Analysis of Strength and Resistance Parameters of the Lumbar Spinae Erector Muscles During Isometric Exercise at Different Effor

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ARTIGO ORIGINAL Análise de parâmetros de força e resistência dos músculos eretores da espinha lombar durante a realização de exercício isométrico em diferentes níveis de esforço Mauro Gonçalves1 e Fernando Sérgio Silva Barbosa2 RESUMO Palavras-chave: Coluna vertebral. Fadiga muscular. Dor lombar. A dor lombar tem demonstrado ser um achado comum em atle- Palabras-clave: Columna vertebral. Fatiga muscular. Dolor lumbar. tas e, particularmente, a sobrecarga na coluna lombar em conse- qüência de um comprometimento da força ou resistência isomé- trica de músculos desse segmento, como resultado da fadiga RESUMEN muscular, tem sido considerada como importante fator etiológico Análisis de los parametros de fuerza y resistencia de los mús- para o seu desenvolvimento. Nesse sentido, destacam-se testes culos erectores de la columna lumbar durante la realizacion utilizados para a avaliação e treinamento dos músculos eretores de exercício isométrico en diferentes níveles de esfuerzo da espinha lombares. No presente estudo, a análise de parâme- tros de força e resistência isométrica foi utilizada com o objetivo El dolor lumbar es un hallazgo común en los atletas, y particular- de avaliar as respostas desses músculos durante contrações iso- mente, la sobrecarga de la columna lumbar es consecuencia de un métricas voluntárias máximas (CIVM) e submáximas em duas si- comportamiento de la fuerza o resistencia isométrica de los mús- tuações: com fadiga e sem fadiga, induzida por exercício isométri- culos de este segmento como resultado de la fatiga muscular ha co realizado até a exaustão. Nove voluntários do gênero masculino sido considerada como un importante factor etiológico para su e saudáveis realizaram CIVM antes e após exercícios de extensão desarrollo. En este sentido, se destacan tests utilizados para la da coluna vertebral sustentando 5%, 10%, 15% e 20% da CIVM. evaluación de los músculos erectores de la columna lumbar. En el Em cada uma dessas situações foi registrado o sinal eletromiográ- presente estudio, el análisis de parámetros e fuerza y resistencia fico (EMG) dos músculos iliocostal e multífido, assim como o nível isométrica fué utilizada como objetivo de evaluar las respuestas de força gerado nas CIVM. A fadiga muscular foi identificada pela de estos músculos durante las contracciones isométricas volunta- verificação do declínio dos valores de CIVM e freqüência mediana rias máximas (CIVM) y sub-máximas en dos situaciones: con fatiga (FM) do sinal EMG obtidos após os exercícios isométricos. Os re- y sin fatiga inducida por el ejercicio isométrico realizado a extenua- sultados demonstraram que, enquanto a força não foi capaz de ción. Nueve voluntarios de sexo masculino y saludables realizaron evidenciar a fadiga muscular, a FM demonstrou de forma estatisti- una CIVM antes y después de ejercicios de extensión de la colum- camente significante a fadiga dos músculos iliocostal e multífido, na vertebral sustentando 5%, 10%, 15% e 20% de la CIVM. En sendo observado neste último maior nível de fadiga muscular. De cada una de esas situaciones fué registrado la señal eletromiográ- forma interessante, cargas entre 5% e 20% da CIVM induziram fica (EMG) de los músculos iliocostal y multífido, así como el nivel um mesmo nível de fadiga muscular. Assim, embora a força gera- de fuerza generado en las CIVM. La fatiga muscular fué identifica- da durante a extensão da coluna vertebral após a exaustão induzi- da por la verificación del de la caída de los valores de CIVM y fre- da por exercício isométrico permaneça inalterada, provavelmente cuencia mediana (FM) de la señal EMG obtenidos después de los pela ação de músculos acessórios desse movimento, a sobrecar- ejercicios isométricos. Los resultados demostraron que en cuanto ga sobre a coluna vertebral desenvolve-se como conseqüência do la fuerza no fué capaz de evidenciar la fatiga muscular, la FM de- comprometimento da sua estabilidade decorrente da fadiga mus- mostró de forma estadísticamente significante la fatiga de los cular identificada após exercício isométrico. músculos iliocostal e multífido, siendo observado en este último un mayor nivel de fatiga muscular. De forma interesante, las car- gas entre 5% y 20% de la CIVM inducirán a un mismo nivel de fatiga muscular. Así, ahora la fuerza generada durante la extensión de la columna vertebral después de la extenuación inducida por el ejercicio isométrico permanezca inalterada, probablemente por la acción de los músculos accesorios de este movimiento, la sobre- carga sobre la columna vertebral se desarrolla como consecuencia del compromiso de la estabilidad de la columna vertebral conse- cuente de la fatiga muscular identificada después del ejercicio iso- métrico. 1. Professor Doutor do Departamento de Educação Física. Coordenador do Laboratório de Biomecânica da Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Campus de Rio Claro. INTRODUÇÃO 2. Fisioterapeuta. Mestrando em Ciências da Motricidade. Membro do La- boratório de Biomecânica da Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), O exercício físico como recurso terapêutico para a prevenção e Campus de Rio Claro. tratamento da dor lombar tem recebido grande atenção nos últi- Recebido em 2/11/04. 2a versão recebida em 1/2/05. Aceito em 4/2/05. mos anos, o que pode ser explicado pelos consistentes relatos de que a fraqueza e a baixa resistência isométrica dos músculos ere- Endereço para correspondência: Mauro Gonçalves, Universidade Esta- dual Paulista (Unesp), Campus de Rio Claro. Departamento de Educação tores da espinha lombares estão associadas com a etiologia da dor (1,2) Física. Laboratório de Biomecânica. Av. 24A, 1.515, Bela Vista – 13506-900 lombar . – Rio Claro, SP. Tel.: (19) 3526-4308. Fax: (19) 3526-4321. E-mail: mau- Uma possível explicação para essa importante relação entre for- [email protected] ça e resistência isométrica dos músculos eretores da espinha lom- Rev Bras Med Esporte _ Vol. 11, Nº 2 – Mar/Abr, 2005 109 bares com a manutenção da integridade física e funcional da colu- Todos os voluntários assinaram um Termo de Consentimento na vertebral é que, com a fadiga muscular, definida como redução Livre e Esclarecido de acordo com a resolução 196/96 do Conse- na capacidade do sistema neuromuscular em gerar força ou reali- lho Nacional de Saúde contendo informações relacionadas com os zar trabalho(3), ocorre sobrecarga sobre os elementos passivos (cáp- testes aos quais seriam submetidos e assegurando também a sua sulas, ligamentos e discos intervertebrais) responsáveis pela esta- privacidade. O presente estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética bilidade da coluna vertebral durante a execução de padrões de em Pesquisa local. movimento específicos de determinados esportes, resultando em danos a estruturas sensíveis à distensão e produzindo dor(4). Determinação da contração isométrica voluntária máxima Dados obtidos de uma população de indivíduos jovens sugerem (CIVM) e teste de exaustão que a incidência de dor lombar é menor em indivíduos ativos(5). Em Para a determinação da CIVM assim como para o teste de exaus- adição, também tem sido relatado que, em uma população de atle- tão, os voluntários foram posicionados em decúbito ventral sobre tas, a incidência de dor lombar é maior em atletas de elite(6). Em uma mesa de teste. termos biomecânicos, dependendo do tipo de esporte, atletas fre- O movimento a ser realizado em ambos os testes foi a extensão qüentemente tendem a absorver carga repetitiva de baixa magni- isométrica da coluna vertebral tendo como resistência uma célula tude ou impactos únicos de alta magnitude com maior freqüência de carga (Kratos 980 N – Kratos Dinamômetros Ltda., São Paulo, do que indivíduos ativos não atletas(7); contudo, tem sido demons- SP) fixa a um colete utilizado pelos voluntários e à base da mesa trado que a força e a resistência isométrica de músculos da coluna de teste na outra. A célula de carga foi acoplada a um indicador vertebral de atletas não diferem significantemente na comparação digital (Kratos IK 14A – Kratos Dinamômetros Ltda., São Paulo, com não atletas(8). SP), o qual permitiu aos voluntários controlarem a intensidade da Esses resultados demonstram que, possivelmente, o tipo de carga tracionada durante o teste de exaustão. esporte bem como a freqüência e a intensidade com a qual o mes- Com o objetivo de fornecer maior estabilidade aos voluntários, mo é praticado podem ser determinantes para o desenvolvimento três cintos de couro foram posicionados ao redor das articulações da dor lombar. dos quadris, joelhos e tornozelos fixando a pelve e os membros Alguns estudos demonstraram que após um episódio de dor inferiores à mesa de teste. Para evitar possíveis movimentos com- lombar ocorre rápida atrofia dos músculos eretores da espinha lom- pensatórios, limitadores de movimento foram posicionados sobre bares e que essa atrofia persiste mesmo após a regressão dos as escápulas e lateralmente no tronco para controlar a rotação e sintomas(9,10). Com exercícios de força e resistência isométrica di- inclinação lateral da coluna vertebral, respectivamente (figura 1). recionados a esses músculos, a atrofia é reversível e a recorrência da dor lombar é reduzida(10). Destaca-se nesse sentido a proposta de protocolos destinados a avaliar a força e resistência isométrica dos músculos eretores da espinha, possibilitando intervir de forma mais precisa em progra- mas de treinamento visando à prevenção ou reabilitação da dor lombar em atletas. OBJETIVOS Considerando as informações acima apresentadas e que desta- cam a importância do controle da fadiga de músculos
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  • Passive Mechanical Properties of the Lumbar Multifidus Muscle Support Its Role As a Stabilizer$ ARTICLE in PRESS Journal of Biom

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    ARTICLE IN PRESS Journal of Biomechanics 42 (2009) 1384–1389 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Biomechanics journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jbiomech www.JBiomech.com 2008 ASB Young Scientist Post-Doctoral Award Passive mechanical properties of the lumbar multifidus muscle support its role as a stabilizer$ Samuel R. Ward a,b,c, Akihito Tomiya a, Gilad J. Regev a, Bryan E. Thacker c, Robert C. Benzl a, Choll W. Kim a, Richard L. Lieber a,c,Ã a Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California and Veterans Administration Medical Centers, San Diego, USA b Department of Radiology, University of California and Veterans Administration Medical Centers, San Diego, USA c Department of Bioengineering, University of California and Veterans Administration Medical Centers, San Diego, USA article info abstract Article history: The purpose of this study was to compare the passive mechanical properties and titin isoform sizes of Accepted 25 September 2008 the multifidus, longissimus, and iliocostalis muscles. Given our knowledge of each muscle’s architecture and the multifidus’ operating range, we hypothesized that multifidus would have higher elastic Keywords: modulus with corresponding smaller titin isoforms compared to longissimus or iliocostalis muscles. Lumbar multifidus Single-fiber and fiber-bundle material properties were derived from passive stress–strain tests of Muscle mechanics excised biopsies (n 47). Titin isoform sizes were quantified via sodium dodecyl sulfate-vertical ¼ Lumbar spine agarose gel electrophoresis (SDS-VAGE) analysis. We found that, at the single-fiber level, all muscles had similar material properties and titin isoform sizes. At the fiber-bundle level, however, we observed significantly increased stiffness ( 45%) in multifidus compared to longissimus and iliocostalis muscles.
  • The Effect of Dry Needling to the Multifidus Muscle on Resting and Contracted Thickness of Transversus Abdominis in Subjects with Low Back Pain

    The Effect of Dry Needling to the Multifidus Muscle on Resting and Contracted Thickness of Transversus Abdominis in Subjects with Low Back Pain

    UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones 5-1-2016 The Effect of Dry Needling to the Multifidus Muscle on Resting and Contracted Thickness of Transversus Abdominis in Subjects with Low Back Pain Shane Collins University of Nevada, Las Vegas Abbay Dow University of Nevada, Las Vegas Daniel Rincon University of Nevada, Las Vegas Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/thesesdissertations Part of the Physical Therapy Commons Repository Citation Collins, Shane; Dow, Abbay; and Rincon, Daniel, "The Effect of Dry Needling to the Multifidus Muscle on Resting and Contracted Thickness of Transversus Abdominis in Subjects with Low Back Pain" (2016). UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones. 3540. http://dx.doi.org/10.34917/14871584 This Dissertation is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by Digital Scholarship@UNLV with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Dissertation in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/or on the work itself. This Dissertation has been accepted for inclusion in UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones by an authorized administrator of Digital Scholarship@UNLV. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE EFFECT OF