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The Yellow Chat Ephthianura Crocea at Pandiburra Bore, North.Eastern South Australia A

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The Yellow Chat Ephthianura Crocea at Pandiburra Bore, North.Eastern South Australia A 42 SOUTH AUSTRALIAN ORNITHOLOGIST, 29 THE YELLOW CHAT EPHTHIANURA CROCEA AT PANDIBURRA BORE, NORTH.EASTERN SOUTH AUSTRALIA A. B. ,BLACK, G. DUGGAN, J. A. PEDLER and L. P. PEDLER On 27 September 1982, during a trip to the Comparison with Orange Chats far North-East of South Australia, the authors Orange Chats were seen in close proximity and six other observers (see Acknowledgements) to the Yellow Chats on a number of occasions visited Pandiburra Bore on Clifton Hills Station. in the more open, muddy areas of the bore At least 15 Yellow Chats Ephthianura crocea drain and near its edge, thus allowing a com­ including a breeding pair, were observed in the parison of the two species. area of the bore drain and an adult male speci­ Apart from the obvious differences of male men was obtained (South Australian Museum, markings and iris colour, the most notable dif­ reg. no. B36279). This represents the first rec­ ference we discerned between the two species ord of Yellow Chats in South Australia. in both sexes lay in the prominent pale edging DESCRIPTIONS of wing and tail feathers of E. crocea. This gave the appearance of a bird with paler, greyer Adult Male Specimen, SAM reg. no. B36279 Skull fully pneumatized, testes 4 mm x 3 mm, wings than E. aurijrons. In the female E. crocea Throat and frons intense orange-yellow, similar this extended to the overall dorsal colouring, to colour of male Orange Chat E. aurijrons. thus resulting in a much greyer bird than the Sooty black crescent extends, from sides of neck dull brown of the E. aurifrons female. Reynolds just above shoulder level, across upper chest. Rump and remainder of undersides slightly less et al. (1982) noted that the wings of E. crocea intense orange-yellow. Crown shading from rich they observed were darker than those of orange-yellow of frons to yellow-olive on the E. aurifrons. Possibly the birds they observed hind neck, some feathers with a dark central had lost the pale feather edgings through wear. streak, and a few pale fawn feathers present. (See Plates 1 and 2.) Back a darker, yellow-olive with dark grey centres to each feather shading to a yellow-olive Female E. crocea we observed had a more edge (giving a faintly streaked effect in the field). prominent orange-yellow rump than E. aUH­ . Primaries and secondaries dark grey, edged frons. light grey-yellow, primaries tipped light grey, secondaries tipped white, outer primaries worn, HABITAT faded and browner. Coverts greyish, edged whit­ Attention was first drawn to the birds by their ish to light yellow. Tail dark grey with fine yel­ low edges to feathers and tipped white. Rump distinctive piping calls coming from vegetation golden. (In flight tail appears as dark band in in the bore drain. The vegetation closely re­ contrast to the bright rump.) sembled that described by Ford and Parker Bill black, legs black. Eye-rim blackish. Iris (1972) for where they found the species on cream. A dark line formed by several blackish feathers, extends from anterior edge of eye to Coorabulka Station, South-west Queensland. It base of bill. consisted predominantly of Bullrushes Typha sp. ca 2 m high and the sedge Scirpus maritimus Male Variation up to 1 m high, both emergent in water up to The specimen described is typical of the males 0.5 m deep. Small clumps of Swamp Cane­ we observed. However, field observation and grass Eragrostris australasica were scattered examination of photographs of several males at among the sedge. Among the areas of Bullrushes Pandiburra showed the following variations. and sedge were numerous patches of open soil Two or three were considerably paler in the and mud with scattered, small (ca 0.5 rn high), lower abdominal region having a patch of very living and dead Bassia Sclerolaena intricata pale yellow feathers. Several differed from the shrubs. specimen in the size, shape and intensity of the crescent marking on the chest. For instance, in The chats were seen over ca one hectare of one, the crescent marking was merely an oval this type of habitat where the hot bore water smudge. had cooled and spread out into numerous chan­ nels and shallow pools. They perched on living Females and dead twigs and stems above the level of the General appearance similar to female E. auri­ frons but paler above and below with a greyish Typha and Scirpus, on Scirpus and Typha head and a pale eyebrow. Throat and undertail flags, on top of Bassia bushes and on stones on lemon-yellow. Rump bright orange-yellow. Prim­ open soil. Feeding took place among Scirpus aries, secondaries and coverts greyish-brown with flags in mud and shallow water among sedges paler edges. Back greyish-brown. Bill grey-brown shading paler at base. Legs park, grey brown. and in the more open areas. Several birds were Iris pale greyish-cream . also observed flying out 10-15 m away from the MARCH,1983 43 ---...., Plate 1 (above) and Plate 2 (below): Adult male and female respectively, Yellow Chats above nest at Pandiburra Bore. Photos (above) L. Pedler; (below) G. Duggan. Publication of the colour plates was made possible by a generous donation from Drs Andrew and Robert Black, other S.A.O.A. members' donations and general S.A.O.A. funds.-Ed. 44 SOUTH AUSTRALIAN ORNITHOLOGIST, 29 muddy edges where they fed among Bassia The nesting pair returned repeatedly to perch bushes with nearby E. aurifrons. on canegrass above the nest when observers POPULATION were only 2 m away. They gave scolding (harsh At least six female-phase birds were seen in churring) calls and both gave "broken wing" the area. All were accompanied by a male and displays when the nest was approached closely. sometimes were pursued by one or two males. A harsh sparrow-like "chirp" was also given At least nine males were present. A pair was by birds on open ground. found to have a nest with two young in a clump All the E. crocea were more easily approached of sedge, while a: third was carrying food into than E. aurifrons in the same area. When dis­ sedges 50 m away. While 15 individuals were turbed the E. crocea generally flew into nearby so identified it is likely that 20 or more birds Typha or sedge whereas E. au'rifrons flew out were present. away from the bore-drain onto gibber. NEST DISCUSSION The nest was well concealed 30 em above This record of E. crocea extends its known the water (ca 40 em deep) in a clump of sedge range southwards by 300 km from Coorabulka, 1 m high which had dry Cane-grass poking the nearest locality at which the species is through it (ca 2 m high). The cup nest (4-5 cm known. The vegetation of the bore drain at across) was made with pieces of fine, dry grass Pandiburra was in excellent condition when we and the lining included several feathers. It con­ visited it as few cattle had recently been in the tained two partially feathered young. Twice, the area. It thus probably represented ideal habitat female attending the nest was seen with single, for E. crocea. The bore drain has been visited small damsel flies, both ca 2 ern in length. by competent observers on a number of occas­ CALLS AND BEHAVIOUR ions since Cox (1976) reported Grass Owls Tyto The call which first attracted our attention, longimembris and Grey Grasswrens Amytornis and which we heard continually during our day barbatus nearby. If we discount the fairly of observation, was a high pitched, three-note, remote possibility that E. crocea was overlooked piping call, "te-tsu-te" with the middle note on those occasions, we must then assume either either higher or lower than the first or third. that it is an infrequent visitor to, or that it has It agrees well with the "pli-pu-lii" and "pu-li­ only recently colonized this particular area. pii" calls described by Woodall (1982) except Pandiburra Bore is on the edge of Goyder's that, in our observation, the second note was Lagoon which is itself periodically inundated frequently lower than the first and third, not by flooding of the Diarnantina River and Eyre higher. This call was given frequently by males Creek. It is possible, therefore, that in times of while perched in a variety of situations. A. B. flood the Pandiburra and Coorabulka areas are Black did not hear a three note call but connected by habitat which is suitable for travel­ described instead a two note call '(pee-e.e" ling Yellow Chats. However, if the birds (descending) similar to that described by Pizzey are able to cross large areas of dry country it is (1980). This discrepancy may be due to a slight possible that their occupation of Pandiburra reduction of high-tone hearing acuity in some Bore was a chance event and that they may listeners. also occur at any of the other similar man-made Several display flights by males were seen. bore-drains within the region as predicted by They consisted of a slow dipping flight above Ford and Parker (1974). It is clear that the level of Typha and sedge, with head raised E. crocea is not necessarily sedentary as sug­ and bill tilted slightly upwards. The rump gested by Pizzey (1980) ; indeed, nomadism may feathers were fluffed out and the tail slightly be as characteristic of this species as it is of the depressed and spread. The call given during Crimson Chat E.
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