MASTERPLAN REPORT KELLS HERITAGE PARK Páirc Oidhreachta Cheanannus

KELLS HERITAGE PARK MASTERPLAN REPORT Páirc Oidhreachta Cheanannus Mór

December 2013

Contents

Page Page

Acknowledgements

1. Introduction 5. Masterplan Components 1.1 Background 2 5.1 Main Vehicle Access 54 1.2 Purpose and Scope of the Study 2 5.2 Vehicle Entry and Parking Options 55 1.3 Why a Public Amenity Park? 3 5.3 Cavan Road Entrance 56

KELLS HERITAGE PARK 1.4 Community Consultation 3 5.4 Oldcastle Road Secondary Access 57 Páirc Oidhreachta Cheanannus Mór 5.5 Surface Finishes 58 2. Site Appraisal 5.6 Car Park Details 60 MASTERPLAN REPORT 2.1 Location and Access 5 5.7 Toilet Block 61 2.2 Statutory Planning Context 7 5.8 Fences, Gates and Barriers 62 2.3 Landscape Character 12 5.9 Signage and Interpretation 63 2.4 Landform 16 5.10 Miscellaneous Fixtures and Fittings 65

2.5 Views 17 December 2013 2.6 Vegetation Pattern 20 6. Project Implementation 2.7 Archaeology 22 6.1 Composite Masterplan 67 2.8 Historical Associations 30 6.2 Implementation Plan 68 2.9 Land Ownership 34 6.3 Project Cost Plan 68 This project has been co-financed by Meath Partnership through the Irish 6.4 Project Phasing 69 Department of Environment, Community and Local Government ‘Rural 3. Visitor Appraisal 6.5 Phase 1 Budget Cost Estimate 70 Development Programme Ireland 2007-2013’ and through the European 3.1 Existing Facilities 36 6.6 Potential Funding Sources 71 Agricultural Fund for Rural Development: Europe investing in rural areas. 3.2 Tourism Context 37 3.3 Visitor Potential 38 7. Landscape Management B’iad Comhpairtaíocht na Mí, an ‘Chlár Tuathforbairt na hÉireann, 2007- 7.1 General 74 2013’, leis an Roinn Comhshaol, Pobal agus Rialtas Áitiúil, agus an Chiste 4. Masterplan Proposals 7.2 Design Intentions 74 Talmhaíochta na hEorpa le haghaidh an Thuathforbairt: Eorpach ag 4.1 Concept Plan 41 7.3 Management Objectives 74 infheistiú sna cheantair tuaithe, a comh-mhaoiniú an tionscadal seo. 4.2 Main Uses 42 7.4 Management Prescriptions 76 4.3 People’s Park 43 7.5 Management Schedule 80 4.4 Amenity Area 45 4.5 Utility and Vehicle Access 46 References 82 4.6 Arboretum and Wetlands 47 4.7 Dog Exercise Area 48 4.8 Woodlands and Wildlife Corridors 49 Appendices (separate volumes) 4.9 Agriculture 51 4.10 River Blackwater 52 A1 Archaeological Assessment A2 Appropriate Assessment Screening A3 SAC Site Synopsis A4 Phase 1 Tender Documents

Kells Heritage Park Ltd: Kells Heritage Park, Commons of Lloyd, Co. Meath: Masterplan Report

Acknowledgements

This document has been prepared on behalf of Kells Further thanks go to the wide range of local Heritage Park Ltd following a successful application to Organisations that have been involved with the project Meath Partnership for funding through the RDP to date, including: LEADER Programme. Meath Partnership for providing 90% funding for The development of a Masterplan for the Commons of preparation of the Masterplan. Lloyd would not have been possible without the Clan Credo for Community Finance. enthusiasm and dedication of the local community, as Kells Town Council for permission to prepare the represented by Kells Heritage Park Ltd, and the Masterplan. continued support of a wide range of individuals and Eoin Wall for design of the Logo. local organisations. Robert Duignan, Blackwater Landscapes, Fyanstown, Kells, for maintenance of the existing In particular, many thanks go to the following members Walks at Commons of Lloyd. of the Heritage Park Committee who have worked Kells Peoples Resource Centre for provision of tirelessly and provided invaluable guidance throughout facilities for Public Consultation meetings. the preparation of the Masterplan Report: National Trails Office for Site Assessment. Shane Monaghan for assistance with the Exercise Aidan Wall, Chairman Circuit plan. Kate Flood, Meath Eco Tours Robert English for help in obtaining Friends of Kells Conor Ferguson, Town Councillor Heritage Park signatures of support. Ronnie McGrane, Kells Electrical Services Ltd. For letters of Support from Kells Active Retirement Ger Clarke, Michael Carey, Crann the Tree Charity Group, Kells & District Chamber of Commerce, Paddy Rogers, Solicitor Headfort Golf Club, Kells & District Tourism Forum, Andy Bogie, Chairman Allotments Committee Kells Camera Club, Kells Pride of Place, Kells Paul Walsh, Engineer Archaeological & Historical Society, Kells Local Heroes, Boyne Valley to Lakelands County Kells Heritage Park Ltd would also like to thank the Greenway Committee, An Taisce, and Birdwatch many local Sponsors who have generously Ireland. contributed to this important initiative for the Commons of Lloyd, including: Also sincere thanks to very many Members of the Larry O’Brien, O’Briens Supervalu, Kells Public and Friends of Kells Heritage Park for your John Conaty Ltd, Sylvan Tractor Spares donations, support, and most of all for your enormous Arc Royal, Virginia Road, Kells enthusiasm for the Kells Heritage Park project. Councillor Conor Ferguson Kate Flood, Meath Eco Tours Ronnie McGrane, Kells Electrical Services Ltd Crann the Tree Charity, Ger Clarke, Michael Carey Gary Caldwell, TD Caldwell, Ballinlough Micheál McKeon, The Shop, Bective St, Kells Aidan Wall Financial Services Ltd, Pauline and Gavin Tegetmeier Mari Brunnock, Midas Group Damien McGrane, Damien McGrane Golf Ltd.

Kells Heritage Park Ltd: Kells Heritage Park, Commons of Lloyd, Co. Meath: Masterplan Report

KELLS HERITAGE PARK Páirc Oidhreachta Cheanannus Mór 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background 1.2 Purpose and Scope of the Study

The lands comprising the Commons of Lloyd are owned by Kells Town The purpose of this study is to Develop the Masterplan for Trail Design and Council and extend to more than 144ha (357 acres) in total. The Spire of Development Support Works at the Commons of Lloyd, including: Lloyd at the centre of the area is an important historical monument and a significant focal point in the landscape of the town and its surroundings. • Preparation of an overall design for the development of the Park’s The area has long been recognised as being of high amenity and walking trails and ancillary recreation potential, and tree planting recreational value for local people and visitors to Kells. A playground, car elements, including specifications for the hardware and software needed park and associated landscaping improvements were opened in July 1992 to provide information on the History, Mythology, Archaeology Folklore to the west of the Spire, and the area became known as the People’s Park. and Ecology of the site, phased according to community priorities, A number of walks were then developed in 2009 by the Kells Trail potential user groups, development costs and resources, and Development Group, which are well used but need to be extended. archaeological issues; • Establishing the requirement for Planning Permission, with appropriate In 2011, Crann the Tree Charity presented an overall plan for the site to the documentation, and/or obtaining necessary exemptions; Town Council – although this did not proceed, the Councillors were very • Providing a Schedule of Works for procurement; and much in favour of promoting the area as a public amenity. A group of local • Identifying a management and operational plan. people, Kells Heritage Park Ltd, came together to further progress the idea for developing proposals for the park, and a Concept Master Plan was This report therefore sets out a Masterplan Strategy for the study area. presented to Kells Town Council in June 2012, which was again favourably Sections 2 and 3 present an overall appraisal of the physical received. characteristics, the statutory planning context and the visitor potential of the Park; Sections 4 and 5 describe and illustrate the Masterplan Proposals The National Trails Office undertook a Site Assessment Report of the and main Components; and Sections 6 and 7 identify proposed Concept Plan proposals in February 2013, and concluded that ‘the trail Implementation and Management strategies. proposal at this site has the potential to deliver a trail system of substantial value to locals as a recreational resource’. Given the archaeological significance of the area, and in response to initial advice from the Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht (DAHG), The Kells Heritage Park Group vision for the future development of the an Archaeological Impact Assessment has been carried out on the likely Commons is that significant additional trails and minor recreation areas will impacts of the proposed project, by Patrick JH Neary MIAI (refer Appendix be developed as a valuable amenity for local people and visitors to the A1: Archaeological Assessment). area, and also to provide an educational resource in ecology, forestry and heritage for school tours. The existing available archaeological data has also been supplemented by a LIDAR survey of the site and its surroundings, with interpretation of Following a successful application by the Heritage Group to Meath findings by Steve Davis, School of Archaeology, University College Dublin Partnership for funding through the RDP LEADER Programme, this study (refer Site Appraisal Section 2.7). was commissioned through competitive tender to prepare an overall Masterplan for the future development of the Commons of Lloyd. In response to the presence of the River Boyne and River Blackwater Special Area of Conservation to the north of the site, an independent Appropriate Assessment Screening of the likely impacts of development on the designated Natura Site has been undertaken by Ruth Minogue BSocSci (Hons), MA (Econ), DipFieldEcology (refer separate report).

Consultation with other interested bodies has included Kells Town Council; Meath County Council; An Taisce; National Parks and Wildlife Service; and DAHG.

KELLS HERITAGE PARK Páirc Oidhreachta Cheanannus Mór 1. INTRODUCTION

1.3 Why a Public Amenity Park? 1.4 Community Consultation

The Kells Development Plan 2013-2019 identifies the area as one of the A presentation of the Preliminary Masterplan proposals for the Heritage most vital recreational assets which the town has access to for passive and Park was made on 11th July 2013. The main purpose of the consultation some active recreational facilities. It is the intention of the Plan for the land was to gain views of the community on: to be included as a zoned recreational area in order to help address the noticeable deficit of public open space provision in Kells to serve the • Developing a suitable Master Plan for the Site existing and future populations. • Type of recreational and amenity facilities • Access and management issues As noted by the National Trails Office in their Site Assessment Report of • Linkages to the town and other visitor initiatives previous proposals: • Opportunities for heritage conservation, enhancement and interpretation

• Priorities for implementation • There is increasing demand in proximity to all urban areas for

convenient access to walking trails and safe, traffic-free locations for The meeting was well-attended by over 40 people, and a significant families and children to cycle. amount of encouragement and support was received for the emerging • It is not often that such a substantial area so suited to the development proposals. Feedback Sheets were circulated towards the end of the of a sustainable trail system is available for development close to a meeting, and subsequently 15 completed sheets were returned. The main town. suggestions from the responses received were: • It will also draw users from a wider regional area as the outer trail provides sufficient length to merit travel from a radius of perhaps 20kms • Provision of public toilets to the site. Traffic-free trails of this length, especially for cycling, in such • Availability of drinking water an attractive setting can be difficult to find. • Baby changing facilities • The trails will also add greatly to the general outdoor offering to visitors • Attention to graveyard - re-mark the graves to the area. Again, few towns can offer trails on their doorstep of this • Solar lighting in the centre hub length in such a setting. • Coach car park closer to the Oldcastle Road; height restrictions in the

car park The related benefits of a public amenity park in such close proximity to the • Picnic tables town of Kells includes: • Access points for emergency services, first aid post or SOS phone • • Improved quality of life for the people of Kells and surrounding areas Improved sign posting on the Oldcastle Road • • Habitat creation to protect and enhance the local eco-system, and Speed bumps or rumble strips • proximity to Blackwater River. Maintain part of the lands for agricultural to hear the sounds of animals • Complements the ancient monastic status of Kells as a well-established at night • Feedback Sheet format for Community Consultation Heritage Town (already known world-wide for Book of Kells). Ask for sponsorship from businesses associated with the masts on the • The site is rich in archaeological, cultural and natural heritage, offering Spire great potential for improved interpretation and as an educational resource. The Kells Heritage Group hosts a popular Facebook page (https://www. facebook.com/KellsHeritagePark) which has regular up-dates on progress • Potential to attract significant tourist numbers, especially in relation to with the Heritage Park, and 268 ‘likes’ to date. The DRAFT Masterplan is the Boyneside Trail. also available online at www.kellsheritagepark.com/reports. • Potential to support and enhance the local economy through related

activities and facilities, such as B&B/hostels, pubs/restaurants, tour

guides, self-catering, specialist retail outlets, farm-based activities,

cycle hire, festivals and events.

KELLS HERITAGE PARK 2. SITE APPRAISAL Páirc Oidhreachta Cheanannus Mór

2.1 Location and Access

The Commons of Lloyd are located less than 2km west of the centre of the ancient monastic town of Kells, at an elevation of 120m, OD. The site is distinguished by a monument in the form of a lighthouse tower at its summit, erected by the Earl of Bective in 1791. The hill is a natural focal feature of the landscape, being the highest elevation between Kells and the Lough Crew Hills which lie approximately 12km further west. At a very early period a strategic highway leading westwards from the region of Kells was known to pass close by the site.

Kells has excellent accessibility by private car, being served by the N3/M3 network, which connects with Dublin to the south-east and Cavan to the north. This national road network also serves the towns of Navan, Dunshaughlin, Virginia and Cavan. Since the opening of the M3 ‘Clonee to North of Kells Motorway Scheme’ in 2010, including a by-pass route around the town of the former N3 and N52 routes, significant strategic traffic volumes have been removed from the centre of Kells which has greatly improved road safety and general ambience in the town. Regional location Kells is also accessible by bus, with Bus Éireann operating a number of services between Dublin and Cavan, via Navan and Dunshaughlin, with services every half hour and a travel time to Dublin of approximately one hour twenty minutes.

The Commons of Lloyd site is bounded by the R147 Cavan Road to the north, the R163 Oldcastle Road to the south, the newly-constructed N52

3.0 km by-pass to the east, and (partly) by a local road to the west. It is therefore well connected to the primary road network and within easy reach of the

2.5 km main residential areas to the north, south and west of the town. Footpath and cycle track along south side of R147 Cavan Road The distance of the site from the town centre is between 1-3km, equivalent 2.0 km to a comfortable 12-36 minutes walking time.

1.5 km From the town centre westwards, there is an existing footpath and off-road cycle track along the south side of Cavan Road as far as the N52 1.0 km roundabout. Along Oldcastle Road there is a continuous footpath on the north side from the town centre to the main Commons of Lloyd entry, but no provision for cyclists. There is a Slí Na Slaínte walk from the town centre to the Peoples Park along Oldcastle Road.

Access to the site is presently limited to the main Oldcastle Road entry and a secondary pedestrian only access just beyond the N52 over-bridge, and a footpath link across the Cavan Road to the Kells Business Park.

Distance from Kells town centre Existing footpath along R163 Oldcastle Road

KELLS HERITAGE PARK 2. SITE APPRAISAL Páirc Oidhreachta Cheanannus Mór

The N52 by-pass generally signifies the western extent of the built-up area of the town. Residential development extends to the north of the road, and the recently constructed Aldi super-market is located to the south of Cavan Road. The lands adjoining Aldi are identified for retail warehousing and to accommodate light warehousing/industrial use.

Beyond the by-pass is located the Kells Business Park to the north side of the Cavan Road and extending to the Blackwater River. A variety of industrial, warehousing, wholesale, distribution and service companies are located on the fully serviced 32ha site, with excellent access to the N3 and N52 bypass. The scale of the buildings in an otherwise rural setting of the outskirts of the town, combined with the lack of substantial planting, makes the Business Park especially prominent in views from the Hill of Lloyd. A civic amenity site including an education facility to serve the needs of Kells is also located at the park. A framework plan to guide future development of a significant expansion (40ha) of the park to the east of the present development is contained in the Draft Kells Development Plan.

Kells Business Park as viewed from the Hill of Lloyd Development to the south of the site is limited to one-off, low density housing dispersed along Oldcastle Road, and with occasional farm accesses. A row of six houses with long gardens backing onto the Hill of Lloyd occur mid-way along Oldcastle Road.

There is an existing reservoir located towards the centre of Spire Field, accessed via a gated track from Oldcastle Road, originally forming part of the Kells Water Scheme developed in 1897 with water being pumped to Kells by two turbines drawing water from the Blackwater. The pumphouse was located in the Assocker field, with the reservoir in the Spire field having a capacity of 250,000 gallons. The pumphouse was closed down in the early 1980s with water being pumped instead from Loch Bane in Co. Westmeath. The reservoir remains as a prominent visual feature in views of the Spire from the east.

The water reservoir and long rear gardens of properties on Oldcastle Road

KELLS HERITAGE PARK Páirc Oidhreachta Cheanannus Mór 2. SITE APPRAISAL

2.2 Statutory Policy Context • Ensure that all cycling networks - both urban and rural - are signposted to an agreed standard. The development of walking and cycling trails at the Commons of Lloyd is • Ensure Proper Integration Between Cycling And Public Transport (PT). supported through statutory planning policy at National, County and Local levels, as follows: The National Guidelines on Physical Activity for Ireland Aim: To emphasise the importance of physical activity to the health of all National Level Irish people; and outline the recommendations for physical activity for • Smarter Travel Policy people of all ages and abilities. • National Cycle Policy Framework • Provides guidelines for recommended physical activity for different age • National Guidelines on Physical Activity for Ireland groups (2-18, 18-64 and 64+ age groups and for adults with • Rural Development Programme disabilities). County Level • Meath County Development Plan The Rural Development Programme 2007–2013 Local Level Aim / Objective: Focuses on three key objectives • Kells Development Plan, and 1. Increasing the competitiveness of the agricultural sector through • Appendix D, Kells Local Transport Plan support for restructuring. 2. Enhancing the environment and countryside through support for land Smarter Travel Policy 2010-2020 management. Overall Aims: To achieve a sustainable transport system by 2020. 3. Strengthening the quality of life in rural areas and promoting Relevant Objectives: diversification of economic activities. • To create a strong cycling culture in Ireland and ensure that all cities, towns, villages and rural areas will be cycling-friendly. Meath County Development Plan 2013-2019

• Commitment to creating a culture of walking in Ireland, with recognition The Development Plan is the key corporate policy document to guide the that there is strong convergence between walking as a tourism asset future development of the county. Of particular relevance to future and walking as recreational activity for local residents. This in turn development at the Commons of Lloyd, the Plan has mandatory objectives complements a culture of walking as a mode of everyday transport, by that include (amongst others): encouraging people to walk as a matter of routine. • The conservation and protection of the environment including, in National Cycle Policy Framework particular, the archaeological and natural heritage and the conservation Aim: To create a strong cycling culture in Ireland and ensure that all cities, and protection of European sites and any other sites which may be towns, villages and rural areas will be bicycle friendly and that the bicycle prescribed for the purposes of this paragraph; • will be the transport mode of choice for all ages. A culture of cycling will The encouragement, pursuant to Article 10 of the Habitats Directive, of have developed in Ireland to the extent that, by 2020, 10% of all trips will the management of features of the landscape, such as traditional field be by bike. boundaries, important for the ecological coherence of the Natura 2000 Relevant Objectives: network and essential for the migration, dispersal and genetic • Support the planning, development and design of towns and cities in a exchange of wild species; • cycling and pedestrian friendly way. The preservation of the character of the landscape where, and to the • Provide designated rural signed cycle networks providing especially for extent that, in the opinion of the planning authority, the proper planning visitors and recreational cycling. Encouraging recreational cycling is a and sustainable development of the area requires it, including the key element of creating a cycling culture in Ireland and recreational preservation of views and prospects and the amenities of places and routes in and around urban areas, which, in turn link to rural areas are features of natural beauty or interest; • very important. The protection of structures, or parts of structures, which are of special • Provide cycling-friendly routes to all schools, provide adequate cycling architectural, historical, archaeological, artistic, cultural, scientific, social parking facilities within schools and colleges, and provide cycling or technical interest; • training to all school pupils. The preservation, improvement and extension of amenities and recreational amenities;

KELLS HERITAGE PARK Páirc Oidhreachta Cheanannus Mór 2. SITE APPRAISAL

• The preservation of public rights of way which give access to seashore, Within and adjacent to such areas, the following policies apply: mountain, lakeshore, riverbank or other place of natural beauty or recreational utility, which public rights of way shall be identified both by NH POL 5 marking them on at least one of the maps forming part of the To permit development on or adjacent to designated Special Areas of development plan and by indicating their location on a list appended to Conservation, Special Protection Areas, National Heritage Area or those the development plan, and proposed to be designated over the period of the plan, only where an • Landscape, in accordance with relevant policies or objectives for the assessment carried out to the satisfaction of the Meath County Council, in time being of the Government or any Minister of the Government consultation with National Parks and Wildlife Service, indicates that it will relating to providing a framework for identification, assessment, have no significant adverse effect on the integrity of the site. protection, management and planning of landscapes and developed having regard to the European Landscape Convention done at NH POL 6 To have regard to the views and guidance of the National Parks Florence on 20 October 2000. and Wildlife Service in respect of proposed development where there is a possibility that such development may have an impact on a designated County Meath has a rich natural and built heritage, which includes scenic European or National site or a site proposed for such designation. river valleys, rolling farmland, a network of mature hedgerows, diverse coastal habitats, an extensive array of protected structures, architectural Green Infrastructure conservation areas, heritage landscapes and towns, internationally important heritage sites and an enviable idealistic rural character, all of In May 2013, the European Commission adopted a Green Infrastructure which are influenced by land use and management. Strategy, ‘to promote the deployment of green infrastructure in the EU in urban and rural areas’. The strategy is intended to focus on: Natural Heritage • Promoting green infrastructure in the main policy areas such as The natural heritage and landscape are vital assets and it is a policy of the agriculture, forestry, nature, water, marine and fisheries, regional and Development Plan (ED POL 40) to maximise the potential of this valuable cohesion policy, climate change mitigation and adaptation, transport, heritage by supporting developments which will enable and encourage energy, disaster prevention and land use policies. By the end of 2013, countryside recreation and an increased appreciation of the natural the Commission will develop guidance to show how green environment, through facilitating the development of community walks, off infrastructure can be integrated into the implementation of these road trails / rural trail developments, parks and other outdoor amenities and policies from 2014 to 2020. recreational infrastructure. All proposals will require screening to determine • if a full Appropriate Assessment of the likely significant effects on Natura Improving research and data, strengthening the knowledge base and 2000 sites is required. promoting innovative technologies that support green infrastructure

• Improving access to finance for green infrastructure projects – the In realisation of the sensitivity of the natural heritage and landscape to Commission will set up an EU financing facility by 2014 together with change, the Plan includes Policy CSA SP 2: To ensure that features of the European Investment Bank to support green infrastructure projects Meath’s natural heritage and green infrastructure that provide ecosystem services are protected; that biodiversity is conserved and where possible • Supporting EU-level GI projects – by the end of 2015, the Commission enhanced, and; that the character of landscapes are maintained and will carry out a study to assess the opportunities for developing an EU- enriched, and that tourist and recreational uses are facilitated in a sensitive wide network of green infrastructure. manner.

Meath County Council has since commenced the preparation of a Green Also, in relation to natural heritage, there are a number of internationally Infrastructure Strategy, in accordance with international best practice and and nationally importance sites designated for nature conservation in the emerging national guidance. The term Green Infrastructure (GI) is broadly county. Including European Sites (Natura 2000), comprising Special Areas defined as ‘strategically planned and interconnected networks of green of Conservation (SACs) and Special Protection Areas (SPAs), and Natural space and water capable of delivering ecosystem services and quality of Heritage Areas (NHAs) and proposed Natural Heritage Areas (pNHAs), as life benefits to people’. The GI approach recognises that the natural designated under the Wildlife (Amendment) Act (2000).

KELLS HERITAGE PARK Páirc Oidhreachta Cheanannus Mór 2. SITE APPRAISAL

environment provides a variety of assets for free and these can bring many Why is Green Infrastructure important? benefits to society and the economy. This can include parks, open spaces, rivers, farmland, playing fields, woodlands, allotments and private gardens Green Infrastructure can provide many social, economic and environmental which surround and intersperse our towns and villages. Such assets should benefits close to where people live and work including: be designed and managed as a multifunctional resource capable of • Space and habitat for wildlife with access to nature for people delivering a wide range of economic, environmental and quality of life • Places for outdoor relaxation and play benefits for local communities. • Climate change adaptation - for example flood alleviation, soil stabilisation and cooling urban heat islands The GI network in County Meath is intended to operate at all spatial scales • Environmental education from urban areas to the wider countryside and to the regional landscape, • Local food production - in allotments, gardens and through agriculture providing connections between these scales. The strategy addresses four • Improved health and well-being – lowering stress levels and providing main themes, namely: opportunities for exercise • Biodiversity and natural heritage;

• Landscape, recreation and amenity; Green Infrastructure and economic growth • Water resources, and; • Built heritage and culture. Recent research and case studies across the world show that investment in

Green Infrastructure Map, Draft Kells Development Plan 2013-2019 GI can act as a catalyst to local economic growth of an area through: Woodlands, hedgerows and individual trees also have an important • Increased investment in the built environment in the surrounding area contribution to make to the GI network, for amenity and recreational • purposes as well as linking different habitats across the landscape. Attracting businesses and residents to the area through increasing its attractiveness • Throughout the county woodlands tend to be small and highly fragmented New developments contributing to increased local taxation revenue for the most part and tend to be more frequent near rivers, particularly • Increased number of visitors coming to and spending in the area along the lower stretches of the River Boyne. However, woodland cover in • Business expansion or start-up on the back of increased visitor Meath is approximately 4% of land cover making it one of the least wooded spending counties. Improving the connectivity of these woodlands and along river • Improving the physical and mental health of the population leading to corridors, together with new woodland planting, would lead to significant increased productivity and reduced medical expenditure biodiversity, recreational and amenity benefits at the local and county • Providing an appreciable contribution, at lower cost than would be scales. possible through grey infrastructure, to environmental management, such as alleviation of urban heat island effects, carbon sequestration, An analysis of existing Green Infrastructure within Kells has been carried improved air quality and reduction of flood risks out as part of the Kells Development Plan process, which shows that there • Increase in disposable household income or business surpluses due to are few publicly accessible green spaces currently available. Whilst the cost savings or lower taxation as a result of environmental and health River Blackwater flows close to Kells it does not provide a public amenity. gains The area within the Headfort golf course boundary is very rich in Green • Growth in direct and indirect employment from provision, maintenance Infrastructure assets as it incorporates large expanses of wetlands and and associated services woodlands, but again with limited public access. • Local multiplier effects of increased income and spending

The Green Infrastructure Map included within the Kells Development Plan The development masterplan for the Commons of Lloyd is therefore fully in 2013-2019, highlights this deficiency of publicly accessible open space accordance with the relevant Development Plan objectives and can be within Kells and its surroundings, and reinforces the importance of the viewed as complementing the preliminary Draft Green Infrastructure Commons of Lloyd as a fully accessible strategic open space resource, Strategy for County Meath. with the potential for providing both recreational opportunities and enhanced biodiversity (e.g. through the creation of woodlands and wetlands).

KELLS HERITAGE PARK Páirc Oidhreachta Cheanannus Mór 2. SITE APPRAISAL

Archaeological Heritage Refer also to Site Appraisal Section 2.4: Views.

The County Council especially recognises the value and significance of the Kells Development Plan 2013-2019 county’s archaeological heritage, and the importance of fostering a greater public appreciation of this heritage. The effective protection, conservation The Kells Development Plan 2013-2019 was adopted on 7th October 2013 and enhancement of archaeological sites, monuments and their settings is and came into effect on 3rd November 2013. The new Plan is accompanied ensured through policies contained in the Development Plan that include: by an Environmental Report, prepared in accordance with the Planning & Development (Strategic Environmental Assessment) Regulations 2004- CH POL 6 To promote awareness of, and access to, the archaeological 2011 and an Appropriate Assessment pursuant to Article 6 of the Habitats inheritance of County Meath. Directive 92/43. CH POL 7 To ensure that development in the immediate vicinity of a recorded monument is sensitively sited and designed so that it does not As detailed in the Core Strategy of the Development Plan, the population significantly detract from the monument. Where upstanding remains exist, a growth in the town for the Plan period is estimated at 1,802 persons, giving visual impact assessment may be required. a target population of approximately 7,690 persons by 2019 and beyond.

In considering developments which might impact on archaeology, the The Plan identifies the Commons of Lloyd as one of the most vital County Council will: recreational assets which the town has access to for serving the passive Core Strategy Map, Draft Kells Development Plan 2013-2019 • Seek archaeological impact assessments as part of the planning and recreational needs of the current and future populations. It is the submission when a proposed development could affect a Recorded intention of the Plan for the land to be included as a zoned recreational Monument, a Zone of Archaeological Potential, or as yet unidentified area in order to help address the noticeable deficit of public open space elements of archaeological heritage, and; provision in Kells, while acknowledging that the general topography of the • Require that a licensed archaeologist carries out all necessary site, together with it’s out of town location and sensitive landscape, does archaeological works when permission is granted for development that not lend itself for development of sports playing pitches. requires mitigation of impacts on the archaeological heritage. The Council recognises that the Commons of Lloyd require an overall Protected Views and Prospects development strategy which seeks to implement the recommendations of the Boyne Valley Drive Infrastructure Study & Tourism Route Interpretation The Development Plan indicates that County Meath contains many vantage Plan for the Boyne Valley Drive, while also considering the wider points from which views and prospects of great natural beauty may be development potential of the site from a combined tourism and amenity enjoyed. The scenery and landscape of the County are recognised as perspective. being of amenity and economic value to residents and tourists, and contribute greatly to the quality of life. There is a need, therefore, to protect It is also an objective of the Plan (SOC OBJ 7) to develop a walking trail and conserve views and prospects adjoining public roads and from publicly from the Tower of Lloyd via Claven’s Bridge along the Blackwater to accessible places throughout the County for the benefit of future Mabe’s Bridge and to explore the extension of a linear riverside walk from generations to enjoy. Policy LC OBJ 5 therefore seeks: Mabe’s Bridge to the Headfort Road. Other provisions in the Plan that need Land Use Zoning Map, Draft Kells Development Plan 2013-2019 To preserve the views and prospects and the amenity of places and to be met as part of the masterplan development include the preservation features of natural beauty or interest listed in Appendix 12 and shown on and enhancement of the character of the landscape, as the Commons of Map 9.5.1 from development that would interfere with the character and Lloyd are included on the list of Protected Views and Prospects. visual amenity of the landscape. The Core Strategy Map of the Plan identifies the Commons of Lloyd as a In assessing the potential impacts on views and prospects of development Secondary Tourism Hub, while the Land Use Zoning Map defines the area proposals, the Plan indicates that it is not proposed that this should give for Open Space and Tourism. The opportunities presented by the rise to the prohibition of development in these locations. Rather such Commons of Lloyd initiative can therefore contribute significantly to the development, where permitted, should not hinder or obstruct these views achieving the wider aspirations for passive recreation and amenity and prospects and should be designed and located so as not to be purposes as well as reinforcing the general appeal of Kells as a visitor intrusive in the landscape as seen from these vantage points. destination.

KELLS HERITAGE PARK Páirc Oidhreachta Cheanannus Mór 2. SITE APPRAISAL

Local Transport Plan Kells Business Park

The Kells Local Transport Plan 2013-2019 sets out ambitious proposals for Appendix G of the Kells Development Plan 2013-2019 sets out a improving walking and cycling routes throughout the town, which are of Framework Plan for the expansion of Kells Business Park to adjoining particular relevance to the development of the Heritage Park. Increasing zoned General Enterprise and Employment lands. The Framework the opportunities for walking and cycling is seen as representing a key part provides for a hierarchy of linked open spaces orientated around and of the Local Transport Plan’s objectives for sustainable travel. The recent supported by existing vegetation to be retained, and a suggested network 2011 Census of Population results for Kells indicate that walking is the of pedestrian, cycle and vehicular access. The indicative block layout second most popular mode of travel in the town at 22.7%, second only to demonstrates that the future development could be conveniently linked with the private car usage which remains high at 41%. The proportion of trips by the footpath network of the proposed Heritage Park, thereby providing a cycle is currently very low. connected open space structure of benefit to users of both facilities.

The Traffic Management Scheme prepared for Kells town in 2010 The Framework Plan also proposes dual access to the Business Park to recommended that a Kells Cycling Network be designed and implemented facilitate both pedestrians and cyclists. The provision of convenient with proper signage providing details of the direction and distance to key footpath and cycle routes along the Moynalty and Cavan roads is seen as destinations. The Scheme also recommends that a feasibility study be an important part of the strategy for promoting alternative modes of Kells Local Transport Plan: Proposed Walking and Cycling Routes prepared to investigate the possibility of an off-road segregated cycle track transport for accessing the development. between the town centre and the Kells Business Park, linking up with the towns cycling network. Although the first stage of this route has been implemented between the town centre and Aldi, the final section extending to the Business Park (and hence Kells Heritage Park) has yet to be realised.

Primary and secondary connectivity routes between the environs area and the town centre are outlined on the Transport Plan’s Proposals Map, including the link along Cavan Road and a link along Oldcastle Road from the main Heritage Park entrance. The Plan stresses that there will be significant benefits in implementing the local transport initiatives for enhancing the attractiveness of the town as a place to work, live and socialise.

Kells Business Park: Open Space Framework Plan

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2.3 Landscape Character

The distinctive character of the Commons of Lloyd is most strongly influenced by the under-lying geology and soils and the local topography, as well as views to and from the area, the local landform, the vegetation pattern and historical associations.

Geology and Soils

The geology of the Kells area comprises Ordovician and Silurian Shales and Sandstones, breaking down to form primarily deep free draining often acidic soils interspersed with shallow free draining soils and areas of peaty topsoil.

Overlying soils are generally classified as grey-brown podzolics which are fertile and versatile soils capable of use for arable farming and livestock as KEY Geology well as forestry. The Brown Earths and Brown Podzolics soils can be very

Greywacke and clean sandstones productive under good management. The undulating landform is generally Source: Meath County Council

Landscape Character Assessment: easy to negotiate by farm machinery, being no more than 10°, and only Muddy, shaly or conglomerate limestones, Map 12 and limestones of variable grain size some small areas are too steep for easy cultivation. The hills and ridges seldom exceed 300 metres in height and for the most part, reach only 240 metres, while the surrounding lowlands are at an elevation of about 100 metres. In the valley bottoms there are areas of lesser slope where drainage is slower and poorly drained soils exist.

The ground conditions tend to suit those trees that thrive in free draining soil such as beech, oak and lime with birch, ash, and willow associated with the river valleys.

KEY Soils

Derived from mainly acidic parent materials Source: Meath County Council Landscape Character Assessment: Derived from mainly basic parent materials Map 13 Derived from mainly acidic parent materials

Peaty alluvium The well-drained Acid Brown Earths of the Kells series are good all-purpose soils. Made ground (formed by infilling) The tower of Lloyd near Kells is seen in the background. Source: Soils of County Meath, National Soil Survey of Ireland, An Foras Taluntais Water body

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Topographic Setting

Most of County Meath has a diverse low-lying topography, with a gently undulating landscape that includes extensive rich pastures throughout the Boyne and Blackwater River Valleys, distinctive Drumlin hills in the north of the county, tracts of peatlands and raised bog in the south-west and a flat sandy coastline of 12 kilometres in the east. Occasional hills and uplands are also a prominent feature of the county, particularly in the north west, from where panoramic views of the lowland landscapes of Meath and adjacent counties can be gained. The hills also act as orientating features. The Tara, Skryne and Slane hills are especially prominent by virtue of landmarks at their summits as well as their topography - Churches mark the locations of the Hill of Tara and Skryne and a ruined abbey on the hill of Slane also acts as an important local landmark. Similarly, the Hill of Lloyd forms an a pronounced topographic element of the lowland landscape, emphasised by the Spire of Lloyd at its summit.

Many of the hills and uplands also form important historic features with an 2 abundance of archaeological features. The Lough Crew and Tara Hills are 1 Kells 5 Drogheda particularly rich in pre-history, containing evidence of human settlement extending back 9,000 years. The historic and cultural value of these hills, and the views afforded from, are a valuable resource in terms of visitor attraction. Although many of the hills are inter-visible, they are at present somewhat isolated as separate entities, and linking the most important sites by way-marked trails would be a valuable addition allowing further Navan appreciation of the landscape in an informative manner.

4 3 Trim

Ashbourne

1. Hill of Lloyd 2. Loughcrew Hills 3. Tara Hill 4. Skyrne Hill 5. Hill of Slane

Prominent hills in County Meath Loughcrew Hills

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Landscape Character Assessment “From the level aspect which the general surface exhibits the only considerable elevations being the hills of Loughcrew in the western The County Meath Landscape Character Assessment identifies Kells as extremity of the county, there is not much romantic scenery; yet many lying at the extreme north of the South-west Kells Lowlands Landscape parts, particularly in the vicinity of the larger rivers, present prospects of Character Area (LCA 17), assessed as being of Moderate Landscape tranquil beauty”. Value, and adjoining the Blackwater Valley Landscape Character Area (LCA 20), assessed as being of Very High Landscape Value. A Topographical Dictionary of Ireland (1837) by Samuel Lewis The South-west Kells Lowlands LCA is described as:

‘A large rural area characterised by rolling lowland farmland with remnants of parkland landscapes. This LCA forms the setting for the southern side of Landscape Values the Loughcrew Hills and is quite unspoilt by modern development. There Meath Landscape Character Assessment are no major settlements in this LCA with the exception of Kells on the eastern edge and Athboy on the southern edge. There are a number of graigs including Ballinalough, Crossakeel, Kilskeer and Drumbaragh, which are all small and largely unspoilt. Kells is set on a hillside with the western edge at the top of the hill. From here high quality views can be obtained eastwards across the River Blackwater corridor towards Navan and Slane. People’s Park at the edge of Kells provides an elevated viewpoint and landmark (lighthouse) that is visible from the surrounding area. This edge of Kells has some new development on its fringes, which is beginning to encroach into the countryside and affect the quality and condition of adjacent farmland. Such development has the potential to cause serious damage to landscape character if it continues unchecked’.

The assessment includes key visitor attractions of the LCA as:

• Kells is an Irish heritage town and home of the ‘Book of Kells’. • Kells heritage centre provides information on the history of Kells and the surrounding area. • Peoples Park complete with Spire of Lloyd erected by the first earl of Bective provides panoramic views over the surrounding landscape. • Grove Gardens outside Kells has a rich variety of flowering hybrids and exotic wild birds. • Kells Golf Course. • River Blackwater is popular for angling. • Kells equestrian centre.

The adjoining Blackwater Valley LCA is described in the Landscape Character Assessment as:

‘The River Blackwater is one of the two main rivers in Meath, the other being the Boyne. It flows from Navan to the west of the County through a Landscape Character Areas pastoral landscape. The topography of the river corridor changes from Meath Landscape Character Assessment being relatively flat around Navan to low undulating drumlins beyond Kells.

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This is an attractive landscape character area, rich in visible historic features including demesne landscapes, castles, churches, earthworks and vernacular features such as stone bridges. The open farmland is characterised by a loss of internal field boundaries. Hedgerows that remain comprise of clipped thorn, ash and gorse on earth banks but most are gappy and have few trees. The predominant species of the few remaining trees is sycamore. The condition of traditional stonewalls around dwellings, along roads and between fields are also in decline. Many have been lost and replaced by fences, left in disrepair or repaired inappropriately with different materials, such as concrete blocks’.

The River Blackwater has a diverse range of habitats and is designated as a candidate Special Area of Conservation (cSAC). There are also a significant number of visible historic features focused around river corridor, including 18th century demesnes (such as Headfort at Kells), as well as Norman mottes and prehistoric mounds.

Other visitor attractions are described as:

• Donaghpatrick is part of the Gaeltacht and is an attractive village. Attractive scenery has the potential to be a tourist attraction in its own right. • Due to its location between Navan and Kells it has the opportunity to act as a gateway to both these towns. • Attractive river setting needs to be more accessible for walking and cycling. • River Blackwater is popular for angling.

The River Blackwater and characteristic demesne landscape at Kells

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2.4 Landform

The local topography rises steadily from the low-lying valley of the River Blackwater (at around 60m AOD) to the summit of the conical Hill of Lloyd (at 129m AOD). The site is mostly undulating, with more gentle slopes to the west and south (between 1:20 to less than 1:30), becoming relatively steeper to the north between the summit and the Cavan Road (with gradients of between 1:5 to 1:10). The fields to the east slope towards the cutting of the new N52 by-pass (at gradients of between 1:10 to 1:30).

There is a local low point towards the centre of the southern fields (Near Drumbarragh Slang) which becomes seasonally flooded and is used for watering cattle.

KEY

Contours at 10m interval > 1:5 1:5-1:10 1:10-1:20 1:20-1:30 < 1:30 Slope Analysis

Gently sloping landform to the west More steeply sloping landform to the north Low-lying ground with shallow pond in south-west field

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2 2.5 Views

3 The pronounced topographic location of the Commons of Lloyd allows extensive panoramic views in all directions across the surrounding low- 1 Kells lying landscape to distant hills.

Panoramic views to the north include the hills around Bailieborough in Co. Cavan and continuing to Co. Monaghan, while on a clear day the distant Mourne Mountains can be seen to the north-east (almost 80km away). To the west there are important views to Sliabh na Caillighe (Loughcrew Hills), around 12km away. Eastwards the views encompass Mount Oriel and the

Navan Hills of Slane and Tara, with the Dublin Mountains and Dublin Bay beyond. To the south the view extends across the urban area of Kells and the lowland landscape of central Meath towards Mount Leinster on the Wexford/Carlow border. Views northwards to the Blackwater River valley 1. Westwards to Loughcrew Hills tend to be marred by the Kells Business Park in the foreground. 2. North-eastwards to Kingscourt and County Monaghan 4 (Refer following page for main Photographic Panoramas). 3. Eastwards to Mount Oriel Trim 4. South-eastwards to Slane Protected Views and Prospects Panoramic views The Development Plan indicates that County Meath contains many vantage View Location Direction Description Significance points from which views and prospects of great natural beauty may be enjoyed. The scenery and landscape of the County are recognised as 12 North View to the north. Typical lowland pasture and County road between Local being of amenity and economic value to residents and tourists, and tillage. Fields bounded by mature trees. Extensive Keeran’s Cross development visible including housing, agricultural Roads and Commons contribute greatly to the quality of life. There is a need, therefore, to protect structures and infrastructure (including bypass). of Lloyd at Castlepole and conserve views and prospects adjoining public roads and from publicly accessible places throughout the County for the benefit of future 13 Panorama 360 degree panoramic views to surrounding Tower of Lloyd at National landscape. Significant visual relationships including Kells generations to enjoy. Policy LC OBJ 5 therefore seeks: Loughcrew to the west and toward Carlingford Lough and the Mourne Mountains to the north east. Views To preserve the views and prospects and the amenity of places and also including extensive areas of development including infrastructure and urbanisation. Site is also features of natural beauty or interest listed in Appendix 12 and shown on of cultural heritage significance. Map 9.5.1 from development that would interfere with the character and

14 North North Extensive view to north-north-east across a R163 between Kells Local visual amenity of the landscape. East landscape of settlement, infrastructure, mixed and Drumbaragh farming and woodland In assessing the potential impacts on views and prospects of development

81 South East River view in context of mature trees. Blackwater Valley Local proposals, the Plan indicates that it is not proposed that this should give and North from Maudlin Bridge rise to the prohibition of development in these locations. Rather such West development, where permitted, should not hinder or obstruct these views 82 East and River view in context of mature trees. Blackwater Valley Local and prospects and should be designed and located so as not to be West from Mabes Bridge intrusive in the landscape as seen from these vantage points.

85 East and View of River Blackwater from Headford Bridge with Headford Bridge Local West estate landscape visible.

List of protected views and prospects Meath County Development Plan (2013-2019) Meath County Development Plan 2013-2019 Appendix 12 (extract) Extract from Map 9.5.1 Views and Prospects

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Photographic Panoramas

View over Kells Business Park 1. Westwards to Loughcrew Hills

2. Northwards to Bailieborough and Co. Monaghan

3. Eastwards to Mount Oriel and the Hills of Slane and Tara

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Views towards the Spire of Lloyd

The presence of the Hill of Lloyd is accentuated by the Spire, rising approximately 35 metres from the summit and forming an impressive focal point when viewed from the surrounding landscape. The most prominent views of the Spire are from the new N52 ring road, while views are also possible from the western approaches to the town.

The key Viewpoints have been identified as:

1. Bridge N52 2. R147 Roundabout N52 3. Cloverhill Roundabout N52 4. Drumbaragh R163 Viewpoint 1: N52 Bridge Viewpoint 4: Drumbaragh R163 5. Balynamona R147 6. Kells Business Park

Viewpoint 2: R147 Roundabout N52 Viewpoint 5: Balynamona R147

5 1 6

Viewpoint 3: Cloverhill Roundabout N52 Viewpoint 6: Kells Business Park Location of Key Viewpoints

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2.6 Existing Vegetation Pattern

The dominant use of the Commons is agriculture, with sheep and some cattle grazing occupying the twelve fields that make up the site (excluding a small area to the west of the Spire which is used for amenity purposes, and the Kells Community Allotments to the west of the access drive). Some fields are occasionally cultivated as tillage, most recently Bolie Field West (Barley) and the Wild Field (Barley). The fields are competitively let on 11- month licence, renewable each year, with rental income (approx. €70k per annum) paid to the Town Council. The Upper Bridge Field has recently been let on a longer term 5-year lease for the cultivation of willow bio-fuel.

The agricultural fields are generally low in species diversity and ecological interest. The surrounding hedgerows, however, are often mature and of a suitable height and width to benefit both wildlife and amenity. The dominant hedgerow species is hawthorn with occasional elderberry. Mature ash and sycamore trees are also occasionally present. Some of the hedgerows are planted on earthen banks with a double stone wall structure, forming distinctive boundary features of increased habitat value. Ferns, including the hartstongue and male fern, are frequently attached to the stone walls. Large tracts of gorse bushes are associated with many sections of the Existing hedgerows hedgerows, adding bright spring colour to the site and structural diversity to this habitat type. Some hedgerows are gappy, particularly to the west, and need supplementing with new planting. A wide range of common ground vegetation can be found at the base of the hedgerows, including burdock, nettles, creeping buttercup, ivy and dandelion.

Isolated areas of scrub vegetation are present around the Hanging Field and other boundaries of the agricultural land, dominated by native shrubs, stunted trees or brambles and tracts of gorse bushes. Road verges located adjacent to the perimeter hedgerows also contain an array of different grasses and herb species (such as nettles, willowherbs, thistles, daisy, common vetch and plantain). Amenity grassland includes the green areas of The Tower of Lloyd (the People’s Park). An avenue of immature trees extend either side of the track from the car park to the Spire, comprising rowan, sycamore and oak. A small group of mixed vegetation (some ornamental) exists at the top of the access drive. The western edge of the driveway is defined by a native hedgerow for most of its length, while the eastern edge is bounded by an ornamental coniferous hedge. There are some mature yew trees along the northern edge of the Famine Graveyard, together with a native hedgerow. The remaining boundaries of the graveyard are formed by stone walls. A small triangular-shaped area of land in the south-east corner of the site, probably a former compound associated with the construction of the N52 by-pass, has recently been Traditional stone wall and earthen bank at base of hedgerow, Field names and leasing parcels planted with a native woodland mix, including birch, alder, sycamore and and varied ground vegetation oak.

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The River Blackwater to the north of the site forms part of the River Boyne and River Blackwater SAC (Site Code No. 002299), with a greater variety of vegetation types and habitats. The site is designated SAC for alkaline fen and alluvial woodlands, both habitats listed on Annex I of the E.U. Habitats Directive, and also for the following species listed on Annex II of the same directive - Atlantic Salmon, Otter and River Lamprey. A full site synopsis of the SAC is included in Appendix A3.

In the vicinity of the Commons of Lloyd, hedgerows are the dominate habitats of the agricultural fields and boundaries along the river, together Gappy hedgerow in western fields Mature boundary hedgerow with hawthorn and gorse with small areas of scrub. Treelines are minimal and mostly associated with boundaries between the river and adjacent industrial areas or private lands. Wet grassland is found along the banks of the river, dominated by yellow flag, rushes, sedges, meadow sweet and reed canary-grass. There are some riffle zones located along the rivers length.

It is essential to ensure that any works carried out within the management area of the Heritage Park or adjacent to the SAC do not impact on the ecological value of such an important nature conservation site.

Avenue of young trees at The People’s Park Willow bio-fuel and mature vegetation to west boundary

Mixed vegetation and coniferous hedge along driveway

Yews along northern boundary of Famine Graveyard River Boyne and River Blackwater SAC (Site Code No. 002299) in the vicinity of the Commons of Lloyd

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2.7 Archaeology permit the carrying out of any work at or in relation to a Recorded Monument, they are required to give notice in writing to the Minister 2 Given its unique natural prominence in the landscape, the Hill of Lloyd is months before commencing that work. This time will allow the National known to have attracted a monumental, ritual and defensive usage since Monuments Service to advise on how the work may proceed in tandem prehistoric times. with the protection of the monuments in question.

Although historical records for this important archaeological resource are For National Monuments in the ownership or guardianship of the Minister or limited, a range of sources have been consulted and additional research a local authority or which are subject to a preservation order the prior undertaken to help inform both the historical interpretation of the site for the written consent of the Minister is required for any interference with the benefit of the Heritage Park users and to ensure that the proposals are monument. developed in line with best conservation practice. Historic OS Map 1829-1841 showing relationship of the Commons of Lloyd to Kells Under the Planning and Development Act 2000 (as amended) and and the Archdeaconry Glebe north of the town A review of local sources included: associated Regulations, a planning authority must refer all planning • Loyd, Townland & Commons, Willie Carr applications, which might affect or be unduly close to any archaeological • The Tower of Lloyd, Dr. Beryl FE Moore and ML Kenny, 1975 site, monument or feature, to the Minister for the Environment, Heritage • Archaeological Testing and Monitoring at Hill of Lloyd (Licence No. and Local Government. While the owner or occupier or any persons 03E1778), Patrick JH Neary proposing to carry out work at or in relation to a recorded monument is required under the National Monuments Act to give notice in writing to the The services of an archaeologist (Patrick Neary MIAI) have also been Minister, it is the practice of DEHLG to accept referrals from planning engaged to undertake an archaeological impact assessment and to advise authorities as fulfilling the notification requirements. on how the archaeological sites will enhance the value of the Heritage Park (refer Appendix 1: Archaeological Assessment). Development Applications Unit of DEHLG co-ordinates the Department's evaluation of all proposals for development referred by Local Authorities. The existing available archaeological data has also been supplemented by The planning application is examined with reference to known a LIDAR survey of the site and its surroundings, with interpretation of archaeological sources and an appraisal is made as to whether the findings by Steve Davis, School of Archaeology, University College Dublin. development is likely to affect archaeology and to what degree. On the In addition, recent geophysical investigations by the Discovery basis of this appraisal the Department may respond to the planning Programme's Late Iron Age and 'Roman' Ireland (LIARI) project have authority by requesting an archaeological assessment or by making a reinforced the archaeological wealth that occurs on the Hill of Lloyd and its recommendation for the inclusion of planning conditions. surroundings. An archaeological assessment is the investigation of known, suspected or The appraisal of archaeological features has therefore included: previously unidentified monuments, sites or areas of archaeological • Reference to Record Details from the National Monuments Service, potential in order to assess the impact which the proposed development Archaeological Survey of Ireland may have on them. Each assessment should contain a description of the • Assessment of LIDAR data archaeology known to survive in the development area and of the types of • Review of local studies and historic mapping archaeological features, not yet identified, which could possibly exist in that • Archaeological impact appraisal and enhancement potential location. These should be evaluated in terms of the impact of the proposed works on known or predicted archaeology. Assessments may indicate that Archaeology in the Planning Process archaeological test excavation is required. The assessment procedure also proposes a strategy designed to deal with the possible adverse effects of All archaeological monuments are protected under the National the development works on archaeology. Monuments Acts 1930 – 2004. The National Monuments Service of the Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government (DEHLG) keeps a record of all known monuments and sites. These form the Record of Monuments and Places (RMP). When the owner or occupier of a property, or any other person proposes to carry out, or to cause, or to

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National Monuments Service, Archaeological Survey of Ireland

Record Details: Commons of Lloyd Townland

SMR No. Class Description

ME016-012 Enclosure Circular area defined by slight scarp (diam. ME016-015 C.35m)

ME016-012 ME016-013 Barrow - Circular mound (diam. 13m, H 1m) mound barrow ME016-013 ME016-014 ME016-016 ME016-014 Barrow - Circular mound (diam. 6m, H 1M) mound barrow

ME016-015 Ringfort - rath Raised oval area defined by slight earthen bank (dims. 44m ENE-WSW, 30m NW-SE). No visible fosse or entrance.

ME016-054 ME016-016 Enclosure Circular area (diam. 50m) defined by slight scarp with traces of low bank at E and SW- W. No visible fosse or entrance.

ME016-054 Hillfort No descriptive details on record.

Location of SMRs within Commons of Lloyd Townland

ME016-012 Enclosure ME016-013 Barrow - mound barrow ME016-014 Barrow - mound barrow ME016-015 Ringfort - rath ME016-016 Enclosure ME016-054 Hillfort

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Background LIDAR Survey

Archaeology of the immediate area surrounding Lloyd Hill indicates a Further archaeological investigation has been undertaken as part of this prehistoric presence, with the Bronze Age clearly represented. Research study by Stephen Davis, School of Archaeology, University College Dublin, also suggests that the area may have been common land set aside for utilising Lidar remote sensing technology. The assessment of new data agricultural use since at least the early 13th century. revealed at least 10 previously unrecorded archaeological features within the site boundary, and numerous other features of interest to the south The Report on Archaeological Testing prepared by Patrick JH Neary as and, to a lesser extent, north of the study area. part of the Vodafone application (Reg. No. 98/33) indicates that: The following descriptions have been extracted from the ‘Assessment of The history of the site extends back to the Heroic period of proto/pseudo Lidar Data, Hill of Lloyd’, prepared Stephen Davis: historic myths and legends, and the vicinity is mentioned in the Táin as being the site of a temporary camp of the army marching with queen An area of lidar data covering approximately 6.5 km2 was obtained from Maeve on her way from Connaught to Cooley. They spent a night there the Ordnance Survey Ireland, gridded to a resolution of 0.5m (i.e. four during which it snowed and the army also cut down a forest 8km to the points per square metre). These were examined in Global Mapper 13.2 west at Crossakeel while camped there (Carr, 2000, p101.). However, using a variety of single-direction hillshade angles in order to best define referring back to his source:-O’ Connell (1959 p18) it appears that the army topographic features. The entire area was overlain by a 500m x 500m grid Layout of banks and ditches of Hillfort at Hill of Lloyd as surveyed by Patrick JH Neary spent the night at Kells. Further research of the passage in question with each grid square provided a reference, running from A1 (top left) to E6 (Kinsella 1969 p72) tells us that the army could get no food ready, didn’t (bottom right). Data were surveyed with regard to the RMP data viewer sleep well in the heavy snow and rose early the next day. ‘But it wasn’t so (available through http://www.archeology.ie) including historic map layers early when Cuchulann got up from his woman, and it was later still when he (6 inch; 25 inch) and aerial photography. The central ‘hillfort’ is treated as had scrubbed and scoured himself and found the track of the army.’ separate area in its own right.

The Testing Report goes on to describe the main find from the site as being Catalogue of recorded monuments within the area a burnt bone that produced a calibrated radio-carbon date of approximately 1000 BC, confirming activity on this site around the date of the time of The lidar survey area includes 13 recorded monuments, one within the origin for this type of monument. Another important finding was that the townland of Castlepole, 7 within the townland of Commons of Lloyd, 3 locations of the outer two enclosing features were established with more within Drumbaragh Townland and two within the townland of Newrath Big clarity than had previously been possible (refer adjoining figure). (Table 1). Classification of these sites results in a divide between sites Examination of historic OS maps indicated that the large oval-shaped which are most likely early medieval in date (in particular the three enclosing bank as being of a more recent origin than the hillfort, and was ‘ringforts’ and the souterrain) and those which may have a prehistoric origin probably made in the latter half of the 19th century. (the small line of barrows; the hillfort itself; the cist). The survey area also contains four recorded ‘enclosures’ which are of indeterminate age. In The Report also indicates that a considerable amount of damage to the comparison, Lidar data has allowed the identification of c. 45 potential monumental features was caused when the playground, car park and sites. While a number of these are very low profile, even using Lidar, there landscaping improvements were installed in 1992 at the northwest segment are numerous other potential sites which have been considered not strong of the monument. enough candidates to include. As such a conservative estimate of 40 sites is suggested within the area of the Lidar survey. These include several It is evident from the research undertaken to date confirms that the location clear enclosures, with one large example likely to be of some importance of the site in the landscape is of immense significance to the uses for which (B1.1/1.2 complex – see gazetteer as follows). All grid references are given it has been chosen from the early stages of the prehistoric period right up in Irish National Grid. to the present development. Additional Lidar data covering the north-east corner of the area subsequently identified a further 6 potential sites, located outside the site boundary and to the east of the Kells Business Park.

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Grid Square A2 Grid Square A3 Grid Square B4 Additional data (NE corner) Additional data (NE corner)

Sites recorded Sites recorded Sites recorded A2.1 Ringfort ME016-011 (ING 271305, A3.1 Recorded ringfort ME016-015 (ING B4.1 Small enclosure, possibly rectangular. c. 277189) spanning grid squares A2/A3 271629, 277004); 34 m across. ING 271913, 276567 A2.2 Enclosure ME016-012 (ING 271236, A3.2 Previously unrecorded small ringbarrow B4.2 Hollow-way, leading to B4.1 from hillfort. 276899). Surrounds a low mound, in line with (ING 271386.901 276997.346), 30 m in two similar mounds to the SW. diameter; A3.3 Quarry (ING 271317, 277043); A3.4 Hollow-way, (ING 271560.003 277143), running in NW-SE direction for approx. 400 m; A3.5 Small possible enclosure on northwest of low rise, 35 m in diameter (ING 271502.103 A6.1. Low mound, 44m diameter, 1m high. (ING B6.1. Natural mound with possible barrow, 20m 277047) 272900, 276867). diameter. ING 272858, 276702. A6.2. Enclosure, 19m diameter. ING 273102, B6.2. Natural mound with possible enclosure. 277287) ING 272924, 276723 B6.3. Low mound, 18m diameter. ING 272976, Grid Square B5 Grid Square A4 Lloyd hillfort: Central area Additional data (NE corner) 276640

Sites recorded Details recorded A4.1 Ditched circular enclosure, previously 1. Outer trivallate enclosure. To the southeast unrecorded. 55 m in diameter (ING 271942, the remains of three banks with at least two 277010). Possible ringfort. ditches are present. Approx. diameter 250 m. A4.2 Enclosure, previously unrecorded. 35 m These are not clearly visible beyond the diameter. Possible ringfort (ING 271899, southeast corner, but run into 2 Sites recorded 277007). Lidar remote sensing interpretation 2. Hollow-way, joining trivallate enclosure from B5.3. Natural mound with possible enclosure. B5.1 Enclosure ME016-016. Hengiform NW to outermost oval enclosure Stephen Davis, School of Archaeology, enclosure. Domed interior. ING 272346, 276813 ING 272788, 276755 University College Dublin B5.2 Low enclosure, 47 m diameter. ING 272716, 276509

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LIDAR Mapping

The adjoining map collates the Lidar data according to the following archaeological features (features within site of Heritage Park shown in bold) :

A1.1 Low mound A1.2 Low mound A1.3 Low-profile enclosure A2.1 Recorded Ringfort ME016-011 A2.2 Recorded Enclosure ME016-012 A3.1 Recorded ringfort ME016-015 A3.2 Small ringbarrow A3.3 Quarry A3.4 Hollow-way A3.5 Small possible enclosure A4.1 Ditched circular enclosure A4.2 Enclosure, possible ringfort A6.1 Low mound A6.2 Enclosure B1.1 Large, oval, ditched enclosure (possible ecclesiastical) B1.2 Oval enclosure, overlain by B1.1 B1.3 Enclosure, hengiform, sub-circular. B2.1 Recorded barrow ME016-013 B2.2 Recorded barrow ME016-014 B2.3 Hollow-way, running past line of three barrows B4.1 Small enclosure, possibly rectangular B4.2 Hollow-way, leading to B4.1 from hillfort B5.1 Recorded enclosure ME016-016, hengiform B5.2 Low enclosure B5.3 Natural mound with possible enclosure B6.1 Natural mound with possible barrow B6.2 Natural mound with possible enclosure B6.3 Low mound C1.1 Planned demesne landscape of Drumbaragh House C2.1 Small, ditched enclosure C4.1 Small enclosure D1.1 Recorded ringfort ME016-022 D2.1 Earthworks, probable late-medieval settlement D2.2 Hollow-way, associated with D2.1 D2.3 Field system/drainage system D2.4 Enclosure/low mound D4.1 Ditched enclosure/infilled pond D5.1 Infilled quarry D5.2 Recorded ringfort and souterrain ME016-023001 D5.3 Enclosure D5.4 Recorded soutterrain ME016-023002 with unrecorded enclosure D6.1 Quarry/pond E2.1 Low profile circular enclosure E3.1 Enclosure/low mound Known Recorded Monuments E4.1 Enclosure, low profile E4.2 Enclosure, low profile Previously unknown archaeological features E4.3 Enclosure, low profile E6.1 Rectangular enclosure F4.1 Enclosure LIDAR Mapping of archaeological features F5.1 House platform (destroyed)

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New Archaeological Discoveries by the Discovery Programme’s “Late While the date and function of the various features revealed by the survey Iron Age and ‘Roman’ Ireland” (LIARI) project: cannot be determined on the basis of geophysics alone, it is interesting to note that other, large, prominently sited enclosures (>80m diameter) The Hill of Lloyd defined by closely spaced multivallate boundaries, such as the Rath of the One of the principal sites targeted for geophysical (fluxgate gradiometer) Synods on the Hill of Tara, and Garranes and Ballycatteen, Co. Cork, have survey to date is the Hill of Lloyd, which overlooks the early monastic been shown by excavation to range in date from the second to early foundation at Kells and lies in a region renowned for its wealth of major seventh centuries AD. A similar, late Iron Age or transition period, date archaeological sites, including the largest concentration of recorded late might be tentatively proposed for the multivallate enclosures on the Hill of Iron Age sites in Ireland. Dominating the western approach to the Lloyd, which had clearly developed into a centre of some importance prior Blackwater valley and the landscape of central Meath, the Hill of Lloyd to the establishment of the monastery at nearby Kells. (ancient Mullach Aite) is perhaps best known as the site of a prehistoric hillfort (RMP ME016-054), the circuit of which has yet to be precisely Geophysical survey by the LIARI project in the Meath/north Dublin region is mapped on the ground. Indeed, although a variety of features, including ongoing and the results will be posted on the website in due course. The traces of several large enclosures, are visible on the hill today – and were Discovery Programme would like to thank Susan Curran (UCD), Lorcan mapped in greater detail by a recent LiDAR survey commissioned by Kells Scully (UCD) and Karen Mulryan (NUIG) for all their hard work and Heritage Park Limited – some of them appear to have been modified (if not enthusiasm during the surveys; Kells Town Council for facilitating the work created) in recent centuries through landscaping or for agricultural on the Hill of Lloyd; and Kells Heritage Park Limited and Dr Steve Davis for Results of gradiometry survey (unprocessed data; 0.25 x 1m spacing) overlaid on purposes. Analysis of the LiDAR data from the Hill of Lloyd by Dr Steve access to the LiDAR data. an aerial image of the Hill of Lloyd Davis, UCD, will no doubt shed further light on the morphology and potential significance of these low-profile features.

The LIARI survey, which represents the first dedicated programme of archaeological investigations at the site, has revealed an even more complex picture, with funerary and possible ceremonial and/or settlement- related activities indicated by the wealth of new features uncovered. Alongside a significant number of burial 'ring-ditches' and other small enclosures, the survey has provided additional insights into what appear to be no less than four large, roughly concentric enclosures surrounding the hilltop. The gradiometer survey suggests that the inner (summit) enclosure, which has a projected diameter of about 100m and a possible east-facing entrance, is defined by two closely spaced ditches, each probably originally accompanied by an internal earthen bank. One of the enclosure banks survives as a low-profile undulation and is clearly visible on LiDAR imagery. Just inside the line of the inner bank the survey revealed traces of a possible foundation trench for a timber palisade, which may have been burnt in antiquity. Unfortunately, ground disturbance resulting from ridge- Results of detailed gradiometry survey (0.25 by 0.5m spacing) across summit enclosure overlaid on an aerial image of the Hill of Llo and-furrow cultivation in recent centuries makes it difficult to distinguish any features or structures inside the enclosure, though it is likely that the high level of magnetic variation recorded across this area relates to the displacement of soils/deposits from truncated archaeological features Encircling the summit enclosure at a distance of 10-20m is a second enclosure, in this case defined by a single ditch, which is surrounded in turn by yet another, much larger enclosure with a projected diameter of approximately 250m. The geophysical and topographical evidence suggests that the latter enclosure is trivallate in form, though it has been considerably disturbed by later features and ploughing.

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Archaeological Protection and Enhancement

The archaeological significance of the site is recognised as being a vital asset to be protected and enhanced as an integral part of the development proposals for the Heritage Park. From the outset the known archaeological features and the newly assessed sites have shaped the layout and location of the proposed recreational and amenity facilities (refer Masterplan Proposals, Section 5).

It is proposed that the existing car park, play area, avenue trees and other miscellaneous features to the top of the hill are removed, thereby enhancing the setting of the Spire of Lloyd by reducing the amount of incrementally accumulated clutter. The relatively recently constructed stone walls within the enclosure area would also be removed. A new amenity area has been located to the west of the hedgerow defining the hilltop, with the relocated car park and amenity features such as the community orchard and arboretum located immediately south-west of the existing access driveway, all in areas of no know archaeological interest.

Of particular importance to the future recreational use of the Hill of Lloyd is the development of a fully accessible footpath/cycle route from where both the archaeological context and the panoramic views can be fully experienced and appreciated by visitors of all age groups and abilities. The proposed oval route around the Spire of Lloyd located immediately within the uppermost hedgerow around the hilltop, is intended to provide this facility. To minimise any interference with the roughly concentric banks and ditches surrounding the site of the hillfort, a minimal dig footpath construction method is proposed, with excavation limited to 50mm depth (max) x 3.3m width and with excavated soil returned to the edges. The KEY Archaeological features and main views proposed footpath surface (SuperCedec) is a self-binding product which is

Site boundary durable and free-draining, presenting a natural appearance of buff/brown colour with soft edges. The detailed alignment of the route can be further Recorded Monuments buffer zone (generally 50m radius) refined on site during archaeological monitoring of the construction works. Other archaeological features buffer zone (generally 50m radius) Short distance views retained from adjacent roads to Spire of Lloyd New woodland planting is proposed around the low-lying outer perimeter of

Long distance views to/from Spire retained above perimeter vegetation the site as an amenity and biodiversity resource. The woodland is also intended to visually define the Heritage Park while retaining views to the Perimeter woodland planting as proposed Spire of Lloyd from the adjoining approach roads through strategic gaps in the planting (refer also Section 5.8, Woodlands and Wildlife Corridors). From longer distance vantage points, the Spire would remain visible above the canopy of the developing woodland, while views outwards from the hilltop would be similarly maintained.

The setting of archaeological features in the vicinity of the proposed woodland would be signified by generous buffer zones (generally 50m radius). Whereas the establishment of a buffer or fallow area around a

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monument, sufficient to protect its amenity and setting, requires individual assessment, the 50m radius buffer is proposed both to ensure that the potential extent of the archaeological feature is adequately safeguarded, while also enhancing the structural diversity and visual interest of the woodland.

The proposed wetlands feature is within an existing low-lying area of no known archaeological interest. Any excavations required to create the ponds would be carried out under the supervision of a licensed archaeologist. Similarly, any excavations required for the water supply and outfall of the proposed toilet block, and any other miscellaneous site features, would be carried out in line with best conservation practice.

Archaeological benefits of the proposed scheme

The proposals set out in this Masterplan Report would greatly enhance the archaeological value of the Heritage Park by:

• Providing greater knowledge, understanding and appreciation of the historic significance of the site through recording and improved interpretation of the many known features, supplemented by additional data on possible new features identified from the LiDAR Survey and the Discovery Programme; • Enhancing the setting of the Spire of Lloyd through the removal of existing clutter in the vicinity and by protecting and enhancing views to and from the Spire by way of carefully located new woodland planting; • Removing grazing from the field surrounding the Spire and introducing controlled public access (oval footpath); • Upgrading the presentation and interpretation of the Pauper’s Graveyard; • Protecting the settings of existing and possible new archaeological sites through more suitable land uses and by recommending to the local authority that cattle grazing is restricted at sensitive locations through leasing conditions; Aerial photo from the 1960’s by Dr Leo Swan, Archaeologist, showing the former uncluttered setting of the Spire of Lloyd • Providing the opportunity for archaeological exploration by local school

children and specialist visiting groups, under the supervision of experienced archaeologists, with related benefits in basic surveying skills, research skills, environmental awareness raising and associated subjects such as mathematics, science, reading, writing, photography and video skills, biology, geology, history, geography, etc, while also gaining further invaluable data on establishing the nature, location and extent of the archaeological features within the site; and • Attracting greater numbers of visitors to share in the appreciation and understanding of the local Heritage.

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2.8 Historical Associations

The location of the Hill of Lloyd in the landscape is known to be of major importance to the continued use of the area for monumental, ritual and defensive purposes since prehistoric times. The prominence and ease of accessibility of the Hill has provided a natural location for assembly or parade type activities since the early periods of human occupation, and a landmark for travellers dating back to Mesolithic and Neolithic times. The generally gentle gradients of the conical hill are relatively easy to climb for people of any age, and as such would have been an attractive location for those people at any period in the past who would appreciate a pleasant walk to an elevated viewing point from where the surrounding countryside could be surveyed and appreciated.

The Hill of Lloyd is also intrinsically linked with other important historic sites in the wider area. In particular, the Hill is located less than 2km from the historic centre of Kells, an important heritage town renowned for the Book of Kells, an illuminated Latin Gospel Book currently held in Trinity College Dublin. The town was established in the 9th century AD (804) by Columban Monks fleeing Viking raids on their island of Iona. A number of building reflecting this time are still in existence, such as The Round Tower, the Cross of Patrick and Columba, and St. Columba’s House. The town continued to prosper under the Anglo-Norman Lord Hugh De Lacey. Although decline set in during the Confederate Wars, progression continued under the influence of the Taylors, Earl of Headfort.

The Hill is also situated around 0.75km south of the River Blackwater, an historically important route-way. The Loughcrew Hills lie 15km to the west, consisting of passage graves, megalithic chambers and decorated stones. The three hills Cambane West, Cambane East known as Sliabh na Calliagh (The Hill of the Witch), and Patrickstown Hill, occupy the highest points in the county. The historic site of the Hill of Ward (Tlachtga) lies 12km south and the site of Teltown 9km to the south-east. Within the wider area, other significant archaeological sites include the Hill of Tara (25km to Tower of Lloyd, as illustrated in ‘An Introduction to the Architectural Heritage of County Meath’, National Inventory of Architectural Heritage 2002 the south-west), the World Heritage site of Brú na Bóinne (27km east), and the Hill of Fauhan (10km to the south-west).

Since the late 18th century, the top of the hill has been distinguished by a well-known folly (‘The Spire of Lloyd), and inland lighthouse erected by the First Earl of Bective in memory of his father Sir Thomas Taylor in 1791, together with a famine or ‘Paupers’ Graveyard’. The Spire is located towards the centre of a likely former hillfort, considered to be of Bronze Age date and with potentially multi-vallate (i.e. multiple banks and ditches) enclosure at the Hill’s summit.

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STUDIES IN LOCAL HISTORY - MEATH Park. Thirteen acres are east of the Assocker and north of the N3. Kells Urban A detailed account of the historical importance of the Commons of Lloyd is LIAM McNIFFE (ed) District Council for industrial use has sold twenty-five acres of the Assocker. Seven provided by Willie Carr in the publication ‘Loyd, Townland and acres west of the road from Sheeny Crossroads to CastleKieran and five acres Commons’ (refer adjoining extracts), as part of a collection of essays by Loyd, Townland & Commons south of the tower are divided into one-acre plots with private dwellings. Willie Carr local historians compiled as ‘Studies in Local History - Meath’, Liam But what of its early history, its name, its location as a hillfort and strategic outpost. McNiffe (ed). The townland and commons of Loyd, is situated about one mile west of the town of As to the present name of Loyd there are different schools of thought. Writing in Kells, in the county of Meath. Most of its area is an elevated position, which at its 1928 Donncad O’Meacair gives his description how the gaelic name of Mullach Aiti The Spire of Lloyd is the most prominent feature of the area, described in highest point of 428ft stands the 100ft tower of Loyd, which is of the lighthouse type. got transformed to the present day name of Loyd. the National Inventory of Architectural Heritage (NIAH) as: As to who built it and why, will be explored later, but a lighthouse it certainly was not as it stands erected some thirtyfive miles from the nearest sea eastwards.The view The origin of the name of Loyd is an interesting example of the transmutation of from the hill is extensive in all directions. To the north on a clear day one can see the consonants in the Gaelic tongue, the Irish form of the name is Mullach Aiti i.e. Freestanding tower, built c.1791, in the form of a giant Doric column, the Mourne Mountains, which are approximately sixty miles away, to the northwest Aitis Hill, this longish name in the course of time was shortened with the Mullach surmounted by glazed lantern. Dressed limestone walls with string courses, the view is extended to Sliabh na Caillighe (Loughcrew Hills). To the east one can becoming Mull, then the T of Aiti became D as in Aidi, so we get Mullaidi which is dentils, and dressings. Square-headed, round-headed and pointed-arched view the Dublin Mountains, Dublin Bay and the Twin Towers of the Pigeon House the present correct name of the Hill, but the word is pronounced Mulloyde so it is openings with ashlar limestone surrounds and hood and label mouldings. Power Station. To the south the view is extended all the way to Mount Leinster on common to speak of the Hill of Loyd. the Wexford/Carlow border. The aim of this article is to give a short history of the hill, townland and Commons of Loyd, (first mentioned in the Annals of the Four In another reference to its name Philip O’Connell, quotes that the Mullach Aitu of This monument was designed by Henry Aaron Baker for the First Earl of Masters), of its early settlers, their legacy of ringforts, cists graves, souterrains, its the Four Masters A.D.1168 and the Muldahege or the Muldagheheghe (Alens Bective in memory of his father Sir Thomas Taylor. The tower is of prominence as a hillfort, its relation to Kells as a monastic settlement, the coming of Register) of 1488 is non other than the district of Loyd. apparent architectural design and detail. The masonry was clearly the Normans, down through the centuries to the famine years right up to the present executed by skilled masons and is enhanced by the ashlar and carved day owners, Kells Urban District Council. Old accounts speaking of the hill mention a souterrain, three cist burials, a stone circle and two cairns in the area. With regard to the souterrain no evidence has dressings. The tower was used to view horse racing and the hunt in the The townland of Loyd, extends westwards from the boundary of Townparks along come to light, except a local report that about sixty years ago ‘a cave’ was opened nineteenth century. The plaque reads: 'This pillar was designed by Henry the route of the R123 Kells to Oldcastle road as far as the crossroads known as by tilling in the hanging field, but closed up and not reported to the proper Aaron Baker Esq. architect was executed by Mr. Joseph Beck stone cutter Sheeny Bridge, (no longer in existence it was on the G.N.R. railway route from Kells authorities. Activity by man early in the Bronze Age is indicated by the discovery of Mr. Owen Mc Cabe head mason Mr. Bartle Reilly overseer Anno 1791'. to Oldcastle). It continues in a northwesterly direction adjacent to the CastleKieran three cist graves in 1891 in the Hanging Field containing an incinerary urn. road until it reaches the boundary of Castlepole and continues northward with Unfortunately their location has not been recorded. Other legacies of early man on Castlepole to the west, until it reaches Cleavens Bridge on the N3 route, Kells to Loyd is a ringfort in the Bridge Field, dimensions 44 by 30 metres. In the Wild Field An article by Dr. Beryl FE Moore & ML Kenny entitled ‘Tower of Lloyd’, Virginia, straddling the river Blackwater. From here the boundary heads eastwards is an enclosure, a circular area defined by slight scarp dimension 35 metres. Also in dated 1975, gives further interesting background to this important folly: following the river Blackwater, until once again it reaches Townparks approximately the same field is listed two tumuli, one a circular mound 13 metres in diameter, the 300 yards east of the old Kells Town Water Works. It continues in a southerly other a mound 16 metres in diameter. In the Hanging Field is an enclosure,a ‘A green lane leads up on the west side to the top of the hill where the direction with Townparks to the east until it again reaches the R123 Kells to circular area 50metres in diameter. rocky outcrop comes to the surface and it is upon this rock base that Oldcastle route. The present day area of the townland of Loyd is 506 acres.It is divided as tillage, grassland and industrial use, of which Kells Urban District Council Evidence for it being an important strategic outpost is borne out by the legend of Gandon’s pupil Henry Baker designed and built the Pillar of Lloyd which is now owns 440 acres.This area is known as the Commons, the rest being in private Queen Meave of Connaught on her march to the North (The Tain), who camped out of the lighthouse type and over 100 ft high. The column is round and ownership. The land, despite some of it being in an elevated position, is good on Loyd while her army cut throught the forest at Crossakiel.. More evidence of its divided into halves by a circular belt of stone, and has a massive top arable land, devoid of any marshes or forest. It has been extensively tilled and use as an outpost can be found in the following entry concerning an ancient Fair of supported on corbels with an octagonal lantern and cage above it for grazed for centuries, it is well drained and ditched and has the river Blackwater and Teltown, (Aonach Tailtin). An entry in the Four Masters A.D. 1168, mentions that viewing. Conwell says that there are 202 steps in the circular staircase. The a small stream for its water supply. the Aonach was held for the last time in that year when the horses and calvary were spread out on the space extending from Mullach-Aiti to Mullach-Tailtin. east and west sides have a line from bottom to top of variously shaped The present day Kells Urban District Council controlled land is divided up into windows mostly of the geometrical type. Each of these lines of windows thirteen fields of varying sizes ranging from twelve to sixty acres, and are as follows, The boundary line of the English Pale ran through the northwest side of the Hill of have a shield, an inscription and a door some 10 ft from the ground but Boolie Field which extends northwards to the N3, Spire Field, Upper Sorrel, Near Loyd to Mountainpole. By an act of parliament convened at Drogheda in 1488 the now blocked up. The door on the east side has stone steps leading up to it Drumbaragh Slang, Lower Drumbaragh Slang, Upper Bridge Field and Wild Field. bounds of the four obedient shires (Dublin, Meath, Kildare and Louth) were as if this entrance was the real one and the west entrance a fake; but All these fields are located on the south side of the Hill. On the north are the Lower specified. Part of the bounds for Meath were described by Rathmore to the Hill of Bridge Field, Lower Sorrel west, Lower Sorrel east, Hanging Field. Crossing over Loyd and then to Mullaghey. Also in 1599 the Earl of Essex, in the course of his unfortunately these steps have recently been vandalised. The heraldic the N3 route, Kells to Virginia, starting at Cleavens Bridge and running along the march northwards to meet Hugh O’Neill made camp for a few days on Loyd. In his shield on the west side is a blank but that on the east side which looks river Blackwater is the River Slang field after which comes the Assocker field, which journal he tells how on the 31 August of that year he proceeded from Ardbraccan, directly down on the Headfort Castle and Estate has the Taylor crest and at sixty acres, is the largest field. On the summit of the hill is an area of and arranged for his forces to encamp on the Hill of Clythe (Loyd) coat of arms finely carved on it’. approximately six acres which includes on its highest point the Tower of Loyd, childrens playground, and the Paupers graveyard. All of this area is now called the Half a mile from Kells towards the Brenny (Breiffne), from hence he dispatched Peoples Park. The remainder is fenced off and used for grazing. Of the remaining couriers to take a birds eye view of the Breiffne borderlands areas of the townland of Loyd which are in private ownership 3.7 acres are located south of the tower and east of the laneway leading from the R123 to the Peoples

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In order to further chronicle the history of Loyd it is necessary to turn to Kells and such as results from the superintendence of the local magistrate. events unfolding there. Diarmait Mac Cerbhaill was High King of Ireland from A.D. 539 until 558. The Dun of Kells was one of his strongholds, and according to the Following this report of the Corporate Borough of Kells and other Boroughs, an act Book of Lismore this site was granted to St. Colmcille, although there is some of Parliament was passed in 1840 to change the system of local government and argument as to whether this took place before or after Diarmaits death. From the administration. By this act the Corporate Borough of Kells was abolished and middle of the eleventh century to the twelfth century, the monastery of Kells was replaced by a more representative form of administration. This new body became endowed with lands in various parts of Ireland. Copied into the Book of Kells are known as the Commissioners of the Borough of Kells. Before they took up office seven charters which in the main concern the granting of land, mills etc. to the in1843, an incident took place on the land of Loyd which generally reflected the Abbot and the monastery. Although Kells had been plundered and ransacked on state of the country at the time. The depressed state of agriculture which lasted numerous occasions it had built up a lot of wealth from the time of Colmcilleand from 1815 until the mid 1830s caused many landlords to re-examine the maintained it until the coming of the Normans. Their arrival saw the fall of the management of their estate. It was no longer profitable to sub-divide holdings and monastery of Kells, its churches destroyed and its lands confiscated. permit a large increase in the total number of tenants. By the 1820s it was clear that small tenants were much more likely to default on their rents than larger tenants. In the reign of Richard I King of England, 1178, Walter de Lacy, son of Hugh de Faced with this dilemma, some landlords cleared tenants and gave those remaining Lacy bestowed on Kells and its burgesses, who were now the ruling class, a charter larger farms. With falling prices many farmers reduced their tillage and began to outlining their privileges. By this charter de Lacy granted to his burgess of Kenlis raise cattle instead. This was particularly the case in counties Meath and (Kells) three acres in the fields to each burgess. The land of Loyd was part of this Westmeath, which were shifting rapidly to cattle, and the protests of labourers dispossessed land that was to be granted to the burgess and freemen of Kells. An denied plots were the cause of many rural disturbances. As an indication of the inventory of the ecclesiastical lands at the suppression of the monastries in 1539 growing marginalization of small holdings in the Kells area, 500-600 people invaded show that the Priory of St. Johns was possessed of extensive property in the district the Commons in 1841 divided its 500 acres into small plots and began building of Kells including seventeen acres of mountain land in Mollaghe (Loyd). This land cabins for themselves. The corporation moved quickly and sent for a troop of would have become part of the Corporate lands after the dissolution of the calvary to clear the area. They succeded in scattering the settlers many of whom monasteries in 1539. In subsequent charters up to the reign of James 11 the returned to their former abodes in the surrounding area. Further minor invasions Corporation as it was known administered the local taxes for the upkeep of the town occurred throughout the 1840s. and its walls. The Corporation consisted of one sovereign, (the last being Lord Headfort) two provosts, twentyfour burgesses, one recorder, one prothonotary and From their first meeting in July 1843, the commissioners set about renting various town clerk, two sergents at the mace and three clerks at the market. In the following fields out to the inhabitants of Kells. They divided the fields into plots, each plot extract, taken from the Kells borough report of 1833, it can be seen how the land of being of one rood. One acre plots were also available for potatoes at £2 sterling, Loyd was divided up and worked. corn acres at £5 sterling. Some fields were more productive than others, judging by the rent per acre, Hanging Field at £4 sterling per acre and the two Slang fields at The 312 acres (Irish) in the possession of the corporation are divided into six fields £5 sterling per acre. The burgess and freemen still retained their plots on the lands and are thus used . The fields are broken up in rotation one at a time, and tilled of Loyd, for which they were not paying rent claiming rights under the old charters. during four years. Before the field is broken the members of the corporation repair The commissioners issued summons for the payment of rent, which they rejected. to it, with a surveyor, and it is marked out in equal lots, according to the existing As a means of avoiding an issue the commissioners offered them portions of the number of resident members of the body. Each resident freeman gets one lot , each Assocker field four years rent free, provided they gave up all lands on Loyd that portreeve and burgess two lots, and the deputy sovereign five lote. A portion of the they were using..This wrangling went on for two years. Eventually the field (generally five or six acres) is set apart for letting , and the rent obtained for it is commissioners offered for rent all portions of land in the hands of the freemen to the applied to pay the tithes and taxes of the entire. The members hold their lots in inhabitats of Kells with the freemen assigned plots in the Assocker field, for which severalty for four years, and cultivate them as they please; and at the expiration of they paid rent. At this stage their were eight fields on Loyd, and to make it more the fourth year the field is laid down with grass and a new one broken, when a manageable it was decided to subdivide, by building ditches and draining the land. similar process of partition takes place. the other five fields are in the interim in The people of Kells made good use of the land being offered, as can be seen from pasture, and the right of depasturing them is enjoyed by the members of the the following. In 1881, 25 had meadowland taken at £6 per acre on the 30 acres corporation, in the same proportions as they hold the arable land;that is to say, the Upper Sorrel. 18 had meadowland on the Spire field at £5 per acre. Lower Bridge deputy sovereign grazes five heads of cattle (called ‘bolls’) for every two grazed by field had 23 people availing of its plots at £4 per acre. 47 had potatoes and turnips the portreeves and burgesses, and every one grazed by the freemen. on Drumbaragh Slang at £2 per acre and 153 had one rood taken for potatoes on the Boolie field, at £1 per rood. It is of interest to note that two freemen still had As the above extract concludes the common land of Kells i.e. Loyd was enjoyed by plots of three roods on the Boolie field rent-free.. This system of renting out plots a select group of the ruling class to enjoy, free of toll by the charters granted on and grazing land continued right until the 1980s, when the plots were discontinued them since the coming of the Normans, until 1840. The report concluded that, due to high costs and labour incurred by the present council and also because of lack of interest by the inhabitants. It was cheaper and easier to purchase food from The Corporation is complained of as being exclusive and intolerant, and the almost the local supermarket. The present system of Kells Urban Council controlled land is total exclusion of Roman Catholics in a district where they are numerically to all that most of the land is rented out on a yearly basis for grazing by local farmers, other sects in proportion of ten to one, has afforded just cause of complaint to the with one or two fields tilled. inhabitants. As an instrument of local government, it is, as present constituted, utterly inefficient, and the public derives no advantage from its existence except Lloyds Spire west side

KELLS HERITAGE PARK Páirc Oidhreachta Cheanannus Mór 2. SITE APPRAISAL

The tower of Loyd is on the summit of the hill in an area of six acres surrounded by There are a number of legends associated with Loyd, none stranger than the an earthen ditch. The Headfort family, to commemorate their father Lord Bective creature known as the ‘Puck of Loyd’. The ‘Puck of Loyd’ was stated to be the ghost and to provide work at a time of a local famine, built it in 1791. Henry Baker who of a notorious tyrant called Captain Molloy, who after the Battle of Tara in 1798 was a pupil of Gandon designed the tower that is of the lighthouse type and stands hung two Wexford men from the Cross of Kells. This ghost-like creature was over 100ft high.. The column is round and divided into halves by a circular belt of described as a devilish looking puck goat who haunted the district of Loyd after his stone and has a massive top supported on corbels with an octagonal lantern with a death in 1814, but was finally settled by the parish priest of Kells. Other legends caged viewing platform on top. It has a circular staircase inside of 202 steps, and is speak of a tunnel running from the top of Loyd all the way to Kells. Tradition in the lit by windows all the way to the top. On the other side of the tower facing the town area lay claim that St. Cuthbert was born on Loyd. is the Headfort Coat of Arms with the family crest ‘consequitur quodquinque petit’ (He follows what he seeks).. An inscription on the tower reads ‘ This pillar was The population of the area was very stable throughout the nineteenth and twentieth designed by Henry Baker Esq architect. It was executed by Mr. Joseph Beck, stone centuries, the notable exception being the 1841 returns. Following the highest cutter. Mr. Owen McCabe, Head Mason, Mr. Bartle Reilly, overseer. Anno 1791’. In recorded figures in 1841, the zero return of 1851 indicates the eradication of the 1989 renovations commenced on the Spire (tower). A FAS scheme was run in co- population either through the effects of the famine, or a mass exodus to the operation with the Kells Enterprise Group. New steps were installed, also a workhouse in Kells. protective cage in the centre of the tower and another at the top of the dome. Work was completed by 1992 and was officially opened by the Minister for Tourism Maire Figure 1. Geoghan-Quinn. In 1996 Kells Urban Council successfully negotiated with the Telecommunications company Esat to erect mobile communicators on the tower. Population of Loyd 1841-1911 As part of this agreement Esat pointed and repaired the outside of the tower.

The Town Commissioners granted the ground for a paupers graveyard to the Board Year 1841 1851 1861 1871 1881 1891 1901 1911 of Guardians of the Kells Union Workhouse in 1851, for those who had died there in Visitors from The Follies Trust arriving to view the Spire the aftermath of the Great Famine of 1847. In recent years a ceremony is organised Population 24 0 13 11 18 16 13 13 at midday on Christmas Day and since the restoration of the tower a beacon of light Also on top of the hill and around 30m from the Spire is the Lloyd (or is constantly lit as a reminder of those who died and as a sign of peace for the Source:Census 1841-1911 Pauper’s) Graveyard. A large Celtic Cross marks the entrance, with the future. This six-acre site is now called the Peoples Park, with modern children’s following inscription - ‘Erected to the memory of the poor interred here playground and picnic area for all the family to enjoy. during the operation of the English Poor Law System 1838-1921’, RIP at From 1861 until the beginning of the twentieth century only two houses were on the bottom. A second marker stone was erected by AFrI in 1995 as part of A racecourse for Loyd was first mooted in 1844 when the Town Commissioners (T. Loyd. In 1911 three houses are recorded. In 1935, five labourers cottages were built C.), voted for a committee to be formed to converse with gentlemen to establish a each with one acre. At the present time there are seven houses in the townland of the ‘Great Famine Project’. Some of the graves of the destitute people that racecourse. In January of 1845 thirty pounds sterling was approved for the Loyd. The townland of Loyd has from the earliest record of man, formed an integral died in the Kells Workhouse have marker stones at their heads. At the purchase of a silver plate to be raced for on the racecourse on the Assocker field. In connection with the town of Kells. Its cist graves, ringforts etc. are testament of northern end of the graveyard is a simple mass rock. Mass is still April of 1851 the races, Kells Annual Steeplechase as they were known were ran human activity some 4,000 years ago. In May 1998, a souterrain has been celebrated annually and the cemetery is a grim reminder of the Workhouse over two days, with handicaps on the first day and the Borough challenge cup on rediscovered within a quarter of a mile of the summit of Loyd. A coin of George 11, and extreme poverty engendered by changes in farming practice in the the second, value 100 sovereigns, with thirty sovereigns added which was run over mid-eighteenth century has also been found in the beehive section. A full two heats. Large crowds attended the races, which attracted unsavoury elements investigation is to take place shortly. 19th century and during the Famine. as the local police raided looking for ‘thimble ringers’ i.e. pickpockets. The races provided employment for many and enjoyment for many more. After nearly eighty The land of Loyd was tilled and used by the monks from the sixth century to the years it closed in 1927 due to bad debts with the race stand sold to Ballinrobe. An coming of the Normans in the twelfth century. The latter introduced their unique way Industrial site of twenty five acres is located on part of the old racecourse and was of farming and burgess plots. Loyd became known as the commons and formed sold by the Urban Council to the IDA in 1979 for £250,000 who built a 134,000 sq. part of the corporate lands as did the area around Kells, now known as town parks. ft. factory in the same year. Westinghouse Corporation of Pennsylvania moved in From the early nineteenth century a more managed and beneficial system of with plans to employ 250 people manufacturing office layout systems and air- farming saw the citizens of Kells gain from its land. Its location and proximity to the conditioning. They closed in 1983, not having reached their targets. In the same river Blackwater provided water to the town for over 100 years. The land has year Zenith Corporation took over and produced computer terminals, employing 400 provided employment to many from the removing of stones from the fields to people at its height, but closed in 1992 due to worldwide sales decline. The factory improve the tillage of the land, to the building of ditches, drainage, relif road works was re-opened later in that same year by De Royal, manufacturing health care during the famine, building of the tower, park development and many more and it products. It presently employs approximately 100 people. still provides employment on its industrial site.

Kells Water Scheme got underway in 1897 with water being pumped to Kells by two For the future it is hoped that the council controlled land remains in its hands and turbines drawing water from the Blackwater. The pumphouse was located in the retains its character and peaceful surroundings for the enjoyment of all for Assocker field, with the reservoir in the Spire field having a capacity of 250,000 generations to come, and in remembrance to those who are interred on the hill in gallons. The pumphouse was closed down in the early 1980s with water being the aftermath of the Great Famine. pumped instead from Loch Bane in Co. Westmeath.

Second marker stone in the Pauper’s Graveyard

KELLS HERITAGE PARK Páirc Oidhreachta Cheanannus Mór 2. SITE APPRAISAL

2.9 Land Ownerships

The main land ownerships of the area are shown on the adjoining plan, for information purposes only, as derived from The Property Registration Authority (Landdirect.ie).

The Commons of Lloyd site and lands between the site and the Blackwater River are in the sole ownership of the Urban District Council of Ceanannus Mór (Local Authority). A small triangle of land to the south-east of the site is understood to be in the ownership of the County Council, following Various construction of the N52 by-pass. Freehold

The Town Council rents the lands in their ownership to local farmers on a renewable 11-month tender basis for grazing (mostly sheep and with some cattle) and tillage. Upper Bridge Field to the west of the site is rented on a longer term basis (5 years) for willow bio-fuel production.

The annual rental is a valuable revenue source for the Town Council and it is recognised that any future recreational development at the Commons should not compromise the ability of the landowner to offer these lands for rent or for a leasee to farm the land effectively. Suitable stock-proof fencing will need to be erected to prevent grazing animals (cattle in particular) from straying onto the recreational trails or other amenity areas and with suitable gates to allow the movement of animals from one side of a trail to another.

Various Although outside the Heritage Park site area, the desired completion of a Freehold walkway along the Blackwater River from the Business Park to Mabe’s Bridge, together with a linking path immediately east of the existing Business Park from the river to the Cavan Road, will require the agreement of the respective landowners.

KEY Main Land Ownerships (for information purposes only)

Site Boundary

MH8744F Freehold 338.62ha Urban District Council of Ceanannus Mór (Local Authority)

County Council

MH34370F Freehold 4.83ha Gavin

MH50348F Freehold 17.26ha Dowds

MH5869 Freehold 5.27ha Dowds

KELLS HERITAGE PARK Páirc Oidhreachta Cheanannus Mór 3. VISITOR APPRAISAL

3.1 Existing Facilities • Presentation and management of car park needs to be improved – barriers prevent coaches, camper vans, cars with roof boxes, etc. from In addition to the distinctive ‘lighthouse’ folly, there are other existing gaining entry. Revise car parking layout and presentation to include features of interest that include the Pauper’s Graveyard, the archaeological removal of barrier by providing access to all, dedicated disabled parking monuments and a small children’s play area. The most impressive visitor and bicycle parking spaces, proper consistent boundary treatment, attraction is the panoramic views that can be experienced from all areas surfacing and definition of spaces. within the People’s Park. There are a number of interpretation boards • Improve the pathways; relocate seating along them and to revise the describing the tower, the graveyard, and the surrounding areas, but the tree planting to a layout that is more appropriate to the setting of the condition of some of these has deteriorated and appear a little dated. tower and one that provides shelter. • Consider making access to the tower generally available to visitors Car park Around the Spire and westwards to the car park there is a well maintained • Presentation at the top of the hill between the tower and the pauper’s grassy area that is used for picnicking and viewing by visitors. Picnic graveyard is very poor. facilities are available, but not of high quality, and there are no public • Provide toilet facilities. toilets. An area of public allotments lies to the west of the main access • Improve picnic facilities including provision for disabled access. drive. The vehicular entrance is poorly defined and with restricted • Provide litter bins. sightlines. Traffic speeds tend to be high in the vicinity of the entrance. An • Playground, whilst a welcome facility, has minimal seating, bins and overhead height barrier can be arranged to be opened through the Kells shelter. Pathways are rough and access to the facilities from them is Tourist Office. A single width driveway with passing places provides access across grass in almost all cases. to the existing car park with around 25 undefined spaces, but there is no

provision for coaches, cycles or disabled spaces. A further study by Fáilte Ireland for an interpretative plan for the Boyne

Valley Drive, noted in relation to an audit of the Tower of Lloyd that whilst An existing surfaced footpath links the car park to the Spire, lined with an there is a site marker in the car park and interpretative panels at the Tower, Children’s play area avenue of mixed trees, and to other un-surfaced paths extending the interpretation rating of this site was considered poor. The northwards and eastwards. The surfaces are generally poor and not recommendations included the removal of the existing panels and the accessible to all. The space around the Spire has become cluttered with provision of new interpretative panels at the Tower accompanied by stories different surface types, signage and planting. of the site to include details of the paupers graveyard. Although most of

these recommendations have since been implemented, the directional and The Commons of Lloyd are accessible on foot from the town via Oldcastle interpretative signage could be further improved to enhance the awareness Road, and as far as the N52 roundabout on Cavan Road, but the condition and appreciation of the historical associations of the site. The audit also of footpaths is variable and with limited dropped kerb crossings and noted that the existing visitor facilities consisted of a car park (accessible to directional signage. There are a number of existing public rights of way cars only), litter bins, picnic area, playground and viewing area but disabled which give access to the lands at Lloyd and to the Blackwater riverbank. It access to the overall site was limited. The inability for visitors to gain is an objective of the Development Plan (SOC OBJ 11) to preserve and access to the Tower itself was seen as a major disappointment. protect these routes for the common good. There is also a Slí Na Sláinte

Recently installed signage route from the town centre out to the park.

As assessment undertaken by Fáilte Ireland of the infrastructural facilities available at selected destination sites on the Boyne Valley Drive made the following recommendations in relation to the Hill of Lloyd: • Enhanced presentation of entrance could ‘signal’ the entrance to visitors in conjunction with the provision of improved sightlines. • Demarcation of roadway outside of main entrance area to improve driver awareness and improve pedestrian safety. • Single lane access with passing bays which are frequently blocked by people using allotments. Consider separate car parking area for Poor presentation around the Spire allotment users.

KELLS HERITAGE PARK Páirc Oidhreachta Cheanannus Mór 3. VISITOR APPRAISAL

3.2 Tourism Context 33% in 2009). Satisfaction with the quality of this activity is very high at 94%. It is generally recognised that County Meath has a rich array of cultural and heritage assets which present a unique opportunity for developing cultural Other attractions achieving strong endorsement were the unspoilt tourism as a significant feature of the county’s attraction as a place to visit. environment and the range of natural attractions. Nature, wildlife and flora In addition to the internationally renowned UNESCO World Heritage Site of were seen as being popular with Mainland European visitors, especially Brú na Bóinne, as well as Tara, the Ancient Capital of Ireland and seat of those from Germany (94%) and are also widely appreciated by North the High Kings, there are a wide range of currently lesser known sites that Americans. Natural attractions, most notably places such as the Burren and can contribute importantly to the visitor attraction of the county. Equally, as the Cliffs of Mohar, were reported to be very interesting for most visitors recognised in the County Development Plan, the sustainable development (66%), while nearly all others were interested. of green infrastructure, the natural heritage and the maintenance and improvement of the unique rural and urban built heritage present both Traditional Culture also receives a strong level of interest, closely followed strong attractions and a focus for community identity and pride. by Historic Ireland.

Fáilte Ireland indicate that the expansion of the tourism sector is positively As in previous years, the research indicates that reinforcement of important influenced by: destination features such as friendly, hospitable people, beautiful scenery, an unspoilt environment and a relaxed pace of life will remain imperative in • The wealth of the county’s cultural and natural heritage; discriminating Ireland from other similar destinations. • The range of activities catering for outdoor pursuits; and • The county’s accessibility and proximity to the national Gateway (the The growth of domestic tourism has also been increasing steadily in recent primary access point to the country and home to the largest domestic years - the County Development Plan estimates that around 126,000 market). visitors to Meath in 2010 were of domestic origin, indicating that almost half of visitors to the county are resident in Ireland. In addition to the important The other lesser known tourist attractions that complement Meath’s day-tripper family market from Dublin and other nearby areas, there is an archaeological and historical heritage include the Monastic town of Kells, increased demand for high quality holidays and short-breaks which offer Trim castle, Loughcrew, Tailteann, the Hill of Ward, the Christian sites at both mental stimulation and physical exercise, with cycling and walking, Slane, Donaghamore, Killeen, Dunsany and Duleek, monastic ruins at eco-tourism, angling and equestrian activities all showing a general Bective and stately homes throughout the county. The designation and upwards trend. marketing of Meath as the Heritage Capital of Ireland is being actively pursued by Fáilte Ireland and the County Council, and to a large extent is Market opportunities therefore exist to capitalise on special interest and dependent on promoting these lesser known heritage sites as well as activity tourism, with the potential to extend the visitor season. Product maintaining and enhancing the intrinsic character of important built gaps have been identified as existing, with activities such as walking and settlements such as Kells and Trim. cycling likely to grow in importance amongst both overseas and domestic visitors and the local community. The latest Fáilte Ireland Tourism Facts (2011) indicate that overseas visits to Ireland in 2011 grew by 6% to 6.3 million. The principal factors for Through the LEADER Programme, Meath Partnership provides a range of visiting Ireland, friendly people and scenery, have remained very consistent services and funding support for tourism enterprise and community from year to year in terms of their importance. The most popular activity activities that can support the tourism economy. Investment in tourism engaged in during the visits was ‘hiking/cross country walking’ (776,000 includes direct support for the development of tourism accommodation, participants, or about 12%). facilities and infrastructure and indirect provision for the conservation and upgrade of built and natural heritage features, support for festival The Fáilte Ireland Visitor Attitudes Survey (2010) reinforces that Hiking/ development and cultural activities and works to enhance and upgrade cross country walking remains the premier product for visitors to Ireland, village and rural environments. mentioned more or less consistently by one in every four between 2006 and 2009, increasing to 31% in 2010. This is a particularly popular activity Meath County Council indicate that they will continue to support Meath for visitors from Mainland Europe, with 40% participating in 2010 (up from Partnership in its work with rural communities and will seek to promote and

KELLS HERITAGE PARK Páirc Oidhreachta Cheanannus Mór 3. VISITOR APPRAISAL

encourage tourism activity and projects and initiatives involving the improvement of amenities, facilities and infrastructure, which can contribute to a strong, high potential rural tourism offering with maximum economic and social opportunity for local communities. Such tourism-related developments should take account of opportunities to showcase the wealth of built and natural heritage assets existing in the County, in addition to the strong potential for eco-tourism development, environmental improvement, passive and active recreation, culinary tourism and creative industries which can help to support the tourism economy.

3.3 Visitor Potential

In relation to tourism development at Kells, it is estimated that there are 55,000 people living within a 15 minutes drive of the historic town, 155,000 within a 30 minute drive and, following the opening of the M3 Motorway, over 1.5 million people within an hour’s drive. The Kells Development Plan identifies tourism as being of critical importance to the future economic development of the area, and that this sector must capitalize on its cultural heritage appeal within the most densely populated region of the country. The historic environment is acknowledged as an important and undervalued asset in Kells which could through careful development contribute significantly to the social and economic well being of the town’s inhabitants.

Of particular relevance to Kells and the Commons of Lloyd, is the promotion of the Boyne Valley Drive which forms part of Fáilte Ireland’s destination development strategy for the general Boyne Valley area. This is a networked leisure route which extends from Drogheda in the east to Oldcastle at its western extremity, incorporating a number of settlements, that include Kells. The Drive is intended to connect with the heritage trails in these towns, in order to encourage visitors to explore and spend time in Meath County Council Landscape Character Assessment - Tourist Attractions them. There are also 26 stopping points along the Drive with Kells Monastic Site and Tower of Lloyd both identified.

In support of the Boyne Valley Drive strategy, the Kells Development Plan includes a number of specific objectives for enhancing the tourism appeal of the town and its surroundings. In relation to the Commons of Lloyd, Policy Tour OBJ6 of the Plan indicates that this Town Council land bank requires an overall development strategy. This would seek to implement the recommendations contained in the Boyne Valley Drive Infrastructure Study & Tourism Route Interpretation Plan for the Boyne Valley Drive but also look at wider development potential of the site from a combined tourism and amenity perspective. It is recommended that this strategy be undertaken by the joint authorities within 2 years of the adoption of the Development Plan, subject to funding. The publicly owned land bank at Boyne Valley Driving Route Lloyd would also be zoned for open space accordingly.

KELLS HERITAGE PARK Páirc Oidhreachta Cheanannus Mór 3. VISITOR APPRAISAL

The ‘Louth and Meath – Tourism Development Study’ (2010) identified key tourism product development needs within the wider area. In particular, the audit noted that there is presently a very limited cycle route network within County Meath. The County Development Plan also recognises the important role that suitable cycle and pedestrian routes have in the attraction of tourists to the County, and will endeavour to assist in the delivery of such routes and, in particular, the delivery of the Trim–Navan– Slane-Drogheda cycle/greenway along the River Boyne and the Navan– Kingscourt cycle / greenway. Other routes that arise from time to time will also be supported where possible through the Development Plan.

The development of the Navan-Kingscourt Greenway, which is currently at the Part 8 planning stage, has particular potential for linking with the Commons of Lloyd initiative. The route along a dismantled railway is Proximity to Lough Crew intended to accommodate walkers and cyclists from the local communities and the wider region, as well as national and international tourists. It will be linked to the National Cycle Network and to the existing cycle routes in Northern Ireland. The Feasibility Report for the route estimates that in overall terms the annual spend associated with visitors to the Greenway Route of Navan - Oldcastle branch railway could be approximately €5.9m, with over 40% of this spend associated with people from the surrounding areas making day or part-day trips to the Industrial Heritage of Ireland Greenway.

The line from Navan to Oldcastle was opened in two stages, from Navan to Given the proximity of the Greenway to Kells, and the presence of a Kells on 11th July 1853 and from there to Oldcastle on 17th March 1863. second dismantled branch railway extending from Navan to Oldcastle The line was closed to passengers in 1958 and completely on 30th March which passes close to the Commons of Lloyd, there are exciting 1961. A short section of the trackbed (27 chains) was reused as a siding for opportunities for linking the two complementary initiatives through both TARA Mines in Navan, opening in 1977. physical means and by joint promotional activities.

Attractions of the Blackwater River The Commons of Lloyd are also in close proximity to the River Blackwater which is a popular fishing destination for both domestic and overseas visitors. The provision of a continuous public walkway along the river from Claven’s Bridge to Mabe’s Bridge, together with improved fishing facilities and footpath links to the Commons of Lloyd, would reinforce its appeal to visitors as well as complementing the recreational and amenity potential of the area.

Distribution map of rail, canal, river, road and air transport infrastructure in Meath recorded in the Meath Industrial Heritage Survey Arch-Tech March’09 The Eastern Regional Fisheries Board, Boyne Fisheries

KELLS HERITAGE PARK Páirc Oidhreachta Cheanannus Mór 4. MASTERPLAN PROPOSALS

4.1 Concept Plan

Based on the project requirements and the findings of the Site Appraisal, the General Principles to guide the development of the Masterplan for the Commons of Lloyd are:

• Existing panoramic views from Lloyd Hill and views to Spire of Lloyd retained • Settings of Recorded Monuments and newly assessed archaeological features protected with buffer zones • Enhanced range of visitor facilities, accessible to all 6 • Agricultural uses to be retained over majority of the site • Retention of existing hedgerows (supplemented where necessary) • Link to existing River Blackwater footpath (possibly continued to Mabe’s Bridge) • Possible link to dismantled railway (Navan-Oldcastle line) • 7 Creation of new habitats (woodland, wildflower grasslands and wetlands) • Improved and extended pedestrian and cycle trails • Improved accessibility, site interpretation and comfort facilities 1 3

5 The Main Features of the Concept Plan comprise:

8 9 1. Enhanced setting to Spire of Lloyd and Pauper’s Graveyard 2 10 2. Relocated car park with provision for coaches 3. New general activity area with commemorative garden, children’s play 4 6 area, seating areas, picnic facilities, exercise trail, performance area and toilet block 4. Improved vehicle and cycle access (with height control at entry from R163 Oldcastle Road) 5. Creation of oval footpath/cycle loop around the Spire 6. Continuous perimeter cycle/footpath trail 7. Creation of 10m wide rough grass (wildflower) corridors along field boundaries with un-surfaced footpaths KEY Concept Plan Proposals 8. Existing community allotments retained Existing cycleway 9. Community fruit orchard, arboretum, and on-site nursery and Cycleway/footpath links maintenance area Existing Rights of Way 10. Ponds and wetlands (with possible constructed wetlands wastewater Main cycle trail/footpaths treatment) Secondary footpaths Preferred footpath links Park entry points Main activity areas Woodland Wetlands

KELLS HERITAGE PARK Páirc Oidhreachta Cheanannus Mór 4. MASTERPLAN PROPOSALS

4.2 Main Uses

The Masterplan proposals are described and illustrated according to the following main uses:

1. People’s Park 8 2. Amenity Area 3. Utility and Vehicle Access 4. Arboretum and Wetlands 5. Dog Walking Area 6. Woodlands and Wildlife Corridors 7. Agricultural 8. River Blackwater

6 6

3 7

4 6 KEY Area (ha) Site Area (approx) Site boundary 149.20 100%

General amenity area 1.15 0.7% Existing allotments 0.80 0.5% Car/coach park 0.25 0.2% Nursery/maintenance area 0.30 0.2% Community orchard 1.20 0.8% Main Use Zones Community arboretum 2.60 1.7% Mown grass 1.45 1.0% Rough grassland (wildflower) 30.00 20.0% Wetlands 1.05 0.7% Integrated Constructed Wetlands Option 0.25 0.2% Woodland 16.15 11.0% Agriculture 94.00 63%

Bound gravel path 910m Limestone dust path 4,700m Boardwalk 160m Un-surfaced path -

KELLS HERITAGE PARK Páirc Oidhreachta Cheanannus Mór 4. MASTERPLAN PROPOSALS

4.3 People’s Park

The central area of the site is the focal point of the Heritage Park, crowned H by the Spire of Lloyd and linked to the outer areas by a network of footpaths and cycle tracks.

The main features of the proposals include:

A. Existing car park and children’s play area relocated B. Existing trees and access track removed G C. Enhanced, uncluttered setting to the Spire of Lloyd D. Improved interpretation of the Spire and the Pauper’s Graveyard E. Fully accessible oval footpath/cycleway F. Archaeological features safeguarded G. Footpath links to Amenity Area and perimeter cycle trail G D H. New hedgerow and tree planting I. Grassland management as wildflower meadow C D B I

E G

Area 1 Proposals Plan

KEY Site boundary Contours at 10m interval Bound gravel footpaths Interpretation/information board Existing hedgerows/scrub Existing trees New woodland Mown grass Rough grass Hill of Lloyd 1984 Setting to Spire as existing Car park area as existing View of Lloyds Spire as proposed

KELLS HERITAGE PARK Páirc Oidhreachta Cheanannus Mór 4. MASTERPLAN PROPOSALS

The view westwards from People’s Park towards Lough Crew hills and surrounding countryside, showing removed play equipment and links through hedgerow to new Amenity Area.

As existing

As proposed

KELLS HERITAGE PARK Páirc Oidhreachta Cheanannus Mór 4. MASTERPLAN PROPOSALS

4.4 Amenity Area

F The area immediately west of the People’s Park, on the other side of the existing hedgerow, is proposed as a new amenity area, taking full advantage of the local topography and the expansive views westwards towards Lough Crew.

The main features of the proposals include:

Optimised views westwards A. Contemplative garden with paths, amenity shrub planting and hedges, picnic tables, seats and mown grass areas B. Performance area C. Children’s play area, with relocated and new equipment D. Toilet block E E. Exercise circuit A F. Links to oval footpath/cycleway, utility area and perimeter cycle trail, and to dog exercise area

F Natural play environment

KEY Site boundary Exercise equipment E Bound gravel surface Safety surface C Play equipment Exercise equipment F Seats Picnic tables

E Interpretation/information boards Existing hedgerows D Woodland Hedges Trees Amenity shrubs Mown grass Naturalised borders including night-scented herbs and shrubs to provide feeding areas for bats Area 2 Proposals Plan Rough grass

KELLS HERITAGE PARK Páirc Oidhreachta Cheanannus Mór 4. MASTERPLAN PROPOSALS

4.5 Utility and Vehicle Access

The area around the existing Community Allotments is identified mostly for F more functional uses that are essential for meeting the practical needs of the park. The Community Orchard is proposed both as a buffer between these uses and the surrounding landscape and as an interesting feature in its own right. Traditional apple varieties could be grown, cultivated in the adjoining nursery, and with individual or groups of trees available for private sponsorship. A B The main features of the proposals include: Mature orchard A. Existing Community Allotments retained, with new vehicle access B. Community Orchard with ‘sponsor a tree’ C C. Heritage Park nursery D. Car/coach park with sustainable surface F E. Vehicle access improvements C F. Links to Amenity Area and Arboretum/Wetlands Area D G. Agricultural access accommodated H. Height restrictor and access control to driveway

G H

Porous cell parking surface

KEY Area 3 Proposals Plan

Site boundary Contours at 10m interval Height restrictor - rising arm Limestone dust surface Existing asphalt surface retained New asphalt road make-up Concrete surface Porous cell parking surface Existing hedgerows Existing trees New hedges New trees Orchard Rough grass Nursery Agriculture Aerial view of Community Allotments Improved interpretation

KELLS HERITAGE PARK Páirc Oidhreachta Cheanannus Mór 4. MASTERPLAN PROPOSALS

4.6 Arboretum and Wetlands

The main aim of the Arboretum is to provide an opportunity for growing a wide range of specimen trees within a high profile area that is visible from E the road and accessible from the perimeter cycleway/footpath. The trees could also be available to sponsor on a single or group basis, ideally cultivated in and available from the on-site nursery. D

The wetlands area is located at a naturally low point in the site which is C A already subject to water-logging and seasonal pools. The objective is to establish an enhanced wetland habitat comprising semi-aquatic marginal B vegetation; species diversity; visual interest; a boardwalk; bird-watching/ E viewing facility; and possible fishing pegs.

The main features of the proposals include:

A. Community Arboretum B. Ponds and marginal planting C. Boardwalk D. Location for possible Integrated Constructed Wetlands option E. Links to Community Orchard and car park, and to perimeter cycle KEY Area 4 Proposals Plan trail

Site boundary Contours at 10m interval Limestone dust surface Un-surfaced footpath Boardwalk Stock-proof fencing Existing hedgerows Arboretum Rough grass Ponds Marginal planting

Typical pond profile to achieve a variety of planting types

Arboretum walks Wetlands interpretation Fishing and bird-watching Trail to wetlands as proposed

KELLS HERITAGE PARK Páirc Oidhreachta Cheanannus Mór 4. MASTERPLAN PROPOSALS

4.7 Dog Exercise Area

The proposed dog exercise area follows the route of the Kieran Flanagan Walk around Sorrell Field East/West, approximately 1.8km in length, along widened field margins defined by stock-proof fencing and linked to the overall footpath network.

Although dog walking can be an enjoyable and healthy experience, not everyone appreciates the use, as even the friendliest of dogs can cause fear and anxiety in adults as well as children. It is recommended that some form of The Green Dog Walkers programme is adopted (as South Dublin County Council) which is a positive, friendly way to change attitudes about dog walking and fouling. A Green Dog Walkers volunteer takes the pledge to:

• Clean up after your dog • Wear the armband or put the Green Dog Walker collar on your dog when walking • KEY Carry extra dog waste bags • Be happy to be approached to 'lend' a dog waste bag to those without Site boundary • Be a friendly reminder to other dog walkers to clean up after their dogs Contours at 10m interval Archaeological features Un-surfaced footpath Existing footpath Stock-proof fencing Existing hedgerows New woodland Rough grass Agricultural

Area 5 Proposals Plan

Or why not run a Green Dog Walkers event in your area. You will need to:

• Be a constituted community group run the project eg distribute materials, meet mailing costs, etc. • Help with promotion of the campaign in your area • Take part as a volunteer in at least 3 pledge booths or Green Dog Walker events annually • Help with the monitoring and evaluating of the campaign at a local level e.g. before and after surveys, participate in questionnaires and feedback on the number of armband wearers approached to ask for a dog bag etc.

Joint exercises Exercise area along expanded field margin as proposed

KELLS HERITAGE PARK Páirc Oidhreachta Cheanannus Mór 4. MASTERPLAN PROPOSALS

4.8 Woodlands and Wildlife Corridors

The new woodlands, extending to around 16.15ha (11% of site area), are an important element for enhancing habitat diversity and as an attractive open space resource for passive recreational uses. Other benefits include: • Providing an attractive setting for the development; • Providing a pleasant environment for both pedestrians and cyclists; • Providing visual screening to less attractive elements; • Helping to reduce soil erosion by stabilising the soil, increasing soil organic matter and improving soil structure; • Providing in time a valuable source of timber which with careful management can contribute to long-term economic sustainability; • Providing an evolving educational resource.

The choice of suitable species is determined by climatic conditions/ exposure, soils and aesthetic considerations. The overlying soils of the area are generally classified as grey-brown podzolics which are mostly free-draining, fertile and versatile soils capable of use for arable farming and livestock as well as woodland.

The main aim would be to establish a species-rich woodland of native trees and shrubs, of local provenance wherever possible. The woodland management would also aim to promote a variety of trees and shrubs of differing heights. The eventual structure would comprise a canopy layer of tall trees such as oak and sycamore, minor fringe trees of birch, rowan, KEY alder, whitebeam and wild cherry, and with an under storey layer Site boundary composed of shrubs such as hawthorn, holly and hazel, and a ground layer New woodland made up of a variety of ferns, grasses, sedges and herbaceous plants. This Existing hedgerows gives a woodland a distinct vertical structure and provides a wide variety of Rough grass habitats which in turn support a diverse range of flora and fauna. Area 6 Proposals Plan

10 - 25m 5m 3m 5m

Shrubs Woodland canopy, Shrubs Tall grass + herbs Rough grass Tall grass + herbs Shrubs herbs + decaying matter Or path

Shared footpath and cycle trail Compacted limestone dust surface Typical profile of a structurally diverse, graduated woodland edge

KELLS HERITAGE PARK Páirc Oidhreachta Cheanannus Mór 4. MASTERPLAN PROPOSALS

The woodlands would be linked across the site by a number of wildlife corridors comprising existing hedgerows (supplemented where necessary) and broad rough grass field margins (10m wide), serving as stepping stones for plants and animals to move across the countryside.

As the agricultural fields are mostly low in species diversity and ecological interest, the hedgerows combined with grass margins are especially important for wildlife. Together they can provide nest sites for a variety of birds, increased numbers of beneficial insects and spiders, habitat for small mammals such as wood mice and pygmy shrews, and ideal hunting for barn owls and kestrels. They can also be visually appealing, providing variety throughout the year, and serve as an important educational resource.

Species diversity of the rough grass areas would be best achieved under As existing View towards Kells Business Park with new screen woodland as proposed conditions of low fertility where the agriculturally productive grasses are less able to smother smaller, slower growing species. Although removing the existing turf and/or topsoil through stripping or soil inversion, and laying a meadow seed mix on the reduced-nutrient sub-soil, would be the optimum approach for achieving increased diversity the associated costs would be prohibitive for the large areas involved. Instead management by cutting or grazing would be adopted in order to gradually reduce fertility of the margins and the presence of less desirable species and to achieve an improved structure, balance and diversity in the grassland. At particular focal areas, such as field entrances, the rough grass sward could be supplemented with wildflower plugs of locally-occurring native species. Species-rich swards will be damaged if fertilisers are applied. Without management the rough grassland would become coarse and rank, losing both diversity and interest, and will eventually turn into scrub or woodland.

As existing View from south-east corner with new woodland as proposed The existing hedgerows of the site are mostly mature and of a suitable height and width to benefit both wildlife and amenity. They are also important for physically sub-dividing the site into more contained visual units and as the basis for developing a more robust landscape structure.

The dominant hedgerow species is hawthorn with occasional elderberry. Mature ash and sycamore trees are also occasionally present. Some of the hedgerows are planted on earthen banks with a double stone wall structure, forming distinctive boundary features of increased habitat value. Other hedgerows are gappy, particularly to the west, and need supplementing with new planting. Ongoing management of the hedgerows would be highly beneficial for both habitat diversity and enhanced amenity.

Refer also to Section 7, Landscape Management.

As existing View from north-east corner with new woodland as proposed

KELLS HERITAGE PARK Páirc Oidhreachta Cheanannus Mór 4. MASTERPLAN PROPOSALS

4.9 Agriculture

The agricultural uses of the site are especially important for retaining the character of a productive rural landscape and for the viability of the future Heritage Park. The existing agricultural fields extend to around 144.47 ha (357 acres), and are leased on an annual renewable basis to local farmers. Bollie Field West is currently under arable (barley) and Upper Bridge Field on a longer 5-year lease for willow bio-fuel. The remaining fields are used for sheep and cattle grazing.

In order to meet the recreational and amenity objectives of the Heritage Park, it is proposed that the productive agricultural uses are reduced by around 37.5% (from 144ha to 90ha). Some additional grazing could also be gained through management of the rough grassland areas, while the new woodlands could in time and with careful management contribute to the longer-term economic sustainability of the site.

It is apparent from the Archaeological Assessment (refer xxx) that cattle grazing in particular is continuing to have a damaging effect on the Recorded Monuments and the newly discovered archaeological features. It is therefore proposed that the future agricultural use of the Hanging Field, Lower Sorrell Field West, Upper Sorrell Field and Bolie Field West is restricted to sheep grazing through the licence agreements. KEY Site boundary Opportunities should be sought for introducing rare traditional breeds to the Contours at 10m interval park, both for visual interest and as an educational feature. Archaeological features Agricultural Access to the agricultural fields would be retained from mostly the existing Stock-proof fencing locations, with additional field gates and concrete crossing points where Field access required to traverse the perimeter cycle trail. The wildlife corridor field Area 7 Proposals Plan margins would be defined by stock-proof fencing.

Existing Field Names and Sizes Acres Has 1. Bolie Field East 15 6.07

11 2. Bolie Field West 29 11.74 3. Spire Field & Plantation 51 20.64

12 4. Hanging Field 29 11.74 5 4 5. Lower Sorrell Field East 25 10.12

9 6. Upper Sorrell Field 48 19.42 7. Near Drumbarragh Slang 20 8.09 10 6 8. Lower Drumbarragh Slang 22 8.90

3 9. Wild Field 22 8.90 8 2 7 10. Upper Bridge Field 34 13.76

1 11. Lower Bridge Field 35 14.16 12. Lower Sorrell Field West 27 10.93

Totals: 357 144.47 Rare breed animals add extra interest and educational value

KELLS HERITAGE PARK Páirc Oidhreachta Cheanannus Mór 4. MASTERPLAN PROPOSALS

4.10 River Blackwater

Although outside the boundary of the proposed Heritage Park, the Blackwater River has a major influence on the landscape character of the Claven’s Bridge area and provides the opportunity for reinforcing links between the Park Mabe’s Bridge and the town centre. The associated aims for the river valley are:

• To develop an attractive riverside walk between Claven’s Bridge and Mabe’s Bridge, and to explore a further extension from Mabe’s Bridge to the Headfort Road, as promoted by the Draft Kells Development Plan (SOC OBJ 7) • To protect and where possible enhance the status of the Special Area of Conservation • To promote the addition of fishing stands along the river (including KEY disabled access) Site boundary • To introduce improved natural heritage interpretation of the river valley Contours at 10m interval • To improve the presentation of Claven’s Bridge and the Waterworks Archaeological features • To explore the possibilities of renovating the disused farm complex for Existing footpaths (Rights of Way) visitor and/or educational activities Preferred footpath extension

Proposed footpath link

Area 8 Proposals Plan

Claven’s Bridge River Blackwater

Preferred and Proposed footpath routes superimposed on Kells Business Park Framework Plan Appendix G: Draft Kells Development Plan 2013-2019 Typical disabled fishing platform Disused farm buildings close to the river

KELLS HERITAGE PARK Páirc Oidhreachta Cheanannus Mór 5. MASTERPLAN COMPONENTS

5.1 Main Vehicle Access

The existing vehicle access to the park is via the Oldcastle Road, at a T- junction approximately 570m from the N52 over-bridge, to a single width driveway with passing bays extending to the small car park at the People’s Park.

It is proposed to retain this access as the main vehicle entry point to a new car park located closer to the junction. The remaining section of the single lane driveway would thereby be reserved for pedestrians and cyclists, with provision for occasional maintenance vehicles and local access to the field to the east of the driveway (refer Option B as follows).

Whereas forward visibility from the existing junction is generally good, the Swept path analysis traffic speeds along Oldcastle Road are often excessive due to the straight alignment and road geometry, resulting in potentially un-safe turns in and out of the access driveway. In consideration of the anticipated growth in visitor numbers once the park has been fully developed, it is essential that junction improvements are undertaken to ensure safer access for vehicles, pedestrians and cycles, while also being able to accommodate larger vehicles such as coaches.

The adjoining diagram shows the swept-path requirements for a standard 12m long coach, and possible related improvements for achieving a Major/ Minor priority junction with nearside passing bay, including vehicle activated speed signs, subject to more detailed assessment of available roadway widths and highway design criteria. The proposed improvements should also be combined with the provision of Advisory Cycle Lanes along both sides of Oldcastle Road extending from the Town Centre (as

Entrance driveway swept path analysis for coach access promoted by the Kells Local Transport Plan).

Entrance driveway Oldcastle Road looking east to entrance Oldcastle Road looking west to entrance

KELLS HERITAGE PARK Páirc Oidhreachta Cheanannus Mór 5. MASTERPLAN COMPONENTS

5.2 Vehicle Entry and Parking Options

Parking for up to 40 cars, including Parking for 15-18 cars (unmarked) disabled spaces, and 3 coaches No provision for coaches, cycles or disabled parking

Height barrier

Avenue trees Allotments access Existing hedgerow retained Single lane driveway, one passing place Driveway reserved for Shared vehicle, cycle pedestrians and and pedestrian use Single lane driveway, cyclists only (and with one passing place, Parking for up to 40 Allotments access occasional vehicle only cars, including maintenance vehicle disabled spaces, and access) 3 coaches Hedgerow grubbed-up and set back 7.5m from current location Hedgerow Local agricultural access Local access retained Separate footpath/ Cattle pen and gate cycleway Access control Cattle pen and gate Height barrier Cattle pen and gate

Two-way Regional road Vehicle activated Advisory cycle lane Vehicle activated Advisory cycle lane with high traffic speeds and 50km/h signs 50km/h signs no provision for turning 50km/h signs

Advisory cycle lane Advisory cycle lane Footpath Major/Minor priority junction Footpath Major/Minor priority junction Cycleway with nearside passing bay Cycleway with nearside passing bay

As Existing Option A Option B (as preferred)

KELLS HERITAGE PARK Páirc Oidhreachta Cheanannus Mór 5. MASTERPLAN COMPONENTS

5.3 Cavan Road entrance

Park entry gate Ca van Ro ad

New cycleway adjacent to existing path

Dual footpath/ cycleway within park Existing fence set-back to accommodate cycleway New cycleway adjacent to existing path Existing cycle lane at Aldi

Footpath Combined footpath and cycleway crossing Cycleway

Proposed layout

Approach to N52 roundabout from town centre Existing pedestrian crossing at N52 roundabout Existing path extending from roundabout to park entrance

KELLS HERITAGE PARK Páirc Oidhreachta Cheanannus Mór 5. MASTERPLAN COMPONENTS

5.4 Oldcastle Road Secondary Entrance Dual footpath/ cycleway within park

Existing immature woodland

Existing footpath

Advisory cycle lane

Advisory cycle lane Park entry gate

Footpath Cycleway

Proposed layout

Existing footpath at entry location Existing immature woodland and view to Spire Adjoining grazing land

KELLS HERITAGE PARK Páirc Oidhreachta Cheanannus Mór 5. MASTERPLAN COMPONENTS

KEY 5.5 Surface Finishes Site boundary Contours at 10m interval The main requirements for path surface materials for cycle routes are a Oval footpath/cycleway 900 m smooth riding surface, good drainage properties, long–term durability, low Perimeter cycle trail/path 5,500 m maintenance, use of sustainable and/or recycled materials and suitability to Boardwalk 160 m sensitive locations. The most commonly used options are a bound surface, General hard surface areas 3,150 sq.m. either dense bitumen macadam (DBM) or hot rolled asphalt (HRA), resin- Concrete surface 1,300 sq.m. bonded treatment and self-binding surfaces. Safety surface 615 sq.m. Porous cell surface 2,400 sq.m. Given the sensitive environment of the Kells Heritage Park, bound surface Vehicle access control options may appear unduly harsh or urban in character, particularly in the Agricultural access control vicinity of the Spire of Lloyd. As resin-bonded surfaces can be prohibitively expensive to install and maintain, self-binding surfaces have been considered for the purposes of the Kells Masterplan. Self-binding gravel paths are versions of the standard limestone dust surface. All options require a 100–150mm thick aggregate base. In all situations, it is proposed that surface excavation for path construction is kept to a minimum, given the sensitive archaeological context. There are many different self-binding products available. The material is spread and levelled using a paving machine whilst damp/moist and then compacted using a roller or vibrating plate. The material 'sets' when dry, but not to the same extent as would a concrete or bitmac surface.

Self-binding gravels are especially suitable for lightly trafficked environmentally sensitive areas. However, they tend not to work so well in areas where erosion is likely to take place such as on steep slopes, sharp corners and junctions, or in areas of impeded drainage or where water is present. In these situations, localised use of sealed surfaces may need to be considered. Although cheaper to install than bituminous

Surface types surfaces, the life-cycle of self-binding surfaces tends to be shorter than for bound surfaces, and there can be problems with over-growing vegetation, ponding and pothole development, requiring ongoing maintenance. But self-binding path surfaces can be easily repaired.

Sustrans (the UK cycling organisation) estimate that self-binding paths last for around 12 years, and then may require thorough repair/resurfacing, and that annual maintenance costs tend to be slightly higher than for bound surfaces.

Self-binding gravel path Limestone dust path

KELLS HERITAGE PARK Páirc Oidhreachta Cheanannus Mór 5. MASTERPLAN COMPONENTS

Oval Footpath/Cycleway • 50mm after compaction x 3.0m, SuperCEDEC gravel • 150mm x 3.3m compacted CL804 or recycled hardcore (machine laid) The oval path around the Spire of Lloyd is expected to be the most well- • Approved residual herbicide across formation used route, providing a circuit 900m in length which is ideal for a gentle • 3.3m wide Geotextile (100 g/m2) • 50mm (max) x 3.3m wide walk or cycle for all age groups and abilities. It is proposed that the path is excavation, with excavated soil returned to edges fully accessible (wheel chair users and buggies). The landform is reasonably level around the route, falling gradually eastwards. There is a more abrupt level change at one location towards the southern boundary that will require localised filling to ease the gradient.

The proposed self-binding product is SuperCEDEC (Gold), by CED Natural Stone Ltd, presenting a natural appearance of buff/brown colour with soft edges and a slight loose crumb on the surface. The material comprises granite and quartzite which are chemically inert and will not affect the pH Standard self-binding gravel path cross section value of the surrounding soil, and has proved to be durable and free- draining. Although a footpath gravel intended for pedestrian application, • 20mm x 3.0m wide limestone dust, 0-6mm occasional use by emergency vehicles, cars, lorries or maintenance • 150mm x 3.3m compacted CL804 or recycled hardcore (machine laid) equipment will not cause any significant damage, providing the laying • Approved residual herbicide across formation instructions have been adhered to. • 3.3m wide Geotextile (100 g/m2) • 50mm (max) x 3.3m wide excavation, with excavated soil returned to edges General Hard Surface Areas

• Excavated soil The SuperCEDEC self-binding gravel is also proposed for the hard surfaces of the Amenity Area.

Perimeter Cycle Trail/Path

In consideration of the overall length of the path (5,500m), a more standard limestone dust construction is proposed, presenting a naturalised grey Open drainage ditch detail Standard limestone dust path cross section surface finish with soft edges. The route mostly follows the lower contours of the site, and so is reasonably level, but in certain locations the gradients become steeper (between 5-6%), such as when approaching the central Activity Area and around the water storage reservoir to the east. The localised alignment of the route at these locations may need to be

For field gates refer 6.8 reconsidered once more detailed topographic survey data is available, to ensure that it is comfortable for users and does not encourage excessive cycle speeds.

Where agricultural accesses cross the route, concrete pads and field gates will be required. In areas of poor drainage or where surface water is likely to flow across the path, the use of shallow cut-off ditches may also need to be considered once survey data has been prepared. Subject to the level of use, routine maintenance will be required to control vegetation growth at the edges of the path and to fill any potholes or ruts that may develop.

NOTE: Standard details based on Sustrans National Cycle Network guidelines Standard concrete agricultural crossing

KELLS HERITAGE PARK Páirc Oidhreachta Cheanannus Mór 5. MASTERPLAN COMPONENTS

5.6 Car Park Details

Typical application: The existing car park at People’s Park has insufficient capacity to meet the 20 overspill car parking spaces and 3 anticipated increase in visitor numbers once the Heritage Park is coach spaces on porous surface cells in- filled with grass established and has no provision for coaches. There is also limited scope for expansion due to the archaeological constraints at this location and it is 20 car parking spaces, including 2 disabled spaces, on porous surface cells located at the end of the existing access drive, which precludes the in-filled with gravel opportunity for developing a safe pedestrian/cycle only access to the Spire

and future Amenity Area. It is therefore proposed to relocate the car park towards the southern end of the driveway, with more direct access from the Oldcastle Road and additional space for expansion - for vehicle access options refer Section 6.1.

The main requirements for the new car park are safe vehicle access and convenient pedestrian movement to the park’s facilities, provision for coaches and disabled parking, a reasonably level surface with good drainage properties, long–term durability, low maintenance, use of sustainable and/or recycled materials, minimal visual impact and suitability to the sensitive location.

It is proposed that an environmentally-sensitive porous paving system is used for the car park, such as Netpave 50 as supplied by TDP Ltd, or similar, defined by timber edging and bollards. The system provides an attractive, easy to use and durable surface for permanent and overspill parking areas. The system comprises 100% recycled polyethelene cells that can be in-filled with either gravel or grass to achieve a low impact solution. Other benefits include: • HGV load bearing capability • Resists deformation and fracture Detailed layout proposals • Easy installation with no pegging • Conforms to irregular surfaces and gradients • Complies with BS 8300:2009 Design of buildings and their approaches to meet the needs of disabled people. Code of practice. • Meets Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS) criteria.

For successful installation, the car park site needs to be excavated and a suitable sub-base installed. Although the proposed location is within an area of no known archaeological interest, the excavation would be kept to the minimum possible. Based on a medium consistency ground condition with CBR sub-soil strength of 4-6%, it is estimated that 175mm thickness sub-base material would be required. A porous/open-graded (reduced fines) sub-base layer should be used where practicable, covered with a geotextile filter membrane, to satisfy the SUDS application. Alternatively, if ground conditions are not sufficiently permeable, an adequate sub-surface Drainage where required drainage system would be required leading to a suitable outfall or soakaway. Netpave 50 grass in-fill Typical installation details (with grass in-fill)

KELLS HERITAGE PARK Páirc Oidhreachta Cheanannus Mór 5. MASTERPLAN COMPONENTS

5.7 Toilet Block The ICW would be the preferred option as it is most appropriate to the environmental character of the park and would provide complementary bio- Toilet block The provision of public toilets was one of the main requirements arising diversity enhancement, visual and educational benefits. The design and from the responses to the community consultation. They should be installation of ICW systems, however, is a complex process that requires a conveniently located in proximity to the main activity area and sited so as to multidisciplinary approach and a specialist with appropriate competency to minimise visual impact. Other requirements include: collect and interpret all the relevant and disparate information necessary to affect the ICW objectives. A wide understanding of wetland ecosystem • Toilet providers have a responsibility to ensure that all toilets comply structure, function and process in relation to the nature of the polluted with the requirements of the Disability Discrimination Act. water, site conditions and hydraulic challenges are essential. This includes Typical building form • All toilets in public places should cater for the needs of parents of either identifying situations where a specialist advice may need to be taken. sex with babies and young children. • Public toilets should be open at least 12 hours a day. The system also needs to be designed in accordance with the relevant • All toilets should display a sign giving the address and telephone guidelines, as prepared by the Department of the Environment, Heritage number of the person(s) responsible for their provision. and Local Government, e.g. ‘Integrated Constructed Wetlands Guidance • Low energy, vandal resistant lighting, fitted flush into ceilings and Document for Farmyard Soiled Water and Domestic Wastewater operated by solar sensors, will ensure the correct level of illumination at Applications’. As noted in the guidelines, when ICW systems are Nursery all times of day and night. appropriately sized, designed and built they can treat all intercepted Typical plan • All urinals should be fitted with flush control systems to reduce water effluents including short-term increases in volumes. The main advantages consumption. are: • Modern design automatic, combined hand washing and drying units are energy efficient and space saving units. 1. An effective multiple-bunded intercepting infrastructure for treatment of polluted water within a defined area. It is proposed that the toilet block is located at the northern end of the 2. Use of local materials with minimum ‘external costs’. existing access driveway, close to the main areas of activity. 3. Low maintenance requirements. 4. Ease of commissioning/decommissioning. Water supply would be from the existing watermain on Oldcastle Road. 5. Sustainable over a long lifetime (50 years or more). Outflow would either be to a Package Sewage Treatment Plant (Klargester 6. A robust and segmented system designed for long life and ease of unit) or, subject to further liaison with the Local Authority on the likely timing management, with each segment having its own integrity, nutrient and Outfall to ditch Existing watermain of new foul drainage provision along Oldcastle Road, and agreement with biological status. NPWS on acceptable water quality standards, via an Integrated 7. Increased biodiversity. Constructed Wetlands (ICW) system. 8. An inbuilt bio-monitoring capability that is in keeping with the principles Option 1: Package Sewage Treatment Plant underlying the EU Water Framework Directive and the needs of regulation. 9. Recycling of captured nutrients in a de-watered/compost form after a period of time (c. 10 to 20 years). 10.Carbon sequestration and low energy demands (subject to guidance on methodology by EPA). 11.Potential to recycle treated water and sequestered organic matter 12.Landscape fit and enhanced scenery. Outfall to stream 13.Creation of an aesthetically enhanced area with potential recreational (tributary of River capacity. Blackwater) ICW pools In general ICW systems intercepting point sources of polluted water require full planning permission and discharge licensing.

Option 2: Integrated Constructed Wetlands (ICW)

KELLS HERITAGE PARK Páirc Oidhreachta Cheanannus Mór 5. MASTERPLAN COMPONENTS

5.8 Fences, Barriers and Gates

A variety of fences, gates and barriers will be required within the Heritage Vehicle boom, timber fence and bollards Park in order to control access where required and to ensure the safety of all users. Although a necessary requirement, the proliferation of such Proposed car park features should be avoided as they may cumulatively result in adverse impacts on the landscape. In all situations only good quality, preferably natural materials should be used to reinforce the character of the park.

Stock-proof fencing will be required where new paths are introduced through or adjacent to grazing land. This should meet the minimum requirements of the DAFF (S.148 Sheep Fencing). In most cases the proposed perimeter cycle trail/walkway has been located close to the edges of the site in order to reduce the extent of fencing needed. Vehicle boom gate Agricultural access across the cycle trail/walkway corridor will need to be accommodated at nine locations around the route (refer 6.7). It will be necessary to close off the path for short periods of time when farm animals are crossing.

Generally the use of physical barriers should be avoided wherever possible Height restrictor Field gate and should not be introduced where they may discriminate unlawfully against people with disabilities, or where barriers would prevent rightful access or passage.

Vehicle access controls will be required at three locations (as adjoining representative plan and 6.7). These main access points should provide unobstructed access for cyclists and other uses (including occasional maintenance vehicles), while ensuring safety and accessibility for all. The Representative access controls Height restrictor - rising arm main access control proposals comprise a lockable vehicle boom, timber fence and bollards. The access control on the main driveway will be especially important to deter unauthorised motorised vehicles from using the cycle track/path (while retaining local access for the landowner to the east of the driveway), and to control the speed of cyclists in order to enhance their safety and the safety of pedestrians. In addition, a vehicle height restrictor will be necessary along the improved section of driveway to prevent unauthorised access of high vehicles - it is proposed that this includes a rising arm that can be operated manually by authorised users such as visiting coaches.

Security fencing will be required around the proposed nursery. This should be simple in appearance and and not unduly intrusive within the landscape, while allowing views through to the internal operations from adjoining footpaths - a 2.4m high V-mesh type is proposed.

Field gate Existing stock-proof fencing

KELLS HERITAGE PARK Páirc Oidhreachta Cheanannus Mór 5. MASTERPLAN COMPONENTS

5.9 Signage and Interpretation

The Masterplan development provides an ideal opportunity for rationalising the existing signage that has been added incrementally both within and outside the site. A uniform style should be adopted for all signage, that clearly portrays the essence and attractions of the park - with an emphasis on promoting ’Kells Heritage Park’ as a destination with a wide range of attractions, not just limited to the Spire of Lloyd. The existing KHP logo provides a simple, clean and effective starting point for developing a distinctive brand for the park, adapted as required to suit the requirements for different signage types.

It is recommended that all existing information and directional signage is replaced by the new style. The main types of signage required comprises:

• Interpretation Boards - illustrating and describing the key natural and built heritage qualities of the park. • Map Boards - providing a simple diagram of the footpath/cycle routes Marker posts along shared use path Existing entrance signage (with walking/cycling distances/times and ease of use) and the main (to be removed) activity areas, and information on the general use of the park (e.g. dogs, litter, fires, camping, etc). • Way-marker Posts at changes in direction of the footpath/cycleway network. • Marker Posts at regular intervals (say every 500m) along the perimeter footpath/cycleway. • Pedestrian and Cycle Route signs - from the town centre along Cycle Trails on Cavan and Oldcastle Roads to the Heritage Park, in accordance with the requirements of the Traffic Signs Manual. • Advance Direction Signs - from the surrounding road network to the park, in accordance with the requirements of the Traffic Signs Manual.

Interpretation Board Map Board Waymarker/Repeater Post Marker Post

Cycle Trail Symbol T44: Traffic Signs Manual Co-ordinated signage proposals

KELLS HERITAGE PARK Páirc Oidhreachta Cheanannus Mór 5. MASTERPLAN COMPONENTS

e e Advance Direction Signs are especially important for motorists approaching rd A the town and for raising the general profile of the park. Signs indicating tourist attractions and amenities, such as Kells Heritage Park, have white lettering and symbols on a brown background. These are not traffic signs; however, they are very wide ranging and have extensive usage and are, therefore, of considerable relevance to road users.

All Tourist signs on national roads need to comply with the National Roads Authority’s document - Policy on the Provision of Tourist & Leisure Signage on National Roads. NRA, Dublin. The document advises that rather than deal with isolated requests for tourist signs, Road Authorities are recommended to prepare comprehensive plans for tourist signing in consultation with the Department of Transport, Fáilte Ireland and other relevant authorities and interests. They should also consult neighbouring Road Authorities in respect of attractions which might be signed across local authority boundaries. C a v a n

To be eligible for signing, an individual tourist attraction must be approved by Fáilte Ireland, and white-on-brown signs should only be used where there are clear benefits to the road user, e.g. for safety reasons, where locations may be hard to find or to encourage visitors to use particular routes. Oldcastle

A list of symbols is available for depicting most types of tourist attraction and other facilities, i.e. Recognised Prescribed Signs in accordance with the Department of Environment ‘Traffic Signs Manual’. The following two

Navan examples could be applicable to Kells Heritage Park, and the adjoining plan shows potential locations on the road network and linking with the Boyne Valley Drive, subject to meeting the criteria outlined above. The NRA guidelines state that other symbols are not to be used.

r a g D n u i b l l lin u M Advance Direction Sign with Public Park symbol Potential locations for new Advance Direction Signs

Advance Direction Sign with Country Park symbol

Interpretation of Tourism signage according to the ‘Traffic Signs Manual’

KELLS HERITAGE PARK Páirc Oidhreachta Cheanannus Mór 5. MASTERPLAN COMPONENTS

KEY 5.10 Miscellaneous Fixtures and Fittings Archaeological features Seats Other items of site furniture include seats, benches, picnic tables, children’s Benches play and exercise equipment. As with all components of the Heritage Park, Picnic tables the selected products should be good quality, durable, of sustainable or Exercise equipment (not all shown) recycled materials, and preferably sourced and fabricated locally.

Miscellaneous components

Natural play equipment Recycled material seat and bench Picnic table Exercise equipment

KELLS HERITAGE PARK Páirc Oidhreachta Cheanannus Mór 6. PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION

6.1 Composite Masterplan

KEY Site boundary Bound gravel surfaces Contours at 10m interval Archaeological features Compacted gravel footpaths Existing asphalt retained New asphalt road make-up Concrete surface (cross-overs) Play area safety surface Reinforced natural surface Un-surfaced footpath Existing footpath (Right of Way) Preferred footpath link Boardwalk Stock-proof fencing Field Gates Perimeter fence Play equipment Exercise equipment Seats Picnic tables Toilet block Water supply Interpretation boards Existing hedgerow/scrub Existing trees New woodland New hedges New trees Amenity shrubs Arboretum Orchard Mown grass Rough grass Nursery Ponds Reeds Illustrative Masterplan Proposals Agricultural

KELLS HERITAGE PARK Páirc Oidhreachta Cheanannus Mór 6. PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION

6.2 Implementation Plan Integrated Constructed Wetlands (ICW) 6.3 Project Cost Plan

The key stages and estimated time scales for implementing the project are Because an ICW depends entirely on subsoil to minimise leaks, such a The following cost estimate is based on the complete Composite as follows: store shall only be built after a Site Assessment Report has been Masterplan Proposals being implemented as a single Public Works completed by a Local Authority approved site assessment expert. A Contract following a competitive tender process. Completion and approval of Masterplan Report 1 month planning application then needs to be prepared and, together with the Submission to DAH&G 1 month completed and signed site assessment report, sent to the Local Authority All costings are subject to detailed site investigative work which has not Part 8 Planning Process 2 months for application for full planning permission. After planning permission has been carried out at this stage. No amounts have been included in the Approval of funding 3 months been obtained, a discharge licence should then be applied for prior to the estimate for work to be carried out by the ESB or other service providers. Preparation of detailed designs 3 months commencement of construction. Application for the discharge licence is Planning application fees or other statutory charges, and Design Team Preparation of contract documentation 1 month made to the Local Authority, and construction should not commence until fees, have not been in the estimate. Construction tender 2 months after the licence has been obtained. Appointment of contractor and mobilisation 2 months Item Description Sub-Totals € Totals € Construction period 12 months Constructed Wetlands require careful expert construction by a competent

Landscape maintenance period 60 months contractor, whose complete work shall be overseen by a Construction Demolition and Site Clearance 36,440.00 Supervisor, who will then sign a Certificate of Compliance where the works Groundwork 318,066.00 As the project land is in the ownership of the Local Authority, and the are completed in accordance with the planning permission. Surfaces 553,635.00 development is proposed by or on behalf of or in partnership with the Planting 295,050.00 Planning Authority, it is anticipated that the planning application will be Ponds Miscellaneous Fixtures + Fittings 181,769.00 made in accordance with Part 8 of the Planning & Development Landscape Maintenance (5-years) 135,112.50 Regulations 2001 (As Amended). A site notice must be erected on the All new farm ponds irrespective of size require full planning permission. 1,520,072.50 subject site and submissions from prescribed bodies and the public may be Add Preliminaries at 5% 76,003.62 1,596,076.10 received during a six week public consultation period. Add Contingency at 10% 159,607.61 Following consideration of the submissions received, the Manager presents 1,755,683.70 a report to the elected members of the Local Authority for the approval of Capital contributions Excl. the scheme. The Elected Members decide as they consider appropriate, Site investigations/surveys Excl. that the proposed development be carried out, with or without variations or Consultancy fees Excl. modifications, or decide it will not be carried out.

Add VAT @ 13.5% construction costs 237,017.29 If the project is not taken forward by the Local Authority, and the application is lodged by another body, it will be necessary to agree a suitable licence Total Cost Plan inclusive of VAT 1,992,700.90 arrangement with the Local Authority for the use and future management of the land. An application will then need to be submitted for planning permission, including full particulars of the project and all documentation related to Archaeological Impact Assessment, Appropriate Assessment and other information as requested by the Local Authority. Generally, the local planning authority must make a decision on a planning application within 8 weeks of receiving the application, but if the local authority needs more information, or the decision is appealed, it may take much longer. Anyone can see a copy of the application and on payment of a fee, can make a written submission / observation on it. The decision on the planning permission will be notified to the applicant and anyone who commented in writing on it. If the local authority decides to grant planning permission, a notice of intention to grant planning permission will be issued. If no one appeals the decision to An Bord Pleanála within 4 weeks of the date of this decision, a grant of permission from the local authority will be issued.

KELLS HERITAGE PARK Páirc Oidhreachta Cheanannus Mór 6. PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION

6.4 Project Phasing

In the event that suitable funding is not available in the foreseeable future for complete implementation of the Composite Masterplan, a first phase project has been developed in conjunction with Kells Heritage Group Ltd as shown on the adjoining plan. Although this would only partly meet the aspirations of the promoters and the local community, it would represent a very positive step forward in realising the recreational and amenity potential of this important area of public land.

As with the procedure for progressing the Composite Masterplan, it is anticipated that the Phase 1 proposals would be subject to the Part 8 planning process to be undertaken by the Local Authority. Once approved, the scheme would be implemented by a private contractor following competitive tender, administered either by the Local Authority or Kells Heritage Group Ltd. KEY

Kells Heritage Park: 149 ha.

Phase 1 extents: 23 ha. The main elements of the Phase 1 scheme include:

• Retention of existing car park and play area. • Complete oval footpath around the Spire - total length 880m, with benches at approx. 200m intervals. • Partial footpath in amenity area for provision of exercise circuit - total Phase 1: Project Extents length 250m. • Perimeter footpath/cycleway extending from the Spire field around the southern, eastern and northern site boundaries to join with the existing footpath at Lower Sorrell Field West - total length 2,480m, with seats at 4-500m intervals. • Agricultural crossing points, stock-proof fencing and access gates/ chicanes. • Native woodland planting - total 9.46ha, planting density 3,300 stems/ ha. • Information boards at main entry points. • 3-year landscape maintenance contract.

At the main entry point from Cavan Road, it is envisaged that the Local Authority would undertake cycle/pedestrian enabling works comprising a continuation of the existing cycleway from Aldi, across the N52 roundabout to link with the Park entry gate (refer also Section 5.3).

It would also be very beneficial for advance highway works to be carried out at the Oldcastle Road vehicle entry to the Park, to help address the current sub-standard junction and potential future safety concerns following increases in traffic volumes.

KELLS HERITAGE PARK Páirc Oidhreachta Cheanannus Mór 6. PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION

6.5 Phase 1 Budget Cost Estimate

The following cost estimate is based on the Phase 1 Proposals being implemented as a single Public Works Contract following a competitive tender process.

All costings are subject to detailed site investigative work which has not been carried out at this stage. No amounts have been included in the estimate for work to be carried out by the ESB or other service providers. Planning application fees or other statutory charges, and Design Team fees, are not included in the estimate.

Item Description Sub-Totals € Totals €

Prepared Site 36,600.00 Concrete Work 7,400.00 Surfaces 233,000.00 Planting 77,000.00 Woodland C Miscellaneous Fixtures + Fittings 20,870.00 Landscape Maintenance (1-year) 41,500.00 395,500.00 Add Preliminaries at 5% 19,775.00 415,275.00 Add Contingency at 10% 41,527.00 456,802.00 Capital contributions Excl. Oval path Site investigations/surveys Excl. Exercise circuit (part) Consultancy fees Excl. Entry 1 Entry 2 Add VAT @ 13.5% construction costs 61,668.00 Perimeter path/cycleway Total Cost Plan inclusive of VAT 518,470.00

Woodland B Woodland A Note:

For further details of Phase 1 proposals refer Appendix A4: Phase 1 Tender Documents.

Entry 3

Phase 1: Project Scope

KELLS HERITAGE PARK Páirc Oidhreachta Cheanannus Mór 6. PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION

6.6 Potential Funding Sources • Innovative activities in local communities such as social and information networks etc. Given the budget limitations on the availability of public funds, a variety of Measure 322 - Village and Countryside Renewal And Development potential sources need to be explored, including private sponsorship and Objective community fund raising. To provide appropriate supports to enhance the economic and social attractiveness of villages, small towns and the surrounding countryside. LEADER Funding Measures under Axes 3&4 Rural Development Eligible activities include: Programme Ireland 2007-2013 • Environmental upgrading e.g. upgrading parks, civic areas, river walks etc. Although the current LEADER programme (2007-2013) is now closed and • Access facilities to amenities all funding has been fully allocated, it is expected that the new programme • Public utilities such as street lighting etc, but excluding water, sewage will commence mid-2015 (a start date has yet to be confirmed and the and major road works scope of the programme is currently being negotiated at European and • General appearance upgrading (such as ornamental paving, street art, national level). The grant rate and the level of funding which will be made ornamental lighting, &c.) and renovation of relevant derelict buildings available to Local Action Groups such as Meath Partnership has yet to be excluding traditional farm buildings, which will be eligible for support determined, but the eligibility of grant is likely to be applicable within the under axis 2 following measures of the previous programme: • Farmers markets Measure 313: Encouragement of Tourism Activities Measure 323 - Conservation and Upgrading of the Rural Heritage Objective Objective To maximise the sustainable, regionally balanced, tourism potential of all To provide an integrated approach to the protection of the local heritage rural areas through provision of necessary infrastructure and development through a suite of related preservation actions, complemented by a range of the countryside as a recreational resource for all. of initiatives designed to develop the sustainable economic contribution of Eligible activities include: the natural heritage. • Analysis and provision of infrastructural needs for tourism and Eligible activities include: Countryside Recreation in a defined area • Actions to preserve and develop vernacular architecture, crafts, • Maintenance of vernacular features – in a way that protects the heritage archaeology, cultural traditions etc. of the features – such as disused railway lines, canal towpaths, bog • Integrated plans for the restoration and development of locally roads etc. significant natural areas, features and areas of environmental • Development of the use of forests for countryside recreation significance • Development of niche tourism such as crafts, speciality food provision, • Community environmental actions to protect and restore the amenity eco-tourism, genealogy, archaeology etc. value of local water resources and high value nature areas • Development of the use of the internet and e-commerce facilities in • Other environmental initiatives aimed at waste reduction general for the provision of booking and information services to tourists • Alternative or renewable energy actions addressing suitability of new • Support for the development of tourism facilities and amenities technologies to meet community energy needs, awareness actions for • Support for tourism marketing community groups and under certain conditions, capital assistance to • Support for the provision of tourism accommodation community groups adopting such technology Measure 321: Basic Services for the Economy and Rural Population Objective Smarter Travel To identify and provide appropriate cultural and leisure facilities to local The Department of Transport Tourism and Sport provides financial support communities, not otherwise available to them. to local authorities and other agencies for the promotion of smarter travel, Eligible activities include: by developing infrastructure to make Smarter Travel more attractive and • Amenity and leisure facilities safer and by educating people on the potential for making Smarter Travel • Support for cultural activities choices. • Certain arts facilities • General community and recreational infrastructure

KELLS HERITAGE PARK Páirc Oidhreachta Cheanannus Mór 6. PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION

Current funding programmes are: The West Clare Railway Greenway • Demonstration projects 40-kilometre in length linking Ennis to the Atlantic Coast at Lahinch via • Initial projects Corofin and Ennistymon and along the route of the dismantled railway. The • Smarter Travel Areas Department of Transport, Tourism and Sport allocated €50,000 in seed- • National Cycle Network funding in 2013 for the advance planning stage of the Greenway. • Active Travel Towns Given the requirement for safe pedestrian and cycle access to the Heritage The Native Woodland Scheme Park, and the objectives of the Local Transport Plan for increasing the Teagasc, Agriculture and Food Development Authority opportunities for walking and cycling, it is possible that funding may be A key biodiversity measure within Ireland’s national forest policy. It also available to the local authority through one of these programmes. supports a wide range of other benefits and functions arising from native woodlands, relating to landscape, cultural heritage, wood and non-wood

products and services, the practice of traditional woodland management Green Infrastructure The Green Infrastructure Strategy adopted by the European Commission in techniques, environmental education, and carbon sequestration. May 2013, ‘to promote the deployment of green infrastructure in the EU in Element 2: urban and rural areas’, intends to focus (amongst other objectives) on: Establishment supports the establishment of new native woodlands on ‘Improving access to finance for green infrastructure projects – the greenfield sites. Maximum grant available under element 2: €5,500/ha Commission will set up an EU financing facility by 2014 together with the (effective from 1 January 2011). Establishment Premium available under European Investment Bank to support green infrastructure projects’ element 2: €126-515/ha/year for a period of 15 to 20 years (effective from 1 Member States currently have the opportunity to support Green January 2011 for new entrants). Infrastructure through programmes integrated into their development In addition, the FEPS premium may be payable to applicants who fulfill the strategies and co-financed from the Structural Funds (such as the requirements for FEPS. FEPS premium available: €150-200/ha/year for a European Regional Development Fund and European Social Fund). period of 5 years. Although such funding may be directed more towards strategic Green Element 2 is focused in particular on the following site types: • Infrastructure policy, for example climate change mitigation and adaptation, sites within areas regarded as being particularly sensitive from an there may be future or similar opportunities for community. environmental, landscape or amenity perspective • sites located immediately adjacent or close to existing designated Local Agenda 21 Environmental Partnership Fund 2013 native woodland Aimed at projects that contribute to increasing local levels of environmental • sites that create physical connectivity between existing native awareness or one which promotes building greener more sustainable woodlands and other important habitats. communities. The Fund promotes sustainable development by assisting small scale, non-profit environmental projects at local level. Local Sources Projects should focus on environmental awareness and actions which complement national environmental policies such as those on waste, Meath County Council biodiversity, water conservation and climate change. A wide variety of Provision of public services. Commitment to promoting Commons of Lloyd projects and schemes have been supported under the Fund in previous through Open Space and Tourism policies of Kells Development Plan. years ranging from community gardens, allotments and compost schemes Kells Town Council to rainwater harvesting systems, educational initiatives and environmental Revenue from agricultural leases for Commons of Lloyd - currently €70k exhibitions pa, likely to decrease by around 35% due to requirements of recreation/ amenity. Almost €50k could be ring-fenced, e.g. for ongoing management The Mayo Greenway of the Heritage Park. World-class Great Western Greenway is a 42km traffic-free cycling and Sponsorship walking facility. It primarily follows the line of the famous Newport/Mulranny Private sector donations, e.g. Vodaphone. Railway, which opened in 1937. Sponsor a Tree - approx. 250 fruit trees and 200 arboretum trees could be Fáilte Ireland/Department of Transport/Department of Rural Affairs available to sponsor, at €250/ea = €112,500 over time, which could be put provided the funding. towards an ongoing management fund.

KELLS HERITAGE PARK Páirc Oidhreachta Cheanannus Mór 7. LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT

7.1 General Access

Sensitive ongoing management will be an essential part of the future For landscape maintenance purposes, vehicular access will be from success and enjoyment of the Heritage Park, while introducing appropriate Oldcastle Road at the main entrance to the Park’s car park and nursery. management techniques can also bring significant biodiversity improvements. Facilities

This section of the Masterplan Report sets out general principles and The landscape maintenance contractor shall liaise with the Local Authority quality standards required for the installation of the proposals and for the directly regarding permissions for parking, storage, use of water and any subsequent long term landscape management operations. It includes: other resources.

• Design Intentions 7.2 Design Intentions • Aims of the management and maintenance plan • Management objectives The overall design intention for the Heritage Park is the creation of a fully • Maintenance specification accessible, high quality, bio-diverse and natural environment that: • Indicative annual schedule of operations • Reinforces and enhances the existing landscape and heritage qualities It should be read together with other sections of the Masterplan Report, of the site • particularly in relation to Archaeological sensitivity, public access and Protects and enhances the landscape setting of archaeological features habitat creation/enhancement. It should also form the basis for periodic • Provides a clear landscape structure which will encourage and allow the (annual) reviews and evaluation of actual maintenance works required on various landscape features to further develop and mature over time an annual basis. • Protects the intrinsic agricultural character of the site by retaining grazing over the majority of the site area (90ha, 62%). The Establishment Period • Improves pedestrian and cycle accessibility and recreational potential but restricts access to motor vehicles other than those for maintenance A one year aftercare period is built into the implementation contract to • Links the development to the town centre and to the adjacent cover intensive post-installation maintenance requirements for the whole of Blackwater River walk the landscape works. During this period the main contractor is responsible • Enhances the ecological range and potential for wildlife. for all maintenance operations, including planting which has failed to flourish. At the end of the initial one year establishment period any defects due to materials or workmanship will be rectified and future responsibility will then be handed over to the Local Authority.

The Maintenance Period

The Management Plan sets out general maintenance requirements for a 20-year period. Given the overall extent of the Composite Masterplan works, it is recommended that a competent landscape maintenance contractor is appointed through competitive public tender for maintenance over a 5-year term, and thereafter according to the requirements of the Local Authority. In the event that only Phase 1 of the works are implemented, it may be possible for the ongoing maintenance to be undertaken by voluntary groups (as existing). However, in order to ensure high standards, and to reduce the burden on local community groups, it would be preferable for the Phase 1 maintenance works to be similarly contracted to a specialist landscape company.

KELLS HERITAGE PARK Páirc Oidhreachta Cheanannus Mór 7. LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT

7.3 Management Objectives

This Landscape Management Plan aims to ensure that the vision for the Heritage Park can be achieved through a long term, co-ordinated and informed approach to landscape management. The preferred approach is to manage habitats using traditional methods where possible, providing benefits for both biodiversity and for people.

Management objectives generally include:

• Apply good horticultural and ecological practice to all operations • Promote healthy growth and establishment of all plants, trees, grass, and wildflower areas • Ensure consistent control of invasive weeds • Promote optimum display and flowering periods and stem colour • Ensure development of optimum plant form, shape, and planting density • Provide protection against pests and diseases • Promote wildlife value and species diversity where appropriate • Ensure long term commitment to replacement of defective plant material • Review opportunities for introduction of new species or replacement of exhausted species where appropriate, in line with original design intensions • Ensure the site is kept in a clean, tidy and safe condition at all times

For the purposes of management and maintenance the site is divided into the following main landscape components:

1. Mown Grass 2. Rough Grass/Meadowland 3. Woodland 4. Hedgerows 5. Orchard and Arboretum 6. Wetland 7. Amenity Planting KEY Landscape Management Components 8. Hard surfaces, fences, gates, etc. General amenity area Mature hedgerows The principal objectives indicate at the broad level how the aims of the plan Weak/gappy hedgerows are to be pursued. The objectives need to remain flexible in response to Community orchard Community arboretum new information or to changes in internal or external circumstances (e.g. Mown grass additional/alternative areas of land become available or previously Rough grassland (wildflower) unknown features become apparent through new survey information). Any Wetlands proposed changes to the objectives must be carefully considered and Possible Integrated Constructed Wetlands balanced against all other objectives relating to other interests, such as the Woodland effective management of wildlife habitats and agricultural uses. Bound gravel footpath Limestone dust footpath

KELLS HERITAGE PARK Páirc Oidhreachta Cheanannus Mór 7. LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT

7.4 Management Prescriptions Rough grassland maintenance operations should: • Promote a structured grassland with grass tussocks creating a series of 1. Mown Grass microclimates across the habitat, thus encouraging a diversity of floral Total Area: 1.45ha and faunal species • Ensure that no soil cultivation is carried out when the margin is Comprises established grassland to the north-west of the Spire of Lloyd. To establishing date the grass has been well-maintained on a regular basis by members of • Encourage the meadow sward to meet and link up the scrub and tree the Kells Heritage Group. The area is of high visual importance and planting and enhance the wildlife corridor function of the hedgerows frequently used by visitors to the Park. • Replicate the grazing/hay cutting regimes of ‘traditional’ park grassland management by cutting the roughs once per year after the main Mown grass maintenance operations should: flowering season but not before 15th August (when seed has set and to • Ensure sward is maintained so as to create an optimum functional avoid disturbance of ground-nesting birds), and off-takes removed surface • Alternatively the margins can be lightly grazed after 15th August, but by • Establish an annual programme of aeration and feeding sheep only subject to suitability of fencing and gates and potential • Review requirements for whole or part sward refurbishment conflict with users (e.g. dog walkers) • Employ cultural techniques which use organic fertilisers and minimise • Remove all arisings from mowing the roughs to maintain the nutrient- the use of chemicals wherever possible. poor status of the soil, which in turn slows down the rate of grass growth and encourages establishment of native herbs 2. Rough Grass/Meadowland • Where re-seeding is necessary, source seed of local provenance to re- Total Area: 30ha create grassland habitats • Ensure that pesticides (including herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, Comprises former grazing lands and field margins taken out of production slug pellets and growth regulators) are not applied to field margins for amenity and habitat diversity purposes. The wildlife value of rough • Ensure that chemical and/or organic fertilisers are not applied to the grasslands is maintained by preventing them from being overgrazed or margins. overgrown, not spraying herbicides and not spreading fertiliser and slurry on them (this also helps prevent the growth of problem weed species). It is 3. Woodland intended that management by cutting for hay and/or grazing is adopted in Total Area 16.15ha order to gradually reduce fertility and the presence of less desirable species (as opposed to topsoil removal and re-seeding) and to achieve an The establishment of new native woodland is an essential component of improved structure, balance and diversity in the grassland. the landscape infrastructure for the Heritage Park, intended to provide a robust framework appropriate to the scale of the proposed development Rough grassland and wildflower meadows can be suited to a grazing whilst also enhancing the character and habitat diversity of the landscape. management regime, particularly the larger areas of grassland, resulting in It is mostly located around the periphery of the site in blocks of between 30- the grass being longer for much of the year. Grazing plays a key role in 100m width. maintaining species richness by limiting the ability of competitive species to achieve dominance, and influencing the proportion of competitors. A high The main aim should be to establish a species-rich woodland of native proportion of desirable grassland species are perennials. The removal of trees and shrubs. The control of grass, broadleaf herbaceous plants, plant biomass by a hay harvest or by grazing maintains floristic diversity by bramble, bracken, etc. is essential for the rapid establishment and growth reducing nutrient recycling and subsequently suppressing soil fertility. of young trees. Poor vegetation management will result in mortality, loss of Grazing can be selective towards rare or local livestock breeds, and thus growth and vigour, and the need for greater input later on (e.g. beating up). play a role in promoting traditional rural skills and providing an unusual Manual techniques would be mostly impractical given the areas of new educational resource. woodland involved, and herbicide application represents the most effective and economical method of vegetation management.

KELLS HERITAGE PARK Páirc Oidhreachta Cheanannus Mór 7. LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT

Where used, however, herbicide application must be kept to the minimum 4. Hedgerows and with the aim of maintaining a 1-metre wide control area around the Total Length - Mature 6,200m base of each tree, until that tree is free of competition. Weak/gappy 3,300m

All herbicide use must adhere to the Forestry & Water Quality Guidelines Existing and new hedgerows will need regular maintenance in order to and Forest Protection Guidelines, and to the Guidelines for the Use of provide effective boundary and shelter. Neglected hedges grow tall and Herbicides in Forestry. gappy, so that they cease to function as effective barriers which is bad both for wildlife and for farming. Woodland maintenance operations should: • Ensure that good horticultural practice is employed to encourage long Mature hedgerows in good condition should be allowed to grow naturally, WOODLAND COMPOSITION term health and vitality of all trees and whip planted areas with maintenance confined to essential practices such as stock-proofing, in- • Ensure that all maintenance work associated with pruning of trees and planting as required, and the control of invasive species. They should have In accordance with the Site Appraisal Framework of the Native Woodland shrubs will only be undertaken outside of the bird breeding season, i.e. a dense base, form an unbroken barrier, and be at least 1.5 m high. An Establishment Scheme (NWS Est.), based on landscape position, soil type March to September established hedge will need cutting every 2-3 years. There is considerable (Brown Podzolics) and main existing habitats, the most appropriate Native • Ensure thinning to favour the climax and under-storey species wildlife benefit if maintenance is undertaken in rotation to ensure that there Woodland Type comprises QL3 Bramble–hazel (subtype of QL Sessile • Provide conditions suitable for the retention of occasional sub-climax is growth at all stages. Preferably one side of the hedge should be trimmed oak–woodrush). and under-storey species at a time. Predominant trees and shrubs: • Within the climax blocks, remove weak and suppressed trees first Sessile oak, downy birch, ash, hazel, rowan and holly. Weak, overgrown or neglected hedges with sufficient vigour may be • Coppice the under-storey species as necessary within the thinning Predominant ground flora: restored by laying or coppicing – selective cutting at ground level to regime to release the climax species Bramble, ivy, broad buckler-fern, wood sorrel, bluebell, violet, woodrush promote bushy re-growth. Hedge-laying involves the part cutting through of • Maintain a clean and safe environment and wood avens. Dwarf shrubs largely absent. selected stems, bending them over at an angle of 70-80 degrees, and • Ensure cultural techniques are employed which use a variety of mulches Planting mixture: securing the stems. This forms part of the long-term maintenance cycle of and organic fertilisers and which minimise the use of chemicals and peat Sessile oak (50%). Ash (15%). Downy birch (5%) & hazel (10%) scattered poor existing hedgerows and is recommended as a method of hedge- wherever possible. intimately throughout. Wild cherry (5%), planted in groups of 5 to 10 trees. rejuvenation and stock- proofing.

Minor species (15%) to comprise at least three of the following, positioned alongside planned woodland edges and glades: Scots pine (on shallow, Gaps in hedgerows that cannot be closed by laying should be planted with more acid, rocky areas, if present), hawthorn, holly, rowan, crab apple. hawthorn quicks, blackthorn or other suitable native species at not more than 30 cm spacing in prepared ground. This is also an opportunity to increase the variety of species present and therefore the value of MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVE MANAGEMENT POLICY the hedge to wildlife. The young plants should be cut back to half their To create a 2 or 3-storey high woodland which will enhance the amenity and biodiversity of the Manage pioneer species to edges and interspersed throughout woodland areas. Thin to height after planting to promote growth. development. The upper canopy will be of oak and ash, in which the predominant long term favour the climax and under-storey species. Provide conditions suitable for the retention of climax species will be oak. Conifers and occasional sub-climax trees and a coppiced under- occasional sub-climax and under-storey species. Within the climax blocks, remove weak and storey are to be retained. The woodland is to be bordered by a mixed native shrub edge. suppressed trees first. Coppice the under-storey species as necessary within the thinning Manage the climax species on a rotation of approx. 150 years. regime to release the climax species. The preferable method of hedge maintenance is by hand tools. Where this is not practical, particular care should be give to the correct use of machinery. Finger bar cutters with a pair of reciprocating blades can be MANAGEMENT PRESCRIPTIONS suitable for trimming young growth. A flail cutter should only be used on soft growth of thorny species.

Hedgerow maintenance operations should: • Ensure that good horticultural practice is employed to encourage long term health and vitality of all hedgerows YEARS 1-5 YEARS 5-10 YEARS 10-15 YEARS 15-20 YEARS 20-25 YEARS 25+ • Weed control and replacement of Thin pioneer species and Routine maintenance Thin main body of planting to favour Thin main body of planting to favour Review every five years Ensure cutting while hedges are dormant, from beginning of September failures edge shrubs climax and under-storey spp. climax and under-storey spp. and thin as necessary to end of February (Section 46 Wildlife Act 2000) Thin pioneer species and shrub Thin pioneer species and shrub edge edge • Ensure that herbicides, pesticides or fertilisers are not applied within 1.5m of a hedgerow, as this leads to nutrient enrichment that can

KELLS HERITAGE PARK Páirc Oidhreachta Cheanannus Mór 7. LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT

adversely affect biodiversity The main problems affecting successful establishment of ponds is pollution • Ensure cutting to an A-shaped profile, with a bushy top for maximum by high levels of nutrients, which can cause sudden, extensive growths of protection from wind while encouraging the development of a dense duckweed and algae that suppress other plants. Non-native plants can hedge blanket pond surfaces and smother native species that support other • Ensure that standard trees in hedgerows are retained - where no wildlife. Large numbers of fish and ducks can also cause pollution standard trees are present, occasional shrubs should be selected to problems. Limited grazing around parts of the pond margins and poaching grow into trees and left uncut - native tree species such as oak and ash of some edges can be beneficial to wildlife but may also cause problems by are preferable stirring up sediments and increasing the levels of nutrients in the pond. • Ensure cutting in rotation, to one side of hedge only at any one time • Ensure that any gaps in the hedgerow are planted up between October Over the decades the ponds will gradually fill with sediment and their plant and March and animal communities will change, which is a natural process and • Endeavour to pile hedge trimmings in a non-intrusive manner to provide requires no intervention. habitat - if trimmings are to be removed, this must be done immediately after cutting Ponds maintenance operations should: • Ensure routine inspections of different areas of the ponds for signs of 5. Orchard and Arboretum erosion, water quality decline, and animal damage • Total Areas, Orchard 1.20ha, Arboretum 2.60ha Ensure adequate aquatic weed control to prevent colonisation by invasive alien plant species It is envisaged that the orchard and arboretum will be progressively planted • Maintain a clean and safe environment with trees obtained through private and corporate sponsorship at given planting distances. Un-planted areas will consist of rough grassland. The potential Integrated Constructed Wetlands (total area 2,500sq.m. approx) would comprise a series of shallow, interconnected, emergent- Maintenance operations should: vegetated, surface-flow wetland compartments to receive/intercept • Ensure the control of grass, broadleaf herbaceous plants, bramble, waterflows from the public toilet block. It would be designed as a robust bracken, etc, as defined for Rough Grassland and segmented system for long life and ease of management, with each • Ensure that as trees are planted, a 1-metre wide control area is segment having its own integrity, nutrient and biological status. maintained around the base of each until the tree is free of competition • Ensure pruning of any dead or diseased branches and to ensure well- The specific maintenance requirements for the ICW system would be balanced crowns and natural shape determined by the specialist designer following further site investigations and consultations with the local authority. Generally, the main requirement • Maintain a clean and safe environment of the ICW concept and its design is that it be as self-managing and as self-

maintaining as possible. Vehicular access to the wetland segments is 6. Wetlands generally required to maintain required water depths by periodically Total Area 1.05ha removing the accumulation of sediments and decaying organic matter.

Access is usually accommodated along the top of the pond embankments, The wetlands comprises the formation of three ponds within a naturally low maintained through mowing once or twice per year or in some situations by area subject to water-logging, and the possible creation of an Integrated grazing stock. Constructed Wetlands (ICW) system.

A discharge licence from the local authority will set standards for the quality Ponds are vitally important for wildlife - the availability of relatively warm, of effluent discharge to surface water from the ICW and frequency of still water with emergent vegetation is essential for frogs, newts and many required maintenance, monitoring and reporting. species of insect to breed and reproduce, while suitable ponds will also

hold thriving populations of damselflies and dragonflies. Ongoing maintenance, subject to the recommendations of the specialist

ICW designer, should: It is intended that semi-aquatic vegetation around the pond edges will • Ensure that the ICW system remains fit for purpose, in a fully functioning establish through natural colonisation, requiring only minimal intervention. condition

KELLS HERITAGE PARK Páirc Oidhreachta Cheanannus Mór 7. LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT

Amenity Planting Species • Ensure that the maintenance and operation details provided by the Limestone dust wears away at a rate of approximately 3mm pa and must specialist designer/installer of the system are followed and verified therefore be replaced or topped-up and compacted at intervals. Sustrans As recommended in the Ecological Assessment of The Kells Walking Trail • Encourage a thriving natural plant community (the UK cycling organisation) estimate that self-binding paths last for Phase II , suitable species include: • Ensure clean water, free from algae, litter, debris, fly-tipping, etc. around 12 years, and then may require thorough repair/resurfacing, and • Ensure maintenance access and public safety is maintained that annual maintenance costs tend to be slightly higher than for bound Purple loosestrife, Lythrum salicaria surfaces. Very beneficial for insects, should be planted in sun or partial shaded 7. Amenity Planting areas of walled garden. Maintenance of the porous car park paving system would comprise regular Lavender, Lavandula angustifolia Amenity planting is limited to the more ornamental areas within the cutting of grass in-filled units (as for Mown Grass) and for gravel in-filled Flowers are a great source of attraction for insects. Birds and bats proposed Contemplative Garden, comprising shrubs, groundcover and units occasional topping-up of gravel as required. feed on insect population. hedges. In addition to being attractive, all planting in these areas should Lemon balm, Melissa officinalis provide food for birds, bats and insects. Hard surface maintenance operations should: • Flowers are a great source of attraction for insects. Birds (e.g. Wrens Keep the routes in a condition suitable for their intended use and Wagtails) feed on insect population. Amenity planting maintenance operations should: • Ensure that planned maintenance is adopted to help prevent problems Bird Cherry, Prunus padus • Ensure that good horticultural practice is employed to encourage long before they occur, as part of a regular maintenance schedule with bi- Flowers are a great source of attraction for insects. Birds (e.g. Wrens term health and vitality of all trees, shrubs and hedges monthly inspections of the surfaces and Wagtails) feed on insect population. • • Ensure that planting is thinned/re-spaced so that plants have sufficient Ensure that operations include removal of vegetation from route edges, Honey suckle, Lonicera periclymenum room to develop regular redressing and re-compaction of surfacing materials, spiking as Source of food for nectar insects (e.g. Bumblebees) in summer and • Ensure that opportunities for introducing native shrubs and those with required to improve drainage, and removing litter or leaves from a route seed-eating birds in autumn (e.g. Blackbirds, Robins and Thrushes). particular wildlife value are incorporated into planted areas. surface. It is also a night-scented plant which attracts insects for feeding bats. • Ensure that a clean and safe environment is maintained Rowan, Sorbus aucuparia Maintenance of miscellaneous features such as fencing, gates, seats, • Ensure that planted areas are maintained free of weeds and in a tidy Source of food for seed-eating birds in autumn (e.g. Blackbirds, Rob- barriers, litter bins and signage would comprise regular inspections (twice condition ins and Thrushes). per annum) to ensure that the items remain fit for purpose, are secure, safe • Ensure cultural techniques are employed which use a variety of mulches Guelder rose, Viburum opulus and in reasonable condition, and with repairs undertaken where necessary and organic fertilisers and which minimise the use of chemicals and Source of food for seed-eating birds in autumn (e.g. Blackbirds, Rob- or recommendations made for replacement. peat. ins and Thrushes).

Butterfly bush, Buddleja davidii 8. Hard Surfaces Very important food plant for Red Admiral, Painted Lady, Peacock

and Tortoiseshell butterflies. The purpose of hard surface maintenance is to keep the routes in a Holly, Ilex aquifolium condition suitable for their intended use. Effective maintenance can also Source of food for seed-eating birds in autumn (e.g. Blackbirds, Rob- prevent major deterioration occurring and minimise the extent over which ins and Thrushes). Foxglove, Digitalis purpurea repairs are needed. Maintenance plant may also occasionally need to Source of food for bumblebees. access the routes. Surfacing maintenance is often best carried out in early spring, after any winter frost damage has occurred.

Self-binding aggregate footpaths as proposed are generally a low- maintenance, but occasional work will be required to prevent weeds establishing on and growing into the surface. Should the surface become hard and impervious, resulting in some puddling, thorough spiking of the surface with a fork may also be required to improve drainage. If the bound surface becomes heavily contaminated with soil or detritus, it may need to be replaced. If erosion has occurred, it is prudent to identify the cause of the erosion before re-laying.

KELLS HERITAGE PARK Páirc Oidhreachta Cheanannus Mór 7. LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT

7.5 Management Schedule

Component Operations Frequency Years 1-5 6-10 11-15 16-20 1. Mown Grass Mowing 16 visits pa between March-October Fertiliser 2 visits pa March and October 2. Rough Grass/Meadowland Cutting 1 visit pa Spot treatment of herbicide 1 visit pa 3. Woodland Cut rough grass/weed control 1 visit pa Replacement of failures 1 visit pa Thin pioneer species and edge shrubs 1 visit pa Thin trees to favour climax species 1 visit pa 4. Hedgerows Cut mature hedgerows 1 visit per 2-3 years in rotation Cut new hedgerows 1 visit pa Cut/lay weak/gappy hedgerows 1 visit pa in rotation Planting-up weak/gappy hedgerows 1 visit pa 5. Orchard and Arboretum Cut rough grass/weed control 1 visit pa Replacement of failures 1 visit pa Formative pruning 1 visit pa 6. Wetlands Routine inspections 2 visits pa Aquatic weed control 1 visit pa Integrated Constructed Wetland Monitoring by specialist installer 2 visits pa 7. Amenity Planting Formative pruning 2 visits pa Weeding of planting beds 2 visits pa Application of fertiliser + mulch 1 visit pa 8. Hard Surfaces Condition inspections, remove litter 6 visits pa Remove vegetation + minor repairs 2 visits pa Re-dressing, re-grade surface areas 1 visit per 5-10 years Re-surfacingCondition inspections, remove litter 1 visit per 10-15 years 9. Miscellaneous Features Remove vegetation + minor repairs 6 visits pa Major repairs or replacement 1 visit per 5-10 years

KELLS HERITAGE PARK Páirc Oidhreachta Cheanannus Mór 8. REFERENCES

Towards a Green New Deal for Ireland, Comhar SDC Report and Archaeological Testing and Monitoring at Hill of Lloyd (Licence No. Recommendations, October 2009 03E1778), Patrick JH Neary

Kells Development Plan 2013-2019, Meath County Council Assessment of Lidar Data, Hill of Lloyd, Stephen Davis, University College Dublin, 2013 Kells Local Transport Plan 2013-2019, Meath County Council New Archaeological Discoveries by the Discovery Programme’s “Late Iron A Guide to Planning and Developing Recreational Trails in Ireland, The Age and ‘Roman’ Ireland”, (LIARI) project 2013 National Trails Office, February 2012

An Introduction to the Architectural Heritage of County Meath, National Classification and Grading for Recreational Trails, The National Trails Inventory of Architectural Heritage, 2002 Office, 2012 Cycle Market Research, Fáilte Ireland, 2013 Kells Heritage Park, Co. Meath, Site Assessment Report, The National Trails Office, 2013 Interpretative plan for the Boyne Valley Drive, Fáilte Ireland

Smarter Travel, A New Transport Policy for Ireland 2009 - 2020, Ireland Tourism Facts, Fáilte Ireland, 2011 Department of Transport, Tourism and Sport Ireland Visitor Attitudes Survey, Fáilte Ireland, 2010 Ireland’s First National Cycle Policy Framework, Smarter Travel, Department of Transport, Tourism and Sport Boyne Valley Drive Infrastructure Study & Tourism Route Interpretation Plan for the Boyne Valley Drive, Fáilte Ireland The National Guidelines on Physical Activity for Ireland, Department of Health and Children, 2009 Louth and Meath – Tourism Development Study, Meath County Council, 2010 The Rural Development Programme 2007–2013, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Rural Development Division, Native Woodland Scheme – Establishment, Forest Service, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, August 2011 Meath County Development Plan 2013-2019, Meath County Council Meath Industrial Heritage Survey, Arch-Tech, March 2009

EU-wide strategy on GreenI Infrastructure: Enhancing Europe's Natural Integrated Constructed Wetlands Guidance Document for Farmyard Soiled Capital, the European Commission, May 2013 Water and Domestic Wastewater Applications, Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government, November 2010. Soils of County Meath, National Soil Survey of Ireland, An Foras Taluntais Traffic Signs Manual, Other Information Signs, Chapter 4, Department of Meath Landscape Character Assessment, Meath County Council Transport, November 2010

A Topographical Dictionary of Ireland (1837), Samuel Lewis National Cycle Manual, National Transport Authority, June 2011

Studies in Local History - Meath, Liam McNiffe (ed), Loyd, Townland & Commons, Willie Carr

The Tower of Lloyd, Dr. Beryl FE Moore and ML Kenny, 1975