our river ecosystems are struggling to manage the increased storm water runoff caused by climate change and the consequent loss of biodiversity coupled with the social and financial costs for residential homes along the river banks.

This thesis illustrates how landscape interventions can safeguard the River Dodder from the impact of climate change by expanding its floodplains, while enhancing the natural characteristics of the river for recreation and conservation.

The landscape developments proposed for the site areas at Shopping Centre and Oldbawn have been inspired by some of the successful river projects undertaken in Europe.

i CONTENTS

Pages 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 5 DESIGN PROCESS 19 5.1 Selection of Sites along the Dodder 5.2 Landscape Development Influences 5.3 Management of Upstream Areas 2 INTRODUCTION 2 5.4 Re-wilding and Tree planting to prevent Floodplain 5.5 Site 1. Rathfarnham Shopping Centre 2.1 Flooding as a Direct Effect of Climate Change 5.6 Site 2. Oldbawn 2.2 Mitigating and Adapting to Flooding 2.3 Rivers and their Importance

6 CONCLUSION 43 3 LANDSCAPE RESEARCH 6 3.1 Switzerland ‘Designing a River Garden’ 3.2 The Netherlands ‘Room for the River’

7 REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 4 SITE ANALYSIS 11

4.1 Description of the Dodder 4.2 Topography 4.3 Flooding 4.4 Land use and Land Management 4.5 Geological Bedrock 4.6 Soil Permeability

ii List of Figures and their References All drawings and photos not referenced are original works by the author

Cover Sheet: The River Dodder (photo by author)

Fig 1. Map of Ireland (by author)

Fig 2. The River Dodder Catchment Area (Google maps, 2020) (by author)

Fig 3. Flooding at Nutgrove Avenue Ryan, S. (2014). Photos: The floods have arrived. [online] TheJournal.ie. Available at: https://www.thejournal.ie/flooding-photos-1779929-Nov2014/ [Accessed 18 Dec. 2019].

Fig 4. Plan of the Renaturation of the River Aire Landezine.com. 2020. Renaturation Of The River Aire, Geneva « Landscape Architecture Platform | Landezine. [online] Available at: [Accessed 17 May 2020].

Fig 5. Photograph showing the evolution of the River Aire Landezine.com. 2020. Renaturation Of The River Aire, Geneva « Landscape Architecture Platform | Landezine. [online] Available at: [Accessed 17 May 2020].

Fig 6. Before Flood Prevention Measures at the River Waal Landezine.com. (2016). Room for the River, Nijmegen by H+N+S Landscape Architects « Landscape Architecture Platform | Landezine. [online] Available at: http:// landezine.com/index.php/2016/08/room-for-the-river-nijmegen-by-hns-landscape-architects/ [Accessed 1 Dec. 2019].

Fig 7. After Flood Prevention Measures at the River Waal. Landezine.com. (2016). Room for the River, Nijmegen by H+N+S Landscape Architects « Landscape Architecture Platform | Landezine. [online] Available at: http:// landezine.com/index.php/2016/08/room-for-the-river-nijmegen-by-hns-landscape-architects/ [Accessed 1 Dec. 2019].

Fig 8. Nijmegen’s new flood protection for the River Waal. Landezine.com. (2016). Room for the River, Nijmegen by H+N+S Landscape Architects « Landscape Architecture Platform | Landezine. [online] Available at: http:// landezine.com/index.php/2016/08/room-for-the-river-nijmegen-by-hns-landscape-architects/ [Accessed 1 Dec. 2019].

iii Fig 9. People using Nijmegan’s new flood protection for the River Waal. Landscape Architecture Platform | Landezine. [online] Available at: http://landezine.com/index.php/2016/08/room-for-the-river-nijmegen-by-hns-landscape-architects/ [Accessed 1 Dec. 2019].

Fig 10. Map of the Dodder Catchment area (reproduced by author) RPS (2012). [online] Dublincity.ie. Available at: https://www.dublincity.ie/sites/default/files/content/WaterWasteEnvironment/waterprojects/Documents/IBE0064_ Dodder%20Final%20Plan_120229.pdf [Accessed 20 Nov. 2019]. pp. 14

Fig 11. Map indicating the Topogarphy of the River Dooder (reproduced by author) Mapping, OSI. (2019). Discovery Series Digital. [online] Osi.ie. Available at: https://www.osi.ie/products/professional-mapping/discovery-series-digital/ [Accessed 17 Nov. 2019].

Fig 12. Flood Map of Dodder (reproduced by author) Floodinfo.ie. (2019). Flood Plans - OPW Flood Risk Management. [online] Available at: https://www.floodinfo.ie/map/floodplans/ [Accessed 18 Nov. 2019].

Fig 13 Map indicating Land use and land management surrounding the Dodder (reproduced by author) Enviromap.ie. (2019). The ESM Webtool | Bringing Environmental Assessment to your fingertips. [online] Available at: https://www.enviromap.ie/ [Accessed 18 Dec. 2019]..

Fig 14. Geological bedrock (reproduced by author) Enviromap.ie. (2019). The ESM Webtool | Bringing Environmental Assessment to your fingertips. [online] Available at: https://www.enviromap.ie/ [Accessed 18 Dec. 2019].

Fig 15. Map indicating soil permiability surrounding the Dodder (reproduced by author) Enviromap.ie. (2019). The ESM Webtool | Bringing Environmental Assessment to your fingertips. [online] Available at: https://www.enviromap.ie/ [Accessed 1 Feb. 2020].

Fig 16. South Couth Development plan 2016-2022 (reproduced by author) SDCC. 2020. Development Plan 2016 - 2022. [online] Available at: [Accessed 2 March 2020].

Fig 17. Natura 2000 sites within the catchment(reproduced by author) RPS (2012). [online] Dublincity.ie. Available at: https://www.dublincity.ie/sites/default/files/content/WaterWasteEnvironment/waterprojects/Documents/IBE0064_ Dodder%20Final%20Plan_120229.pdf [Accessed 20 Nov. 2019]. pp. 55 iv 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The climate and biodiversity crisis that the world faces today, recognised in the various declarations made by an increasing number of countries since May 2019, (Cunningham, 2019) means action must be taken, sometimes drastically to mitigate its potentially disastrous effects. Climate change has a direct effect on the hydrological cycle, as it intensifies, as air temperatures increase, more water evaporates; warmer air also holds more water vapour, which consequently leads to more intense rainstorms, causing more problems such as increased and more frequent flooding around the world. (Climate Reality, 2016) Climate change has also led to habitat loss, biodiversity loss, and pollution, which in turn contributes to climate change. (Harvey, 2018) I am particularly interested in the potential of restoration and improvement of degraded river systems in adapting to climate change, and how the creation of floodplains can be used in landscape developments to create more sustainable environments, protection of biodiversity and natural habitats.

Rivers flowing through densely populated counties like Dublin, present particularly challenging issues around rainwater runoff generated by a combination of climate change and residential and commercial development. The Dodder is one such river in Dublin that faces all these challenges. To inform my thinking on this subject I have researched the principles of how to mitigate and adapt to increased flooding of rivers. I have also looked at the effects of rainwater runoff on the environment, in both a local and global context; how climate change can be mitigated and managed, and how environments can be adapted by restoring the natural ecosystems providing much needed amenities to residential developments. This thesis will analyse examine and review how countries like Switzerland The Netherlands and have successfully developed landscape solutions to allow rivers to expand their flood plains to cater for increased rainfall and at the same time create amenities that will not only benefit people but will also increase biodiversity for plants and wildlife.

I have chosen the River Dodder as my test site for my thesis. It is an important and beautiful river in struggling to cope with the effects of climate change. The River Dodder is critical for rainwater runoff and a much-loved amenity for many Dubliners. Extensive flooding of this river in recent years has given rise to significant environmental and social issues including the destruction and contamination of wildlife and residential homes along its 27km course. (Google Maps, 2019)

The thesis aims to illustrate how extensive tree planting and creative landscape development can give more space to allow the River Dodder to flood safely along its course route while enhancing and reinforcing the natural characteristics of the river for both recreation and conservation purposes. Having fully considered the course route of the Dodder I have chosen two sites, one at Old Bawn, and the other at Rathfarnham Shopping Centre which I believe with creative landscape development can significantly improve the rivers floodplains and surrounding habitats for the benefit of all.

1 2. INTRODUCTION

Thesis Statement: Mitigating against flood risk, biodiversity loss and climate change by restoring the River Dodder’s natural floodplain and habitats. Returning the land to the river and adapting to climate change.

Swords

Dunboyne

Celbridge

Catchment area3 m UBL CO.

Bray Study Area

Blessington Greystones

CLO

Newtown Mount Fig 1. Ireland (map by author) Kennedy Aerial Catchment area

Fig 2. Dodder Catchment area (map by author)

2 2.1 Flooding as a Direct Effect of Climate Change

According to a Europe-wide study, Ireland, along with other parts of northwestern Europe, will suffer the consequences of increased flooding caused by climate change. Ireland will be forced to create stronger flood management services, as severe flooding in rivers becomes more and more likely. This extreme flooding is increasing from a one-in-a-100-year event to potentially a one-in-a-50-year event. (O’Sullivan, 2018)

Over the last ten years, there has been a considerable increase in the number of floods and storms across Europe. (Met.ie, 2019) Ireland in 2011 and 2014 saw massive flooding of the Dodder due to extreme weather conditions. (McEntee and Corcoran, 2016) Further storms namely, Storm Ophelia in October 2017 and Storm Emma in March 2018 have all adversely impacted the Dodder and its surrounding areas. Met Eireann has introduced the measure of alerting the public of increasing and more extreme weather conditions by the naming of storms in advance and the use of a traffic light warning system by Met Eireann which was introduced in 2015. (Met.ie, 2019)

Serious floods can cause financial and psychological distress amongst those affected. The increasing risks associated with climate change require a concerted response to how society designs the built environment and manages flooding. (O’Neill, 2016) Past practices have created problems by building in existing flood plains.

In my view, defensive measures no longer represent the best approach to managing flood risk. Instead, a combination of measures across a catchment area is required as best international practice proves. Flood defence mechanisms must now address biodiversity and habitat loss.

The increase of urbanisation worldwide, and also in Ireland, with pollution, deforestation, farming and the impermeabilisation of land has impacted on urban and aquatic ecosystems. (The Guardian, 2010) Management of urban drainage and the urban water cycle has seen significant change over the past number of decades in some countries. (McGrane, 2016) Best practice in other European countries has changed from narrowly-focused approaches with the prime objective of reducing flooding, to a multi-objective approach where design and intelligent decision-making influence the process, and deal with biodiversity loss, while improving the microclimates of the area. (Ruimte voor de Rivier, 2019)

3 2.2 Mitigating and Adapting to Flooding

The difficulty of managing increased stormwater runoff has become more prevalent and important over recent decades. There are many contemporary methods of mitigating flooding and adapting to it that work on the principle of trying to keep the rain where it falls.

The principles of Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDs) is to reduce the impact, speed and volume of the surface water runoff that enters a watercourse. Allowing for water storage areas in natural contours helps this objective by allowing water to infiltrate slowly into the ground, to be evaporated from surface water and to transpire from vegetation. Anything that slows down the speed of rainwater travel runoff and prevents it from entering a watercourse is beneficial. This is the opposite principle from that of the large underground pipes of years ago. SUDs comprise an array of techniques and technologies used to drain stormwater in a way that is more sustainable than conventional methods. These are based on a philosophy which is committed to replicating, as closely as possible, the natural predevelopment drainage of a site. (Susdrain.org, 2019)

Other principles such as sponge cities involve replacing impermeable surfaces with wetlands, green rooftops and rain gardens to allow stormwater to be absorbed back into the land, making water work for the city instead of against it. Imagined by Yu Conjian (of Turenscapes) these measures have been adopted in China, where Shanghai is becoming greener, street by street, to combat flooding. (Roxburgh, 2017) It is now time for Dublin City to look at how this approach could address the serious flooding along the banks of the Dodder.

4 2.3 Rivers and their Importance

As rivers are critical to the successful management of stormwater, I have looked at how my test site the River Dodder could be better utilised and adapted to be more effective in this area.

All rivers are part of a larger system known as the watershed and this comprises of the land that is drained by a river and its tributaries. (Cangeoeducation. ca, 2019) Over time, rivers have been denaturalised, and thus the river channels, the floodplains and the landscape of the entire watersheds have been altered.

Interview with Anne-Marie Mulhall -Flood Victim

The destruction of the natural forest habitat upstream and the building of dense housing downstream (Google Maps, 2019) have given rise to a concentration of stormwater in our rivers which then flood. We have seen this on the Dodder in recent years with devastating consequences to residential homes and the destruction of wildlife and biodiversity due to pollution. An example of this, is my aunt’s house Anne-Marie Mulhall on Nutgrove Avenue, Rathfarnham which was totally flooded in 2011 and again in 2014. From a discussion with her, she described how her house was completely destroyed on both occasions and the consequent financial and psychological difficulties she encountered as she was unable to insure the house after the first flooding event and will find it almost impossible to sell her house in the future. (Mulhall, 2019)

Fig 3. Flooding of 8 Nutgrove Avenue, Anne-Marie Mulhall’s home (The Journal, 2014)

5 3. LANDSCAPE RESEARCH

The Dodder is a great amenity to its surrounding area. The importance of the Dodder was recognised in 1941 with the production of a document by a well-known planner Professor Patrick Abercrombie. The proposed creation involved a parkway strip along the Dodder, with small footbridges to allow pedestrian access along the River. Dublin City’s Council Park Department has observed that the River Dodder corridor supports a rich variety of birds, animals and insects. Of the 75 habitats that have been identified in terrestrial locations in Ireland in 2016, 22 have been found along the Dodder. Its semi-natural vegetation consists of mainly native species along with 7 rare species, that are all associated with woodlands. Out of the 120 bird species in Ireland, 71 species are found here including kingfishers, cranes, hawks, pheasants, and herons. Otters are found throughout the river and six species of bats are also present; the diverse spectrum of wildlife found here also includes deer. The river acts a corridor for wildlife and the existence of certain species is a sign of the river’s good water quality. (McEntee and Corcoran, 2016)

A number of countries have successfully addressed the impact of climate change and have found ways to make room for rivers which have been canalised. A summary of two projects that have inspired the landscape development of the two sites on the River Dodder are:

3.1 Switzerland ‘Designing a Rivergarden’

3.2 The Netherlands ‘Room for the River’

6 3.1 Switzerland ‘Designing a Rivergarden’

The “Renaturation of the River Aire” is an interesting example and a study of how a river can be adapted and transformed to create a new fluvial geomorphology based on a diamond shaped diagram. This project highlights how the river course can be evolved and landscape developments can be created to provide new floodplains to control water levels , creating valuable habitats for plants and animals, while at the same time creating recreational amenities for the public in the form of water gardens, benches and tables and a pergola to host outdoor events. (share-architcets.com, 2020)

This project was awarded the Council of Europe Landscape Award in October 2019. The Jury concluded that:

“It made a forward looking contribution to the landscape development and harmoniously juxtaposed recreation and ecology, while also providing an answer to the topical question of how landscapes should develop near densely populated urban areas.”(FOEN, 2020)

Fig 4. Plan of the Renaturation of the River Aire Fig 5. Photograph showing the evolution of the River Aire (Landezine.com, 2016) (Landezine.com, 2016)

7 3.2 The Netherlands ‘Room for the River’

Much of the Netherlands is below sea level and is part of the low- lying delta of North-Western Europe. During the last 1,000 years, the rivers have been bound between increasingly stronger dykes, however, with the backdrop of climate change, river discharges are rising and as stated earlier high levels of water are expected to become a regular occurrence. (World Landscape Architecture, 2017) Initiatives such as the principle of ‘Room for the River’ have been put in place as part of a 10-year national programme to give rivers more space to flood safely, sometimes by restoring the river’s natural floodplain. (Cedaconferences.org, 2019) Measures introduced not only reduce the risk of flooding but also improve the quality of the surrounding environments. (World Landscape Fig. 6 Before Flood Prevention Measures at the Architecture, 2017) Across thirty locations nationwide, measures River Waal (World Landscape Architecture, 2017) have been taken to allow rivers to flood safely. Not only can the river flood safely, but measures are designed so that the quality of the surrounding environments is much improved by lowering and broadening the floodplain and by creating river diversions and temporary water storage areas. These areas are improved as marsh riverine landscapes are restored and can serve again as natural ‘water storage’ sponges and can give biodiversity, recreational and aesthetic benefits to the areas. (Ruimte voor de Rivier, 2019) Illustrations of the flood prevention measures showing before and after implementation are shown on the right.

Fig. 7 After Flood Prevention Measures at the River Waal (World Landscape Architecture, 2017)

8 The construction of an island between the River Waal and the historic centre of Nijmegen. While this is on a much larger scale compared to the proposed landscape interventions at the River Dodder, its objectives and some of its design features have influenced the site development at Oldbawn and Rathfarnham Shopping Centre. Many new bridges were built to improve the connectivity within the area. The bypass channel and island combined create a river park that reduces flood risk and also provides recreational, ecological and aesthetic amenities. (World Landscape Architecture, 2017) Which in turn improves the overall local environment.

Fig. 8 Nijmegen’s new flood protection for the River Waal.(Landezine.com, 2016)

9 The river park is the main attraction of Nijmegan’s new flood protection for the River Waal. It was designed according to the river water dynamics, erosion, sedimentation process and the tides. This urban park is made available to all and incorporates both historical and archaeological elements into its design. The Urban park can be used in different ways. See Fig.9 below.

The plan centered around three key layers: creating, growing and water movement.

1. Creating - this layer deals with physical elements that are constructed, dug or raised during building.

2. Growing - this layer conveys how the landscape including the natural and built environment may change in the future.

3. Water Movement - This layer exhibits the fluctuating water levels during the seasons.

During this project it was crucial that an understanding of the experience of the river landscape and the incorporation of the water dynamics was a key objective of the design. Occasionally paths will be flooded during high water levels, and during this time accessibility is through the form of stepping stones. Throughout the construction, accessibility to the river has been improved. Additionally, the conditions for erosion processes and sedimentation have been carefully included in the design, meaning that over time various ecotypes will be created, which act as characteristics for the landscape of the river. (World Landscape Architecture, 2017)

Fig 9. People using Nijmegan’s new flood protection for the River Waal.(Landezine.com, 2016)

10 4. SITE ANALYSIS

4.1 Description of the Dodder

The Dodder begins in the hills of South County Dublin, separating it from Wicklow in the Dublin Mountains. At around 2 kilometres to the north of the peak, , the river rises to a height of 763m. (McEntee and Corcoran, 2016) It flows in a north-westerly direction to Tallaght where it then flows in a north-easterly direction and continues down through Rathfarnham, Milltown, Donnybrook and . The Bohernbreena reservoir system is situated in the upper area of the River Dodder along with the Rathgun Waterworks. (RPS, 2012) At , the Dodder discharges into the – although its original estuary was narrowed and channelled at the time of the Docks construction during the 18th -19th century. The lower part of the river is tidal as far as Ballsbridge. (McEntee and Corcoran, 2016) The Dodder flows through three local authorities: County Council, Dún-Laoghaire Rathdown County Council, Dublin City Council. (RPS, 2012)

11 Dublin Port Liffey Upper Dodder

Ballsbridge Middle Dodder

Rathfarnham Lower Dodder

Focus Area

Tallaght Dundrum Slang

M50

Little Dargle River

Bohernabreena Resevoirs Whitechurch Stream

River Dodder Cot Brook

Slade Brook Mareen’s Brook Tomanallison

Tallaght Stream 3 m

Fig. 10 Map of the Dodder Catchment area (reproduced by author) (RPS, 2012)

12 Residential and commercial land-uses compete with agricultural land-uses in the middle catchment. Within the lower catchment area of the Dodder, land-use is nearly entirely residential, public parks and commercial. The Dodder follows a course of less than 27 kilometres. (McEntee and Corcoran, 2016) and it’s surrounding parklands are a very important amenity to Dublin. (Dublincity.ie, 2010)

Upper Dodder

The upper Dodder is mainly rural and consists of the river banks which still remain in their natural state. The main cause of flooding in this part of the river is water leaving the river channel at low points in the river banks. This water fills the natural river valley floodplain and causes minimal or no flooding to the surrounding area.

Middle Dodder

This part of the river spans from around weir to Rathfarnham Road Bridge and it flows through urbanised areas and parklands. Flooding along this part of the river is caused mainly by low river banks and overtopping of existing defences or inadequate channel/ floodplain capacity. Along with this, there are two weirs in this area of the river, that make elevated upstream water levels that reduce freeboard through this area which result in occasional flooding during extreme weather events.

Lower Dodder

The Lower Dodder spans from Rathfarnham Road Bridge to the confluence with the River Liffey and it flows through extremely urbanised areas. As stated already, the cause of flooding in this area is due to low river banks/overtopping of existing defences or inadequate channel/ floodplain capacity. Along this area of the river, there is urban development beside the river channel, with few green floodplain areas still existing. Because of this much property damage is caused during flood events. Along this section there are many weirs which aim to raise upstream water levels artificially. The high water levels lessen the available freeboard and therefore increases local flood risk. The many bridges situated within this stretch of the river have inadequate conveyance capacity for extreme flood events. The bridges allow water to back-up which causes higher water levels upstream. (RPS, 2012)

13 Liffey Dublin Port Dublin 4.2 Topography Bay Ringsend The topography of the Dodder has a direct effect on the catchment’s reaction to rainfall. The steeper the Ballsbridge slope, the faster the speed of flow below and over 5m ground surface. The topography also effects the extent of flooding. In level areas floodwater is able to spread Milltown over larger areas compared to steep narrow valleys. Rathfarnham The topography of the upper catchment is mainly rural Focus Area and mountainous. The span of the river downstream Tallaght of the two reservoirs is around 17.5km long and drops at an average gradient of 1 in 115. The lower areas of M5 the Dodder are extremely altered and canalised and with walled banks in some parts, though in some pf 11m the newer urban areas there are significant areas of parkland along with riverside walks. (RPS, 2012)

2m

3m 4m

5m

6m

m

IPPURE

3km

Fig. 11 Map indicating the Topogarphy of the River Dooder (reproduced by author) (OSI, 2019)

14 4.3 Flooding on the Dodder

Dublin Port Liffey Dublin The Dodder is well-known for its rapid reactions to Bay rainstorms. The contributing factors for this are:

Ballsbridge Approx 4.5km ² of extremely valuable 57 Flooding land belonging to 1. The mountains in the southern part of the Dublin City is at risk Milltown catchment are normally prone to heavy rainfall. Templelogue of flooding from the Dodder 72

2. The geology of the upper areas, comprised of 81 Rathfarnham Focus Area granite overlaid with peat, has a high volume of 83 Tallaght 86 63 runoff when saturated - this can be as high as 70%.

74 3. The catchment area is significantly large in Oldbawn M5 proportion to the length of the river. 86 88

4. Ireland’s winds are predominantly south-westerly. To prevent flooding downstream we must intervene further 5. The removal of the Dodder catchment’s native upstream and re- woodlands in the Wicklow hills, which is used to purpose these lands for flood prevention capture rainfall and keep it in place in the hills, in the tree trunks, in roots of leaves and in the forest floor. (McEntee and Corcoran, 2016) Flooding is therefore a man-made problem and that is why landscape architects must consider nature- led solutions to mitigate and adapt solutions to increased flooding, while also responding to 1 km biodiversity loss within our cities. 763

IPPURE Fig. 12 Flood Map of Dodder (reproduced by author) (OPW Floodmaps, 2019)

15 As indicated in the flood maps, the Dodder is more prone to flooding downstream however upstream thinking is crucial to the prevention on flooding downstream. When considering urban areas of the River Dodder such as at Ballsbridge. The River Dodder at Ballsbridge has been walled, making it inaccessible, and can only be viewed through unpleasant, small windows. (White, 2018) The river is hardly visible anymore. People can walk along it, but their connection to the river has been lost and the residents with the concern of the river flooding their homes.

River (fluvial) flooding occurs when the channel system is unable to deal with the quantity of rainfall that drains into it from the surrounding catchment. This quantity is a mechanism of catchment response, which is affected by factors such as urbanisation and land use. When extreme weather events occur, rivers take over not just their channel but also their floodplain. The capacity of a channel is effected by factors such as its size, shape, roughness and slope along with the height of the banks/defences to both sides of it. Bridges and other structures and the functioning of pumps and weirs pose restrictions to the channels capacity. Tidal flooding is caused by the overflow of low-lying floodplains by tides. Tidal flooding is also affected by the tidal cycle, storm surges and to wind-driven wave action to a lesser degree. Besides fluvial and tidal flooding, smaller scale flood hazards can come about from water runoff or rainfall flooding as the water cannot get away because of the high river or tide levels or from high groundwater levels. Flooding can be worsened by under-capacity bridges and culverts and by debris that causes blockages in parts of the river. (RPS, 2012)

The Dodder has been the subject of floods throughout history. Fluvial flooding is the term that is usually associated with rivers. When precipitation surpasses the capacity of the drainage system, the resulting flood is known as pluvial flooding. On 23rd October 2011, 95 mm of rain fell over the 24 hour period. The rainfall was the equivalent of a 100-year rainstorm. Both widespread and severe flooding took place in the city with, the Dodder being a contributing factor. It has been estimated that 192 dwellings and 136 other non-residential building were flooded during this time. (McEntee and Corcoran, 2016) Changes in weather patterns mean that the pluvial flooding is becoming an increasing issue, therefore action must be taken on the River Dodder, to prevent these problems. Solving flooding naturally involves using soft or nature-led solutions which relate to the power, actions and services of the river and upstream issues that affect the entire watershed.

The development of a Catchment Flood Risk Management Plan (CFRMP) for the River Dodder has been recognised as a priority project by the RPS for Dublin City Council of the existing flood risk. The Catchment Flood Risk Assessment Management focuses on flood risk on a catchment-wide basis. It identifies areas of significant flood risk and these areas tend to be at the urban end of the river. These properties were identified by the OPW with Dublin City Council, Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council and South Dublin County Council. (Dublincity.ie, 2010)

16 4.4 Land Use and Land Management

Road Network M50 land principally occupied by agriculture Discontinuous Urban Fabric with significant areas of natural vegetation Liffey Dublin Port Dublin Industrial/Commercial Units Bay Coniferous Forest T Road and rail networks

Ballsbridge Peat Bogs Industrial/Commercial units Moors and Heathland Milltown Broad-leaved Forest

Rathfarnham Coniferous Forest Sports and Leisure Facilities Focus Area Burnt Areas Tallaght Mixed Forest Peat bogs Green Urban Areas M5 Pastures Broad-leaved forest Natural Grassland Moors and Heathland

BurntSports Areas & Leisure Facilities

Green Urban Areas Mixed Forest Mineral Extraction Sites Natural Grassland

Continuous Urban Fabric WaterbodyPastures

3 km Mineral Extraction Site

Fig. 13 Map indicating Land use and land management surrounding the Dodder (produced by author) (Enviromap.ie, 2019)

17 4.5 Geological Bedrock 4.6 Soil Permeability

Dublin Port Liffey Liffey Dublin Bay Liffey LiffeyDublin Port Dublin Bay

Focus Area Focus Area

M5 M50

3 km 3 km

ell DrainedWell Drained Visean basinal Limestone “Calp” Poorly Drained Liffey Poorly Drained Made Lr-Mid Ordclavian basic volcanics Peat Built area

Alluvial Lr-Mid Ordoclavian Slate Peat

Caledonian Granite Alluvial

Fig. 14 Geoligcal Bedrock Fig. 15 Soil Permeabilty (produced by author) (Enviromap.ie, 2020) (produced by author) (Enviromap.ie, 2019)

18 5. DESIGN PROCESS

Building on the river’s floodplain and piping of rainwater and stormwater surface runoff into the Dodder are some of the leading causes of increased flooding and strict rules must be put in place for flooding to be minimised. Flooding has been exacerbated by poor planning. The rezoning of flood plains for housing, industrial projects, constructed at pinch points and unrestrained carbon emissions have all had an impact on increased flooding. (The Irish Times, 2017) With wetter winters being forecasted in the future, dredging a slow moving river and accumulating spoil along its banks has only replicated the hard-engineering reactions of the past. To protect those impacted by the Dodder and to make room for the river, natural flood plains must be utilised and consideration must be given to allow for extensive over-flow corridors along the length of the river.

A study and review of the detailed flood maps of the River Dodder clearly highlight the downstream of the Dodder particularly in Ballsbridge which is under most threat of flooding from the Dodder. Approximately 4.5km of extremely valuable land in this area is in constant danger of serious flooding with the threat of rising sea levels and increased rainfall. Dublin cannot afford to ignore the problems of flooding from the Dodder, to prevent flooding downstream, I am intervening further upstream and attempting to slow the flow of the water before it reaches the main city.

There is a lot of land in the middle catchment that is underutilised and derelict in parts, the land is not accessible for flooding, it is in this area where i plan to apply my concept of holding back the water before it reaches the areas where it floods by re-purposing these lands both for flooding and for the community to access them.

Over the past decade (in 2011 and 2014) we have seen first-hand the devastation caused to the environment and homes by flooding along the Dodder. While some action has been taken to mitigate future flooding there are still huge risks to many areas along the Dodder. Combining increased tree planting upstream and creative landscape interventions at appropriate sites along the course route of the Dodder, mitigation and management of flooding risks could be achieved while at the same time creating environmentally friendly amenities that support the creation of natural heritage areas and reverse biodiversity loss.

The drawing on the next page illustrates the landscape plan of the study area and the following sketches show some of the observations along the study area.

19 Study Area

Site 2. Old Bawn

Houses view/connection is lost to the Houses view and connection is river due to the landscape lost to te river due to te landscape

Large concrete slabs put in place after hurricane Charley to slow the slow, water was once deep and more accessible to people

Large concrete slabs put in place after urricane Carley to slow te slow, water was once deep and more accesible to people

Site 1. Rathfarnham Shopping Centre Dodder Valley Park

Shopping centre is visually unappealing

River narrows slightly after Bushy Park

Shopping centre

Tree planting along river

20 Observations made along the study area

river is walled

Weir acts as flood prevenetion measure& also provides visual aesthetics View to river is obstructed

Desire lines - Path provide closer circulation to Need for wider the river foot paths?

River meanders and follows direction of road

Weir at M50 Path approaching Dodder Valley Park Walled Dodder at Butterfield Avenue

Urban meets wild Shopping Centre close to the river

ild and natural feeling Paths for circulation

alling of river and railings

River is concealed

Riverside Cottages Bridge at Rathfarnham Shopping Centre Stepping Stones at Bushy Park

21 5.1 Selection of Sites along the Dodder

The field work and understanding of the nature of the challenges facing the Dodder led me to choose areas of the River Dodder that I could use as a study area and apply the nature-led solutions from Landscape research 1 to these sites. I identified significant tracks of land in the middle catchment area that are under-utilised, derelict in parts, and not accessible for flooding, which fully aligned to my concept of “Making Room for the River” while at the same time protecting against biodiversity loss and creating sustainable and environmentally beneficial amenities. The total site area stretches for 4.5km from the bridge at Oldbawn to the exit of Bushy Park and includes two new landscape developments as shown in the landscape plan of the study area.

In addition to developing landscape interventions at the above site, the concept of planting more trees upstream was applied to the areas in the Dublin mountains, where much of the land includes peat bogs and is a Natura 2000 site. The theme of forestry is continued further downstream at the landscape development sites. The introduction of forests helps to combat flooding by slowing the flow of the water and also aids biodiversity.

It took several trips along the 27km of the Dodder to decide where and how landscape interventions could best address the biodiversity loss, and the social and financial consequences caused by excessive flooding due to climate change.

22 In the initial stages a site at Spawell near the M50 was explored, (see illustration below.) However the creation of floodplains was not possible without major disruption to the Tallaght Road which is a significant artery for traffic on to the M50.

Section BB_Existing

B) Closure of Road, to be reconstructed

Spawell

Scale 1:1500 B

Solution A. Solution B.

B) Flood Area A) Dig up unused golf course to allow water to attenuate 6m River Park, water coming from 6m 66m 64m Dodder underground Road reconstructed into a bridge to River park created during times of allow water pass under flooding Scale 1:1500 Scale 1:1500

23 5.2 Landscape Development Influences

The traditional engineering solution to flooding is often to build walls along waterbodies. (White, 2018) However, the more sustainable action to take in light of the escalating climate crisis and biodiversity loss, is to ensure that the future city of Dublin can live in greater harmony with nature and in, this case allow room for the River Dodder to flow and to flood safely. Successful interventions in Switzerland and in the Netherlands as described (in section 2 Landscape Research) clearly illustrate how alternative developments can address flooding and biodiversity loss due to climate change.

When deciding on the optimal design for floodplains along the River Dodder the South County Dublin Development Plan as shown in Fig. 16 below was considered in the context of the final design.

To protect and enhance the outstanding natural character and amenity of the Dodder Valley areas.

To protect, improve and provide for the future development of Village Centres.

To protect, improve and provide for the future development of Local Centres.

To protect, improve and provide for the future development of District Centres.

Proposed Natural Heritage Areas (pNHA) Fig. 16 South Couth Dublin Development plan 2016-2022 (reproduced by author)

24 5.3 Management of Upstream Areas

To truly solve flooding issues it is important to think about what happens upstream. The risk confronted by floodplain communities is worsened by the poor management of land upstream from the city. Flood problems arise when there are less trees and plants to absorb the rain and preventing the rain from running straight into the river. (Murray and Carrington, 2019) Extensive research evidence has shown that woodland planting on correct sites can greatly “slow the flow” and reduce downstream flooding. Expanding the area of rich and healthy flourishing woodlands is a significant land-use change which should be considered. This solution with better upland heather and heather grassland management, are crucial in reducing the risk of flooding downstream. (Thomas, 2018) This can be done by opportunity mapping for woodland creation to reduce flooding. The upper area of the Dodder catchment is mainly rural, comprised of peat bogs, mixed forest and land belonging to agriculture and natural vegetation. (RPS, 2012)

Access can be very limited upstream as people are not expected to be ere As indicated in Fig. 13 the land use and landcover must be taken into account when deciding to plant as some areas are not suitable for tree planting. Much of the upstream catchment area comprise peat bogs making it unsuitable for upstream tree planting. However, there are significant areas comprising natural vegetation which would be suitable for further planting. (RPS, 2012) Because of the large areas of peat bogs there is a challenge to address the middle and lower catchment areas.

25 Tree planting in the upstream areas where possible will help to combat flooding further downstream. However as this is a remote area, I decided to concentrate on the middle catchment area which offers the potential for the creation of floodplains and infrastructure in an urban framework.

Natura 2000 sites within the Dodder

Special Areas of conservation

Special Protection Areas

IPPURE

Fig.Dodder 17 Catchment Natura 2000Special sites Areas of Conservation within the catchment Rivers Special Protection Areas

(reproduced by author)Competent Authority(RPS, 2012)

6 ilometres 26 5.4 Re-wilding and Tree Planting to prevent Flooding

Re-wilding the River Dodder can help to reinforce the natural characteristics of the river. “Re-wilding” proposes transforming an entire catchment into appropriate natural land cover and habitats. The land use and land management has an effect on the catchment’s response to rainfall. The type of vegetation can change the amount of rainfall that arrives at the main channels by storing More access needed in urban environments but rain water where it falls. (RPS, 2012) The catchments along the there can still be significant tree planting Dodder have been proven to respond rapidly to rainfall, with very little or insufficient storage. (McEntee and Corcoran, 2016)

The planting of trees around rivers has the potential to reduce the possible risk of flooding by 20%. A study for the Environmental Pat Pat Agency in the UK found that planting trees around a feeder stream slows down the rush of rainwater and can save properties from flooding. However it must be considered that natural flood prevention methods are not always successful. The EA warns that a strategic approach must be taken into account because foresting a whole catchment area could be counterproductive under certain circumstances. Difficulties can be encountered when trying to forest a whole catchment area because of the many landowners that are involved. For both farmers and foresters new incentives must be established, as they currently receive EU grants for maintaining land as pasture and clearing scrub and trees. (Harrabin, 2016)

27 5.5 Site 1. Rathfarnham Shopping Centre

The Dodder at this site flows between the back of and Rathfarnham Shopping Centre and is sadly totally disconnected from densely populated areas. There are significant tracks of land on the Rathfarnham side that could be used as flood plains while creating natural habitats and amenities for residents living in the area. Also, connecting the Dodder to residents of the area will significantly benefit local residents and help mitigate pollution and offset biodiversity loss. See existing site photos below.

River at site Houses that face the river View from river to shopping centre

28 In the initial stages the demolition of the shopping centre was considered to make room for barge-living on the Dodder. However the shopping centre is an important amenity for the local population, and a decision to enhance the shopping centre seemed more appropriate as it enhances the development of this site. Below details the initial design process.

Section AA_Existing

Templelogue

51m 5m 46m Path Butterfield Avenue Path Path Path Riverside Cottages River Dodder Rathfarnham Shopping Centre A

Solution A. Flood this area, create new barge Walkway to River to housing improve connectivity from Templelogue Demolish Shopping Centre 51m 4m Village 46m Dodder Widened by approx 170m to flood towards Rathfarnham Barge Living Rathfarnham Shopping Rathfarnham Shopping Centre, widening of River, giving rover to Centrecommunity Demolished and replaced with housing

The final plan is to create new floodplains on the lands at the back of the shopping centre. A bank will be built up beside the river to ensure that the river can run its natural course. Two sluice gates will be constructed at either side of the banks allowing water to flood into this land depending on the water levels. Terraced limestone steps will connect to a boardwalk at the back of the shopping centre and the boardwalk will connect to Templeogue Village. The shopping center will be adapted by adding two more stories to be developed as apartments with views and access to the river and the new landscape intervention. Green rooves are added to the shopping centre to collect rainwater and to be used as brown water in the newly built apartments. Any existing trees impacted by this development will be replaced with extensive tree planting throughout the site. New tree types will be introduced in the form of native species and robust multi-stem tree planting that can withstand flooding.

29 SITE PLAN

Forest creation A TEMPLELOGUE Sluice gate , see drawing 28 B

6m wide varying timber boardwalk over river and flood area C connecting Templelogue and Rathfarnham Centre. See drawing 27

D River to flood into this land

River E Built up bank

F Wetland planting G

Trees to be retained G

Limestone terraced steps connecting boardwalk and H adapted shopping centre, see drawing 29

I Adapted shopping centre, additional 2 storeys, creating living areas up above Green rooves, collecting rainwater that can drain into flood area, connecting this facility with river I B J Bicycle parking +49.0

K Stepping stones J E J

+43.0 +46.0 +51.0 A Rathfarnham F K

+49.0 Boardwalk steps +47.0 H Levels on boardwalk

B +46.0 D C +50.0

G

Glass Panel Cut outs in boardwalk Perspective view Drawing 34. 10m Note: Numbers indicate the levels

30 EXISTING AND PROPOSED SECTIONS

Existing_Section AA

51m 5m 46m A Path Butterfield Avenue Path Path Path Riverside Cottages River Dodder Rathfarnham Shopping Centre

Detailed below is a section of the development illustrating the land to be excavated. The river is at 46m and the flood area is at 43m allowing the operation of natural floodplains when the sluice gates are opened and closed.

B

Proposed_Section BB

51m 5m Two storeys added to existing 51m 46m Shopping Centre 43m 5m Two storeys added to existing with views to the river, water to be 46m River Dodder Shopping Centre 43m collected on green rooves and Boardwalk through Boardwalk with views to the river, water to be forest River Dodder fed into flood area and river Riverside Cottages Boardwalk through Boardwalk collected on green rooves and Terraced fed into flood area and river forest limestone Riverside Cottages Area to flood Terracedsteps to limestoneflood area Area to flood steps to flood area

31 THE BOARDWALK Variations of the Boardwalk for creating new spaces

The boardwalk will vary in levels to create more interesting spaces. Variations include: two levels, steps down to the wetland area; a glass panel to look at the water coming from the river at the sluice gate on the left side of the plan and sections of the boardwalk cut out to allow people to get closer to the water as shown in the drawings to the right. Creating levels

Steps to be closer to the water

Glass panel to see water Hand Railing movement form river

Timber Beam

Concrete Foundation Ground Cut away sections

32 SECTION CC OF THE DEVELOPMENT

C

Stepping stones Flood area with wetland planting and robust multi Boardwalk within flood Path Existing trees retained within flood area Island with extensive stem tree planting tree planting area with levels down to the water

33 2 SLUICE GATES LOCATED ON BOTH SITES TERRACED STEPS WITH TREE PLANTING AT SHOPPING CENTRE

Root ball of tree planted within steps

Water level at 2 metres

Concrete foundation and Support PLANTING MATERIALS

DRAINAGE FROM SHOPPING CENTRE Water Tree Planting Timber boardwalk

Alnus glutinosa Betula nigra Limestone terraced steps Rain water cab be collected on roof of shopping centre Forest Tree Planting Metal Railings for boardwalk Populus Water can be used in Betula pendula the building as brown Quercus water Gravel mix concrete for stepping stones Pinus sylvestris

Wetland Planting Water is brought to Iris pseudacorus flood area Sparganium erectum underground Typha sp.

Shrubs

Corylus avellana Ilex

34 ATMOSPHERIC PERSPECTIVE FACING THE REPURPOSED SHOPPING CENTRE

35 5.6 Site 2. Oldbawn

This site was chosen on the basis that the river is totally disconnected from a densely populated area which could really benefit from ecological amenities. There is considerable land at this site that to be used as effective flood plains while protecting and improving biodiversity in an area identified as a proposed Natural Heritage Area along the river.

Bridge over river at Oldbawn Space for river park Land leading to river

Taking inspiration from the renaturation of the River Aire in Switzerland, the plan is to create a river park by allowing the river to flood, by building a riverbank and adding 2 sluice gates. The newly created river park has earth mounds built in the shape of the landscape inspired by Clew Bay in Westport, County Mayo. Timber railings are constructed on the mounds that are accessed by foot bridges. There is wetland planting in the new flooded river park with stepping stones and a path leading people up the slope through the forested area. Three new independent living units are provided that face on to the river park. The new river park engages with the community of Oldbawn while allowing the river to flood safely and encourages biodiversity.

36 SITE PLAN

River

+86.0

A G I

+90.0

94 94

B +86.0

F

E +92.0 J +89.0

+93.0

+88.0

D I

C A Creation of 3 independent living units facing river park, connecting the community to the river

B Stepping stones to river park +92.0

C Land dug away to allow river to flow into these areas +92.0

D Boardwalk bridges connecting land mounds

+89.0 E Formation of islands to mirror a drumlin landscape

H F Built up bank

G Sluice gate, see drawing 28

G H Trees to be retained

I Glades within forest to encourage biodiversity

J Timber railings 10m Note: Numbers indicate the levels 37 EXISTING AND PROPOSED SECTIONS

Seskin View Park Houses Proposed_Section DD

99m

Seskin View Park Houses 95m94m Tallaght Tyres Tennis Court 9m D 9m River Dodder

Dodder Valley Park

Removal of earth to create floodplains and construct earth mounds for the river park.

E

Proposed_Section EE

95m 94m 92m Flower Meadow 9m Forest Planting Creation of River Park with mounds. Mounds will be m submerged in times of high water and they will be hills in dry Tallaght Tyres Flower Meadow River Dodder Creation of Independent periods Stepping Stepping Living housing facing Stones Stones built up bank 4m River Park Wooden Railing

38 BIODIVERSITY ALONG THE RIVER’S EDGES ISLAND FORMATION

Landscape formation at Clews Bay, Westport Co. Mayo has been used as inspiration for shape of islands, with land decreasing in size approaching the river

MATERIALS

Timber: Boardwalk, Railings at Oldbawn

Woodland Forests Gravel mix concrete for stepping stones Glades within woodland enhancing biodiversity

PLANTING

Water Tree Planting Wetland Planting Iris pseudacorus Alnus glutinosa Sparganium erectum Betula nigra Typha sp.

Forest Tree Planting Wildflower Meadow Planting species Populus Birdsfoot Trefoil Betula pendula Black Meddick Quercus Cat’s Ear Pinus sylvestris Purple Loosestrife

olus aellana for attrcting bees Shrubs Ragged Robin Red Clover Corylus avellana Corn Marigold Ilex Corn Poppy

39 SECTION FF OF RIVER PARK

F

Shrubs and bushes 4m earth mound within river park promoting biodiversity Timber post railing

Seating Flood area with wetland planting and robust multistem tree planting

40 ATMOSPHERIC PERSPECTIVE OF FOREST LEADING TO THE RIVER PARK

41 ATMOSPHERIC PERSPECTIVE OF THE RIVER PARK

42 6. CONCLUSION

The concept of “Making Room for the Dodder”, means allowing the river to stretch out onto the natural flood plains and holding back water, rather than speeding up the flow of water; consequently downstream areas are not flooded. It allows space for seepage, instead of drainage in upland areas, to limit runoff. As an alternative to canalising rivers and erecting barriers in anticipation of torrential weather events, “making room for the river” makes an effort to work with nature. Working with nature is a more financially viable and effective measure than man-made infrastructure, because it responds to the increasing difficulty of climate change. (The Irish Times, 2017)

I have selected The River Dodder as my test site to demonstrate how ambitious and creative landscape interventions can address the challenges of climate change, by making room for the river with effective floodplains, while at the same time protecting homes and natural heritage areas and creating life-enhancing amenities for residents along the Dodder. The two significant landscape interventions which I have designed at Rathfarnham Shopping Centre and Oldbawn both achieve my critical objective of Making Room for the River without destroying the natural habitat. This has been achieved by creating natural flood plains in both sites using sluice gates. Both developments are created to achieve a valuable connection between the river and the residents of the areas. This is important to encourage conservation of the Dodder; the avoidance of pollution, contamination of the river and biodiversity loss. Also, the potential financial savings of flood prevention downstream in Dublin 4 is an extremely important achievement of both developments and should more than cover the costs of the two proposed developments.

The proposed development at both sites will expand the flood plains using sluice gates in a way that connects the river to the residents and protects and encourages the natural heritage and biodiversity of both areas.

Both landscape developments will provide a wonderful amenity for residents of all age groups with walkways and islands together with independent living units for older residents. Furthermore, the biodiversity of the landscape will flourish with the introduction of new planting of trees and bushes which will encourage wildlife. As both areas will become part of the fabric of the resident’s life, pride in this amenity should reduce contamination and pollution while allowing the river to flood safely

There is an opportunity to apply these interventions to other parts of the Dodder and potentially to other rivers in Ireland to combat flooding from climate change while at the same time supplying much needed amenities for local residents and the general public.

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